The New Yorl(

Forest OwnerA PUBLICATION OF THE NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION

Marchi April 2000

Volume 38 Number 2 FOUNDED 1963

THE NEW YORK

FOREST OWNERS

ASSOCIATIONVolume 38, Number 2

Officers & DirectorsRonald Pedersen, President22 Vandenburg Lane,Latham, NY 12110; (518) 785-6061

Jim Minor, Vice President22 Bryn Mawr RoadRochester, NY 14624; (716) 247-7069

Robert Sykes, Secretary4786 Foster RoadElbridge, NY 13060; (315) 673-3691

Don Wagner, Treasurer5330 Graham Road,Utica, NY 13502; (315) 733-7391

Deborah Gill, Administrative SecretaryP.O. Box 180Fairport, NY 14450; (716) 377-6060

2000Hugh Canham, N. Syracuse, (315) 457-4972John Hastings, Queensbury, (518) 798-0248Ronald Pedersen, Latham, (518) 785-6061Betty Wagner, Utica, (315) 733-7391

2001Jill Cornell, Johnsonville, (518) 753-4336Nick Polce, Remsen, (315) 831-5301Dave Swaciak, Franklinville, (716) 676-2349Robert Sykes, Elbridge, (315) 673-3691

2002Harry Dieter, Honeoye Falls, (716) 533-2085Mike Greason, Catskill, (518) 943-9230Jack Hamilton, Wayland, (716) 728-5769RolfWentorf, Johnsonville, (518) 753-0228

Chapter RepresentativesCharlie Mowatt, Allegheny Foothills; (716) 676-3617Stephen Davison, Cayuga; (315) 496-2392Joan & Hans Kappel, Capital District; (518) 861-8753John Druke, Central New York; (315) 656-2313Gene McCardle, Lower Hudson; (914) 945-0504Pat Ward, Northern Adirondack; (315) 268-0902Don Fraser, Niagara Frontier; (716) 773-7011Peter Gregory, SE Adirondack; (518) 399-1812Larry Lepak, Southern Tier; (607) 656-8504Peter Smallidge, Southern Finger Lakes; (607) 255-4696Jim Minor, Western Finger Lakes; (716) 247-7069

The New York Woodland Stewards,Inc. (NYWS) is a 501(c)3 foundationof NYFOA and tax deductible dona-tions to this organization will advanceNYFOA's educational mission,

All rights reserved. Contents may not be reproduced

without prior written permission from the publisher.NYFOA does not necessarily support or approve pro-cedures, products, or opinions presented by authorsor advertisers.

©2000 New York Forest Owners Association

In This Issue • • •FROM THE PRESIDENT

RON PEDERSEN 3

IN THE MArL , 4

ARBORVITAE

GERRY R.rSING , 5

WHAT ABOUT THESE STUMPAGE PRICES?

MICHAEL C. GREASON 6

SATELLITE VIDEOCONFERENCE 7

OVERHEARD IN A WOODLOT

HENRY K.ERNAN 8

NYFOA FALL MEETING PLANNED - SEPTEMBER 22-24) 2000 9

ALONG THE FINGER LAKES TRAIL

IRENE SZABO 10

OPEN LETTER TO NYFOA MEMBERS

JILL CORNELL 12

WOODLOT CALENDAR 13

ASK THE FORESTER

DONALD E. PETERSON 14

SARATOGA'S SECRET IS OUT

DAVID J. LEE 15

NATIVE INSECT PESTS OF HEMLOCK

DOUGLAS ALLEN 16

TIMBER THEFT HEARINGS

HUGH O. CANHAM 18

NYFOA NEWS 22

THE MARIrnTPLAcE 23

The New Yorl(

Forest OwnerA PUBLICATION OF THE NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION

The New York Forest Owner is a bi-monthly publication by The New York Forest OwnersAssociation, P. O. Box 180, Fairport, N. Y. 14450. Materials submitted/or publication should

be sent to: Mary Beth Malmsheimer, Editor, The New York Forest Owner, 134 LincklaenStreet, Cazenovia, New York 13035. Materials may also be e-mailed to mmalmshe@syr.edu.Articles, artwork and photos are invited and if requested, are returned after use. Thedeadline/or submission/or the May/June issue is Aprill, 2000.

Please address all membership fees and change of address requests to P.O. Box 180,

Fairport, N.Y. 14450. 1-800-836-3566. Cost of individual membership/subscription is $20.

CO"VER: Sled hauling during winter logging in the Adirondacks. Date un-known. Photo courtesy of SUNY College of Environmental Scienceand Forestry archives.

The New York Forest Owner 38:2 • Marchi April 20002

FT~PresidentT

here is a lot going on inNYFOA's life right now. Lots todo, lots to think about. It's great!

We're excited about the opportunityto obtain some publicity help for

NYFOA. A grant from New YorkWoodland Stewards, Inc. will makepossible some part time public informa-

tion help. Our purpose is to raise the

visibility of NYFOA and encouragemore landowners to think about whythey own woodlots and how they might

better realize their goals, be they

wildlife, timber, recreation or any of themany environmental and economicbenefits that flow from open space and

woodlots.Options on

how to bestuse the grant

are now being

considered.Possibilitiesinclude helping

chapterspublicize their

events and other local forestry items, andestablishing a periodic general interest

column for publications around the state.The chapter publicity suggestion mightmean a point person to receive basicinformation from chapters on an upcom-ing chapter event. A release with a local

contact name would then be distributedto newspapers and radio bulletin boardsin the chapter's area. I'd welcome your

ideas as your Board of Directors plansimplementation of this great opportunity

for NYFOA.The letter on page 12 from Jill

Cornell, President of New York Wood-land Stewards, presents an impressive

record of programs made possible as aresult of NYFOA's establishment of thistax -exempt charitable educational

corporation. But, there are thousands of

landowners in New York who couldbenefit from forest management help. Tohelp reach them, I encourage you to

consider a tax-deductible contribution toNYWS.

On February 8th, the State Senate

Committee on Agriculture and the JointLegislative Commission on Rural

Resources held a public hearing inAlbany on timber theft - the extent of

the problem and further steps needed tothwart it. Speakers included landowners,

law enforcement officers, privateforestry consultants, wood industry

representatives, and government agen-cies. Many suggestions were advanced

on ways to better educate all partieswhile working to "level the playing

field" between seller and buyer, land-owner and logger. Hugh Canham'sarticle on page 18 summarizes many of

the points raised.NYFOA was well represented

among those testifying, including Mike

Greason, Hugh Canham, and myself

from the Board of Directors. My thanksto all who made the effort to share their

views with the members of the Senate. Ifwe don't speak for private land owners,

who will?Our spring meeting will take place

on Saturday, March 18th in Syracuse.

Jim Minor and Betty Wagner have

assembled a great group of speakers.The fun of a silent auction jointly withthe NY Tree Farm Committee is backagain by popular demand. Bring an item

to be auctioned! Meet new friends!Learn something new! It's not too late to

register. Don't be left out!

April will be busy, too. Plans areunderway for the Cornell CooperativeExtension April 15th satellite downlink

to counties on the "Economics of ForestStewardship," with NYFOA chaptershelping with afternoon programs. (Some

counties are presenting it on a laterdate.) If information hasn't reached you,

call your county extension office orNYFOA's Jerry Michael (607-648-2941;gotreego@aol.com).

I can almost smell the sap boiling ...

- Ron PedersenPresident

J · ,NYFOA is a not-for-am profit group of NY• State landowners

promoting stewardship of privateforests. Stewardship puts intopractice knowledge of forest ecosys-tems, silviculture, local economies,watersheds, wildlife, natural aesthet-ics and even law for the long termbenefit of current and future genera-tions. NYFOA, through its localchapters, provides this knowledge forlandowners and the interested public.

Join NYFOA today and begin toreceive the many benefits including:six issues of The New York ForestOwner, woodswalks, chapter meet-ings, and two statewide meetings forall members.

I1We would like to support goodforestry and stewardship of NewYork's forest lands

( ) I1We own acres ofwoodland.( ) I1We do not own woodland but sup-port the Association's objectives.

Name: _

Address: --------------City: _

State/Zip: _

Telephone: _

County of Residence: _

County of Woodlot: _

Referred by: _

Annual Dues (Please Circle One):Student $10Individual $20Family (co-owners) $25Contributing $30-$100Sponsoring $10 1+

Please make check payable to NewYork Forest Owners Association,or, if you prefer, by check payable toNew York Woodland Stewards, Inc.(NYWS, a tax deductible founda-tion), including any contribution inexcess of your NYFOA membershipand send to:

NYFOAP.O. Box 180

Fairport, New York 144501-800-836- 3566www.nyfoa.org

The New York Forest Owner 38:2 • Marchi April 2000 3

animals. They received protection bythe cover and the cover provided for agenerous food supply.

The first year or two of the clear-cut are the most unsettling, but theanimals will return after that time. There-growth may take fifty, seventy-five,or maybe one hundred years, but that isto re-harvest the trees. The animalsenjoy the benefit of the clear-cut areain a couple years and in a few years thetrees would re-forest naturally.

The article questions codes tocontrol clear-cutting and logging.Could be that we have enough laws togovern our land now. This area that isbeing timbered is not on a steepincline, but generally level or rollinggrounds. If done correctly, I do not seeany damage to watershed, erosion, etc.

The Lindley town supervisor hasutilized common sense in the approachto not over-legislating and is doing agood job. I subscribe to the localnewspaper and am quite pleased in themanner the local decision-makers areleading Lindley, New York. 4.

In TheMAIL

The letter below is the response, by aNYFOA member, to a "Letter to theEditor" published in the CorningLeader in December 1999 entitled"Where have all the forests gone?" Theletter writer discussed a clear cut thattook place by her family's property inLindley, NY and questioned, "why isn'tthere some kind of code or law thatsays you cannot clear a hill down tothe ground?"

The lady had some interestingpoints and I could understand herconcern. I was once against clear-cutting the forests, due to a multitudeof reasons. However, I changed myoutlook after I was enlightened byobserving clear-cut areas after a fewyears and the long-term effects of theprocess. Also, my property borders theclear-cutting operation in Lindley forapproximately 1,261 feet. I would notclear-cut any of my land, but have noobjection to the process, especially onrelatively flat land and with consider-ation for runoff, regeneration, access,etc.

I purchased several hundred acresof farmland and forest approximatelyten years ago. The farmer who Ipurchased that land from indicated tome that he had clear-cut approximately

one hundred (100) acres of his landapproximately ten years ago and thathis neighbors were quite upset withhim for treating his forest in thatmanner. However, ten years ago theforest was coming back very healthyand it appeared that the deer, turkey,bear, grouse and squirrels wereplentiful and that the one hundred acresprovided a haven for the animals. Aftera few years the neighbors eased up onthe complaints, especially when theforest came back in an acceptablemanner. I now own approximatelyforty (40) acres of the previous clear-cut and this area is home to most of theanimals on my land. I was still notconvinced of the clear-cut advantagesuntil Ijoined the New York Tree FarmOrganization and was approved by aNew York forester to proudly display aNew York Tree Farm sign. With myadmission to the organization, Iattended regional meetings and went onvarious tours. On one tour we weretaken to a tract of state forests in theSavona area. We visited several sitesthat were clear-cut at various times inthe past. That is, from one year totwenty years. I was quite surprised toobserve an area that was clear-cut fouryears ago and how the new growth hasdeveloped into a haven for multiple

271 County Road#9Chenango Forks,NY 13746

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AppraisalsTimber Sales

Stewardship Plans480-A Plans

Restore the American Chestnut

NOTE: We built a home in Lindley, NewYork and spend weekends there at thistime.

-Edward PiestrakNanticoke, PA

Editors Note: This letter was submitted byNYFOA member, Edward Piestrak

RICHARD CIPPERLYNORTH COUNTRY FORESTRY LLC

- HARVEST PLANNING

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- CHRlSTMAS TREE MANAGEMENT

8 Stonehurst Drive

Queensbury, NY 12804(518) 793-3545 or 1-800-862-3451 SINCE 1964

4 The New York Forest Owner 38:2 • March/April2000

ArborvitaeGERRY RISING

Imaginefor a moment that you are acrew member with the French

explorer, Jacques Cartier in thewinter of 1535-36. You are very ill and

you expect to die soon.In the fall you sailed through the

Gulf of St. Lawrence and up the St.

Lawrence River to Hochelaga, a Huroncamp. There Cartier climbed a height

of land and named it Mont Real. But

from the promontory he observedupstream "a sault of water," the mostimpetuous one could possibly see. That"sault" was the La Chine Rapids that

effectively blocked your passage.So your three ships retreated to

another Huron camp, Stadacona, at themouth of the St. Charles River where

you have built a small fort. (In later

years this will become Quebec City).Earlier Donnaconna, the chief of theseHurons, had warned you that your trip

to Hochelaga would lead to your death.Winter arrived early in full force.

"From mid-November," Cartier will

later write, your ships have been"frozen in ice thicker than two armslength, and the snow piled to four ormore feet."

And now, early in the new year,

Donnaconna's prophesy seems to beplaying out. You and every other crew

member have become progressivelysicker with "the pestilence." Already

25 of the 110 have died and you areone of 40 more near death. Your legsare swollen and covered with purpleblotches. Your gums are rotting andyou can feel the few teeth you still

retain loose in your mouth. You are inconstant pain and can hardly see. Lessthan a dozen men are well enough totend their dying shipmates: "a thingpitiful to see," records your captain.

Although the Hurons have beenfriendly, Cartier is afraid that they will

take advantage of your troubles toattack. Under his orders and sick as

you are, you must occasionally call outand clap rocks to suggest activitywithin the closed-off fort.

But now Donnaconna, who hasrecovered from the disease himself,

tells Cartier of a tree, the anneda, thatprovides a curative. Indian women

show the captain how to make tea bygrinding the anneda's bark and fronds

and boiling them in water. Cartierhimself spoons out this evil-tastingpotion, and you almost immediatelyfeel miraculously better. "All the

doctors of Europe," Cartier will write,"could not have done as much in a year

as this tree did in one week."

The disease that beset you andyour comrades was, of course, Scurvy,the bane of anyone whose diet containsno fruits and vegetables that providevitamin C. It will be another 260 years

before the British fleet is ordered tocarry lime juice, effectively eradicating

this dreaded sailor's affliction.The anneda, its evergreen foliage

and bark both rich in this vitamin, will

later be misnamed the white cedar for itis not related to the Old World and

Biblical Cedars.

Your captain is so impressed withits curative powers that he will carryspecimens back to France. It will bethe first native American tree trans-

planted to Europe. And based on thisharrowing experience, it will come tobe known by a better name, the tree oflife-arborvitae.

As I write, I can see through mystudy window a hedge of arborvitaeacross the street. They stand like greentenpins, conical and with a dusting of

white snow. In swampy areas anddamp forests they grow taller, in theopen maintaining this compact cylindri-

cal shape even when they reach 50 to80 feet. Arborvitae are easy to identify

by this shape, their twisted and shaggytrunk, and their delicate evergreen

branchlets that are flat-they seem

pressed-and yellowish.I invite you to associate, as I do,

this lovely evergreen the arborvitae,

with the salvation of those Hurons and

85 French explorers."

This article, which originally appeared in TheBuffalo News, was sent to The New YorkForest Owner by NYFOA member Bernard

Lawn.

Bruce E.Robinson, Inc.FORESTRY CONSULTANTS

• FOREST PRODUCT MARKING &MARKETING

• TREE FARM MANAGEMENTURBAN FORESTRY &

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• BOUNDARY MAINTENANCE• CHRISTMAS TREE MANAGEMENT• FOREST MANAGEMENT PLANNING• FOREST RECREATION PLANNING• WOODLOT IMPROVEMENTS IN

IMMATURE STANDS• WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT• FOREST TAXATION PLANNING

Ph. (716) 665-5477Fax. (716) 664-5866

e-mail brobin@netsync.net1894 CAMP ST. EXT.

JAMESTOWN, NY 14701

The New York Forest Owner 38:2 • Marchi April 2000 5

sacrificing the woodlot.Just take a longhonest look atyour resourceand make thebestdecisionfor thestewardshipof yourresource inthe long run.

If after inventoryingthe stand, you find that most of thetrees are decadent, low value, or inother ways not capable of performingwell then consider a shelterwood orclearcut harvest. Still do nothighgrade; rather make a managementdecision on the basis of the forestcondition. Look at existing regenera-tion on the forest floor and be sure ofadequate seedlings before clearcutting.

One compelling reason to manageyour forest according to good silvicul-ture is the annual real property tax billis going to come each year whetheryou have good timber growing or not.If you plan to retain your land, protectits potential to carry the holding costs.As society begins to recognize forestmanagement, as I believe it will inlight of worldwide recognition of ourresource, well managed forests willbecome worth more at the time ofproperty transfers. Granted, histori-cally timber has not had much impacton land sale values-but that maychange fairly soon.

What are some of the things thatwould help this recognition develop?For one, a revision to Real PropertyTax Law Section 480-a to call forstate reimbursement to localities and

MICHAEL C. GREASON

Stumpage prices for most speciesof trees grown in New Yorkhave increased dramatically over

the past few decades. Are they goingto hold, continue to go up, or fall? Noone knows for sure. We can expectthey will both rise and decline with theseasons, stock market conditions,global economy, species popularityshifts and so on. So what implicationsshould these current prices have onlandowner management decisions? I'llshare my personal perspectives.

When I first moved to New Yorkto become a forester in the Catskilloffice of the then Conservation Depart-ment in the fall of 1969, I marked myfirst timber sale for an Albany Countyforest owner. I was aghast when 106thousand board feet (MBF) of red oaksold for $13/MBF. A few years earlierwhen I was a logger in western Massa-chusetts, I paid $25/MBF. I strived toincrease competition in the area byencouraging more loggers and com-petitive bidding. Soon prices escalatedto $45/MBF and I enthusiasticallyencouraged my clients to sell their oak.I remembered that in the late sixties,hard maple became popular for bowl-ing alleys in Japan and the stumpageprices rose from $15/MBF to $781MBF only to crash back to around $20a couple of years later. Also during thefifties and early sixties, oak was notpopular and was left behind as too lowin value to be bothered with. So $451MBF seemed great; let's sell before theprice changes. Well change it did. Mylast sale for a client commanded over$700/MBF.

Slicer veneer hard maple isdrawing prices as high as black cherry.Black cherry is bringing stumpage

prices higher than what I have paid forFAS grade, kiln dried, surfaced cherrylumber within the past two years. Softmaple has also come into demand, notat hard maple prices; but it surely canno longer be considered a weed. Evenbeech, if sound and over 14" at the tipend of the log, is selling well at a localexport yard.

So should forest owners takeadvantage of these prices andhighgrade or strip their forest re-source? Not in my opinion! Havingworked with and watched stumpageprices for about four decades, I wouldrecommend treating your forest land asone of your most important investmentportfolios. Why gut the machinery outof your factory when your factory isdemonstrating excellent profit returns?If anything, I would recommend beingeven more conservative. Take time tolook at each tree and evaluate how it isgrowing. If it is doing well, not in astate of decline, and is not biologicallyover-mature, thin around it andencourage it to grow at its best poten-tial. Take out the high risk trees. Lookat the residual stand instead of themaximum money you might extract.Remove a high value tree if it releasesanother high potential crop tree. Butdo not remove a crop tree to leave alow grade, slow growing, wolf or culltree. That would equate to the exampleCarl Wiedemann always spoke of inshooting horses who win, place andshow in every horse race whileclaiming to manage for thoroughbreds.

Remember, if you save enough toexpect to reenter your forest every tenyears for a more valuable harvest, youcan reenter the stand sooner if a familyfinancial crisis arises that demands

6

continued on page 7

The New York Forest Owner 38:2 • MarchiApril 2000

Stumpage Prices(con't)

to make it more user-friendly byremoving a mandated work sched-ule, would encourage many moreparticipants. This could commit afew million acres of forest to man-agement. Further, addressing yourright to practice forestry protectedfrom local timber harvesting ordi-nances would ensure confidence inforestry. And, strengthening protec-tion from timber theft throughimproved legislation and rigorousprosecution of timber thieves wouldhelp. Also, gaining additionalstaffing to DEC's service forestryprogram would give forest ownersan introduction to information froman unbiased source without necessar-ily competing with the privatesector. And finally, from my per-sonal perspective, hiring consultantforesters on an hourly basis, ratherthan by commission on forestproducts sold, would remove theage-old perception of a conflict ofinterest in managing timber harvests.

Yet you as forest owners mustrecognize that you are responsiblefor what happens to your forest landinvestment. Make informed deci-sions and care for your land and indoing so your land should take careof you."

Michael Greason, a NYFOA member, is aConsulting Forester and 1993 winner ofNYFOA's Heiberg Award.

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7

Satellite Videoconference:Economic Aspects of PrivateForestland Stewardship

Nationalexperts will presentperspectives to private forestlandowners on strategies to

take control over the revenue potentialof private lands and for landowners toreduce their tax burden. Private forestlandowners throughout New York mayhave several opportunities to obtainmore income from their property, butneed to learn which strategies best fittheir circumstances. On April 15th

,

2000 from 9:00 am to noon, CornellUniversity will broadcast this finan-cially focused satellitevideo conference .

In addition to presentations byforest landowners, speakers willinclude Jonathan Kays discussingwhich personal attributes you need toconsider before undertaking a newenterprise. Next BillHoover will give anintroduction tostrategies to reduceyour federal incometax burden and anoverview of a forestlandowner incometax web page. Thesecond half of thebroadcast will beginwith Bob Beyfusswho will look atginseng and severalother examples ofprivate forestlandenterprises. Finally,Thorn McEvoy willdescribe what youneed to considerwhen planning forthe ultimate transferof your estate.

Landownerswishing to participate

The New York Forest Owner 38:2 • March/April2000

should contact their local office ofCornell Cooperative Extension or theirNYFOA Chapter Chair for the closestdownlink location. A field-basedfollow-up session is planned throughmany NYFOA chapters and Coopera-tive Extension offices, but check withlocal contacts for details or visit theNYFOA web site at www.nyjoa.org.

Sites wishing to downlink shouldcontact Deanna Owens at CornellUniversity at (607) 255-2814.

Co-sponsors of this event includeCornell Cooperative Extension,NYFOA, Penn State University,University of Maryland, RutgersUniversity, the University of NewHampshire, and the University ofConnecticut .•.

First Pioneer Farm Credit, ACA

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uying a home • Buying a farmBuying the neighboring woodlotEstate planning • IRS alternate valuations

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Forestry consulting & AppraisalsRick Percoco, NY State Certified Appraiser #46-15788

DEC Cooperating Consulting Forester.

6~. Your first choice for financial solutions.

394 Route 29, Greenwich, NY 128341-(800) 234-0269/ rick.percoco@firstpioneer.com

hire it done. They'll do it for $140 anacre. I recommend seventy acres ayear. That's no more than you pay inreal property taxes. Anyone who canafford that money in taxes can afford toget rid of a few ferns.

So here's your lake. I remembercoming here with my grandfather yearsago. There was good fishing then andlots of trees on the banks. Now that thebeaver have moved in, they haveruined the fishing and are filling it upwith brush. They must have raised thewater level two feet and killed all thosetrees. Trees just can't live growing inmud and muck. Oughta get a trapper totrap 'em out. Probably have to pay himnow that beavers ain't worth nothing.

Now at last we're coming intosome real timber, not quality stuff likewhat they've got in western New York,but enough to sell on an opportunitybasis. Trees this size, 16 to 18 inches,get top-heavy and blow over. What'smore out here at the end of yourproperty, someone will probably stealit anyway. They're a bad lot thoseloggers; keep all their machinery insomeone else's name. You can onlyhave a case when you have a picture ofhim with a chainsaw in one of yourtrees. Even then you'll have to pay thelawyer more than you can get from thelogger.

It's a nice lot, though, of white ashand maple. Too bad the understory isall beech and ironwood. They'll neverbe worth nothing. Both of them sprouteven after you cut them down. You'llhave to poison the stumps. That willcost you more than you'll ever get forthe timber.

Well here we are at the cars andI'll say goodbye. I really envy youwoodlot owners. With time and goodadvice, you can make a lot of money. Iam thinking of buying a piece myself- fifty acres or so. Not much more butno less. Then I will qualify and otherpeople will pay 80 percent of the taxes .•

I'msure glad to be out in the woodsfor a change. Sitting in front of acomputer all day makes me want to

get out in the woods, any woods, eventhese.

Here's the plantation you want toshow me? You say it was planted fortyyears ago? Looks about twenty. Butthen white spruce is a scraggly, slow-growing tree, good for nothing butpulp anyway. Should have plantedNorway spruce. Grows a lot faster andworth more. Oughta see some of thosestate plantations; worth a lot of money.White spruce stagnates at about thissize. Planted too close; oughta take outevery other tree so the rest can grow. Ifyou don't, the reprod dies at about afoot or so. And when you pruned allthese spruce you should have gone upto sixteen feet. What's less won't giveyou a real sawlog no matter how big.Oughta get hold of a motor pruner.They only cost about $900 for a goodone. Well worth it for white pine.

See you gotta problem with theweevil. Too bad, pine's worth a lot ofmoney if it's straight and clear. Oughtasee the pine they have up in EssexCounty, boy. They grow real timber upthere. Here on these thin, poorly-drained upland soils, you just don't getthe growth and quality. The maple hastoo much mineral and the cherry toomuch gum. Oughta see the blackcherry they grow in western NewYork. Boy, they grow real timberthere. Worth two dollars a board footstanding in the woods; what we callstumpage. Couldn't get half that here.You've got some nice pole-sizedcherry, but bucks have rubbed thevelvet off their antlers on most ofthem. Oughta put mesh wire aroundthem, about six feet up, or you'll neverget any quality logs; they'll all haverotten centers.

See you have some yellow birchhere, but not worth much; too shortand limby. Oughta see the yellow birchup in the Adirondacks; pays its way allthe way to Taiwan. They've got realtimber up there, boy.

You're white ash ain't so bad. Seethe big one fallen across the road?

Better get it out of there or someonewill hit it with an ATV and sue you. Alawyer could probably win your casebut would cost you a few thousand.Still, it's a nice log. Too bad it fellover. Worth about $500 if you couldonly get it to a mill.

Must be a good place for white ashfrom the number of seedlings. Theywon't grow unless you give them morelight by thinning the overstory. Deerhave chewed off everyone of them.

Oughta get a lot more hunters inhere to kill off the critters. I've takenso many I do not bother with anythingless than a twelve or fourteen pointer.If I can get a good, clean shot at aneight or ten pointer, I might take it, butusually not. I just enjoy being out inthe woods with my rifle. But that'sanother point: I won't wound a deer.With me it's an absolute rule. Either aclean hit or a clean miss. Nothing inbetween.

Last time I wounded a deer I brokeits leg with a chancy shot after dark. Idid not have a flashlight but the moonwas out, and after a couple of miles Icaught up and finished it off. Even thenmy pickup was two miles away, up amountain and across two streams.Another thing with me, no shots over800 yards, unless there's a good cleanshot and an eighteen or twenty pointerat the other end.

See you have a problem with ferns.Better do something about them orthey'll take over. Seedlings just won'tgrow among them. You can get rid ofthem with a hand sprayer, or you can

Henry Kernan, of South Worcester, NY is aconsulting forester in World Forestry, NYFOAmember and Master Forest Owner. Thisarticle represents the variety of advice he has

received over the years on his woodlot.

8 The New York Forest Owner 38:2 • March/April2000

Fall Meeting Plans Underway'September 22-24) 2000

Mark your calendars for an interesting, informative, andfl11'FfillepStatewide Fall Meeting planned for Friday after-noon, September 22 through Sunday morning September 24,at the Charles. Lathrop Pack Demonstration Forest,Warrensburg, NY. The event is co-sponsored by the NYSDepartment of Environmental Conservation and CornellCooperative Extension.

The planning committee, consisting of the Capital DistrictChapter and Southern Adirondack Chapter members, has hadtheir first organizational meeting and will be hosting the FallMeeting surrounded by the beauty of the AdirondaCks. TheWarrensburg area is a beautiful vacation area and there aremany things to do and see.

AIl Pack Forest facilities will be available for our use. Weplan to hold a galbering on Friday night, with a steak or BBQdinner. Saturdayi'will consist of a day~long technical session,Withthe pos~~2~ty of a starlight cruise on Lake George. Wehope to offer some tours on Sunday morning for those whowould like to :makea weekend of it.

More details.will be available soon. Be sure to look in thenext issue of the Forest Owner Jor an article on the history

development of Pack Forest Please contact either PeterGregory (518) 399~1812, or Mary Binder (518) 797-3705 formore infonnation, or if you would like to serve on thecommittee.

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The New York Forest Owner 38:2 • March! April 2000 9

IRENE SZABO

Along the Finger LakesTrail:Getting Better Day by Day

in Cattaraugus County

Innortheast Cattaraugus County insouthwestern NY (territory of theAllegheny Foothills NYFOA

Chapter) the Finger Lakes Trail dropslike a rock into trendy Ellicottville besidecondo-lined ski slopes from McCartyHill State Forest above. Between thereand the next public land in Boyce HillState Forest are 18 trail miles of unremit-ting 2000-foot hills between steep-sidednarrow valleys, for here the latestglaciers were petering out and didn'thave the "leisure" of grinding out wider,gentler troughs.

Between Ellicottville and the nextstate forest eastward are miles ofalternating spectacular views from hilltopfields and then forested hillsides so steepsome must be negotiated sitting downwhen conditions are icy. Hilltop sugarmaples predominate, swamps crowd thenarrow valleys close by two-lane roadsand railroads, and pockets of hemlockshroud shaded slopes.

Therefore, between McCarty Hilland Boyce Hill State Forests are 18miles of beautiful hiking trails through

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privately owned woods and viewsnobody but the owners would ever see ifdozens of landowners hadn't givenpermission for the FLT to pass there forclose to forty years now. These kindsouls let ANYBODY ... even me ...see their back woods and their topmostfields, and it is a gift beyond compare.

The Foothills Trail Club from theBuffalo area built most of this section aslong ago as the mid-sixties, as evidencedby the occasional trace of orange paintbehind the current white blazes. Theiroriginal vision was to build the Conser-vation Trail (CT) from Allegany StatePark to Niagara Falls. Almost simulta-neously the FLT was being invented,starting in 1962 as the brainchild ofWally Wood from Rochester's GeneseeValley Hiking Club. The ConservationTrail was then soon folded into the FLTsystem. Now the white-blazed main trailgoes from the Pennsylvania border inAllegany State Park to the Catskills, andthe orange-blazed CT still continuesnorth to Niagara Falls from a junctiondeep in private woods two miles, byfoot, east of NY Route 240.

East of that trail junction anothertrail club, which shall remain namelessfor this article, accepted responsibilityfor continuing the main Finger LakesTrail. However, some person long pastblaming, some member a full generationago, laid out the route utterly outside theguidelines adopted by all the othersignatories of the 1962 original agree-ments. For they actually built the trail onprivate land WITHOUT ASKINGPERMISSION.

How did the Finger Lakes TrailConference learn this? You'd think an

owner would have pitched a hissy fitupon discovering the trail in theirbackwoods, wouldn't you? The occa-sional plastic trail sign gives a P.O. Boxaddress in Rochester for the Finger LakeTrail Conference (FLTC). One of theseveral landowners between the FoothillsTrail Club's portion and the Boyce HillState Forest could have found easilywhere to lodge a complaint. None did.

Admittedly, probably only threeprivate properties were crossed so utterlywithout concern for decency, protocol,or legal niceties, since much of theremaining route used to go down an uglydirt road through bush and swamp andup a viciously steep pipeline "clearing"and down the other side.

So, again, how did we learn this ifthe owners didn't complain? A few yearsago I succumbed to Charlie Mowatt'sinvitation to take the Allegheny FoothillsChapter of NYFOA on a walk on theFLT in McCarty Hill State Forest andtell them about the trail system. While Iwas blithely explaining how most of ourprivate trail miles were purely handshakeagreements, Betty Densmore, thenchapter chair, asked ever so sweetly howcome nobody had ever even asked her orhusband Leonard even though the trailhad been already there 30 years?

I reveal this mortifying moment afterall these years to demonstrate (a) thatfolks shouldn't judge a whole organiza-tion by the actions (or inactions) of a fewignorant twits, and (b) what patient saintsthe Densmores and their neighbors were."We've never minded it being there,"Betty said, "but we've always kind ofwondered why nobody asked."

continued on page 11

10 The New York Forest Owner 38:2 • MarchiApril 2000

Subsequent to that embarrassmentand symphony of apologies, I personallyadopted that section between the junctionwith the Conservation Trail and BoyceHill State Forest. After the Densmores'mid-90s selective logging and NYFOAwoodswalk on their own property, Irerouted the trail on the wooded westside of their 2100' hill to avoid tree topsand utilize logging roads when they fit.Switchbacks were added to makewalking the steepest parts easier. Thepreviously confusing bushy, weedy routefrom the topmost open viewpoint to theeast was either "mowed" with a powerweedwhacker or relocated from theunderbrush of old fields into adjacentmaple woods ... with their permission.Since then, Leonard has taken tomowing the upper field trail - blesshim.

One December day I was comingout of the Densmore's old fields towardthe east at dusk. Directly below was thenext quick crease of a valley, visible inits entire as only steep abrupt countrywill show. The few houses at the bottomwere lit with Christmas lights, includinga full Santa, sleigh, and reindeer displayon one roof. Beyond, rolled and foldedin quick succession, more hills anddivides in deepening shades of

Want to Learn More About the FLT?Contact them at:

Finger Lakes Trail ConferencePO Box 18048

Rochester, NY 14618(716) 288-7191

email: fltc@axsnet.comwebsite: www.fingerlakes.net/trailsystem

December's five o'clock gray. Lightsnow fell, and I fell in love.

Right then I knew I had to fix thetrail route over the next two miles too, toun-do the ugly dirt road through swampand that steep pipeline hill. One hikerhad complained bitterly that he had towalk the pipeline with a coat held overhis head and shoulders to protect againstthe raspberry canes that had grown up inthe years between gas companymowings. Besides, at the other side ofthat "clearing" was a dangerous creekcrossing with no bridge. Knee deep atbest, in spring it could float a walker,and nearly drowned short 60-year-oldVerna Soules on her cross-state back-packing trip. Immediately after the creekwas a railroad, but more on that nexttime, in addition to some really heart-warming tales of landowners who saidYES to new trails, including those withSanta on the roof. •

In addition to tending New York Trails, IreneSzabo is a member of the Western Finger LakesChapter ofNYFOA and aDirector of theFinger LakesLand Trust.

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Sunrise in the Woods

In the early morning light,

as it warms the spring snow,

weaving in between the darkness of

the forest trees,

the stars fade into the morning glow.

Where moments before stars twinkled

bright,

and now surrender to a new day,so to with branches outstretched,

trees wait silently for spring,

and for the end of winter's gray.

The New York Forest Owner 38:2 • March/April2000

- David Binder

Westerlo, NY

WARNING!Chain saws are danger-ous. If you use one, youneed Game of Logging®training, the best coursein the world. Game ofLogging® is for everychain saw user, not justpro loggers. Foresters &landowners - protectyourselves, too!

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11

OPEN LETTER: To all NYFOA MembersDear New York Forest Owner:This letter is to report on some of the activitiesof the New York Woodland Stewards, Inc.

What is NYWS?New York Woodland Stewards is a tax exempteducational corporation founded by NYFOA in1997. It received IRS approval for tax exempt(501c3) status in 1998.

Who is on the NYWS Board?The current board of directors includes: JillCornell, President; Peter Levitich, VicePresident; Ron Pedersen, Secretary; PhilWalton, Treasurer; and Peter Smallidge,Member at large. Debbie Gill is the ExecutiveSecretary.

What is its purpose?The mission of New York Woodland Stewardsis to:• Encourage forest land owners to identify

their individual objectives for their forestland and to use professional foresters todevelop forest management plans forimplementing these objectives.

• Promote public understanding of the arrayof benefits of sound forest managementincluding clean air and water, improvedwildlife habitat, recreational opportunities,aesthetics and timber production.

• Support the economic and environmen-tally sound use of privately owned forestlands, through studies and education, tofurther the enjoyment of forest benefitstoday without compromising the ability offuture generations to also meet theirneeds.

• Provide resources and information to thepublic to increase understanding of the

concepts and importance of soundprinciples of forest management.

• Foster communication and cooperationwith other organizations and agencies withsimilar purposes.

Although only two years old, NYWS alreadyhas:

••

Supported the Family Forest Fair withNYFOA in 1998 which was attended byover 5,000 people.Broadened public understanding of forestresources by helping NYFOA cosponsorForestry Awareness Day at the statecapitol in cooperation with the NY TreeFarm Committee, NY Farm Bureau andthe Empire State Forest ProductsAssociation.Distributed valuable information onwoodland management, including:- Susan Morse's "Keeping Track"

wildlife program;- "Call before You Cut," a Cornell

Cooperative Extension pamphlet urgingforest owners to seek professionaladvice before selling timber; and

- Regional outreach material for ChaptersofNYFOA.

•

Currently NYWS is working on:

• "New York Forests Forever," aninteractive CD-ROM for middle schoolstudents on forest benefits for recreation,wildlife, timber and the environment. Thisproject is a partnership of NYFOA, theNortheastern Loggers' Association, andthe Empire State Forestry Foundation.

• Adding a new introduction and editingNYFOA's "Timber Theft" video,targeting farmers who own woodlots. Thisproject is a cooperative effort with Farm

LandVest The Next Level oj ServiceA company of experienced professionals dedicated to providing consulting and

marketing services to owners of forest land. Our Timberland,Consulting & Marketing Divisions specialize in:

Adirondack Office64 Park Street, PO Box 873,

Tupper Lake, NY 12986;(518)359-2385

OTHER LOCATIONSBoston,MA • Albany, VT • Concord, NH

Portland and Jackman, ME

• Timberland Management

• Forest Land Marketing & Sales

• Real Estate Asset Planning

• Land Use Planning

• Appraisal & Conservation Services

Bureau, NY Tree Farmers, and severalNY agencies.

• Reviewing new grant proposals fromseveral organizations.

Who funds NYWS?Donations from individuals, and grants fromprivate foundations such as the Robert H.Wentorf Foundation, provide the funding forNYWS. You can make a direct contribution,or renew your NYFOA membership throughNYWS, and add a contribution at that time. Itis tax deductible to the extent of the law.

A big "thank you" to all of you who havecontributed in the past, along with the ferventhope that your support will continue.

Sincerely,

"JjxCo~~Jill CornellPresidentNew York Woodland Stewards

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· Woodlot Calendar:March 11, 2000Skidder Bridge Workshop 011 March 11, 2000 from 9-4pm at LangesGroveside, Acra (near Cairo), NY. One Credit of continuingeducation forlpggers, four credits for foresters involved with SAF.Registration required: $15 ifby March 3, $25 after. Contact MarkGrennan, Hudson Mohawk RC&D Council, Inc. at 518-828-4385 orJustiIlPerry, Watershed Forestry Program at ffJ7-865-7790.

:March 18 , 200038U

) NYFOA Spring Meeting 8-4pm at SUNY ESF, Marshall Hall,Syracuse NY. Refer to the January /February issue of the ForestOwner for more infonnation. Contact Debbie Gill at (800) 836-3566to register by March 4, 2000.

April is, 2000Statewide downlink with Cornell Cooperative Extension (CCE)landowner videoconference on "Economic Issues of Forest Steward-ship." See page 7 for more infonnation.

May 6th, 2000Workshop for forest owners at Hackley School in Tarrytown NY.Will cover landowner perspectives: natural resource enterprises,managing tax burdens, estate planning, and a panel discussion.Sponsored by LHC chapter of NYFOA, Catskill Forest Association,LHC Society of American Foresters and the Watershed AgriculturalCouncil. For more info contact Gene McCardle at 914-945-0504.

Sarurday,June3,2000The Western Finger Lakes Chapter is sponsoring a tour of DansvilleLogging and Lumber (2 miles south of Dansville on Route 36 on theright) at 10:00 am sharp! Guided tour will be approximately 2 hours.Bring your own safety glasses or goggles. Tour a modem circularsaw mill and debarker operations; new planer molding, flooring andsiding operations shop; and visit the new 100% wood building withshowroom displays of several types of wood finishes on the floor andwalls. A luncheon social get together is also planned following thetour at Stony Brook State Park. So pack your lunch and visit withother folks who have a common interest in wood and nature. Formore information contact Joe LaBell at (716) 335-6677 or HarryDeiter at (716) 533-2085.

July 23-25,2000NEW YORK STATE MAPlE TOUR 2()(){) will be hosted by theNortheastern New York Maple Producers Association on July 23-25,2000.

Plans are underway for the New York State Maple Tour to be heldin the scenic Adirondack and Lake Champlain region of New York.The tour will be hosted by the Northeastern New York MapleProducers Association in cooperation with Cornell CooperativeExtension and the Cornell Department of Natural Resources.

The tour will be headquartered at Lake Placid in the OlympicRegion but will visit many area maple operations in the tri-county

region of Clinton, Essex, and Franklin Counties. A pOrtion of thetour will also take place at the Uihlein Sugar .l'.1apleField Stationof Cornell University located near Lake Placid.

Please mark the dates for this interesting and infonnativeevent. More information will be forthcoming. For questionsplease contact: Lewis J. Staats, at (518)523-9337 or vialjs20@cornell.edu or Beth Spaugh ateas9@cornelLedu

Also of interest to maple producers is the Vermont Maplerama2()(){) to be held July 27-29, 2000 in Orleans County withheadquarters at Jay Peak Resort. The dates for the New YorkMaple Tour and Vennont Maplerama offer an opportunity andconvenience for those who would like to take in both events withone day for travel between the two.

September 18-20, 2000FRAGMENfAnON 2000 - A Conference on Sustaining PrivateForests in the 21st Century will be held on September 18-20, 2000in Annapolis, MD at the Radisson HoteL

The conference will have three functions; (1) Sharing; Bringingdiverse experts together to examine what we know about privateforests of all sizes, ranging from small bits to mega-hunks; (2)Comparing: To identify areas of agreement, disagreement or just-don't-know situations regarding prospects for sustaining privateforests in the 21st century; and (3) Reporting: Quickly assemblinga proceedings that makes the conference papers and discussionswidely available through as many communications channels aspossible.

For more infonnation contact Mike Jacobson, AssistantProfessor/Extension Forester, Pennsylvauia State University,School of Forest Resources, 7 Ferguson Building, UniversityPark, PA. 16802 Phone: (814) 863-0401

September 22-24, 2000NYFOA FaIl Meeting planned. Charles Lathrop PackDemonstration Forest, Warrensburg, NY. See page 9 for moreinformation.

October 10-13, 2000SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry is pleasedto announce the Third Biennial Conference: Short Rotation Woocf.yCrops Operations Group on October 10-13, 2000 in Syracuse,New York

Join us for technical presentations and a field tour in NewYork's scenic Finger Lakes wine country. Hear the latestprogress reports from researchers and practitioners. Examinewoody energy crops, planting and harvesting equipment, wood-to-fuel processing equipment, and a wood/coal co-firing powerplant. Please contact SUNY-ESF if interested in providingequipment displays or demonstrations.

For more information: Phone: (315) 470-6891 Fax: (315) 470-6890 Email: ce@eif.eduWebpage: www.esf.edU/willow

The New York Forest Owner 38:2 • March/April2000 13

Still another factor is weather.Whiteface mountain at 4,872' formsa block to various weather patterns.The result is nearly 10" more annualprecipitation on and to the west ofthe mountain than east of the moun-tain. Since both oak and pine are ableto grow better in drier soils thannorthern hardwoods, oak and pineare excellent long term species formuch of the Town of Wilmington."

QuestionI am still cleaning up from Ice

Storm '98. One part of my propertyis a South facing hillside of about 20acres which was dominated by largepoplar (15" DBH x 60'-70'). On thehigher sections there is a good mix ofred oak and white pine with some ofthese species under the poplar. If Itake out all the poplar how can Iassure the spread and enhance thegrowth of the red oak and the whitepine?

- John E. LaffertyWilmington, NY

AnswerBoth red oak and white pine are

naturally occurring species in theWilmington area. If you remove theice damaged aspen poplar and youhave existing white pine and red oakin the understory, the understory willrespond to the release. You will,however, need to nurture this re-lease. The cut aspen will root sproutvigorously, often having dozens ofsprouts, some attaining a height offive feet the first year. The numberof sprouts can be lessened if you cutthe aspen in July and August at theheight of the growing season andbefore the trees ready themselves fornext year's growth. In any event,pine and oak reproduction less thansix feet in height will need to bereleased from competing vegetationsubsequent to removal of youroverstory, aspen. In my experience,you will see a more rapid initialresponse in white pine, but even thismay take 2-3 years. Release does nothave to be total as red oak and whitepine are moderately shade tolerant;

therefore, scattered trees of desirablespecies may be left as long as thereproduction receives major sunlight.

Most of the existing forests in theTown of Wilmington are the result oftwo actions; (1) clearing the land foragricultural use with subsequentabandonment and (2) repeatedcuttings for charcoal, pulpwood,lumber and firewood. Fire has been apart of both processes as occasional,not wholesale occurrences.

The soils of Wilmington, exceptfor areas immediately adjacent tocertain sections of tbe AuSableRiver, are all glacial till. Especiallyon the lower slopes, these soils tendto have imperfect drainage caused by"hard pans" at a depth of one to fourfeet. Such soils are often very wet inspring and very dry late summer andfall. On these lower slopes softwoods(white pine) are a better long termspecies group than hardwoods. Ashardwood (oak, maples, ash) reachsawtimber size, tbe poor drainagemakes them susceptible to root rotsand the trees begin a slow declineevidenced by top die-back.

The forests of Wilmington are awonderful mix. The northern hard-wood (maple, birch, beech) and thered spruce types invade the area fromthe central Adirondacks, while theAllegheny hardwoods and NewEngland species come up from theChamplain Valley. All of these areadded to by white spruce fromCanada and the pioneer species(aspens, white birch, white pine)which cover any and all disturbedlands.

This issue's Contributing Forester isDonald Peterson, Consulting Forester,from Wilmington, NY.

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14 The New York Forest Owner 38:2 • Marcb/April2000

Saratoga's Secret is OutDAVID J. LEE

Saratoga Springs, New York ishome to many historical and

popular vacation destinations.The Saratoga Performing Arts Center,museums, various parks, two race-

tracks and historical buildings all cometo mind when thinking of Saratoga's

offerings. No matter what your inter-ests are, this popular city has some-thing to offer you. Yes, even if that

interest is trees.

Saratoga Springs is the home ofNew York State's best kept secret, theSaratoga Tree Nursery. This facilityadministers one of the Department of

Environmental Conservation's oldestrunning programs. The nursery pro-

gram in New York has been successfulin providing more than 1.6 billion

seedlings for reforestation and conser-vation plantings since its inception in1902. In the beginning there were asmany as nine nurseries in operationthroughout the state. Nursery opera-

tions in Saratoga began in 1911 at the

present Route 50 site. In 1928, aseparate facility was developed on

Route 9 to meet the increased demandfor planting stock. All New York StateNursery Activities were consolidated atSaratoga in 1972. As a result ofconsolidation and hard work, the

nursery program has become a highlyefficient, mechanized operation that

continues to produce low cost seed-lings.

The Saratoga Nursery is comprisedof two hundred and fifty acres, ninety-

two of which are production beds.Present annual production of threemillion seedlings consists of thirty-two

species, including twelve conifers,seven hardwood, and 13 wildlife/conservation varieties. The seedlingsare available at cost. Minimum pur-

chase is one hundred seedlings, except

for hardwoods which can be purchasedin quantities of twenty-five and mixedpackets which range between twenty-five and 109 plants.

All stock is grown from seed orcuttings. A majority of the seed, in itsrough form (cone or fruit), is collected

from two hundred and fifty acres ofseed orchards and seed productionareas maintained by the Nursery

throughout New York State. In order tomeet planting needs, some cone and

fruit is purchased from private indi-viduals. The seed is extracted from the

cone and fruit in the Seed Processing

Plant located at the Saratoga facility.Individuals interested in collecting fruitor cone should contact the nursery, at(518) 581-1439, for details on species

desired, prices paid, and collectingdates. Every attempt is made to plantseed from New York sources only.

Plantings from seed and/or seedling

stock from out of state sources mayprove to be unsuitable or less tolerantto New York's climatic conditions. AtSaratoga, the seedlings are grown inbeds that are watered, fertilized,mulched, root pruned, and kept free

from weeds. Growing stock remains

here for one to three years until itattains the necessary size required forsuccessful outplanting.

Orders for seedlings can be placedfrom January 1 through mid-May bycalling (518) 587-1120, Monday

through Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. ATrees and Shrubs brochure can be

obtained by either calling this number

or by contacting your Regional DECoffice. It is recommended to order byphone since the operator will be able

to answer questions or direct you to

the proper office for information ifyou need help. Shipping arrangementsare made when placing an order. All

seedlings are shipped in bags as bareroot stock. These bags must be keptcool and out of direct sunlight to avoidloss from heat. You may pick up your

order up at the Saratoga Nursery or

have it shipped by either designatedtruckers to a single location in each

county or UPS. Shipping occurs frommid-April until mid-May.

Now that Saratoga's best keptsecret is out, share it with friends andfamily. Together we can plant towardsa greener, brighter tomorrow .•.

David J. Lee is a Forester with the New York

State DEe Saratoga Tree Nursery.

Three year old white pine being irrigated at the Saratoga Tree Nursery.

The New York Forest Owner 38:2 • Marchi April 2000 15

Native Insect Pestsof Hemlock

DOUGLAS C. ALLEN

Roaming through the hills ofVermont as a youngster and,later, working in the "big

woods" of northern Maine, I alwaystreasured moments spent movingthrough a stand of eastern hemlock.For reasons difficult to explain,entering a patch of hemlock alwaysmade me feel as if I were truly in thenorth country and had stepped backin time a hundred years or so.Something to do, I think, with thequiet, cool, dark, and primevalatmosphere one senses when movingfrom relatively open hardwoods intothe confines of a hemlock stand.

I think many foresters and forestowners enjoy an aesthetic connectionwith hemlock. Certainly, a variety ofbirds, small mammals and the white-tailed deer take advantage of thisspecies for food or protection frominclement weather afforded by itsdense, interconnecting crowns.

In addition to the noncommodityand ecological values we appreciatetoday, hemlock has substantialeconomic importance to certainareas of the paper industry. Currentinterest in this species has beenstimulated by an apparent absenceof adequate regeneration at manylocations throughout its distributionand the concern for outbreaks ofhemlock woolly adelgid (see Forest

Owner MaylJune 1993). The latter,an introduced species, is now foundin eleven northeastern states, andtree mortality has been reportedfrom Virginia, New Jersey, Con-necticut and southeastern NewYork. In addition to the hemlockadelgid, however, a variety ofnative defoliators and inner-barkfeeding insects are linked with thisconifer, some of which can dosignificant damage.

Figure 3 Needles damaged by hemlockneedleminer (arrow).

The most important defoliator isthe eastern subspecies of hemlocklooper. It occurs from easternCanada as far west as the RockyMountains in Alberta. Unlike mostfoliage feeding insects, it can feed ona range of both broad-leaved andneedle-bearing hosts. Infestations,however, are confined to mature

continued on next page

Figure 1Adult hemlock looper. Figure 2 Mature hemlock looper caterpillar.

16 The New York Forest Owner 38:2 • MarchiApril 2000

Figure 4 Hemlock borer.

stands of balsam fir and easternhemlock. Outbreaks typically last foronly two to three years, but exten-sive tree mortality often results.

The long-lived moths have tan tograyish-brown wings. When ex-tended, the front wings span 1.0 to1.25" and each is crossed trans-versely by two irregular tawny topurplish lines with a distinct dot ofthe same color between them nearthe leading edge of each wing (Fig.1). Adults emerge in late summer orearly fall and represent one ofseveral species referred to as"hunter's moths," because they arefrequently active well into Novemberor until the first hard frost occurs.

The full grown caterpillar isapproximately 1.25" long, and itsbasic appearance varies from green-ish yellow to brown. The back or topof most specimens is a mottled lightbrown to gray and the caterpillar'ssides have wavy lines of varyingshades of reddish to dark brown. Thehead and back are distinctly markedwith pairs of irregular brown toblack spots (Fig. 2).

Hemlock looper feeding iswasteful, because rarely is a wholeneedle consumed. This partiallydamaged, discolored foliage remainsattached to branches and eventuallyresults in a general browning ofheavily infested trees.

Hemlock needle miner is anothervery frequent inhabitant of easternhemlock. Unlike the hemlock looper,though, its feeding mainly detractsfrom the aesthetic quality of hemlockused for hedges or ornamentals and isvery unlikely to significantly reducegrowth or cause tree mortality.Typical needle miner damage ischaracterized by six or more mined(translucent, light brown) needles tiedloosely with silk (Fig. 3).

The most dangerous pest ofeastern hemlock is the hemlockborer. This beetle belongs to a familycalled flat-headed borers or metallicbeetles - common names that reflectcharacteristics of the larval and adultstages, respectively. The larval orimmature stages of hemlock borer areinner bark feeders; that is, they feedand excavate galleries just beneaththe bark of the host, but do notconstruct tunnels in the wood. From aforest protection standpoint, mostflat-headed borers are considered"secondary" insects, because they canonly successfully attack a host that isstressed. Their normal ecological roleis one of assisting with the decompo-sition of dead, dying or severelystressed woody plants.

The adult hemlock borer is 0.3 to0.4" long with a hard, boat-shapedbody and three yellowish to orangespots on each wing cover (Fig. 4).Beetles have a metallic sheen andmove very quickly when disturbed.The larva (lar-vah) is typical of thefamily; distinctly segmented, whitishto off-white and legless with a dis-tinctly flattened almost triangular"head" (Fig. 5). Larvae (lar-vee)hatch from eggs laid in bark crevicesof weakened or windthrown trees andburrow beneath the bark. Theirwinding, frass- filled galleries (Fig. 5)

destroy tissue that is essential fortree survival. When populations arehigh enough, these galleries coalesceand eventually girdle the tree. Frassis a mixture of waste material andundigested wood particles.

As mentioned above, hemlockborer requires a stressed or weak-ened host. The two major causes ofstress for hemlock are defoliationand drought. Susceptibility todrought results from the fact that thisconifer is very shallow rooted andtypically does best on moist to wetsites. The species is so sensitive tochanges in soil moisture conditionsthat merely opening up a stand ofhemlock too much or removingassociated hardwoods in mixedstands and leaving the hemlock isoften enough to set the stage forhemlock borer .•..

This is the 49th in the series of articlescontributed by Dr. Allen. Professor ofEntomology at SUNY-ESF. Reprints of thisand the complete series are available fromNYFOA. It is also possible to download thiscollection from the DEC Web page at:http://www.dec.state.ny.us/dlj/privland/[orprot/health/nyfo/index. html. Photo-graphs I and 2 courtesy of the CanadianForest Service.

Figure 5Larval stage of hemlock borer,with gallery (arrow).

The New York Forest Owner 38:2 • March/April2000 17

properties with almost 1/2 millionowners controlling the flow of timberonto the market. However, unplannedtree cutting, as in timber theft, usuallyaccompanied with careless removal ofselected trees, destroys the sustain-ability of this resource. It leads todegradation of the resource anddepletes the myriad nontimber valuesprovided by careful forest manage-ment.

New York's wood-based industriesare a billion-dollar business. Theycurrently ship annually $10 billion ofproducts and provide employment for66,000 people, many in the rural areasof New York State where few alterna-tive employment opportunities exist(Canham and King 1998). Timbertheft, whether from failure to pay forremoved trees, or outright trespass andillegal cutting, severely hampers theability of this important industry toconduct legitimate business. A bad

. Timber Theft HearingsCommittee on Agriculture and NYS Legislative Commission on Rural ResourcesSenate

HUGH O. CANHAM

This article represents Hugh Canham's

testimony at the Timber Theft Hearings

in Albany, NY on February 8, 2000.

Timber theft is nothing new inNew York State. I can remem-ber when I was a teenager and

our family had just moved to our dairyfarm in Otsego County, New York,and we were subject to timber theft.We were somewhat unfamiliar with ourboundaries, busy in other farm activi-ties, and not "savvy" to the ways ofsome unscrupulous persons posing aslegitimate loggers. As a foresterworking for the New York StateDepartment of Conservation in theearly 1960s I saw incidents of timbertheft from state lands, and receivedcomplaints from private owners of bothtimber theft, and noncompliance withtimber sale contracts with loggers.Through numerous contacts withlandowners and ownership studiesconducted by myself (Canham 1971,1981) and the USDA Forest Service(1995) we know it has been an ongoingproblem although no definitive quanti-tative data has been collected on theextent of the problem.

In the 1950s, the market value oftrees for wood products (stumpagevalues) per thousand board feet (MBF)(see first attached graph) averaged $40for sugar maple, $30 for black cherry,$25 for red oak, and $15 for beech andred (soft) maple. In the 1970s therewas a dramatic increase in all prices,especially oak due to changing con-sumer preferences for oak cabinets andfurniture. Today stumpage pricesaverage $600 for sugar maple, about$1000 for black cherry, and $560 forred oak. Red or soft maple and beech,once considered low value, have also

increased substantially in value.However, when these nominal marketprices are converted to real, or de-flated, prices to account for inflation,using the Consumer Price Index, (as inthe second attached graph), we see thatin real dollars, timber prices have beenrelatively constant. Timber has alwaysbeen a valuable commodity in NewYork State.

Planned, carefully conductedtimber harvesting adds significantly tothe State's economic well-being.Timber harvesting is also the tool forimprovement of wildlife habitat,enhancement of many forest recreationopportunities, and watershed ameliora-tion provided by the state's forests.Forests cover 18.5 million acres inNew York State; almost 2/3 of the totalland area of the state (USDA ForestService 1995). This is the most exten-sive kind of land cover in the state. It isowned primarily in small, nonindustrial

continued on next page

Stumpage Prices for Western New Yorkfor Selected Species, 1953-1999

(based on NYSDEC stumpage price reports)1600.-----------~------------~~~--~--------,

1400

1200

LL.

In:2 1000II::w0-I/)800II::<I::::j 600oC

400

- -.- - HD MAPLE

- - - RED OAK

-BKCHERRY

" -BEECH

.' - - - - - SFT MAPLE. -. -I I .•...:.-.0

I ",•• I

YEAR

18 The New York Forest Owner 38:2 • March/April 2000

image is portrayed for the industry.Future sustained supplies of timber arereduced. Landowners are discouragedfrom any forest management andtimber harvesting. The net result isfurther reduction in the economicviability of already depressed ruralareas.

The property tax base of manyrural towns contains significantamounts of forestland. A healthy,productive forest resource is worthmore and contributes more tax rev-enue. In contrast, timber theft willdegrade the resource, reduce the taxbase, and shift the tax burden toresidential, industrial, and commercialproperty owners.

As is true in any situation, thevarious parties, or stakeholders, eachhave responsibilities to minimizetimber theft and its disastrous effects.Landowners should know their prop-erty boundaries. They should visit theirproperty and be aware of what ishappening on adjoining properties.They should use only known, reputableloggers, and seek the services of areputable professional forester.

Timber harvesters (loggers) havetried to sanction disreputable operatorsand this should be encouraged. Loggers

should strive to educate their workersand realize that their work is comingunder close scrutiny by potentialregulators. Regulation of private timberharvesters is not in the best interest of afree market economy.

Mill operators should insist onknowing the origin of the logs andother material they purchase. They canactively promote the industry spon-sored Certified Logger Program andSustainable Forestry Initiative. Theseprograms are becoming known in NewYork State and hopefully will continue.As an interesting sidelight, Plum CreekTimber Co., owner of 900,000 acres ofland in Maine, will now insist that allloggers supplying its mills be trainedand accredited in the SustainableForestry Initiative

Law enforcement agencies have theresponsibility of understanding timberharvesting and forest characteristics.They must respond quickly to timbertheft, just as they should in any crime.They should also understand howeasily illegal logs can be "fenced." Thejudicial system has similar responsibili-ties and in addition should treat timbertheft as a serious crime and shouldenforce penalties. As another interest-ing item, in Canada there was a recent

Real Stumpage Prices in 1967 Dollars for Western New York(deflated by Consumer Price Index)

300

250

LL.III 200:!:a:::wa.

150(/)a:::<I:oJoJ

0 100C

50

0

~HDMAPLE

- - - RED OAK

-BKCHERRY

-BEECH

- - SFT MAPLE

YEAR

case where a "Tree Poacher" wassuccessfully prosecuted based on DNAevidence from wood in his possessioncompared to DNA in the stump andother parts of a cut tree. This science isstill in its infancy but indicates whatmight be possible in the near future.

Landowner organizations such asthe New York Forest Owners Associa-tion, and forest industry organizationssuch as the Empire State ForestProducts Association each have majorresponsibilities to educate landowners,loggers, and mill owners, and thegeneral public. This education shouldfocus on the important role that forestsplay in the everyday lives of NewYorkers, how to execute a successful

continued on page 20

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to think of all of the benefits youcould enjoy from having a pond ora lake on your own property. Thisidea could become a reality if theright conditions prevail. From ourexperience it normally requiresfavorable watershed conditions,good site conditions, owner-commitmentto stewardship forenhancement of forest land values,appropriate engineering planningand design, and good constructionpractices.

The New York Forest Owner 38:2 • MarchiApril 2000 19

private groups that strive to educate

landowners.4. Private not-for-profit organiza-

tions, especially the New York ForestOwners Association, currently with

about 2500 members could be atremendous force. However, with

about 300,000 viable forest owners inNew York State, this group has barelymade any impression. Further encour-agement and cooperation with others is

needed.

Timber Theft Hearings (Con't from page 19)

timber sale, responsible businesspractices, and boundary identificationand maintenance.

The educational system in the State

has a responsibility to educate bothlandowners and law enforcementofficials as to the details of tree identi-

fication, measurement of timbervolume, and appraisal of forest values.

Happily, the subject of timber theftis receiving more attention by state and

local officials. The new laws help butmore needs to be done. The following

items are all proposed for further studypossibly leading to further legislationor programs. I stand ready to assist theCommission and the Committee inanalyzing each of these and the othersuggestions put forth by the other very

qualified speakers at today's hearing

and subsequent hearings.

Better equip law enforcement andjudicial system personnel to handletimber theft cases.

1. Modify the need to establish"intent" to steal timber. Intent is not a

prerequisite in many instances and

should not be for timber.2. Provide education and training

of officials. This could easily beshortcourse sessions provided by

professional foresters and educators.3. Add search and seizure to

arrest. Obtaining financial restitution

for timber theft is often difficult due tothe lack of assets in the perpetrator's

name.

Require a notification of surroundinglandowners of any intent to harvesttimber.

1. This could easily be a form thatboth the landowner and the timber

harvester must sign listing the names

and addresses of adjoining landownersand a statement that each had been

notified in writing that a timber harvestwould be taking place.

2. Forms would be required to befiled with the local office of the

Division of Lands and Forests of the

New York State Department of Envi-ronmental Conservation. This is not a"permit" to harvest but merely certifi-cation of notification of adjoining

owners.3. In the long run, such notification

could stimulate additional timberharvests for the logger (a bonus) and

gets landowners (or their agents) toknow where boundaries are located and

who are their neighbors (also a goodidea).

Establish proof of origin of logsdelivered to a processing point (logconcentration yard, sawmill, pulpmill, etc.)

The logger would be required tofurnish the log purchaser a statement ofwhere the wood was harvested, the

owner's name, and location of theforest.

Encourage and strengthen programsfor educating forest landowners.

1. The New York State Depart-

ment of Environmental Conservation,through its Cooperative Forest Man-agement program and the associated

federal cost-sharing programs doesmuch of this. However, more forestersare needed in the Department to fully

carry out these programs. This is anappropriate role for the public forest-ers, while still leaving the actual

management of timber sales to privateconsultants.

2. The Cornell Cooperative

Extension program has an explicitmandate to educate landowners andtheir Extension Forester does a very

good job. The ability of that programto reach owners is however, limited bythe extent of funding and number ofpersonnel.

3. The SUNY College of Environ-mental Science and Forestry also has

an outreach/public service mandatefrom the State. However, it too needs

encouragement and provisions forcooperation with other public and

Have property boundaries clearlyidentified and marked.

1. This activity does not always

require the services of a licensedsurveyor but there are definitely cases

where one must be used. In other casesit merely requires painting, fencing,

posting, or other identification ofexisting property lines before time

erases all evidence.2. Boundary identification is good

management, regardless of the type offorest management. Any responsible

logger should require identification bythe owner. It is often a requirement forparticipation in publicly assisted forest

management activities.

In summary, I applaud the RuralResources Commission for holdingthese hearings. Our state legislators are

to be commended for taking time to

listen and become concerned about thisissue. Good forests make for goodcommunities, and good communitiesmake for a healthy "Empire State."

Thank you very much."

References

Canham, H.O. 1971. Forest ownership

and timber supply. SUNY Coll. ofEnv. Sci. & Forestry. Syracuse,

NY

Canham, H.O. 1981. Forest ownership

and biomass availability. Report

continued on page 21

20 The New York Forest Owner 38:2 • March/April 2000

prepared for the New York StateEnergy Office. Albany, NY.

PrayerWhen I awoke it was thereReleased from on high. settled smooth and white.And while I had slept the long nightIt had traveled through the silence of somewhere.

Canham, H.O. and K.S. King. 1998.Just the facts: an overview of NewYork's wood-based economy andforest resource. New York Centerfor Forestry Research and Devel-opment. SUNY ColI. of Env. Sci.& Forestry. Syracuse, NY

With sudden pride my humble house of yesterdayFaced the light. wrapped in an ermine cloak.While beneath an unbroken sea of snow. as though afloatThe street of yesterday lost its identity and its way.

USDA Forest Service. 1995. Foreststatistics for New York: 1980 and1993. USDA For. Servo NE ForestExperiment Station. ResourceBulletin NE-132. Radnor, PA.

In this span of hours. ills of earth seem ouickly goneAs though vanquished with the darkness of the night.Covered with this vast blanket of white.Now would that man could erase all that is evil

Hugh Canham Ph.D. is a professor of ForestEconomics at SUNY ESF and a board memberofNYFOA.

By creating a new world of right. a blanketOf good will in the passage of one god~ night!

- Dorothy DarlingOdessa. NY

It W rk he . 0 .SOp

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21The New York Forest Owner 38:2 • March/Apri12000

NYFOANE\vS

White Spruce Seedlings.A. On Saturday, May 6, 2000 froma. dawn to dark, white spruceseedlings will be distributed to allcomers free of charge, in any numberand size, from Henry Kernan's forestproperty. The address is 104 CountyHighway 40, South Worcester, NY12197.

It will not be necessary to dig theseedlings because they germinate inMay and need only be lifted by meansof a garden fork, which will beavailable.

This year will be the 11th yearsuch distributions have taken place,with more than 30,000 having beentaken away.

For more information please contactHenry Kernan at (607) 397-8805.

Ask the Forester.A We have received one inquiry toa. our "Ask the Forester" column(see page 14) but are still anxious formore. We still have an array of Foresterswho would be willing to answer ques-tions NYFOA members may havepertaining to forestry and forest manage-ment issues. Please submit any questionsor suggestions to:

The New York Forest Owner"Ask the Forester" Column134 Lincklaen StreetCazenovia, NY 13035e-mail: mmalmshe@syr.edu

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As of February 1, 2000,the NYFOA EndowedScholarship Fund that isadministered by the SUNYESF College Foundation,Inc. has a fund balance of$22,234.96.

MAGAZINEDEADLINEMaterials submitted forthe May IJ une issueshould be sent to MaryBeth Malmsheimer,Editor, The New York

Forest Owner, 134Lincldaen Street,Cazenovia, NY 13035or via e-mail atmmalmshe@syr.eduArticles, artwork andphotos are invited and ifrequested, are returnedafter use.

Deadline for material isApril 1, 2000.

22 The New York Forest Owner 38:2 • MarchiApril 2000

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