The New Yorl(

Forest OwnerA PUBLICATION OF THE NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION

November/December 2000

Volume 38 Number 6 FOUNDED 1963

In This Issue •THE NEW YORK

FOREST OWNERS

ASSOCIATIONVolume 38, Number 6

Officers & DirectorsRonald Pedersen, President

22 Vandenburg Lane,

Latham,l Y 12110; (518) 785-6061

Jim Minor, Vice President

22 Bryn Mawr RoadRochester, NY 14624; (716) 247-7069

Robert Sykes, Secretary

4786 Foster RoadElbridge, NY 13060; (315) 673-3691

Don Wagner, Treasurer

5330 Graham Road,

Utica, NY 13502; (315) 733-7391

Deborah Gill, Administrative Secretary

P.O. Box 180Fairport, NY 14450; (716) 377 -6060

2001

Jill Cornell, Johnsonville, (518) 753-4336NickPolce, Remsen, (315) 831-5301

Dave Swaciak, Franklinville, (716) 676-2349

Robert Sykes, Elbridge, (315) 673-3691

2002

Harry Dieter, Honeoye Falls, (716) 533-2085Mike Greason, Catskill, (518) 943-9230

Jack Hamilton, Wayland, (716) 728-5769

Rolf Wentorf, Johnsonville, (518) 753-0228

2003

Hugh Canham, N. Syracuse, (315) 457-4972

Roy Esiason, Granville, (518) 642-2351

Jerry Michael, Binghamton, (607) 648-2941

Ronald Pedersen, Latham, (518) 785-6061

Chapter- Designated DirectorsCharlie Mowatt, Allegheny Foothills; (716) 676-3617

Joan & Hans Kappel, Capital District; (518) 861-8753

John Druke, Central New York; (315) 656-2313

Elizabeth Nichols, Lower Hudson; (914) 241-7289

Pat Ward, Northern Adirondack; (315) 268-0902

Don Fraser, Niagara Frontier; (716) 773-7011

Peter Gregory, SE Adirondack; (518) 399-1812

Charlotte Baxter, Southern Tier; (607) 967-8516

Peter Smallidge, Southern Finger Lakes; (607) 255-4696Jim Minor, Western Finger Lakes; (716) 247-7069

The New York Woodland Stewards, Inc.(NYWS) is a 501(c)3 foundation ofNYFOA and tax deductible donationsto this organization will advanceNYFOA's educational mission.

All rights reserved. Contents may not be reproducedwithout prior written permission from the publisher.

NYFOA does not necessarily support or approve pro-cedures, products, or opinions presented by authorsor advertisers.

Q 2000 New York Forest Owners Association

• •

FROM THE PRESIDENT

RON PEDERSEN , 3

IN THE MAIL 4

TREE FARM NEWS 5

NYFOA 2000 FALL CONFERENCE

CHARLIE MOWATI AND GRETCHEN MCHUGH 6

QUALITY DEER MANAGEMENT

PAUL D. CURTIS 8

ALONG THE FINGER LAKES TRAIL

IRENE SZABO 10

NEWS & NOTES 11

COMMENTARY: PUBLIC HEARING ON TIMBER THEFT

PHILIP T. SIARKOWSKI 12

FOREST FRAGMENTATION 2000 CONFERENCE

JILL CORNELL 15

TuSSOCK MOTHS, TIGER MOTHS & OTHER "IfArny" CATERPILLARS

DOUGLAS C. ALLEN 16

PORTABLE SIGDDER BRIDGES

MARK W. GRENNAN 18

WOODLOT CALENDAR 19

INDEX OF FOREST OWNER ARTICLES 21

THE MARKETPLACE 23

The New Yorlc

Forest OwnerA PUBLICATION OF THE NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION

The New York Forest Owner is a bi-monthly publication by The New York Forest OwnersAssociation, P.O. Box 180, Fairport, N. Y 14450. Materials submitted for publication shouldbe sent to: Mary Beth Malmsheimer, Editor, The New York Forest Owner, 134 LincklaenStreet, Cazenovia, New York 13035. Materials may also be e-mailed to mmalmshe@syr.edu.

Articles, artwork and photos are invited and if requested, are returned after use. Thedeadline for submission for the Ianuary/February issue is December 1, 2000.

Please address all membership fees and change of address requests to P.O. Box 180,

Fairport, N.Y. 14450. 1-800-836-3566. Cost of individual membership/subscription is $20.

www.nyfoa.org

COVER: Eric and Ken Binder enjoy the equipment demonstration at the PackDemonstration Forest during the NYFOA 2000 Fall Conference.Photo courtesy of Gretchen McHugh.

The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • November/December 20002

FT~PresidentThe single engine de Haviland

landed smoothly on LacCambrai, Quebec, 100 plus miles

northwest of Ottawa. Our canoe wasunstrapped from the struts, our gear

passed down into the boat, and Boband I joined our friends who had flownin earlier.

Our pilot Mike Dennis is anexperienced bush pilot, and also a keen

observer of his surroundings. Duringour 45-minute flight he griped andgriped about how timber harvesting

was ruining the area with the clear

cuts. Interestingly, areas that had beencut 10-20 years

ago wereapparently

okay, it was therecent clear

cuts that were

bad.Canadian

provinces (mostforestland in Canada is governmentowned) have taken major steps toimprove forestry practices in the last

few years, as have we in the UnitedStates. But "outback," a recent clear

cut, regardless of size or shape, lookspretty grim from a low flying airplane.

Certainly, forest managementtechniques have improved, and willcontinue to improve, but I wonder if

some of the commentary we hear isanother aspect of the "instant gratifica-

tion" that pervades much of our societythese days.

It occurred to me to suggest toMike that timber companies be re-quired to use camouflage drapes to hideharvest areas for a few recovery years- which, of course, really wouldn'thelp a bit. To all who really want toknow, it is clear that the care and

nurturing of a woodlot produces fargreater environmental and socialbenefits than ignored woodlots. Wewant our children, and all peoples, to

appreciate all the wonderful values of

woodlands and to respect and under-

stand what it takes to have them.There was certainly no cover up at

NYFOA's Fall Conference in Septem-ber. The Southeast Adirondack and

Capital District Chapters, and theirmany supporters, along with theDepartment of Environmental Conser-

vation, the College of EnvironmentalScience and Forestry, Cornell Coop-erative Extension and with special help

from Finch Pruyn & Co. and theInternational Paper Company, orga-

nized and executed an excellent

weekend. A record attendance andrepresentation from every NYFOAchapter attests to the widespreadinterest. Thanks to all for a great

conference! (See page 6 for a recap).

The weekend again illustrated that

NYFOA is but one part of a hugeteam, each member having a role in the

process of producing and utilizing arenewable natural resource. It is a hugeresponsibility, downright awesome

when you think about it, and one thatrequires a lot of teamwork.

When Peter Levatich receivedNYFOA's Heiberg Memorial Award in

1998, he observed that credit belongsto the whole group, as a tree grows to

strength and maturity because of theinfluence, discipline, and support fromall the trees around it.

NYFOA never considered itself anisland unto itself, and the team effortthat went into the Fall Conference, andthe array of major sponsors (NYFOA,AFC; CCE; DEC; USDA) of the Ninth

Annual Landowner Conference nextFebruary in Arcade, Wyoming County,are reminders of our dependence uponand the importance of all members ofthe "team."

As Thanksgiving approaches, it'sone more thing to be thankful for.

Peggy and I wish you, your family andfriends, all a safe and wonderful

holiday season.-Ron Pedersen, President

J · ,NYFOA is a not-for-

om profit group of NY• State landowners

promoting stewardship of privateforests. Stewardship puts intopractice knowledge of forest ecosys-tems, silviculture, local economies,watersheds, wildlife, natural aesthet-ics and even law for the long termbenefit of current and future genera-tions. NYFOA, through its localchapters, provides this knowledge forlandowners and the interested public.

Join NYFOA today and begin toreceive the many benefits including:six issues of The New York ForestOwner, woodswalks, chapter meet-ings, and two statewide meetings forall members.

IfWe would like to support goodforestry and stewardship of NewYork's forest lands

( ) IfWe own acres ofwoodland.( ) I!We do not own woodland but sup-port the Association's objectives.

Name: _

Address: _

City: _

State/Zip: _

Telephone: _

County of Residence: _

County of Woodlot: _

Referred by: _

Annual Dues (Please Circle One):Student $10Individual $20Family (co-owners) $25Contributing $30-$100Sponsoring $10 1+

Please make check payable to NewYork Forest Owners Association,or, if you prefer, by check payable toNew York Woodland Stewards, Inc.(NYWS, a tax deductible founda-tion), including any contribution inexcess of your NYFOA membershipand send to:

NYFOAP.O. Box 180

Fairport, New York 144501-800-836-3566www.nyfoa.org

The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • November/December 2000 3

Letters to the Editor may be sent to:The New York Forest Owner

134 Lincklaen Street, Cazenovia, NY 13035or

via e-mail at: mmalmshe@syr.edu

Free PressFor the past four years the

Allegheny Foothills Chapter of theNew York Forest Owners Associationhas created a special Forestry-relatedinsert for a July issue of the JamestownPost Journal. NYFOA and MFOmembers, public and private foresters,Cooperative Extension, Soil and Water,Seneca Trails RC& D, DEC and otherindividuals and agencies interested inForestry and its concerns havecontributed ideas, time, articles andsupport. The Post Journal is deeplycommitted and will publish a"magazine" in future years if content,interest and advertising warrant it.

We're trying to present itemsattractive to the thousands of privatewoodland owners who have a widediversity of knowledge andexperiences. We seek to give usefulinformation to them and increase theirawareness of the critical need for goodforest management and current forestpractices. The project seems to beworking with increased calls,participation in woodland activities andreferrals from private woodlandowners.

We hope you enjoy this issue.Perhaps other papers across the statemay be willing to undertake similarjoint efforts.

-Albert W. BrownJamestown Post Journal

A Note of ThanksThank you for publishing "Journal

of a Small Conifer Planting" andaccompanying photographs in theSeptember/October issue of The NewYork Forest Owner.

On first glance at the cover photo Isaid to myself, "gee, that pruning

scene looks familiar." Second glance,"it can't be." So I checked inside andsure enough, our brush piles. We feel

flattered you chose our picture for thecover photo. Thanks again.

-Patrick H. (Pat) KellyVenice Center, NY

NYFOA Scholarship Fund

The NYFOA Fund wasestablished at ESF in 1996 inorder to support forestry

education and research at theCollege for generations to come.The NYFOA Fund is supportedthrough gifts, bequests, honoraria,and memorials from NYFOAmembers, chapters and affiliates.

The NYFOA Fund is currentlyused to support scholarships forstudents studying with the Faculty ofForestry. Recipients of the scholar-ship are selected by the Chair of theFaculty of Forestry on the basis ofacademic achievement, demon-strated financial need, service to thecollege, and participation in extra-curricular activities. All ESFforestry students are automaticallyeligible for the scholarship once

they apply for financial aid at theCollege.

The current balance of theNYFOA Fund is $22,908.26. TheNYFOA Fund is endowed and onlya portion of the interest income isused each year to fund an award.Based on the current spending policyof the ESF College Foundation, theNYFOA Fund produces an annualaward of approximately $1,200.

The recipient of this year'sNYFOA scholarship is PatriciaBaretsky who is from Dannemora,NY. She and her family werethrilled to receive this scholarship."I grew up in the mountains all my

life and thought that being a rangerwould be a good career for me."She is currently enrolled in theForest Management Option. 4.

(607) 648-5512E-mail snowhawke@juno.com

Timber AppraisalTimber Sales

Forest Stewardship PlansForestry 480-A Plans

Restore the American Cbestnu:

271 County Road #9Chenango Forks, N.Y. 13746

4 The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • November/December 2000

TREE FARM NEWS

Why Be a Tree Farmer?"Certified" Tree Farm:• 10 acres minimum required• Written forest management planrequired and implemented that ad-dresses renewable forest products,water, wildlife, and soil conservation.

Landowner Benefits:• Right to display a free Tree Farmsign• Eligible to compete in local, state,regional, and national Tree Farmcontests.• Free one year subscription (6 issues)to "Tree Farmer" magazine, one issuefree per year thereafter.• Free Tree Farm Certificate presentedat a public ceremony.• Free 5-year visit from a forestryprofessional which includes theirrecommendations.• The wood sold off your property isfrom a "Certified" Tree Farm, whichmay warrant possible future financialpremium.• Opportunity to purchase liabilityinsurance at a special discount.

• Information on current local, state,and national forest issues through freenewsletters.• Opportunity to attend workshops andconventions at discounted rates.

Forest Industry & ForestConsultant Benefits:• Free promotional items (i.e., station-ary, envelopes, signs, etc.) to promoteyour business and publicly recognizeyour landowners.• Five year re-certification reminder ofpending business.• Free "Tree Farmer" magazine sent toyour clients; they will think of youevery time they receive one.• Free Tree Farm sign for your clients.• Nationally, landowners approve of"Tree Farming."• Initial certification notices sent to youfrom the area chairman.• Continuing source of business onTree Farms and easier access toneighboring parcels.

Adirondack Office64 Park Street, PO Box 873,

Tupper Lake, NY 12986;(518)359-2385

OTHER LOCATIONSBoston,MA • Albany, VT· Concord, NH

Portland and Jackman, ME

LandVest The Next Level of ServiceA company of experienced professionals dedicated to providing consulting and

marketing services to owners of forest land. Our Timberland,Consulting & Marketing Divisions specialize in:

• Timberland Management

• Forest Land Marketing & Sales

• Real Estate Asset Planning

• Land Use Planning

• Appraisal & Conservation Services

The Signs ofSustainable

ForestrySince 1941

• World's oldest system of CertifiedSustainable Forestry - 58 years old.

• World's largest system of CertifiedSustainable Forestry - 70,000certified Tree Farms encompassing80,000,000 acres.

• World's largest volunteer conserva-tion effort involving foresters.

• National program in place operatedthrough State committees.

• Costs born by committee, nationalindustry contributions, and privatedonations.

• Nationally registered and recog-nized logo.

• National quality control.

• Industry and landowner support inplace.

• Initial Certification procedureoutlined by a National Committee.

• 5-year Re-certification/De-certifi-cation procedure in place.

• Certified Sustainable forest prod-ucts from Certified Tree Farms.

• Administered by trained certifiedInspecting Foresters, biologist andtechnicians .•.

The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • NovemberfDecember 2000 5

The Mechanized Harvester, courtesy of BlueOx Forest Products, put on quite the demon-stration.

NYFOA 2000 FALL CONFERENCEARTICLE By CHARLIE MOWATT, PHOTOGRAPHS By GRETCHEN MCHUGH

NYFOA'S Fall Meeting, held at

Pack Demonstration Forest inWarrensburg, was a smashing

success! Congratulations to all, andthere were many, who had a hand inplanning and executing the event. Right

on down to the people in charge of the

weather (Dick Schwab on Saturday andPeter Gregory on Sunday). Though notperfect, produced positive results when

it counted; such as for the bonfire andflute concert by the lake on Saturday

evening.There were so many door prizes

that distribution had to be started onFriday evening and continued up to theminute that we left camp for

Woodswalks and other field activities

on Sunday morning. And was that guywho took home the Stihl chain sawhappy, or what? (see photo below).

Above: Dennis Flynn (center)and Peter Gregory (right)presented Brad Mitchell (left)the Logger of the Year Award

for the SAC of NYFOA. Right:Vinnie Faraone of Hamilton, NYwas quite pleased to win theChain Saw, which was one ofover 100 door prizes donated

for the event.

6

I'm not privy to the numbers

attending, but there have not been somany smiling NYFOA faces at a Fall

Meeting in a long time. Many thanksto the speakers and woods guides forproviding a stimulating and informativeagenda. We westerners brag about ourcherry, but they don't compare to the

size and majesty to Sven Heiberg'Sfavorite tree, "Vite Pine." Thanks,

also, to the cooks who provided theextra five pounds I happily took homeunder my belt.

And a final thanks to the commit-tee for giving me a chance to revisit the

college days I spent at Pack Forest andfor the similar, but more ...(ahem) ...

mature, camaraderie of long ago (to thebest of my recollection ... and Icertainly do not remember so manygirls!) .•.

Above: Peter Gregory and JohnHastings with Stewardship Awardwinners Chip, Sally and Bud Ellmsof Ballston Spa, NY.

The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • November/December 2000

Above: Polly and ErwinFullerton display some of theirequipment during thewoodswalk at their property.Right: Bob Beyfuss (GreeneCounty CCE) shows Ginseng onthe left which should not beconfused with an "imitator" onthe right.

FORECON INC.

Above: Many people stopped towatch the logging operationtaking place at the PackDemonstration Forest.

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uying a home • Buying a farmBuying the neighboring woodlotEstate planning • IRS alternate valuationsWriting payrolls • Family transfers

• reviewing assessments • Leasing equipment• preparing your taxes- selling timber

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DEC Cooperating Consulting Forester.

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Visit Our Website: www.forcconinc.com

The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • NovemberlDecember 2000 7

QUALITY DEER

MANAGEMENTCan QDM Improve Deer Management

in Forested Landscapes?PAUL D. CURTIS

IntroductionThere is little doubt that deer

(Odocoileus virginianus) managementis demanding increased attention and

resources from many state wildlife

agencies. Deer conflicts have greatlyincreased during the past 10-15 years(Flyger et al. 1983, Diamond 1992).

Population increases of deer in parksand suburbia have been aided byhunting restrictions imposed by townsand private landowners (Curtis and

Richmond 1992). Hunting is thetraditional control method used tomanage deer numbers in rurallandscapes. However, long-termdeclines in hunter participation, and

limited hunter access to private andpublic lands, may soon make it difficult

to harvest adequate numbers of deer.The challenge now facing many

wildlife agencies is how to managegrowing deer herds to meet a variety ofconflicting public demands. Deer

present safety hazards to motorists,consume ornamental shrubs, and are

perceived as agents in Lyme diseasetransmission (Connelly et al. 1987,Decker 1987, Siemer et al. 1992).

These negative deer-people interactionshave increased public concern and

awareness about deer management, andexpanded the list of potential

stakeholders in the decision-making

process.Deer also have substantial positive

recreational and economic values.During the late 1980s and early 1990s,nearly 200,000 deer were harvested in

New York, and another 400,000 deer

were killed in Pennsylvania, duringhunting seasons each year. Kosack

(1991) estimated that income generated

by deer hunting adds more than abillion dollars to the Pennsylvaniaeconomy annually. The last three

generations of hunters have come toexpect high deer densities and

associated harvests as normal andsustainable (deCalesta 1997), and

hunters represent a significant lobbyingforce for maintaining current orexpanded deer population levels.

Increasingly, wildlife managementagencies are being asked to balance the

positive and negative values of deer,and develop management strategies thatare acceptable to many stakeholdergroups. It's impossible to remove

politics from the decision-makingprocess, and no matter what the finaloutcome may be, not everyone will be

supportive of a single solution.However, Quality Deer Management(QDM) offers a flexible approach that

could potentially regulate deer numbersacross broad agricultural and forested

landscapes, yet still be acceptable tomany stakeholder groups.

Deer as a Keystone HerbivoreChronic high densities of deer may

have multiple and often substantial

negative impacts in forest communities(Waller and Alverson 1997). Paine

(1969) defines a keystone species asone that affects the abundance of otherspecies, and community structure, by

changing the relative numbers ofcompeting species. It is very clear that

deer influence the relative abundanceof tree seedlings and shrubs in forest

stands. Forestry textbooks mention that

deer browsing can be a problem forregenerating economically-valuable

trees, such as oaks. Suppression or

elimination of the most-favored

seedlings results in a slow but steady

conversion of the forest to lesspalatable species, such as Americanbeech. At very high densities, grassesand ferns may dominate vegetationwithin the reach of deer. Ferns can

interfere with the germination and

growth of desirable trees, and therebyadd to the direct impacts of deerfeeding. Slow-growing conifers likeeastern hemlock may be particularly

sensitive to deer damage.Deer also eat many species of

native herbs, reducing plant diversity in

the forest (Waller and Alverson 1997).Rare lilies and orchids can be adversely

impacted by deer feeding, and fencingmay be required to sustain populationsof these flowers. The height of trilliumcan be used as an indicator of deerbrowsing pressure and density

(Anderson 1994). In northwesternPennsylvania, hemlock stands lost 60-

80% of their ground-cover speciesduring the last 70 years as a directimpact of deer browsing.

Bird populations have also been

severely reduced by deer over-browsing. Canopy-nesting birdsdeclined 37% in abundance and 27% in

species diversity at high deer densities

(deCalesta 1994). Forest structure ismodified by deer, and bird species thatnest in low shrubs are particularlysensitive to deer damage. Biodiversity

can be diminished across entire

ecoregions.Finally, deer quality is diminished

when inadequate food resources areavailable, and the potential exists fordramatic herd reductions during severe

winters. Pennsylvania deer herds haveexperienced steady growth during the

past 80 years, except during the late

1930s and 1970s, when a series ofsevere winters cut herd size nearly inhalf (deCalesta 1997). Deer populations

maintained at lower densities in balancewith their food resources are less likely

to be impacted by deep snow and coldtemperatures. As more forage is

available per animal, deer will havegreater fat reserves to make it through

difficult winters, and bucks may

The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • November/December 20008

produce better-quality antlers. This isthe biological basis for QDM.

Scale-Related Deer ManagementSmall-scale options - Many things

can be done to protect vegetation andtree seedlings from deer if only a fewacres require protection. Tree-tubescan be used to protect seedlings and getthe terminal bud above the reach ofhungry deer. Simple electric fencesbaited with attractants or repellents canprotect small areas if deer densities andforaging pressures are low.Land-owners have significantly reduceddeer damage to orchards and Christmastree plantations on blocks up to 20acres in size using invisible fencing anddogs with radio-collars.

All of these strategies havesignificant installation costs, and areprimarily useful with high-value cropsthat produce an annual income (e.g.,orchards). The economic return forenhanced forest regeneration has notbeen well-documented. Also, thesemethods perform best in areas with lowto moderate deer feeding pressure, acriteria that has already been exceededin many agricultural and forestedlandscapes. Consequently, othermanagement strategies are needed tocost-effectively control deer impactsacross broad landscapes.

Large-scale options - Few low-costoptions are available to enhance forestregeneration on areas hundreds orthousands of acres in size. Larger-scaletimber harvests have sometimessucceeded in "saturating" local deerherds with more new browse than theycan consume. Although this strategycan work to regenerate some hardwoodspecies, seedlings that are highlypreferred by deer may be selectivelyremoved, even at relatively low deerdensities. At 20 deer/square mile,seedlings of six tree species weremissing or prevented from reaching theoverstory by deer browsing (deCalesta1992). As deer densities exceeded 20deer/square mile, clear-cut sitesbecame monocultures of black cherry,and uncut sites were dominated byAmerican beech and striped maple

(Tilghman 1989). Obviously, timberharvests can only produce adequatediversity in tree species duringregeneration cuts in areas where deernumbers are maintained at low tomoderate densities. QDM has thepotential to reduce deer numbers overlarge areas (thousands of acres), andimprove biodiversity in our futureforests. QDM also makes senseeconomically, because it primarilyrequires a change in hunter andlandowner attitudes to implement.

Quality Deer ManagementApplications

The main goals of QDM are toshift the age and sex structure of thedeer population, and provide moreforage per deer so each animal is inbetter physical condition (Miller andMarchington 1995). The benefits tohunters that make this strategyattractive include: (1) a higherproportion of bucks in the deer herd,(2) more mature bucks that are likely tohave larger racks, (3) an increasedopportunity to harvest deer as moredoes are removed from the population,and (4) a stable deer population that isin better physical condition and lesslikely to succumb to severe winterweather. Also this program will requireincreased hunter skill to identify andselect appropriate deer to harvest, andmany sportsmen find that this increasesthe quality of the hunting experience.Drawbacks for some hunters are thatdeer will be less visible at lowerdensities, and more female deer mustbe harvested. In addition, as an area isrecognized to have large bucks,poaching and trespass problems mayneed attention. Accomplishment ofthese changes in deer management willrequire cooperation of hunters andlandowners, and a shift from traditionalbucks-only deer seasons.

The basic guidelines for QDM arereadily available (Miller andMarchington 1995), so I will onlyhighlight a few of the most importantcomponents here. First, is enough landarea available to effectively implementQDM? Although QDM can be

practiced on 500 acres, it is better tohave at least 1,500 acres in thismanagement system to controlboundary affects and allow for deermovement. It may be possible to getneighboring landowners to form acooperative to ensure that adequateland area is available to measurechanges in deer quality.

Second, does the habitat provideadequate food to maintain healthy deer?In mixed agricultural and forest land,crops provide sufficient resources fordeer. However, large blocks of matureforest where there has been little timberharvest may not provide adequatebrowse to get deer through a toughwinter. Either cuttings or plantings maybe necessary to provide food for deer.Lure crops (i.e., alfalfa, corn) may bea way to concentrate deer feeding inareas away from sensitive forestregeneration.

Third, are hunting rules andregulations flexible enough to allowadequate harvests of antlerless deer?Many state wildlife agencies will workwith landowners or hunt clubs to helpthem achieve their deer managementgoals. To reduce deer densities acrossbroad landscapes and provide morefood for bucks will require aggressiveharvests of antlerless deer through apermit or quota system. Often equal orgreater harvests of does than bucks arerequired for several years to helpbalance the deer sex ratio. Over time (4to 5 years), the proportion of bucks andassociated buck harvest from the herdwill slowly increase.

continued on page 20

Nolan'.'Sporting Suppll ••

Outdoor Equipment Specialist

37 . 47 Genesee StreetAuburn. NY 13021

315/252-7249

The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • November/December 2000 9

IRENE SZABO

Along the FingerLakesTrail:Cattaraugus Serendipitous

Part III

...another wonderful junction along the

Finger Lakes Trail

InApril of '99 Charlie Mowatt, past

NYFOA Director and activeAllegheny Foothills member,

invited me to provide a presentation ontrail-building at the annual NYFOA/Cooperative Extension day of work-

shops for forest owners in Olean. Atthe end of my hour, several peopleintroduced themselves as landownerswho have had the Finger Lakes Trailon their property for years, in the

region where the path goes endlesslyand mercilessly up and down sharpforested hills with no flat tops north ofAllegany State Park.

Yet one couple, new NYFOAmembers Sharon and Charlie Wieder,had only recently bought their WestValley farm, and were intrigued by

trail blazes that seemed to go along thehedgerow that formed one of their

borders after the trail left a road walk

along Roszyk Hill Rd. southward.

How nice it was to hear that theywanted to know more about the trailsystem, and were actually excited tothink it might be on their property.

The Foothills Trail Club from theBuffalo area built the parts of the

Finger Lakes Trail system that nowtravel from Niagara Falls down to the

Pennsylvania border in Allegany StatePark, so I gave the Wieders' address toMary Domanski, Foothills' enthusiasticambassador to trail landowners.Sharon and Mary walked the farm's

border but discovered that, alas, thetrail did not enter their new property.

A week later Sharon and Charlieoffered to allow the trail route onto

their property, which would botheliminate some road walking ANDprovide a wonderful moment at the topof their hill when the view is at least

270 degrees and crosses miles of

One of the many benches that are scattered along the trail.

hilltops to the northwest! MaryDomanski was beside herself with

rapture already when the Wieders alsooffered to take care of that piece oftrail themselves and then topped thatwith a proposal to build a hikers'overnight shelter along that trail.

The Finger Lakes Trail Conference

centered its annual meeting and tradi-

tional spring weekend of hikes innearby Ellicottville this past May, sohost club Foothills scheduled two hikesto include the new trail south ofRoszyk Hill Road. Perfect sunny

weather made the view from the topspectacular and wide, so many hikers

were able to enjoy the new route alongthe edges of the Wieders' hay fields

and uphill into their woods, whereeveryone remarked on the personaltouches: tiny flower gardens had beenbuilt into corners where tractor path

and trail intersected in the woods, andthere was a bench with a view.

Looking up at the Wieder Trail shelter.

10 The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • November/December 2000

NEWS &NOTES

View inside the Wieder trail shelter

The first Saturday every June hasbeen National Trails Day for eightyears now, and each time Foothills hascommitted the day to a project: amonth after the spring weekend ofhikes, club volunteers gathered at theWieder hilltop and actually built all ofthe shelter but the roof in one verylong day, using Charlie's leftovermaterials plus additional lumber boughtwith a Trails Day grant from EasternMountain Sports stores.

While the main east-west FLT hasmany camping spots and even logshelters dotted along its 560 miles,most of them are within parks or stateforests (with notable exceptions likethe Garrisons' Evangeline II south ofPrattsburgh, previously featured inthese pages), seldom on private land.So the Wieders' home for backpackersranks among the very few on privateproperty in the whole 800-mile trailsystem, but is also an historic first forthe branch trail that goes up to NiagaraFalls.

While the main trail keeps headingeastward past Ellicottville, the branchcalled the Conservation Trail, FoothillsTrail Club's special baby, breaks awaynorthward a few miles south of theWieders' new home. From there toNiagara Falls there has never been aplace to camp legally along the Conser-vation Trail, except slightly off-trailwithin Darien Lakes State Park, sothose many miles of trail have beenused mostly for day trips.

Sharon andCharlie's sheltertherefore is a brandnew amenity on theConservation Trailbranch, and welook forward tohearing apprecia-tive tales fromthose hikers whohave stayed thereovernight. In fact,if our editor'sdeadline weren'talready past, Imyself might have

been able to add first person storiesto the stockpile of lore that everyshelter eventually develops. Thishas been an incredible gift from thegenerous Wieders, indeed. •.

In addition to tending New York trails, IreneSzabo is a member of the Western FingerLakes Chapter of NYFOA and a Director ofthe Finger Lakes Land Trust.

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NYFOAAWARDS COMMITTEEFOR 2001,1;. The Awards Committee of NYFOAa. is seeking nominees for the year2001 for the NYFOA OutstandingService Award and for the HeibergMemorial Award. If you have a nomi-nee, please contact any of the followingAwards Committee Members: BobSand, Chairman; Mike Greason; EileenSchaefer; or Don Wagner.

STATE TO CRACK DOWN ONTIMBER THEFT

The Legislative Commission on.\ Rural Resources, after wrapping up

hearings last month, said it wouldpropose several new guidelines inJanuary making it harder for people toclaim they were unaware of the propertylines when they stole the timber.

Current environmental laws, based ona statute from 1920, levy a $10 fine ortriple the damages for each instance oftimber theft. Officials say that is notstrong enough to deter thieves and arelikely to propose toughening thepenalty.

The commission will put its findingsin a report due in December. In Janu-ary, a task force consisting of represen-tatives from the timber industry,landowners and government officialswill propose the legislation.

RICHARD CIPPERLYNORTH COUNTRY FORESTRY LLC

8 Stonehurst DriveQueensbury, NY 12804(518) 793-3545 or 1-800-862-3451 SINCE 1964

The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • NovemberlDecember 2000 11

-----~~~

PHILIP T. SIARKOWSKI

Commentary:Public Hearing on Titnber Theft

I'vebeen an independent consulting

forester in the Adirondacks since1978. Over the past 22 years I've

investigated, or helped the policeinvestigate, a number of timber theftson private and public lands, and have

tried to heIp my clients seek justicethrough our legal system. Recently, I

have also tried to seek justice formyself as the victim of a timbertrespass on my own land.

It's been a frustrating experience.The losses in timber value to my clients

can be measured in the hundreds ofthousands of dollars, and theperpetrators have almost always

gotten away with no meaningful

penalty.

The main reason for this is that thelaws dealing with timber theft havetraditionally rewarded crime instead ofdeterring it.

Section 9-150 1 of EnvironmentalConservation Law has been rewordedto prohibit the cutting and removal oftrees without the consent of theirowner. This appears to make this a

crime, which has not been the case inthe past. However, when prosecuting atimber thief on criminal charges, theburden of proof is on the prosecution to

show the defendant was in a culpablemental state, as well as producing verystrong evidence of having committedthe crime, including witnesses,

physical evidence, etc.The remote nature

of timber theft makes

it tough to put togethera successful criminal

prosecution, andpolice have

traditionally shiedaway from it.

Therefore, mostvictims resort to

pursuing it as a civilmatter, seeking

monetary damagesunder Section 861 ofReal Property Actions

and Procedures Law,

which says that alandowner may seek

damages againstanyone who cuts downor carries off (my

emphasis) his treeswithout his leave. The

owner can seek trebledamages, unless thecutting was "casual

and involuntary," or

the perpetrator thoughthe was on his own

land. For many years this statute wasthe only one dealing with timber theft.

This law is a license to steal, because:

1. It's a real property statute that treats

larceny as property damage. Althoughstanding trees are classed as real

property (the same as a house), this isonly when they are attached to the

ground by their roots. Once a tree issevered (by wind, chainsaw, etc.), thelaw no longer allows it to be classed

(or taxed) as real property. By default

it is now the personal property of itsowner, the same as a wallet.

When a logger cuts down a tree, heis damaging or destroying realproperty. But from the moment the treeis severed, he is handling someone'spersonal property. Carrying off their

personal property, without their leave,is usually a crime-larceny. Having

Section 861 describe it as propertydamage presents a huge loophole to

timber thieves because it muddies thelegal waters. Police and the courts haveoften declined to treat timber theft as a

crime, forcing victims to pursue

criminals using a real property statute, atthe victims' expense.

2. Section 861 encourages timber theft,

because it almost guarantees the thief aprofit, even if found guilty.

In order to solve this anomaly,lawmakers need to understand twoconcepts, which form the heart of the

problem. These are: Enhanced, orMill-Delivered Value, and StumpageValue. These terms are used andaccepted by the forest industry and the

courts.

Enhanced Value is the price alogger is paid for a tree after he has

felled it and processed it into logs, and

12 The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • November/December 2000

then delivered them to a sawmill orother buyer. If the logger owns alumber mill, the enhanced value mightalso be the value of the lumber that wasmade from the logs. Since the mostcommon enhanced value is what alogger is paid when he delivers logs toa mill, it's often called Mill-Delivered

Value.

Stumpage Value, on the otherhand, is the value of a tree as it standsin the woods, "on the stump." It's whatan honest logger would pay the tree'sowner for the right to fell the tree, cutit into logs and resell them, at a

reasonable profit to the logger. In thepast, a common method of calculatingstumpage value for logs was one-thirdof the mill-delivered value. The loggerkept the other two-thirds to pay hislogging expenses and yield a profit.This same ratio is still used today, inmany cases.

Remember-the concept ofstumpage value assumes the landownerhas invited the logger onto his propertyto cut his trees as part of a normalbusiness deal. Most importantly, it alsoassumes the logger is entitled to a

profit. This is a normal businessconcept-but it's a scam when appliedto timber theft.

Under Section 861, if the ownercan prove the logger intentionallycarried off trees he knew weren't his(which is not theft, you understand ...),the owner can recover three times thevalue of the trees. But if the logger'sactions were "casual and involuntary,"or if he thought he was on his ownland, the owner can recover only singledamages-not treble.

The problem is not only that youmust prove what the logger wasthinking when he cut your trees, butalso that the courts have almost alwaysinterpreted "value" and "damages" tomean stumpage value, rather thanenhanced, or mill-delivered value.

But stumpage value, remember,contains a built-in profit for the logger.So, a timber thief merely has to remainblissfully ignorant of where anyone'sproperty lines are, and just keep on

casually slashing away. If he's caught,and the landowner wants to hire anattorney to file civil charges, as well asa forester to appraise the stumpagevalue of the missing timber, and thenwait a few years for a court date(usually), the thief only has to playdumb, and convince the court the theftwas committed in a "casual andinvoluntary" manner; or that he wasnot really aware he was on someoneelse's land (this actually seems easy todo). That done, case law requires theowner be paid only the stumpage

value of the stolen timber, whichguarantees the thief a reasonableprofit. This is no different than if theowner invited the thief to cut his treesin the first place.

If the owner convinces the courtthe thief was acting in bad faith (muchmore difficult than it sounds), the courtcan award treble damages, meaningthree times the stumpage value.

Traditionally, this would be about whatthe thief sold the logs for at the mill.So, he has to give back the money hesold the logs for. Big deal. At worst,the thief breaks even. This isn't adeterrent to crime-it's an incentive.

RECOMMENDA TIONS1. Remove language describing thecarrying off of timber from Section 861of Real Property Actions andProceedings Law. The carrying off ofwood or trees without consent islarceny, and shouldn't be addressed ina real property law.

At the proper statutory level,define severed trees as personalproperty, and their removal as larceny.

To my knowledge, this concept isnot mentioned in law, though it's easilydeduced. It seems obvious-but ithasn't been, within our legal system. Itneeds to be codified, and made obviousto all. The new wording of Section 9-1501 of Environmental Conservationlaw may solve this, though it doesn'tseem obvious enough to me.

Once the law clearly defines thetaking of trees without consent aslarceny, landowners and police mightstop thinking they can only prosecutethieves under a real property statute,and potential thieves may be deterred.

2. The Legislature never intended toguarantee loggers a profit from theirmistakes. Amend Section 861 to define"value" and "damages" to alwaysmean the enhanced value of trees,rather than their stumpage value. Thisway, even a casual and involuntarycase will result in the trespasserbreaking even at best, instead of atworst, as it is now.

This real property statute willbecome a deterrent to crime, ratherthan the incentive it is, even ifnothing's done about the criminalaspect of timber theft. It will encourageloggers to adopt a professional attitude,instead of promoting sloppiness andcriminality. I guarantee this one stepwill reduce the rate of timber theft and"casual" trespass, by removing the

continued on page 14

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The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • NovemberlDecember 2000 13

But timber theft is easy: it's oftennot even considered a crime, andthere's real money involved-not thechicken feed bank robbers fool with.Just one truckload of high qualitylogs is worth several times what theaverage bank robber risks his life for.And this is nearly risk-free. Afterall-even if you're caught, state lawalmost guarantees you a profit foryour efforts. You really areuntouchable. .. •.

Timber Theft Commentary (continued from page 13)

profit. Don't leave this to the courts-there's too much case law supportingstumpage value as compensation tolandowners.

3. Eliminate the "casual andinvoluntary," as well as the "thought-he-was-on-his-own-land" languagefrom Section 861 altogether. This lawnow applies the criminal test ofculpable mental attitude to simpleproperty damage. If someone drove atruck through your house, youwouldn't have to prove intent in orderto sue for full damages. They couldn'tget a reduced payment by claiming itwas casual and involuntary, or thatthey thought they were driving throughtheir own house. Why should you haveto prove someone's mental state whiledamaging your trees?

Eliminating the need to prove theperpetrator's mental state will reduceboth timber theft and court costs. Itwill also help reduce the law's currentprofit incentive.

If legislators feel the "casual andinvoluntary" concept must remain, thenthey should clearly define the terms,because they're ambiguous.

•

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For example: in a 1985 case(Yarnell v Baldwin, 130 Mise 2d 653),

the court discussed the ambiguity of theterm "casual," and finally decided itmeant occasional. It determined that:"... Although (the defendants')

conduct effected the destruction ... ofover 200 trees, their conduct mayreasonably be considered 'casual' inthat it occurred within a relatively shortperiod of time (i.e., several days), as asingle isolated operation, within oneparticular area of the plaintiff sproperty, and without recurrence ... "

Imagine this concept applied toother cases: ... Yes, your honor, my

client took a dozen truckloads of

lumber, worth thousands of dollars,

from the plaintiff's lumber yard but he

only spent a few days at it; he only

cleaned out one particular area of the

yard; and he never went back again ...

Conclusion: Timber theft is a greatcareer path for an enterprising criminalor tax evader in New York. It's hard tolose, because the law's on your side. Itbeats robbing banks. The FBI says theaverage bank robber gets away withless than three thousand dollars perheist, and could be shot trying.

The NATIONAL WOODLAND OWNERSASSOCIA TION is a nationwide organization ofnon-industrial private woodland owners withoffices in the Washington. D.C. area. Member-ship includes landowners in all 50 states.NWOA is affiliated with state and count)'woodland owner associations throughout theUnited States.

Founded by non-industrial private woodlandowners in 1983. NWOA is independent of theforest products industry andforestry agencies.We work with all organizations to promote non-industrial forestry and the best interests ofwoodland owners. Member of National Coun-cil on Private Forests. Natural ResourcesCouncil of America. and National ForestryAssociation.

Members receive 4 issues oflv',4 TIONALWOODLANDS MAGAZINE and 8 issues ofWOODLAND REPORT with late-breaking news

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Philip Siarkowski is a Consulting Foresterand a member of the NA C of NYFOA, SAF,Association of Consulting Foresters ofAmerica. Inc. and the NY Institute ofConsulting Foresters. He resides in Saranac

Lake, NY.

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14 The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • November/December 2000

Forest Fragmentation 2000 Conference:Sustaining Private Forests in the Zl" Century

JILL CORNELL

Fragmentationof our nation'sforests and farmlands is theresult of population growth,

pressure of development for homesites, the need to settle inheritances,and is a spin-off of the boomingeconomy with people wanting vacationhome sites. Five to fifteen millionforest and farm owners are affected byfragmentation and the numbers aregrowing daily. Nationally there are10,000,000 private forest landowners,yet each year 130,000 new forestowners are established, as the 100-500 acre holdings are divided, andholdings of 10 - 49 acres of forestincrease dramatically.

The Forest Fragmentation 2000Conference held in Annapolis, MDfrom September 18 -20 presentedvaried perspectives on national andregional trends; exploredenvironmental, economic and socialimpacts; examined the social, land useand economic dynamics and changes;and discussed private land, marketplaceand public policy solutions.

Most rural people are aware of thechanges in the area surrounding theirhomes as forests and farms are splitinto building lots, and subsequentlypaved roads increase. The nationalaggregate picture is staggering, and hasspawned some appropriate slogans:"terminal harvests," "clearcuts preceedcondos," and "the environment is awholly owned subsidiary of theeconomy."

Inhabitants of urban and suburbanareas are generally aware that there islittle open, green space, and they seekto find it for second homes or futureretirement sites. Add to that theincreasing number of people whotelecommute and work from remotelocations and fragmentation is on therise.

The impacts of fragmentation aremany. Water quality is affected asdevelopment, paved roads anddriveways speed up and alter runoffand soil absorption. Animal and planthabitats are reduced and changed,threatening some species. Planningfor wildlife corridors is essential towildlife diversity in fragmentinglandscapes. Fewer and smaller openspace areas increase human stress,diminish health, and increase the needfor places with solace.

Natural resources do not conformto jurisdictional boundaries. Streams,rivers, wildlife, and winds move aboutbetween towns, counties and states,impacted by fragmentation.

Commitment to Smart Growthprinciples, coupled with inter-stateregional, and inter-county coordinationof data collection and planning couldimprove data quality, watershedmanagement, and provide protectionof fragile areas.

Recommended possible solutionsto harness fragmentation:1. Estate planning for forestlandowners. (By the time one is intheir final subdivision - a grave site, itis too late for planning!). See ThomMcEvoy's book: "Legal Aspects of

Owning and Managing Woodlands. "

2. Increased funding for Purchase ofDevelopment Rights (PDRs).3. Develop state and federal tax reliefto encourage continued ownership offorest and farm lands as compensationfor the clean air and water, open spaceaesthetics, and recreation they provideas public good.4. Encourage formation of forestowner cooperati ves, for large localmanagement objectives and marketingof forest products.5. Encourage initiatives such as The

Nature Conservancy's "Forest Bank"Program in Appalachia.6. Explore the benefits of GreenCertification for individual owners andcooperatives.7. Encourage national regional, state,and intra-state planning coordination.8. Increase federal funding forextension research, education andforestry professionals.9. Increase federal funds for NRCS andFSA programs (SIP, FIP, WHIP,WRP, etc.).10. Increase state funding of privateforest landowner programs -professional state service forestereducation, advice, and managementplans in support of private landowners.11. Increase federal and state fundingfor purchase of perpetual easementrights, instead of "fee simple"purchases. (Spread the state moneysfurther).12. Increase federal funding supportfor forest stewardship initiatives,including support of state landownerassociations, education and expansion.

For information on how to ordercopies of the proceedings from theForest Fragmentation 2000 Conferencevisit Neil Sampson's website:www.sampsongroup.com •.

rSUSAN J. KEISTER, L.L.C.Forestry Consulting Services

-480A & SIP Management Plans-Forestry Inventory and Appraisals-Timber Sales-Cost Basis and Real Estate TaxManagement Advice

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The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • November/December 2000 15

moths and underwings, most species ofwhich have a dull colored and smoothskinned caterpillar. The full-growndagger moth caterpillar may be 2.0"long. Its body has dense long, soft,yellow to white hair with long blackhair pencils on top of the first, thirdand eighth abdominal segments (Fig.2). Dagger moths feed on a variety ofbroadleaved trees throughout theeastern United States and Canada.They overwinter as pupae (pew-pee) incompact silk cocoons.

One of the most colorful caterpil-lars in the eastern United States andCanada is the whitemarked tussockmoth. It is in the same family (thetussock moths) as gypsy moth and, likethe latter, feeds on a wide variety ofbroadleaved and needle-bearing trees,such as maples, basswood, poplar,larch, and balsam fir. The full-growncaterpillar is about 1.25" long with abright red head and three vermilionspots on its back-one behind the headand two near the back end just forward

continued on next page

Tussock Moths, Tiger Moths &Other "Hairy" Caterpillars

DOUGLAS C. ALLEN

Caterpillars in many families ofmoths in the Order Lepidoptera(lep-i-dopp-terra) are clothed

with hair-like setae (see-tee) that imparta "furry" and very colorful appear-ance. Probably the best known ex-ample in the northeast is the burntorange and black-banded woollybear.Woollybears feed on a variety ofherbaceous plants. The caterpillars arevery conspicuous in the fall as theyscurry across roads in search of a placeto overwinter.

While visiting several woodlots thissummer, it seemed to me a number ofspecies of "hairy" caterpillars wereunusually abundant; at least they wererelatively easy to find compared to pastyears. Most surprising, was myfrequent encounter with the hickorytussock moth. I had never seen thisinsect before, yet this year it occurredin almost every hardwood stand visitedthroughout the state. It is distributedfrom southeastern Canada south toNorth Carolina, and its preferred hostsare walnut, butternut and hickory. The

fully grown caterpillar is approxi-mately 1.5" long, has a shiny blackhead and is clothed with grayish tobright white hairs with a row of blackspots down its back (Fig. 1). Closeexamination reveals a pair of rela-tively long tufts of fine hairs (calledhair pencils) on top of the bodysegment that occurs immediatelybehind the third pair of front legs. Asimilar set of hair pencils appears sixsegments further back. When donefeeding in late summer, caterpillarscrawl down the tree bole and dispersealong the ground looking for debrisunder which to spin their characteris-tic dense, grayish, oval cocoon of silkand body hairs, where they overwin-ter. This species, like the woollybear,is in the tiger moth family. The term"tussock," which appears in thecommon name of several moth larvae,refers to the fact that the setae or"hairs" often occur in dense clustersor tufts.

The American dagger mothbelongs to a family known as owlet

Figure 1 Hickory tussock moth caterpillar. Figure 2 Caterpillar of the American dagger moth.

16 The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • November/December 2000

of a solitary, long, black hair pencil.The general body color beneath thehair is yellow to cream with a blackstripe along the back. Two tufts offorward-projecting black pencil hairsarise immediately behind the head andare similar in appearance to a tuft thatoccurs at the end of the body. The topof each of the first four segments ofthe abdomen (the abdomen beginsposterior to the last pair of front legs)has a dense tuft (tussock) of short,white to bright yellow hairs (Fig. 3).These tufts resemble old-time shavingbrushes. Tufts of long white and blackhairs occur on the sides. Eggs of thisspecies overwinter on top of a cocoonmade of silk and body hairs. Cocoonsusually occur of the bark of host trees.

The pale tussock moth is anothereastern defoliator that is capable offeeding on most species of trees andshrubs. The fully grown caterpillar isabout 1.4" long. The body is coveredwith dense, compact body hair thatvaries from light yellowish-orange to agrayish-white. A row of dense graytufts occurs along the back. Threeblack and several white hair pencilsarise immediately behind the head anda pair of black hair pencils occurs ontop of the caterpillar's back end (Fig.4). This species winters as a pupa in itshairy, brownish gray, ball-likecocoon.

Figure 3 Whitemarked tussock moth caterpillar.

The "hairs" or setae on mostcaterpillars have a sensory function.Also, they are easily detached whichallows some species to incorporate theminto the cocoon. The combination ofsilk and detached setae makes a tough,protective covering within which thecaterpillar may overwinter and eventu-ally will transform into a moth. Whenhandled, caterpillars of many species oftussock or tussock-like moths cause arash, because the loosely attached hairsmay break away and temporarily irritateskin. In formal terms, the urticatinghairs (i.e., "nettling" setae) may cause acontact dermatitis. People react differ-ently to this type of irritation. Forexample, this summer I handled manyhickory tussock moth caterpillars withno apparent reaction. For other people,however, especially some children whofrequently touch or pat these insects,frequent contact can cause local redden-ing of the skin, swelling and a burningsensation.

With the exception of gypsy moth(Forest Owner Nov.-Dec. '97) and fallwebworm (Forest Owner Sept.-Oct.'93), rarely have forest owners in NewYork State experienced significantdefoliation by tussock moths or tussockmoth-like insects. When outbreaks dooccur, they appear abruptly and disap-pear quickly. The caterpillars are largeand attractive, however, and even aslight increase in populations makesthem evident to an observant forestowner. 4-.

This is the 53rd in the series of articlescontributed by Dr. Allen, Professor ofEntomology at SUNY-ESF. Reprints of thisand the complete series are available fromNYFOA. It is also possible to download thiscollection from the DEe Web page at: httpi/Iwww.dec.state.ny.usldljlprivlandlforprotlhealthlnyfolindex. html.

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Figure 4 Caterpillar of the pale tussock moth.

The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • November/December 2000 17

PORTABLE SIGDDER BRIDGES

MARK W. GRENNAN

HALE FORESTRY COMPANY610 East Main Street, Westfield, PA 16950

The Hudson Mohawk ResourceConservation and DevelopmentCouncil became interested in

seeing portable skidder bridges utilizedduring logging operations to helpreduce sediment loading of streams.Through the efforts of Jill Cornell,RC&D Forestry CommitteeChairperson, a questionnaire was sentout to over 400 loggers and forestersthroughout New York State. This efforthelped to determine if there was aninterest in the portable skidder bridgeconcept. After reviewing the responses,the RC&D Council believed there wasa strong interest in skidder bridges.

The Council decided a workshop tohighlight technical aspects of the bridgewas the next step. The RC&D Councilpartnered with the Watershed ForestryProgram, DEC and private industry todevelop a training workshop. This pastMarch marked the first time aworkshop was pulled together tohighlight the values of utilizing thisportable bridge system to maintainwater quality during timber harvestingoperations. An important aspect of theprogram was the RC&D Council'sinitiative to obtain continuingeducation credits for loggers andforesters. The training sessionqualified for the education credits andprovided an added incentive forparticipants to attend the session atLanges Groveside Resort in GreeneCounty.

The program also provided aportable skidder bridge forparticipants to view with an opendiscussion on the best way toconstruct the bridge. The bridge canbe placed on site utilizing a loggingtruck and moved into position throughthe use of a skidder. The portableskidder bridge can be built of localmaterials and range in sizes from 12

to 24 feet. The bridge usually has two4 feet wide sections placed together toallow for skidders to pass. This processalso assists in keeping the logs out ofthe streams, further reducing sediment,while providing a cleaner log for thetimber harvesters to process.

The skidder bridges assist not onlywith water quality improvement butsaves time in the harvesting process.The bridge also reduces wear on thechain because the harvesters areworking with cleaner logs, which alsohelps reduce maintenance costs. Thebridge is portable and can be used foryears on numerous sites for a cost ofabout $2,000.

This forestry Best ManagementPractice is expanding in popularity withnumerous workshops taking placeacross the state. Additional informationmay be obtained by contacting theHudson Mohawk RC&D Council at518-828-4385 .•.

Mark Grennan is the Project Coordinator atthe Hudson Mohawk RC&D.

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to think of all of the benefits youcould enjoy from having a pond ora lake on your own property. Thisidea could become a reality if theright conditions prevail. From ourexperience it normally requiresfavorable watershed conditions,good site conditions, owner-commitment to stewardship forenhancement of forest land values,appropriate engineering planningand design, and good constructionpractices.

PONDS UNLIMITED CANEVALUATE the site of yourchoice. We can provide all of theengineering services needed toplan, design and oversee theconstruction of a dam to create ahandsome pond or lake on suitableproperty. You can get additionalinformation by calling 315/422-POND or sending a letter ofinquiry to:

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18 The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • November/December 2000

. ·Woodlot CalendarNovember 29, 2000 (Wednesday)Best Management Practice (BMP) Workshop

A BMPW orkshop focusing on maintaining waterquality will be held from 8:30 am to 4:00 pm on Wednes-day, November 29,2000 at the Lennox Model Forest inDelhi, NY. The program is sponsored by the HudsonMohawk RC&D Council, Inc. and the NYC WatershedForestry Program.

The workshop will discuss a variety of practicesdesigned to reduce erosion during a timber harvest. Oneof the topics will be the Portable Skidder Bridge which isa structural forestry BMP used for stream crossings.

Continuing Education Credits will be available forLoggers and Foresters.

The cost of the program is $15.00 which includescoffee and refreshments, a sandwich buffet lunch,handouts and skidder bridge materials. For more infor-mation contact the Hudson Mohawk RC&D Council Inc.at (518) 828-4385 ext. 105.

The cost is $15 and includes lunch and a copy of theproceedings. The public is invited but pre-registration isrequired. Contact any sponsor for a registration form(registration is limited to the first 350). A variety oftopics will be covered at the workshop includingProperty Line Identification, Landowner Liability andEstate Planning, Natural Gardening, Timber Taxes,Where are the Songbirds, Pond Construction, Stockingyour Fish Pond, Wildlife Photography and many more.For more information contact Charlie Mowatt at (716)676-3617 or mowattc@darow.ischuavalley.net

March 25-27, 2001 (Sunday - Tuesday)2001 Private Forestry Conference

Auburn University, The Society of American Forest-ers, the International Union of Forestry ResearchOrganizations, the Center for Forest Sustainability, andthe Sustainable Forestry Partnership are cosponsoring aconference on private forestry in Atlanta, GA on March25-27,2001. The conference will address issues ofconcern to private forest management, includingcertification, trade, local regulation of private forestry,and tax policies. For more information, contact Dr.Larry Teeter at (334) 844-1045, or visitwww.forestry.auburn.edu/forestpolicycenter.

February 24, 2001 (Saturday)Ninth Annual Rural Landowners Workshop

CCE, USDA, NYFOA(AFC), and NYSDEC aresponsoring a Rural Landowners Workshop on February24,2001 at Pioneer Central High School in Arcade, NY.

LANDOWNERSMaples, Cherry & Red Oak are in strong demand, if you are interested in

selling some of your standing Timber consider ...• Each tree to be sold is marked according to YOUR specifications.• We send noticesto reputable log producers & exporters• Sealed bid opening determines the highest bidder .• Payment is made in advance to any harvest operation• All harvest operations are supervised by our foresters• We retain a security deposit until owner is completely satisfied.• Guaranteed to net YOU the highest price for your timber.,,~ Write or Call For A Free Pamphlet~ Robert Synowiez - Professional Forestry Consultants

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The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • NovemberlDecember 2000 19

Resour., N.Y. State CoIl. Agric. andLife Sci., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y.100 pp.

Quality Deer Management (continued from page 9)

Fourth, can adequate huntercooperation be achieved? A primary

objective of QDM is to protect yearlingand 2.5-year-old bucks so they becomemore mature and have time to growlarge antlers that hunters desire. Ongood range, 3.5- or 4.5-year-old bucks

can produce quality antlers that will

provide hunters with trophyopportunities. It requires very ethicaland committed hunters to make this

investment in the future. QDMprograms are doomed to failure unless

there is sufficient buy-in and self-policing among cooperating hunters.

Fifth, although not absolutely

required, careful record-keeping is agreat way to measure progress overtime. Recording the number of points,antler-beam diameters, and dressed

weights of bucks harvested can providevaluable data to determine if a QDM

program is working as it should. Thetotal number of deer removed from anarea by sex and age is also important.

QDM cooperatives that have the bestsuccess rates and hunter satisfaction are

those that maintain harvest records tofully document their impacts.

QDM requires changes in hunterbehavior and cooperation withlandowners to meet management goals.Sportsmen benefit by having theopportunity to take the trophy buck of

a lifetime and experience a qualityhunt. Landowners benefit by selecting

more ethical and experienced hunters,

lowering deer densities on theirproperty, and ultimately reducing deer

impacts to crops and forests. We all

benefit from more healthy forests witha diversity of native bird, mammal, and

plant species.

Literature CitedAnderson, R. C. 1994. Height of white-flowered trillium (Trillium grandiflorum)as an index of deer browsing intensity.Ecol. Appl. 4: 104-109.

Connelly, N. A., D. 1. Decker, and S.Wear. 1987. Public tolerance of deer in asuburban environment. Proc. East. Wildl.Damage Control Conf. 3:207-218.

Curtis, P. D., and M. E. Richmond.1992. Future challenges of suburbanwhite-tailed deer management. Trans. N.Amer. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 57: 104-

114.

deCalesta, D. S. 1992. Impact of deer onspecies diversity of Allegheny hardwoodstands. Proc. Northeast. Weed Sci. Soc.Abstracts 46:135.

deCalesta, D. S. 1994. Effects of white-tailed deer on songbirds within managedforests in Pennsylvania. 1. Wildl.Manage. 58:711-717.

deCalesta, D. S. 1997. Deer andecosystem management. Pages 267-279 inW. J. McShea, H. B. Underwood, and 1.H. Rappole, eds. The science ofoverabundance: deer ecology andpopulation management. SmithsonianInst. Press, Washington, D.C.

Decker, D. 1. 1987. Management ofsuburban deer: an emerging controversy.Proc. East. Wildl. Damage Control Conf.3:344-345.

Diamond, J. 1992. Must we shoot deer tosave nature? Nat. History 8(Aug.):2-8.

Flyger, V., D. L. Leedy, and T. M.Franklin. 1983. Wildlife damage controlin eastern cities and suburbs. Proc. East.Wildl. Damage Control Conf. 1:27-32.

Kosack, 1. 1991. Hunting is a boomingbusiness. Penn. Game News 62:14-19.

Miller, K. V., and R. L. Marchington.1995. Quality whitetails: the why andhow of quality deer management.Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, Penn.

Siemer, W. F., B. A. Knuth, D. J.Decker, and V. L. Alden. 1992. Humanperceptions and behaviors associated withLyme disease: implications for land andwildlife management. HDRU Series 92-8,Human Dimensions Res. Unit, Dep. Nat.

Tilghman, N. G. 1989. Impacts of white-tailed deer on forest regeneration innorthwestern Pennsylvania. J. WiIEl1.Manage. 53:524-532.

Waller, D. M., and W. S. Alverson.1997. The white-tailed deer: a keystoneherbivore. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 25:217-226 .•.

Paul Curtis is an Assistant Professor in andExtension Wildlife Specialist in the Departmentof Natural Resources, at Cornell University.

Lake GeorgeForestry

Complete Forestry Servicesincluding:

• Detailed ManagementPlans

• Timber Trespass• Timber Sales• Appraisals• Deed Research• Timber Inventory• Watershed Management• Boundary Line Location• Tax Savings PlansNo property is too small or too large tobenefitfrom experienced professional as-

sistance when you are faced with im-

portant decisions regarding its use.

Contact Lake George Forestry today toarrange a free initial consultation.

Christian Gearwear, President

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50 Hendrick StreetLake George, New York 12845

Tel: 518-668-2623Fax: 518-668-2486

20 The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • November/December 2000

INDEX The New York Forest Owner - 2000Volume 38, Numbers 1-6

EntomologyWOOD-DESTROYING INSECTS: THE POWDER POST BEETLES, BY: DOUGLAS ALLEN, JANUARy/FEBRUARY 2000, P. 14.

NATIVE INSECT PESTS OF HEMLOCK, BY: DOUGLAS ALLEN, MARCH/APRIL 2000, P. 16.

THE PITCH MAss BORER, BY: DOUGLAS C. ALLEN, MAy/JUNE 2000, P. 16.

BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO PEST MANAGEMENT, BY: DOUGLAS C. ALLEN, JULy/AUGUST 2000, P. 16.

SEED AND CONE INSECTS, BY: DOUGLAS C. ALLEN, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2000, P. 16.

TUSSOCK MOTHS, TIGER MOTHS & OTHER "HArRY" CATERPILLARS,BY: DOUGLAS C. ALLEN, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2000, P. 16.

Forest Policy & LawEPA WITHDRAWS SILVICULTURE PROVISIONS, BY: ROBERT MALMSHEIMER & MICHAEL GOERGEN, JULy/AUGUST 2000, P. 6.

OIL & GAS OPPORTUNITIES FOR TREE FARMERS, BY: DAVID J. COLLIGAN, JULy/AUGUST 2000, P. IS.

NYFOANewsCITY IN A FOREST, BY: MARK KEISTER, JANUARyjFEBRUARY 2000, P. 11.

OPEN LETTER TO NYFOA MEMBERS - NYWS, BY:JILL CORNELL, MARCH/APRIL 2000, P. 12.

ESF's PACK FOREST - EDUCATION, FORESTRY, VACATION, BY: MARy BINDER, MAy/JUNE 2000, P. 6.

NYFOAAwARDS: JIM LASSOIE & ERWIN AND POLLY FULLERTON, MAy/JUNE 2000, P. 12.

NEW YORK WOODLAND STEWARDSNEWS, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2000, P. 12

NYFOA 2000 FALL CONFERENCE, BY: CHARLIE MOWATT AND GRETCHEN McHUGH, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2000, P. 6.

NY ForestryTHE CATSKILL WATERSHED, BY: HENRY KERNAN, JANUARyjFEBRUARY 2000, P. 16.

REpORTS FROM CONSERVATION ORGANIZATION MEETINGS, BY: DICK Fox, JANUARyjFEBRUARY 2000, P. 20.

SARATOGA'S SECRET IS OUT, BY: DAVID J. LEE, MARCH/APRIL 2000, P. 15.

TIMBER THEFT HEARINGS, BY: HUGH O. CANHAM, MARCH/APRIL 2000, P. IS.

TIMBER THEFT: ESCALATINGACROSS RURAL NEW YORK, MAy/JUNE 2000, P. 5.

WOODSMEN'S FIELD DAYS, JULy/AUGUST 2000, P. 22.

REVIEW OF SECTION 4S0-A, BY: HENRY KERNAN, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2000, P. 21.

COMMENTARY: PUBLIC HEARING ON TIMBER THEFT, BY: PHILIP T. SIARKOWSKI,NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2000, P. 12.

MiscellaneousHARD WOOD, BY:JACKA. WARD, JANUARYjFEBRUARY 2000, P. 9.

ARBORVITAE, BY: GERRY RISING, MARCH/APRIL 2000, P. 5.

OVERHEARD IN A WOODLOT, BY:HENRY KEfu"lAN, MARCH/ApRIL 2000, P. S.

SHORT-TERM CHRONICLE OF A TREE FARMER, BY:PETER ZUBAL, MAy/JUNE 2000, P. 10.

FORESTRY: 100 YEARSAND GROWING, BY: HENRY KERNAN, MAy/JUNE 2000, P. 21.

A GUIDE TO LYME DISEASE, BY:JOAN KAPPEL, JULy/AUGUST 2000, P. 21. .continued on page 22

The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • November/December 2000 21

Index (continued from page 21)

JOURNAL OF A SMALL CONIFER PLANTING, BY: PATRICK H. KELLY, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER

2000, P. 18.

FOREST FRAGMENTATION 2000 CONFERENCE, BY: JILL CORNELL, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER

2000, P. 15.

RecreationALONG THE FINGER LAKES TRAIL - AN UNPLANNED ARTICLE, BY: IRENE SZABO, JANUARY/

FEBRUARY2000, P. 10.

ALONG THE FINGER LAKES TRAIL - GETTING BETTER DAY BYDAY IN CATTARAUGUS

COUNTY, BY: IRENE SZABO, MARCH/APRIL 2000, P. 10.

ALONG THE FINGER LAKES TRAIL CATTARAUGUSSERENDIPITOUS PART II, BY: IRENE

SZABO, JULY/AUGUST 2000, P. 10.

ALONG THE FINGER LAKES TRAIL - CATTARAUGUSSERENDIPITOUS PART III, BY: IRENE

SZABO, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2000, P. 10.

Woodlot Management & AssistanceANOTHER GREAT YEAR FOR THE MFO /COVERTS PROGRAM, BY: GARY R. GOFF,

JANUARy/FEBRUARY 2000, P. 6.

WHAT ABOUT THESE STUMPAGE PRICES?, BY: MICHAEL C. GREASON, MARCH/APRIL

2000, P. 6.

AsK THE FORESTER - ENHANCE THE GROWTH OF RED OAK & WHITE PINE, BY: DONALD

E. PETERSON, MARCH/APRIL 2000, P. 14.

STAND By YOUR STREAM - STREAMSIDEPROTECTION - WHY BOTHER?, BY: REBECCA

SCHNEIDER, MAy/JUNE 2000, P. 8.

AsK THE FORESTER - RED MAPLEDAMAGE, BROWSE DAMAGE TO WALNUT SEEDLINGS,

& GIRDLING, BY: MICHAEL GREASON, MAy/JUNE 2000, P. 14.

TREE VALUE: A BASIS FOR WOODLAND MANAGEMENT, BY: GARY R. GOFF AND PETER

SMALLIDGE, MAy/JUNE 2000, P. 18.

STAND By YOUR STREAM - STREAMSIDERESTORATION, BY: REBECCA SCHNEIDER, JULY/

AUGUST 2000, P. 8.

AsK THE FORESTER - CROP TREE MANAGEMENT & RELEASING TREES, BY:AllYN W.

PERI<EY,JULy/AUGUST 2000, P. 15.

WOODLOT MANAGEMENT: PORCUPINE CONTROL, BY: ROBERT JOHNSON, SEPTEMBER/

OCTOBER 2000, P. 6.

STAND By YOUR STREAM - STEAMSIDE REsTORATION - Do's AND DON'TS, BY: REBECCA

SCHNEIDER, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2000, P. 8.

AsSISTANCE FOR NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2000, P. 10.

AsK THE FORESTER - SUGER B USH VALUE AND INTERNATIONAL, SCRIBNER & DOYLE

SCALES, BY: LEWIS STAATSAND MICHAEL GREASON, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2000, P. 14.

QUALITY DEER MANAGEMENT, BY: PAUL D. CURTIS, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2000, P. 8.

PORTABLE SKIDDER BRIDGES, BY: MARK W. GRENNAN, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2000,P. 18..•.

MAGAZINEDEADLINE

Materials submitted forthe January/Februaryissue should be sent toMary Beth Malmsheimer,Editor, The New York

Forest Owner, 134Lincldaen Street,Cazenovia, NY 13035,(315) 655-4110 or viae-mail at mmalmshe@Syr.edu

Articles, artwork andphotos are invited and ifrequested, are returnedafter use.

Deadline for material isDecember 1, 2000.

22 The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • November/December2000

NYFOA member Norman E. Murray has recorded a musical cassette, I'm aTree and We're the Forest Families of this Country, which has been used forenjoyment and teaching in elementary schools around the country. It is anon-profit undertaking, with any profits going to Project Learning Tree. Formore information or to request an order form, write U*C Music Division, POBox 1066, Buffalo, NY 14215. Cost is $3.00 per tape (reduced rates avail-able for multiple tape orders).

NYFOA MerchandiseDisplay your support of NYFOA-Purchase one of these items!

Member Signs $4 Long Sleeve T-Shirts $15Yellow Vinyl Ash or White

MorXLPewter Pins $5

Collared Short Sleeve Shirts $18Patches $3 Ash or White

MorXL

All prices include Shipping and HandlingSend your orders to: NYFOA, P.O. Box 180, Fairport, NY 14450

ADVERTISING

RATESDisplay Ads (per insert)

$7 per column inchFull Page.

$2 10 (30 column inch)Halj Page:

$ 105 (15 column inch)Quarter Page:

$52.50 (7.5 column inch)Eighth Page:

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Marketplace:$ 10 minimum for 25 wordsEach additional word: 10 cents

For More Information Contact:Mary Beth Malmsheimer, Editor

(315) 655-4110

mmalmshe@syr.edu

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The New York Forest Owner 38:6 • November/December 2000 23

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