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• The Origins of the French Revolution, 1774–1789• The Ancien Regime: absolutism, the Estates and Parlements• The financial crisis of the monarchy in the 1770s: the costs of war and the issue of taxation• The ideas of the Enlightenment: the philosophes and challenges to the existing order• The failure of the Finance Ministers: the Assembly of Notables and the Revolt of the Nobles • The French Revolution: from Monarchy to Republic, 1789–1792• The calling of the Estates General and the creation of the National Assembly• The importance of the Parisian crowd and peasant risings• Reforms leading to the establishment of the Constitutional monarchy in 1791• The radicalisation of the Revolution: the impact of religious change, the war against Austria and
Prussia, the growing dominance of the sans-culottes• The creation of the Republic• The French Revolution: Terror and the search for stability• The execution of the King and the establishment of the Terror• The influence and fall of Robespierre• Events leading to the establishment of the Directory, including the risings of 1795 and the White
Terror• Events leading to the seizure of power by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799• Napoleonic Rule in France, 1799–1815 • The establishment and consolidation of Empire• Napoleonic rule within France: the impact of social, religious, legal and administrative reforms • Economic policies, including the issue of taxation• The extent to which Napoleon had transformed France by 1815
KI3 The French Revolution: from Monarchy to Republic, 1789–1792• The calling of the Estates General and the creation of the National Assembly• The importance of the Parisian crowd and peasant risings• Reforms leading to the establishment of the Constitutional monarchy in 1791• The radicalisation of the Revolution: the impact of religious change, the war against Austria and Prussia, the growing dominance of the sans-culottes• The creation of the Republic
KI4 The French Revolution: Terror and the search for stability• The execution of the King and the establishment of the Terror• The influence and fall of Robespierre• Events leading to the establishment of the Directory, including the risings of 1795 and the White Terror• Events leading to the seizure of power by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799
National Convention Thermidor
Economic terror
Religious Terror
The “Second” The “Second” French RevolutionFrench Revolution
The National Convention:The National Convention:
Girondin Rule: 1792-1793Girondin Rule: 1792-1793
Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794[“Reign of Terror”][“Reign of Terror”]
Thermidorian Reaction: 1794-Thermidorian Reaction: 1794-17951795
The Directory The Directory 1795-1799 1795-1799
The Causes of The Causes of Instability in FranceInstability in France
1792 - 17951792 - 1795
The Causes of The Causes of Instability in FranceInstability in France
1792 - 17951792 - 1795
Attitudes Attitudes & actions & actions
of of monarchymonarchy& court& court
Attitudes Attitudes & actions & actions
of of monarchymonarchy& court& court
Fear ofFear ofCounter-Counter-RevolutiRevoluti
onon
Fear ofFear ofCounter-Counter-RevolutiRevoluti
onon
ReligioReligiousus
divisiodivisionsns
ReligioReligiousus
divisiodivisionsns
PoliticPoliticalal
divisiodivisionsns
PoliticPoliticalal
divisiodivisionsns
WarWarWarWar
EconomiEconomicc
CrisesCrises
EconomiEconomicc
CrisesCrises
The Causes of The Causes of Instability in FranceInstability in France
1792 - 17951792 - 1795
The Causes of The Causes of Instability in FranceInstability in France
1792 - 17951792 - 1795
The JacobinsThe JacobinsJacobin Meeting HouseJacobin Meeting House
They held their meetings in the They held their meetings in the library of a former Jacobin library of a former Jacobin monastery in Paris.monastery in Paris.
Started as a debating society.Started as a debating society.
Membership mostly middle Membership mostly middle class.class.
Created a vast network of clubs.Created a vast network of clubs.
The The Sans-Culottes:Sans-Culottes:The Parisian Working The Parisian Working
ClassClass Small Small
shopkeepers.shopkeepers.
Tradesmen.Tradesmen.
Artisans.Artisans.
They shared many of They shared many of the ideals of their the ideals of their
middle class middle class representatives in representatives in
government!government!
The Storming of the The Storming of the Tuilieres:Tuilieres:
August 9-10, 1792August 9-10, 1792
This was triggered in part by the publication This was triggered in part by the publication in Paris of the August 3 Brunswick Manifesto, in Paris of the August 3 Brunswick Manifesto,
which confirmed popular suspicions which confirmed popular suspicions concerning the king’s treason.concerning the king’s treason.
The September The September Massacres, Massacres, 17921792
Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the armies defending France, while the Prussians armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked from the front.attacked from the front.
Buveurs de sangBuveurs de sang [“drinkers of blood.”] [“drinkers of blood.”] over 1000 over 1000 killed!killed!
It discredited the Revolution among its remaining It discredited the Revolution among its remaining sympathizers abroad.sympathizers abroad.
(The dark side (The dark side of the of the Revolution!)Revolution!)
(The dark side (The dark side of the of the Revolution!)Revolution!)
The National The National ConventionConvention
(September, 1792)(September, 1792) Its first act was the formal Its first act was the formal abolition of the monarchy on abolition of the monarchy on September 22, 1792.September 22, 1792.
The The Year IYear I of the French Republic. of the French Republic.
The Decree of FraternityThe Decree of Fraternity
it offered French assistance to any it offered French assistance to any subject peoples who wished to subject peoples who wished to overthrow their governments.overthrow their governments.
When France sneezes, When France sneezes, all of Europe catches all of Europe catches
cold!cold!
When France sneezes, When France sneezes, all of Europe catches all of Europe catches
cold!cold!
The Political The Political SpectrumSpectrum
JacobinJacobinss
MontagnarMontagnardsds
(“The (“The Mountain”)Mountain”)
GirondistsGirondistsMonarchíeMonarchíe
nn(Royalists)(Royalists)
1790s:1790s:The PlainThe Plain
(swing (swing votes)votes)
TODAY:TODAY:
The Politics of the The Politics of the National Convention National Convention
(1792-1795)(1792-1795)MontagnardsMontagnards Girondist
sGirondist
s Power base in Paris.Power base in Paris.
Main support from the Main support from the sans-culottessans-culottes..
Would adopt extreme Would adopt extreme measures to achieve their measures to achieve their goals.goals.
Saw Paris as the center of Saw Paris as the center of the Revolution.the Revolution.
More centralized [in Paris] More centralized [in Paris] approach to government.approach to government.
Power base in the Power base in the provinces.provinces.
Feared the influence Feared the influence of the of the sans-culottessans-culottes..
Feared the Feared the dominance of Paris dominance of Paris in national politics.in national politics.
Supported more Supported more national national government government centralization centralization [federalism].[federalism].
LouiLouis s
XVI XVI as a as a PigPig
c For the Montagnards, the king was a For the Montagnards, the king was a traitor.traitor.
c The Girondins felt that the Revolution The Girondins felt that the Revolution had gone far enough and didn’t want had gone far enough and didn’t want to execute the king [maybe exile to execute the king [maybe exile him].him].
Louis XVI’s Head Louis XVI’s Head (January (January 21, 1793)21, 1793)c The trial of the king The trial of the king
was hastened by the was hastened by the discovery in a secret discovery in a secret cupboard in the cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache Tuilieres of a cache of documents.of documents.
c They proved They proved conclusively Louis’ conclusively Louis’ knowledge and knowledge and encouragement of encouragement of foreign intervention.foreign intervention.
c The National The National Convention votedConvention voted387 to 334387 to 334 to to execute the execute the monarchs.monarchs.
The Death of “Citizen” The Death of “Citizen” Louis CapetLouis Capet
Matter for Matter for reflectionreflection
for the crowned for the crowned jugglers.jugglers.
So impure bloodSo impure blooddoesn’t soil our land!doesn’t soil our land!
Marie Antoinette as a Marie Antoinette as a SerpentSerpent
The “Widow Capet”The “Widow Capet”
Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette on the Way to the on the Way to the
GuillotineGuillotine
Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette Died in October, Died in October,
17931793
Attempts to Attempts to ControlControl
the Growing the Growing CrisisCrisis
1.1. Revolutionary Tribunal in ParisRevolutionary Tribunal in Paris try trysuspected counter-revolutionaries.suspected counter-revolutionaries.
A.A. Representatives-on-MissionRepresentatives-on-Mission sent to the provinces & to the army.sent to the provinces & to the army. had wide powers to overseehad wide powers to oversee
conscription.conscription.
B. B. Watch Committees [Watch Committees [comité de comité de surveillancesurveillance]] keep an eye on foreigners & keep an eye on foreigners &
suspects.suspects.C. Sanctioned the trial & execution of C. Sanctioned the trial & execution of rebels and émigrés, should they ever rebels and émigrés, should they ever return to France. return to France.
Attempts to Attempts to ControlControl
the Growing the Growing CrisisCrisis
2.2. The printing of more The printing of more assignatsassignats to to pay for the war.pay for the war.
3.3. Committee of Public Safety [CPS]Committee of Public Safety [CPS] to oversee and speed up the work of to oversee and speed up the work of
the government during this crisis.the government during this crisis.
4.4. Committee of General Security Committee of General Security [CGS][CGS]
responsible for the pursuit ofresponsible for the pursuit ofcounter-revolutionaries, thecounter-revolutionaries, thetreatment of suspects, & other treatment of suspects, & other internal security matters.internal security matters.
CommitCommittee for tee for Public Public SafetySafety
Revolutionary Tribunals.Revolutionary Tribunals. 300,000 arrested.300,000 arrested. 16,000 – 50,000 executed.16,000 – 50,000 executed.
Maximillian Maximillian RobespierreRobespierre(1758 – 1794)(1758 – 1794)
Georges Georges DantonDanton
(1759 – 1794)(1759 – 1794)
““The Death of Marat”The Death of Marat”by Jacques Louis David,by Jacques Louis David,
17931793
The The Levee en Masse:Levee en Masse:An Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 SoldiersAn Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 Soldiers
An army based on merit, not An army based on merit, not birth!birth!
Legislation Passed Legislation Passed by the by the
National National ConventionConvention
1.1. Law of General MaximumLaw of General Maximum September 5, 1793.September 5, 1793. Limited prices of grain & other essentials to 1/3Limited prices of grain & other essentials to 1/3
above the 1790 prices & wages to ½ of 1790above the 1790 prices & wages to ½ of 1790figures.figures.
Prices would be strictly enforced.Prices would be strictly enforced. Hoarders rooted out and punished.Hoarders rooted out and punished. Food supplies would be secured by the army!Food supplies would be secured by the army!
2.2. Law of SuspectsLaw of Suspects September 17, 1793.September 17, 1793. This law was so widely drawn that almost anyoneThis law was so widely drawn that almost anyone
not expressing enthusiastic support for the not expressing enthusiastic support for the republic could be placed under arrest!republic could be placed under arrest!
The Reign of TerrorThe Reign of Terror
Terror is nothing other than Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible.justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre-- Robespierre
Let terror be Let terror be the order of the order of
the day!the day!c The Revolutionary The Revolutionary
Tribunal of Paris alone Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 executed 2,639 victims in 15 months.victims in 15 months.
c The total number of The total number of victims nationwide victims nationwide was over 20,000!was over 20,000!
Different Social Different Social Classes Executed Classes Executed
28%
31%
25%
8%
7%
The “Monster” The “Monster” GuillotineGuillotine
The last guillotine execution in France was in The last guillotine execution in France was in 19391939!!
War of Resistance to the War of Resistance to the Revolution:Revolution:
The Vendee Revolt, 1793The Vendee Revolt, 1793
VendeeVendee Revolt, Revolt, 17931793
Drowning the Traitors!Drowning the Traitors!
Vendee Vendee Symbol:Symbol:
For God & For God & the King!the King!
Why was there a Why was there a RevoltRevolt
in the in the VendeeVendee??1.1. Conscription: The need for 300,000 Conscription: The need for 300,000
French troopsFrench troopsfor the war effort.for the war effort.
2.2. Rural peasantry still highly taxed.Rural peasantry still highly taxed.3.3. Resentment of the Civil Constitution Resentment of the Civil Constitution
the Clergy.the Clergy.4.4. Peasants had failed to benefit fromPeasants had failed to benefit from
the sale of church lands.the sale of church lands.
TARGETS:TARGETS:Local government Local government officialsofficialsNational GuardsmenNational GuardsmenJurying priestsJurying priests
Religious Terror:Religious Terror:De-Christianization De-Christianization
(1793-1794)(1793-1794) The Catholic Church was linked The Catholic Church was linked withwithreal or potential counter-revolution.real or potential counter-revolution.
Religion was associated with theReligion was associated with theAncien RégimeAncien Régime and superstitious and superstitiouspractices.practices.
Very popular among the Very popular among the sans-sans-culottesculottes..
Therefore, religion had no place in Therefore, religion had no place in aarational, secular republic!rational, secular republic!
Religious Terror: The De-Religious Terror: The De-Christianization ProgramChristianization Program1.1. The adoption of a new The adoption of a new Republican Republican
CalendarCalendar:: abolished Sundays & religious holidays.abolished Sundays & religious holidays. months named after seasonal features.months named after seasonal features. 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day
decades.decades. the yearly calendar was dated fromthe yearly calendar was dated from
the creation of the Republic the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792][Sept. 22, 1792]
The Convention symbolically divorced The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the Church!!the state from the Church!!
The New Republican The New Republican CalendarCalendarNew Name Meaning Time Period
Vendemaire Vintage September 22 – October 21
Brumaire Fog October 22 – November 20
Frimaire Frost November 21 – December 20
Nivose Snow December 21 – January 19
Pluviose Rain January 20 – February 18
Ventose Wind February 19 – March 20
Germinal Budding March 21 – April 19
Floreal Flowers April 20 – May 19
Prairial Meadow May 20 – June 18
Messidor Harvest June 19 – July 18
Thermidor Heat July 19 – August 17
Fructidor Fruit August 18 – September 21
A New Republican A New Republican Calendar YearCalendar YearI 1792 – 1793
II 1793 – 1794
III 1794 – 1795
IV 1795 – 1796
V 1796 – 1797
VI 1797 – 1798
VII 1798 – 1799
VIII 1799 – 1800
IX 1800 – 1801
X 1801 – 1802
XI 1802 – 1803
XII 1803 – 1804
XIII 1804 – 1805
XIV 1805
The Gregorian System returned in 1806.
The De-Christianization The De-Christianization ProgramProgram2.2. The public exercise of religion wasThe public exercise of religion was
banned.banned.
3.3. The Paris Commune supported the:The Paris Commune supported the: destruction of religious & royal statues.destruction of religious & royal statues. ban on clerical dress.ban on clerical dress. encouragement of the clergy to give up encouragement of the clergy to give up
their vocations.their vocations.
4.4. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the was turned into the “Temple of Reason.”“Temple of Reason.”
5.5. The deportation of priests denounced byThe deportation of priests denounced bysix citizens.six citizens.
Backlash to theBacklash to theDe-Christianization De-Christianization
ProgramProgram It alienated most of the populationIt alienated most of the population(especially in the rural areas).(especially in the rural areas).
Robespierre never supported it.Robespierre never supported it. he persuaded the Convention tohe persuaded the Convention to
reaffirm the principle of religiousreaffirm the principle of religioustoleration.toleration.
Decree on the Decree on the “Liberty of Cults”“Liberty of Cults”was passedwas passed December 6, 1793.December 6, 1793. BUT, it had little practical effect!BUT, it had little practical effect!
The Terror The Terror Intensified:Intensified:
March to July, March to July, 17941794
Law of 22 PrairialLaw of 22 Prairial [June 10, 1794]. [June 10, 1794]. Trials were now limited to deciding only on Trials were now limited to deciding only on
liberty OR death, with defendants having no liberty OR death, with defendants having no rights.rights.
Were you an Were you an “enemy of the people?”“enemy of the people?” (the law (the law was so broadly written that almost anyone was so broadly written that almost anyone could fall within its definition!)could fall within its definition!)
1,500 executed between June & July.1,500 executed between June & July.
Danton & the
“Indulgents”
Danton & the
“Indulgents”
Jacques Hébert & the
Hébertists
Jacques Hébert & the
Hébertists
Executed in April, 1794Executed in April, 1794Executed in March, 1794Executed in March, 1794
The “Thermidorean The “Thermidorean Reaction,” Reaction,” 17941794P July 26 July 26 Robespierre gives a Robespierre gives a
speech illustrating speech illustrating newnew plots & conspiracies. plots & conspiracies.
he alienated members of the CPS he alienated members of the CPS & CGS. & CGS.
many felt threatened by his many felt threatened by his implications.implications.
P July 27 July 27 the Convention arrests the Convention arrests Robespierre. Robespierre.
P July 28 July 28 Robespierre is tried & Robespierre is tried & guillotined! guillotined!
The Arrest of Robespierre
The Revolution The Revolution ConsumesConsumes
Its Own Children!Its Own Children!
Danton Awaits Danton Awaits Execution, 1793Execution, 1793
Robespierre Lies WoundedRobespierre Lies WoundedBefore the Revolutionary Before the Revolutionary Tribunal that will order Tribunal that will order him to be guillotined, him to be guillotined,
1794.1794.
The “Cultural The “Cultural Revolution”Revolution”
Brought About by Brought About by the Conventionthe Convention
It was based upon Enlightenment principles It was based upon Enlightenment principles of rationality.of rationality.
The metric system of weights and measuresThe metric system of weights and measures Was defined by the French Academy of Was defined by the French Academy of
Sciences in 1791 and enforced in 1793.Sciences in 1791 and enforced in 1793. It replaced weights and measures that had It replaced weights and measures that had
their origins in the Middle Ages.their origins in the Middle Ages. The abolition of slavery within France in The abolition of slavery within France in
1791 and throughout the French colonies in 1791 and throughout the French colonies in 1794.1794.
The Convention legalized divorce and The Convention legalized divorce and enacted shared inheritance laws [even for enacted shared inheritance laws [even for illegitimate offspring] in an attempt to illegitimate offspring] in an attempt to eradicate inequalities.eradicate inequalities.
Bibliographic ResourcesBibliographic Resources
““Hist210—Europe in the Age of Hist210—Europe in the Age of Revolutions.”Revolutions.”http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/courses/europe1/chron/rch5.htm
“ “Liberty, Fraternity, Equality: Liberty, Fraternity, Equality: Exploring the French Revolution.”Exploring the French Revolution.” http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/
Matthews, Andrew. Matthews, Andrew. Revolution and Revolution and Reaction: Europe, 1789-1849Reaction: Europe, 1789-1849. . CambridgeCambridgeUniversity Press, 2001.University Press, 2001.
“ “The Napoleonic Guide.” The Napoleonic Guide.” http://www.napoleonguide.com/index.htm