THE PAPERS OF

John Peabody Harringtan IN THE

Smithsonian Institution 1907-1957 VOLUME FOUR A GUIDE TO THE FIELD NOTES:

NATIVE AMERICAN HISTORY, LANGUAGE, AND CULTURE OF THE SOUTHWEST EDITED BY

Elaine L. Mills and AnnJ Brickfield

KRAUS INTER ATIONAL PUBLICATIONS A Division of Kraus-Thomson Organization Limited

THE PAPERS OF

John Peabody Harringtan IN THE

Smithsonian Institution 1907-1957

VOLUME FOUR

A GUIDE TO THE FIELD NOTES:

Native American History, Language, and Culture of the

Southwest

Prepared in the National Anthropological Archives

Department ofAnthropology National Museum ofNatural History

Washington, D.C.

THE PAPERS OF

John Peabody Harringtan IN THE

Smithsonian Institution 1907-1957

VOLUME FOUR

A GUIDE TO THE FIELD NOTES:

Native American History, Language, and Culture of the

Southwest

EDITED BY

Elaine L. Mills and AnnJ. Brickfield

KRAUS INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATIONS A Division of Kraus-Thomson Organization Limited

White Plains, N.Y.

© Copyright The Smithsonian Institution 1986

All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or taping, information storage and retrieval systems-without written permission of the publisher.

First Printing

Printed in the United Str.:tes of America

The paper in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Science - Permanence of Papers for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.

Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data (Revised for vol. 4)

Harrington, John Peabody. The papers ofJohn Peabody Harrington in the

Smithsonian Institution, 1907 -1957. A guide to the field notes.

Vol. 4 also edited by Ann J. Brickfield. Vol. 4 prepared in the National Anthropological

Archives, Dept. of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.

Bibliography: v. 1, p. Contents: v. 1. A guide to the field notes: Native

American history, language, and culture of Alaska/ Northwest Coast- -v. 4. A guide to the field notes: Native American history, language, and culture of Southwest.

1. Indians - Manuscripts - Microform catalogs. 2. Indians- Languages- Manuscripts- Microform catalogs. 3. Harrington, John Peabody-Manuscripts­Microform catalogs. 4. National Anthropological Archives- Microform catalogs. I. Mills, Elaine L. II. Title. Z1209.H33 1981 [E58] 970.004'97 81-7290 ISBN 0-527-84243-5 (v. 1) ISBN 0-527-84262-1 (v. 2) ISBN 0-527-84287-7 (v. 3) ISBN 0-527-84329-6 (v. 4)

Contents INTRODUCTION N / Vll

Scope and Content of this Publication IV / vn

History of the Papers and the Microfilm Edition IV / vnl

Editorial Procedures IV / X

Acknowledgements IV / xn

NOTES TO RESEARCHERS N / xv Using the Guide IV / xv

Using the Microfilm IV / XVl

Note on Terminology IV / xvn

MAPS N / X1X

Tribal Territories in Southwest IV / xx

Sites ofFieldwork in Southwest IV / XXl

IV /vi Contents

PHOTOGRAPHS IV / xxzzz Scene in Navaho Territory IV / xxiv

Adolph Dodge Bitanny IV / xxiv Harrington and Navaho Tribal Members IV / xxiv

Harrington at Excavation ofElden Pueblo Site IV / xxv Ruins at Elden Pueblo IV / xxvi

Harrington, J. O. Prescott, and Hopi Singers IV / xxv'! Governor ofTaos IV / xxvii

Blue Lake IV / xxvii Black Mesa IV / xxviii

Tewa Ceremony IV / xxviii Scene in Tewa Territory IV / xxviii

SERIES DESCRIPTIONS and REEL CONTENTS IV / 1

Apache and Kiowa Apache IV / 1 Navaho IV / 6

Hopi IV / 26 Zuni IV / 32

Acoma / Laguna / Santo Domingo IV / 38 Cochiti IV / 43 Jemez IV / 44

Isleta / Isleta del Sur / Piro IV / 47 Picuris IV / 52

Taos IV / 54 Tewa IV / 62

General and Miscellaneous Materials IV / 72

APPENDIX IV / 77 Abbreviations and Special Uses of Terms IV / 77

Introduction

SCOPE AND CONTENT OF THIS PUBLICATION

"A Guide to the Field Notes: Native American History, Language, and Culture of the Southwest," is the fourth volume ofa ten-volume official inventory for the microfilm edition of The Papers ofJohn P. Harrington in the Smithsonian Institution, 1907 -1957. This inventory supersedes any other published or unpublished finding aids describing the collec­tion. Volume One covers the region Alaska/Northwest Coast, Volume Two covers Northern and Central California, and Volume Three covers Southern California/Basin. Subsequent volumes of this inven­tory will be issued as each section of the microfilm edition becomes available, and will cover Harrington's field notes on the Plains, North­east/Southeast, and Mexico/Central America/South America. There will also be a volume on Harrington's notes and writings on special linguistic studies and one on his correspondence and financial records. At the completion of the project all the volumes will be issued in a cumulated hardbound edition.

The materials described herein represent the results ofJohn P. Harrington's study of the native languages and cultures of the South­

IV /vii

IV / viii John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV fix

west, the area in which he first undertook fieldwork. The field notes were recorded just prior to and during his employment as ethnologist (1915-1954) by the Bureau of American Ethnology. The documents focus primarily on linguistic data, although they also include significant amounts of ethnographic and historical information.

Only original documents created by Harrington, his co­workers, and field assistants or field notes given to him by others are contained in this publication. Related materials collected by Harring­ton such as printed matter, journals, and books are not included. Photo­stats, microfilm, and typed and handwritten copies of publications and manuscripts which lack his annotations have likewise been omitted.

Some additional field notes from Harrington's work in the Southwest may be housed among his papers at the Santa Barbara Mu­seum of Natural History. The anthropologists on the staffplan to inven­tory and microfilm those documents, funding permitting. Other smaller blocks of Harrington's papers can be found outside the Smith­sonian Institution - notably at the Southwest Museum and the Ban­croft Library, V niversity of California, Berkeley - and additional items may subsequently come to light. This publication presently repre­sents the majority of Harrington's output in the area.

HISTORY OF THE PAPERS AND THE MICROFILM EDITION

The original documents comprising The Papers ofJohn Peabody H arring­ton are housed in the Smithsonian Institution's National Anthropologi­cal Archives (N .A.A.) where they were brought together after Harring­ton's death in 1961. Some of the papers were already located on the Smithsonian premises in the archives of the Bureau of American Eth­nology (B.A.E.), having been deposited by him as individual manu­scripts while in the bureau's employ. Others were located at various warehouses in the Washington, D.C., area and elsewhere.

The great bulk ofthe papers was sorted in a number ofstorage locations in California by his daughter Awona Harrington and sent to Washington, D.C., over a period of several years. Although the lin­guist-ethnologist had expressed the wish that his field notes be given to some institution in California, Miss Harrington recognized that the approximately one million pages were actually government property as they had been created while her father was a federal employee. A sizable

portion of these California-based papers was actually.loan.ed on a l?ng­term basis to the Department ofLinguistics at the V nlverslty of CalIfor­nia, Berkeley, under the charge of Professor Mary R. Haas. After e~­tensive use there by several generations of graduate students In linguistics, cultural anthropology, and archeology, they were shipped to the Smithsonian during the period from 1976 to 1979.

Work on organizing the Harrington Papers began almost as soon as the first boxes of documents arrived at the archives. Early in 1962, Catherine A. Callaghan, then a graduate student at V.C., Berke­ley, was hired on a temporary appointment to tackle the monumental task of preparing a box list for several tons of notes. She spent several months identifying as many bundles as possible by tribe or language, at least down to the family level.

Refinement of this initial sorting was continued by the then current archivist Margaret C. Blaker and later, in the early 1970s, by a member ofher staff,jane M. Walsh. Throughout this period the papers were available to researchers, some ofwhom were able to make sugges­tions for improving the identification ofsmall portions ofthe collection.

A new energy was infused into the work on the papers after the arrival in 1972 of National Anthropological Archives Director Her­man j. Viola. He not only encouraged the application of modern a:chi­val methods to avoid the piecemeal efforts of the past, but also actIvely sought ways to improve the accessibility of the material to a steadily growing number of researchers. Encouraged by the interest of a ~um­ber ofmicrofilm companies in publishing the papers on HIm, he decIded in 1975 to submit a proposal for funding such a project to the National Historical Publications and Records Commission (N.H.P.R.C.).

A major consultant in developing the documentation for this proposal was Geoffrey L. Gamble, then a ~mit~sonian Fellow d?ing work on Harrington's Yokuts field data. Dunng hIs year at the archIves, he began integrating the Berkeley-based material with the material. in Washington and compiled the first systematic inventory of th~ entIre collection. Through correspondence and attendance at meetIngs he helped to marshall support for the archives' project among members of the anthropological profession.

In December 1976 the Smithsonian Institution received a grant from the N.H.P.R.C. for the first year of an envisi?ned five-~ear

venture, and work on the "Harrington Microfilm ProJect" officIally began. Herman j. Viola was the project director. Elaine L. Mills, an

IV Ix John Peabody Harrington

archives staff member who had already done considerable work on Harrington's photographs, was chosen as editor. N.A.A. archivist James R. Glenn and Smithsonian linguist Ives Goddard agreed to act as consultants to the project.

EDITORIAL PROCEDURES

The present arrangement of the Papers ofJohn P. Harrington does not represent the state in which he left the papers. Much editorial work has had to be done for this published inventory and to make the notes usable by researchers at the National Anthropological Archives and through this publication. This was due in part to the way in which the various portions of the collection arrived at the archives and in part to Harring­ton's lack of methodical organization and thorough documentation.

As explained above, the papers were widely scattered at the time of Harrington's death. The urgency of packing the material and removing it from the various warehouses, storage sheds, and offices in which it was then being stored made it necessary to pack many unrelated manuscripts and segments of field notes in any given box. Despite the early efforts to broadly categorize the material, much sorting still re­mained to be done.

There was also the task of interfiling similar material from the Washington, D.C., 2nd Berkeley repositories. In some cases parts of the same individual manuscripts or sets of notes had been separated. Care had to be taken to assure that a meaningful order was restored. Interre­lationships also had to be determined between these sections and the cataloged portion of the archives' holdings from Harrington.

The difficulties posed by the sheer bulk of material to be exanlined and sorted were complicated by additional factors. Harring­ton's method of sorting his papers was to tie them into bundles, some­times as much as a foot thick. Each stack might contain widely disparate materials: correspondence, financial records, notes to himself, and other miscellaneous matter, in addition to the field notes for the Indian group or groups with which he was working at the time.

Inconsistencies in Harrington's system for labeling added to the confusion. Pages obviously intended as heading sheets might be found in the middle or at the bottom of a stack of loose, unnumbered sheets and slips. The contents offolders and envelopes might not match the outside labels if the containers had been reused.

Southwest IV /xi

The fact that Harrington, for many reasons, was a poor docu­menter of his own work posed yet another challenge to the effort to identify, arrange, and describe the field data. His notes often furnis?ed little internal evidence for easily determining either the language, trIbe, or identity of the informants involved, or the circumstances under which the work was done. A page-by-page examination was often neces­sary to glean enough clues to file the material properly. .

An important aspect of this work was the decIpherIng of Har­rington's numerous personally devised abbreviations and special uses of terms. Some codes were fairly obvious ("Tl." for Tlingit; "U.U." for Upper Umpqua). Others were not nearly so clear (".Can." for Can~le~o,

i.e. Chumash; "No Sir" for Noser, or Vana). SometImes an abbreVIatIon would have to be seen in many contexts before it could be correctly interpreted. The creation ofa working file ofgeneral abbreviations and those referring to informants and tribes or languages assured that any form could be recognized if encountered elsewhere in the papers.

The research necessarily led from the field notes to other parts of the collection. The examination of the correspond~n~e was quite illuminating. Harrington sometimes gave a fuller descrIptIon of his fieldwork in letters to his friends than in the field notes themselves. Searches of financial records also proved exceptionally helpful in estab­lishing indirect identification of the notes. In accounts of expenses Harrington often listed informants and the number of~ours h~ wor~e.d

with each. Cancelled checks also provided informatIon on lIngUIStIC services rendered. All such information, along with that gleaned from annual reports and other administrative records ofthe Bureau ofAmer­ican Ethnology, was compiled in a working chronology of Harrington's life and career, a valuable summary of all his activities which will be published in the cumulated edition of this inventory.

At times it was necessary to identify field notes through com­parative work, with extensive use of published dictionaries, grammars, ethnographies, and maps, as well as unpublished vocabularies housed at the National Anthropological Archives and elsewhere. The problems of varying orthographies used by Harrington and the other linguists made it sometimes difficult to categorize positively the linguistic data he recorded. For this reason a number of linguistic consultants were brought in to cover each of the major language families represented in the papers. (Those who worked on this section are listed ~n "Ac~nowl­

edgements.") Their examination of the relevant materIal dUrIng an

IV / xiiiIV / xii John Peabody Harrington Southwest

average week-long visit allowed them to confirm identifications already made and to supply explanations for any tentatively or totally uncate­gorized material. Their findings were submitted in reports which gave suggestions for further editorial work.

In refining the arrangements of notes within each series, two archival principles were kept constantly in mind. One was to determine and then preserve or restore any original arrangement scheme in­tended .by Harrington. Thus, if heading sheets were found indicating a semantIc or an alphabetic organization, any misfiled pages were refiled to conform to these plans. If, on the other hand, large blocks of notes were totally without order, an attempt was made to find a logical method of reorganizing them. For example, a section of vocabulary elicited through the use of a secondary source was arranged to follow the order of the lexical items in that source. Time limitations required that some particularly confusing sections be left in an "unsorted" state.

Considerable time was spent in preparing descriptions of the field notes in an effort to make them maximally useful to researchers in as many. disc~pl.ines as possible. Harrington's field methods usually inte­grated lIngUIstIC and ethnographic descriptive work into one approach. Thus, while eliciting grammatical data, he developed ethnographic data. He also had a strong sense of being an American Indian histori­ographer. All ofhis material incorporates data relevant to post-contact, local history, and the personal histories of informants. Therefore, al­though a particular set of material is categorized in this publication as linguistic, it might just as accurately be described as ethnographic, his­torical, or biographical. Division titles were assigned largely for conve­nience, depending upon the predominance of anyone type of material within that division. The detailed descriptions which follow indicate the variety of material to be found within each category. Researchers are encouraged to at least skim each descriptive paragraph to ensure that they locate all notes of potential interest to them. For more technical information on the microfilm and its use with this guide, please see the "Notes to Researchers" which follow this introduction.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to express my appreciation to the other staff members of the "H.arrington Mic:o~lm Project" for their cooperation and support, whIch have been IndIspensable to the success of the project. Adminis­

trative support has come from Herman J. Viola, who has served as the project's director. The attention to detail shown by the project's con­sultants, James R. Glenn and Ives Goddard, in reviewing the guide and the reels of microfilm, has improved the accuracy and clarity of both narrative descriptions and microfilm targets. jim's willingness to act as a liaison between the project and the publisher during late stages of the

work has also been very much appreciated. Special thanks go to Ann Brickfield who served as the assistant

editor for the project. Following general guidelines which were estab­lished in our work together on the preceding sections, she has under­taken the impressive task of arranging and describing the entire set of field notes comprising Harrington's study ofthe history, languages, and cultures of the southwest. Her dedication and thoroughness have been

greatly appreciated. Another key staff member whose efforts have contributed

directly to the preparation of this guide is Louise Mills. As section editor for Harrington's correspondence, she has been able to provide invalu­able background data on his fieldwork in the southwest.

In addition, I wish to recognize the invaluable assistance of Vyrtis Thomas of the National Anthropological Archives. She has com­pleted delicate conservation work on many fragile pages in the collec­tion and has greatly facilitated the packing, shipping, and reboxing of the field notes. She was aided on a number of occasions by Catherine Creek and DeDe Adams, also on the N .A.A. staff. Thanks also to Mary Frances Bell, archives' staff editor, who has provided expert editorial

assistance in all phases of preparing this guide. The "Harrington Microfilm Project" has drawn continually

on the technical resources of many other individuals inside the Smith­sonian Institution in the offices of Grants and Risk Management, Print­ing and Photographic Services, and the Library. Deserving of special mention are David R. Short of the Contracts Office and Jeanne Ma­honey of the Department of Anthropology, whose competence, pa­tience, and good spirits have made administrative details much less ofa nightmare. Thanks also to Britt Griswold, scientific illustrator, for his

care in preparing the excellent maps for the guide. Obviously of vital importance to the project have been the

editorial and production staffs at Kraus International Publications and Graphic Microfilm, especially, at Kraus, Ruth Sandweiss, production manager; Barry Katzen, managing editor; and, at Graphic, Mickie

IV /xiv John Peabody Harrington

Stengel, lead technician. I thank them for their cooperation in produc­ing a high-quality publication. It has been a pleasure working with them. I would also like to acknowledge the generous financial support of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, the Ahman­son Foundation, and Kinetics Technology Incorporated. Frank Burke, Roger Bruns, and George Vogt of the N.H.P.R.C. have all been ex­tr~mely helpfu~ in ?ffering training and advice in all aspects of editing a microfilm publIcation. I have also benefited from the technical advice of Alan Bain, William Bright, and Marc Okrand, whose suggestions have improved the quality and usefulness of both the film and the guide.

Special appreciation is due Awona Harrington, Mary R. Haas, and Catherine Callaghan for their early efforts to preserve the papers and to Geoffrey L. Gamble who helped in so many ways to forward the microfilm project in its early stages. Thanks also to the numerous scholars who have written so kindly in support ofthe present work. The e.nth~siasticencouragement of all these people has served as an inspira­tion In the often overwhelming task of editing such a voluminous set of papers. .. A nurnber of consultants, researchers, and information spe­

cialIsts deserve thanks for their work on the field notes for" Southwest. " They collectively helped me to identify and better organize the notes ~ere at the archives and carefully reviewed our drafts of series descrip­tions. The project staff is particularly indebted to Marie Byrne, William Leap, and Mary Jane Young. A special note of thanks is extended to Robert W. Young for clarifying the nature of his collaboration with Harrington in the study of the Apache and Navaho languages.

I would also like to extend thanks to John P. Marr and the Harrington family for their notes of personal encouragement, A final, special thank you goes to my husband, Bob Kline, for his unfailing support and assistance in all phases of the project.

ELAINE L. MILLS, Editor The John P. Harrington Papers

National Anthropological Archives

Notes to Researchers

USING THE GUIDE Researchers are encouraged to read relevant portions of this guide before examining the microfilm itself. A perusal of the series descrip­tions and reel contents will give an accurate idea of both the general scope and specific contents of each block of field notes.

The field notes for the Southwest have been arranged by tribe/language or, in the case of comparative material, by field trip. Each of these categories constitutes a "series." Series descriptions begin with a brief introduction, furnishing such background informa­tion as the circumstances of the trip and the identity of the principal Indian and non-Indian informants and co-workers. This is followed by textual descriptions (highlighted by titles in bold face type) of the major divisions within the notes-for example, vocabularies, dictionaries, texts, ethnographic notes, historical and biographical data, and bibliog­raphies. Finally, the reel contents list provides a detailed outline of contents complete with reel and frame numbers.

Other helpful aids are checklists of the people with whom Harrington worked and the published and unpublished works to which he referred. In the first list, abbreviations and alternate spellings of

IV /xv

r

IV /xvi John Peabody Harrington

names appear in parentheses. In the second listing, brief notes in brackets indicate whether Harrington possessed a copy of the work (photostat, microfilm, typescript, handwritten copy, etc.). The notation "N.A.A." stands for National Anthropological Archives; "B.A.E." stands for Bureau of American Ethnology.

Also included, if relevant, are a list of publications by Har­rington himselfand cross-references to other series in the "Southwest" field notes or elsewhere in the papers. Researchers are urged to skim the forthcoming guide to "Correspondence" as well as the "Chronology of Harrington's Career" for additional information. Interested re­searchers should contact the National Anthropological Archives for information regarding any photographs or sound recordings men­tioned in the guide.

USING THE MICROFILM

The John P. Harrington Papers are published on 35mm microfilm at a reduction of 14: 1. Images appear in the "A" position, usually two to a frame. Each numbered reel begins with introductory frames giving general reel contents and technical information.

Beginning with the first original item, a digital counter ap­pears at the bottom center of each frame for ease in locating and citing documents. The location of each section of notes for a given tribe/lan­guage is provided in the reel contents lists in this guide. A list will direct researchers to the film by two sets of digits, the first designating the correct reel and the second indicating a frame or group of frames. Thus, to locate "Drafts and Notes Relating to Primers" under Navaho (021: 0001-1203) turn to Reel 021, Frames 0001 through 1203.

In citing the papers in footnotes and bibliographical refer­ences, researchers should refer to the original set of papers and their location and should mention the use of the microfilm edition. A sug­gested form for the first citation is:

Navaho Field Notes John P. Harrington Papers National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution (Microfilm edition: Reel 021, Frame 0352)

Two editorial devices have been used to guide the researcher through each reel of film. The first is the "target," a kind of signpost

IV /xviiSouthwest

interspersed throughout the records. It serves primarily to announce the beginning of each new section on a reel. It may also be use.d to explain the peculiarities of certain pages of notes such as: ~and~rI~ten annotations by informants and assistants; errors in numberIng; mIssIng, misplaced, and two-sided pages; abbreviations which are not obvious in context; old manuscript numbers; and cross-references to other parts of the papers. The second device is the "flash space," a strip ~fbla~k.~lm placed between major and nlinor sections to aid in spottIng dIvIsion breaks (between letters of the alphabet in a dictionary, for example)

when reeling quickly through the film. When individual manuscript pages are faded, discolored,

torn, or reversed (as in carbons), typed transcripts appear on the film beside the manuscript version. These follow the original text as closely as possible. Any information supplied by the editor is b~acketed.

Before being duplicated each master reel of microfilm passed a frame-by-frame quality control check at Kraus International Publica­tions. It was then proofread by the "Harrington Microfilm Project" staff against the inventory list for the Papers as they appear in the folders and boxes at the National Anthropological Archives. The only omissions are those noted in the "Scope and Content" section and on the backs of those pages where data has either been completely obliter­

ated, or crossed out and copied exactly elsewhere.

NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY Occasionally, terms used in this publication for referri~g t~ In~ian groups may not be those currently utilized by ant~ropologlsts,hnguI~ts, or tribal members. To avoid confusion in chOOSing among alternative terms or the various ways to spell them, the editor referred to a stan­dardized master list based on the catalogs of manuscripts and photo­

graphs in the National Anthropological Archives.

Maps

EXPLANATION OF MAPS

Map 1 shows the tribal groups studied by Harrington during his work in

the Southwest. Map 2 indicates the major sites of Harrington's fieldwork or

other important locations mentioned by him in the field notes. Both maps were prepared by Theophilus Britt Griswold, Sci­

entific Illustrator, Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institu­tion, from sketches and data provided by the author.

IV /xix

(-', , " i" "

"I A{. ...... \ -z. .~

cr: ''I

0"'­l.L.r':;( q:/

O( .J ....,.~

Map 1. Tribal territories in the Southwest, 1908-1945.

IV /xx

"',

I

I

.(') ><;:)

; ­

«j "~",,.r"':1 WYOMING _._._.-.-.-._~~-~_.-.~~._.~.~AH

-{:. .'·i;;:·~rt:·;TI!;J· - . - . _. - . _.>1

_..li' ,,-,3>

Iw·z! ~ OK.

)'" ~VAHOINDIAN R~~~QcJ,,~ ._? i-'-' ­.~ ~ t.·: "J::CK ME'S~ ~ II r:· ':;~i! ~ .;:0 Taos I c' \) t; ~ '0 (( :.1 1 -<:) i- .;.1 I

C",• .' T~ba CityJ : ,HOPIINDI':~O i ~ ;- f\ f''"'\~ S ~ \CHACO JG.~~O 'v'Y~ l'~r :.: RES 1 :{: ... ~.~.j an uan Santa Cruz

~ l' <<-.. ~';~F'bi.POI~~ca l~ort Defianc:~ CANYON San IIdefons~~~ ~ ~ Pojoaque .<;:) t·''t,ill··!· '''-1'' .' . I :.', If:!.g ",;" Nambe\..,

D("d',"} ~('> ~:: :l. Window Rock ~"" ..:. ..... ~ ·.~St. Michaels .b: .......:.~.~.,:..:.~.:l __ Jeme~";"" oSanta Fe"" ~~ ~ ~''''',:<::.~':~::;:~:::~:'3 - G~lIo ~ . San YSidro",.-.D~i~~· ~Cochiti " .~ t) %~Q ~.... p ~FortWlngatel ~M~a~i>l~iii, ~c

~. .;1·lISant~ Domingo Flagstafto f:.... ..Q' ,;.; :.>10,,,,,,'.; ~..':.~~ ~ ~ ..... San Felipe Tucumari I

0" .1 ....

~J~E~E:~~:J

,. . .:.'~ .0. :J;";;.:;:.::..;.'::.~~'"",.:~..:i) -...;:. ~'"'::'I'-i.if:lH:b:'~ ,..~ l>. ~ .......J.hf:~ ..oJ

Winslow ZU~i~'J"S, La.,~~.!la Albuquerque , I\ ) HO~::::A'"'W~~ Acol:!l~~ ri~ I I

I ,~,~ ':\""':'::"~~>,~~n~

!

I Icc; i ,O~·

. '}~ FORT APACHE "tILl-t "':::1 ~ I:;;. "\~~ INDIAr'J RES. l")

I:l I ~ .{

U_I \Phoenixi I'l i

~ LLANO ('> 1

'",."\ 1J i, '¥ er Sacaton ESTACADa~ii~~~~~2i~:~ Co,

i Gi,\a ~ ,

I"-".1._(

\

I ,IZ 'm ,»1<: o Las Cruces

Tucson JJ'<:_I I Njs:, ........If. ~ O·m ___________________\.---_. -' ----TEXAS' -' -_. »'- ""'-.flvf~Jr/'CO"'_' ..._.... Zlx

In o 50 100 MILESjo \ I I J

" ..... . _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. L .. _ .. _ .. _ . """."

"'.

Map 2. Sites of fieldwork in the Southwest, 1908 -1945.

IV /xxi

Photographs

IV / xxiii

Scene in Navaho territory, Tzitijin 'j'{i'aatj{h, mid- to late-1930s. (Photograph by Robert W. Young.) (This and all following photo­graphs from The Papers of]ohn P. H arring­ton, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.)

Adolph Dodge Biuany, Navaho informant who worked with Gladys Reich­ard and Robert W. Young, ca. 1936-1939. (Photograph by Robert W. Young.)

. J W I Fewkes in excavation of Harrington (far right) and unidentified Navaho tribal members, possibly on Navaho Reservation, 1938-1940. (Photograph by John P. Marr.)

Harrington during a stint as asslsta~t to. a t~ 1926 Elden Pueblo site near Flagstaff, Anzona, May- ugust .

xxv /IV IV /xxiv

General view of ruins at Elden Pueblo, May-August 1926.

Harrington (far right) with (left to right): J. O. Prescott; Kutqa, chief of the Walpi; Kakapti; Hunyi; and Hunawu, Grand Canyon, May-June 1926. The Hopi speakers recorded songs under the supervision of J. Walter Fewkes of the B.A.E. (Photograph by C.E. Wickemeyer.)

IV /xxvi

Governor of Taos, near pu.eblo, 1927. This portrait was publIshed with Harrington's report in Exp~or­ations and Field-Work of the Smzth­sonian Institution for 1928. (Photo­graph by Fred Clark.)

Blue Lake in the Santa Fe Mountains, one of the most sacred places of the

Taos Indians, n.d.

xxvii/IV

Harrington as "Black Mesa of San Ildefonso," ca.

~ ceremony witnessed by Har­ Scene, probably taken while on a tripnngton during his early field­ to record the meanings of Tewa Indianwork with the Tewa, ca. 1908­ placenames around Santa Fe, ca. 1910. 1916.

IV I xxviii

Series Descriptions And Reel Contents

Apache and Kiowa Apache

Harrington's study of Apache and Kiowa Apache spanned almost a decade. It began with an examination of secondary sources in 1936 and culminated in 1945 with the recording of brief vocabularies from native speakers.

Speakers of several dialects were interviewed. Asa Deklugie and Raymond Loco provided Chiricahua data while Percy Bigmouth and Victor Dolan gave Mescalero terms. White Mountain Apache words were obtained from Philip Cosen and Kiowa Apache items from Howard Soontay. Related Navaho and Yavapai terms were given by Adolph Dodge Bitanny, Howard Gorman, and Mollie Starr.

NOTES AND DRAFTS FOR PROPOSED PUBLICATIONS ON GERONIMO AND APACHE

In collaboration with Robert W. Young, Harrington evidently planned a linguistic treatment of the life of Geronimo, the famous Chiricahua Apache chief, and, even more ambitiously, hoped to translate Geron­

IVII

IV /2 John Peabody Harrington

imo's published autobiography into Apache. He was in Washington, D.C., for all of 1936 and 1937 and, in fact, was hospitalized for six weeks in January and February 1937. He therefore accumulated his initial facts principally from secondary sources, using particularly S. M. Bar­rett's Life ofGeronimo, identified in the field notes as "Autobiography," and W. Clum, Apache Agent. In most cases he gave page references for the material he copied.

Between June 1936 and June 1937, Harrington carried on a lively correspondence with William R. Hill, Engineer-in-Charge at the Mescalero Indian Reservation. Hill's father worked for the B.A.E. and was Harrington's friend. Robert Young also collected data for him in the fall of 1936 through interviews with Asa Deklugie and Eugene Chihuahua. In his notes Harrington mentioned several times a ques­tionnaire which he probably sent to both Hill and Young. The num­bered typewritten slips filed with his Apache notes may be responses to the questionnaire (which has not been found among Harrington's papers). Young and Hill reheard the copied entries from the secondary sources, and Harrington attempted to synthesize the historic and eth­nological information into a coherent text. He also tried to establish definitive etymologies and orthography for Apache placenames and personal names.

Harrington was in touch with Father Berard Haile, a linguist and Navaho lexicographer at the Franciscan Mission in St. Michaels, Arizona. Haile was in Washington inJune 1936, but there is no indica­tion that this was their initial contact. A limited number of letters were exchanged with several other scholars involved in Athapascan studies, such as Harry Hoijer and Leonard Bloomfield.

Asa Deklugie was the principal source of primary data on Apache. The son of Geronimo's sister, this speaker of Chiricahua had acted as interpreter to Barrett in 1905 - 1906. Young worked with him at his home on Whitetail Mountain, and Harrington interviewed him in Washington inJune 1937 when informants Percy Bigmouth and Victor Dolan were also present.

The notes provide a useful block ofplacenames and names of persons, with random linguistic, ethnographic, biographical, and his­torical observations. The notes are arranged according to topic, each probably corresponding to a proposed chapter heading in Harrington's write-up. Entries from secondary souces and the related information supplied by rehearings in the field and in Washington were clipped

IV /3 Southwest

together. Wherever possible these groups of notes are now pasted on a

single sheet. 1 h d to use the notes for additional Harrington apparent y ope . ,

d ' "The Etymology of GeronImo sh nder such hea lngs as ,

monograp s u W dA he "andareviewofClum s ""Th Etymology of the or pac , . d

Name, e 10 of the word Apache, he intervlewe Apache Agent. For the ety~o gy. J I 1939 John Collier published a

. S 'W shlngton In u y .Miss MollIe tarr In a bi" ' J ly 1936, There are

At' the New Repu 'tC In u review of Apache gen dIn h dwritten preliminary drafts, but nei­

l ' plete type or an severa In:om blished the proposed papers.ther HarrIngton nor Young pu

APACHE AND KIOWA APACHE VOCABULARIES . ile an Apache dictionary, although a random

Harrington dId not comp h' . I d ethnographic observationsf om the lstorlca an

vocabulary emerges r . h h beginning of a dictionary he made on the tribe. There IS t e ro~g1944 and from Philip Cosen taken from informant Howard Soontay In ,

and Raymond Loco in 1945.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON AND HIS

COLLABORATORS Linguistic Informants

APACHE (CHIRICAHUA) Eugene Chihuahua , Asa Deklugie (Daklugle)

Raymond Loco APACHE (MESCALERO)

Percy Bigmouth Victor Dolan

APACHE (WHITE MOUNTAIN)

Philip Cosen KIOWA APACHE

Howard Soontay

NAVAHO ,,' "b Harrington)Adolph Dodge Bittany (spelled Bltanny y

Howard Gorman

Y~~M . )Mollie Starr Gould (Mollie Starr, MollIe Star

IV /4 John Peabody Harrington

N onlinguistic Informants

Fred Baker Isabel Meadows Alma Phelps

Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents

Leonard Bloomfield, Department of Linguistics, University of Chicago

Father Berard Haile (Fr. B), Franciscan Mission, St. Michaels, Arizona

Colonel [Robert?] Hazzard, V. A.

William B. Hill, Engineer, Mescalero Indian Reservation Dr. Harry. Hoij.er, Department of Sociology and Anthropol­

ogy, UnIversIty of Wisconsin

W. B. McCown, Superintendent, Kiowa Indian Agency, Ana­darko, Oklahoma

Mr. R. H. Ogle, Phoenix Union High School, Phoenix, Ari­zona

Superintendent, San Carlos Indian Agency, Arizona Superintendent, Ft. Sill Indian Agency, Oklahoma

Richard Fowler Van Valkenburgh, Department of Agricul­ture, Albuquerque, New Mexico

Arthur Woodward Robert W. Young

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Bancroft, Hubert Howe

1889 HistoryofArizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888. San Francisco: The History Company.

Barrett, Stephen M.

1906 Geronimo's Story ofHis Life. ... New York: Duffield and Co. Bourke, Captain John G.

1885- "Wit~ Gen~ral Crook in the Sierra Madre." Outing 6-10. 1887 (Pubhshed In serial form, each issue from August 1885 to

August 1887.) Clum, W.

1936 Apache Agent: the Story of John P. Glum. . .. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Southwest IV /5

Collier, john 1936 Review of Clum, Apache Agent. New Republic 87:246.

Cremony, john C.

1868 Life Among the Apaches. San Francisco: A. Roman & Company. Franciscans

1910 An Ethnological Dictionary of the Navaho Language. St. Mi­chaels, Arizona: The Franciscan Fathers.

Gifford, Edward S. 1932 "The Southeastern Yavapai." University ofCalifornia Publica­

tions in American Archaeology and Ethnology 29:3: 177 - 252. 1936 "The Northeastern and Western Yavapai." University ofCali­

fornia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:4:247 -353.

Goddard, Pliny Earle 1910 "Apache Tribes of the Southwest." The Southern Workman

39:9:481-485. 1911 "Jicarilla Apache Texts." Anthropological Papers of the Ameri­

can Museum ofNatural History 8:1-276. 1919 "San Carlos Apache Texts." Anthropological Papers of the

American Museum ofNatural History 24:3:141-367. Hodge, Frederick Webb, ed. 1907 - "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." Bureau

1910 ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30. Hoijer, Harry

1938 Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts. . . . Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Sapir, Edward 1936 "Internal Linguistic Evidence Suggestive of the Northern Or­

igin of the Navaho." American Anthropologist n.s. 38:2:224­235.

Wheeler, C. F. and j. R. 1909 Life ofTwo Scout Braids (Thomas Stringfield . ..). San Antonio,

Texas: Press of Wood-Brownlee Printing Co. Woodward, Arthur

1943 "John G. Bourke on the Arizona Apache, 1874." Plateau 16:2:33-49. In addition to the above sources, there are brief mentions of

about thirty-four other books, articles, and dictionaries in the field notes.

IV /6 John Peabody Harrington

APACHE AND KIOWA APACHE Reel 001 REEL FRAMES

001 0001-0337 Notes and Draftsfor ProposedPublications on Geronimo and Apache

0338-0402 Apache and Kiowa Apache Vocabularies

Navaho

Although Harrington published brief articles on Navaho in 1911 and 1929, his most sustained work in this language spanned the ye~rs 1~ 35 to 1946: Correspondence and reports indicate that during thIs penod he was In the field actually working with informants from July to November 1939, and from August to mid-November 1940 at such pl~ces as For~ Wingate and Gallup, New Mexico, and Phoe~ix, Tuba CIty, and WIndow Rock, Arizona. His access to excellent infor­mants is due in no small part to his brilliant young collaborator, Robert W. :oung, whom he first contacted in August 1936 and with whom he carned on an extensive correspondence into the mid-1940s. In fact their joint efforts in Navaho were accomplished mainly by mail. '

: oung, who hadjust completed his studies at the University of New .Mex~co and .t~e. School of American Research in Albuquerque, remaIned In .the vIcInIty of the Navaho reservation and agency during most of the tIme he worked with Harrington. As early as 1937, Young and the Navaho speaker William Morgan produced educational mate­rial for Willard W. Beatty, director of the Education Office ofthe Office of Indian Affairs. Morgan was then employed in the Southwestern Range and Sheep Breeding Laboratory near Fort Wingate; Young was also. employed there as Laboratory Assistant in the Department of Agncul.ture. By 1940 Young was working at the Navaho Language School In Santa ~e, as a ~avaho Language Specialist in the employ of the Office of IndIan AffaIrs. It was this agency which published Young and Morgan's The Navaho Language in 1943.

Harrington collaborated or corresponded with others, among whom were Ann Nolan Clark, Oliver La Farge, Francis Elmore, Harry

Southwest IV /7 Hoijer, William Hill, and Richard Van Valkenburgh. He also contacted various university professors and graduate students, some of whom taught at such programs as those directed by the Summer Institute of Linguistics (Camp Wycliffe) and the University of New Mexico School of American Research.

Harrington consulted a wide array of secondary sources and reheard or compared data from them which he later combined with original notes. These include several hundred terms from then-unpub­lished manuscripts of Edward Sapir, and two of Harry Hoijer's publications-Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts (1938) and "The Southern Athapascan Languages" (1938). He made extensive use of two works published by the Franciscan Fathers, An Ethnological Dictio­nary of the Navaho Language (1910) and A Vocabulary of the Navaho Language (1912). He turned to W. L. Jepson and Washington Matthews for botanical terms, and to Adrien G. Morice for Carrier comparisons. In a search for precise grammatical terminology, he consulted a score or more of grammars, dictionaries, and publications on language and lin­guistics in Latin, Greek, Indo-Germanic, and several Arabic languages. Most prominent are Walter A. Ripman's Latin Handbook (1930) and Alan H. Gairdner's publication on Arabic phonetics (1935).1

Informants were numerous; some of them were well edu­cated. Mentioned frequently are Willietto Antonio, Chee Dodge, How­ard Gorman, George E. Hood, Hoskie Naswood, Albert Sandoval (also called "Chic"), Charles Keetsie Shirley, and Sam Tilden.

Because of their long-term collaboration, Young's notes are inextricably intermixed with those of Harrington. Although some are labeled "Y," a researcher will soon become familiar with Young's unla­beled contributions, his handwriting and printing, and even with his style. Other hand-copied material is the work ofB.A.E. assistant, Arvilla Johnson. Harrington's daughter Awona, ofSan Diego, California, pro­duced many of the copies in eighteen-point type.

Researchers are advised to remember that Harrington often used the same data for different categories of his records. Kinship terms, for example, may be found among phonetic notes, in a semantic arrangement of notes on nouns, or in a semantically arranged vocabu­lary in slipfile form.

1. Gairdner is erroneously spelled "Gardner" throughout the notes.

IV /8 John Peabody Harrington

VOCABULARY

This section contains. terms extracted from Young and Morgan's The Navaho La~guage, whIch were reheard principally to obtain Kiowa and ~ano2 ~quivalences. Information is occasionally included from Har­rIngton s Apache an~ Tewa notes. A brief typed vocabulary, semanti­cally arranged, contaIns scattered grammatical material.

VOCABULARY SLIPFILE

Also arranged semantically is a slipfile of terms based mainly on An Ethnological Dictionary ofthe Navaho Language. It contains annotations and relevant e.xcerpts from the Harrington-Young correspondence. Plant names wIth. Young's annotations are based on W. L. Jepson's A Manual ofFlowerzng Plants of California (1925) and Washington Mat­thews' ~he Navajo. Names f~r Plants (1886). Of the twenty semantic categon~s,the sectIons on anImals, animal parts, plants, and placenames are partIcularly substantial. Supplementary notes on botanical terms are filed sep~,rately an~ d,~scribed below (see "Records Relating to Ethnobotany ). The senes Ethnographic Notes" contains some Chaco Canyon placenames.

DICTIONARY NOTES AND SLIPFILE

Lexic,~l terms fr?m the Bureau of Indian Affairs' "Navajo Phrase Book were obtaI~ed from Willard Beatty and sent by Harrington to Young for reheanngs. One section of the phrase book was not anno­tated. (See also "Extracts from Secondary Sources.")

Navaho ent~ies with ~iowa equivalences were apparently taken from a manuscrIpt for a dIctionary by Young; they were cut out an~ pasted onto large s~eets and further annotated by Young, with the aSSIstance of Adolph Bittany; correspondence indicates that this may have taken place in April and May 1937.

. Tw? miscellaneous groups of entries are in Navaho/English. One In Harnngton's hand is a brief "A" to "z" I h hg ossary; t e ot er covers only the letters "P " "S " "T " "w " "X " d "Y" d h' , , , ,an an t e terms are typed and mounted on cards.

2. Hano is presently referred to as "Arizona Tewa."

Southwest IV /9

GRAMMAR

The material on Navaho grammar is extensive and includes notes, drafts of a manuscript, excerpts from secondary sources, correspon­dence between Young and Harrington, and slips. The file represents many years of accumulating, annotating, rearranging, and collating information. The effort appears to be geared toward proposed publica­tions ranging from introductory manuals to the structuring of a com­prehensive Navaho grammar. Notes attributed to Young are usually labeled, sometimes with his name and date, at other times merely with a "Y."

A number ofdrafts exist, most of them incomplete, which can be variously dated between 1936 and 1941. Some are Harrington's and some are Young's. Grammatical categories (and their related notes) are placed generally in the order indicated by tables of contents found among the notes. This, however, does not eliminate a certain amount of chronological confusion as Harrington interfiled undated notes or notes of differing dates according to linguistic content. Due to such extensive interfiling and subsequent annotation, each section or sub­section should not be considered an exclusive entity; there is much overlapping of data. Elicitations from most of the major informants are represented; the identity of the contributors is frequently indicated.

There are both drafts and notes for each of the two main categories, designated as phonetics and morphology, and for each ofthe various subsections. The principal phonetic subjects covered are vowels, consonants, and segments. Under morphology are filed data on nouns, pronouns, verbs, particles, and postpositions. In-depth notes on nouns are followed by a separate list ofnouns provided by Young and by another brief section, which is arranged into approximately twenty semantic categories. The verb section represents extensive input by Young on stems, paradigms, and lists of verbs. More information on verbs comes from portions of Young's correspondence which Harring­ton cut and pasted onto large sheets. Also included in the series are Harrington's notes on verb terminology, his "Rainbow Diagram," and reading notes on Morice's The Carrier Language (1932). Parts offormer B.A.E. ms. 4099 are found among the material on particles and postpo­sitions.

There are several discrete groups ofnotes that were not inter­filed and a separate handwritten draft by Harrington, labeled "origi­

------------------_......._-----------~-------------------------------

IV /10 John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /11

nal," which covers only articles, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and postpositions.

Miscellaneous notes include excerpts from the Harrington­Young correspondence for the years 1937, 1938, and 1941; a small section of unsorted grammatical data; information from other linguists such as Father Berard Haile, Bernard Bloch, and Edgar H. Sturtevant (abbreviated "Sturt"); lecture notes from Eugene A. Nida dated Au­gust 17, 1940, at the Linguistic Institute, Camp Wycliffe, Sulphur Springs, Arkansas; bibliographic notes; and notes on informants.

GRAMMATICAL SLIPFILES

A further substantial body of grammatical material is found on large slips. Harrington hand copied some notes; others were typed and pasted, one item to a page. There are data on verb paradigms (including some for" Little Bear Primer") and on particles.

Individual items of information from Young's voluminous correspondence, not otherwise interfiled, were also cut out and pasted or copied on separate slips. Part of this section is a further rehearing by Young of Morice's The Carrier Language.

Another group of notes records comparisons with several southern Athapascan languages, evidently based on Young's notes, vo­cabulary items, correspondence, and other undocumented material. Harrington also used the slipfile format to index questions which he had earlier sent to Young, again with one question on each slip.

REHEARINGS OF LINGUISTIC DATA FROM SAPIR, HOIJER, MORICE, AND REICHARD

The most extensive set of notes in this series consists of rehearings of Edward Sapir's linguistic terms by Young in 1940 and 1941. How Harrington obtained the notes and who supplied them to him is uncer­tain. Kenneth L. Pike of the Summer Institute of Linguistics and the Wycliffe Bible Translators had access to a set in Ann Arbor but sug­gested to Harrington in a letter dated August 18, 1940, that Harring­ton would find them too fragmentary to be of use.

Though the copied materials may be similar in content, they do not appear to be exact duplicates of the Sapir linguistic holdings at the American Philosophical Society, which were edited by Harry Hoijer and donated by Morris Swadesh. Nonetheless, field notes and corre­

spondence show conclusively that Harrington had copies of Sapir's notes and that Young commented on them at least between October 8, 1940, and March 15, 1941. More than three hundred terms were annotated. Another set of approximately two hundred were typed one to a page but were not annotated; these have not been filmed.

Parenthetically, Harry Hoijer, a student of Sapir's, remarked in his article, "The Southern Athapascan Languages," that the "Na­vaho forms and most of the Hupa and Sarcee quotations are from Dr. Sapir's unpublished lists of stems and .prefixes w~i~h he ha~ kindly placed at my disposal" (p. 75). He agaIn used SapIr s collectIons for "Navaho Phonology" (1945).

Young also reheard terms from Hoijer's Chiricahua and Mes­calero Apache Texts late in 1940. George E. Hood commented on Hoijer's "The Southern Athapascan Languages," possibly at about the same time. There are typed excerpts from Young's May 1938 letters regarding Morice's The Carrier Language and miscellaneous linguis~ic

information given by Hood and reheard by Richard Long. Other mIS­cellaneous rehearings are with Alfred Sanchez (abbreviated"Alf." or "Alfredo"), Willietto Antonio, George Hood, and Robert Young (Sep­tember 1939); and with Howard Gorman, Albert Sandoval, and John Charles (1939). There is also a rehearing with Henry Tsosie of terms from Gladys A. Reichard and Adolph Dodge Bittany's Agentive and Causative Elements in Navaho (1940), including some excerpts from the book. Harrington recorded information from a number of informants, apparently at the home of Richard Van Valkenburgh in 1939. Finally, in February 1941, he reheard the vocabulary of Pedro Bautista Pino with Howard Gorman.3

RECORDS RELATING TO ETHNOBOTANY

A package of notes with Navaho names for plants, handwritten by Harrington, was apparently sent to Young at the Southwes~ern Range and Sheep Breeding Laboratory, Fort Wingate, New MeXICO, on Oc­tober 6, 1939. Many were annotated by Young. The sources of the botanical names were not documented but presumably they were culled from several published works, and possibly from original data lent to

3. Harrington referred to this as the "1812 Navaho vocabulary"; Robert W. Young does not believe that the twelve terms comprising this list are Navaho.

IV /12 John Peabody Harrington

Harrington by colleagues or friends. There is a small set of slips in an unidentified hand which was excerpted from Washington Matthews' article, "The Navaho Names for Plants."

Harrington copied Navaho words from a manuscript which had been supplied to Willard Beatty by Father Berard Haile and re­heard them with informant "M" in March 1939. He also checked the Navaho names for plants and minerals given in Stella Young's 1940 article, " . . . Navajo Native Dyes. . . . "

A set of index cards contains Francis H. Elmore's scientific and Navaho names for plants, supplemented by translations and Harrington's annotations which may date from September 1939. El­more published Ethnobotany of the Navajo in 1944 and Harrington re­viewed it in the same year.

Many informants were involved in the ethnobotanical study. Those named include Roy Merton, Charles K. Shirley, Sam and Benjamin (Benny) Tilden, Alex (possibly Alexander Anderson), Grace McCrea (also spelled "McCray"), Alfred Sanchez, Mrs. Bia, Mrs. Nona­bah Gorman Bryan, Norman, and Cliff Rose.

ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES

This series includes notes, vocabulary, and illustrations on the structure of dwelling places as well as some information on the mythic origins of the Navaho. Many ofthe illustrations are by Charles Keetsie Shirley. On the same subject is a set of cards in Young's hand which was sent to Harrington at Fort Wingate in August 1939. At Harrington's request, Yo~ng also translated what appears to be a lesson on hogans, possibly a sectIon ofa proposed text for instructional purposes. A group of Chaco Canyon placenames were given by Ed Henry in June 1939; several others were extracted from various secondary sources.

Other ethnographic subjects briefly covered are the Hoop and Pole game, a social and economic survey questionnaire, White Hat's funeral (1939), the Lord's Prayer as recorded by Berard Haile, and notes on Sandoval's sound recordings. Malcolm Farmer supplied nonlinguistic information and there is a small set of highly miscella­neous ethnographic and historical notes.

Some of the informants involved include George Hood, Willietto Antonio, Howard Gorman, and Sam Tilden. Ray Hanosa provided several Moencopi-Hopi notes.

Southwest IV /13

TEXTS

In 1936 Robert W. Young sent to Harrington bilingual texts which he had collected. They were written with interlinear translations and fol­lowed by a precis in English. Titles include: "Deer and Coyote," "Where the People Came Out," "A Wedding Ceremonial," and "The Woman Who Changed into a Bear."

A recording session on October 31, 1949, with Dick Left, Richard Long, and Harry (not further identified) provided Navaho songs, ceremonies, and legends. Harrington's notes supply the identity of the discs and peripheral information such as the gestures accompany­ing the songs. Some linguistic annotations are interspersed. The discs described in the notes have not been located.

DRAFTS AND NOTES RELATING TO PRIMERS

Harrington's first interest in primers dated back to December 1920 when, in a report to bureau head J. W. Fewkes, he mentioned his desire to complete a Serrano primer. According to correspondence and field notes, Harrington suggested a primer project to promote bilingual literacy among the Indians of the Southwest in a conversation withJohn Collier, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, in 1923. The subject was men­tioned again in a letter of May 1934, in which he suggested that he be named the director ofa linguistic education program. Collier preferred to set up an advisory committee to study the matter.

InJune 1936, Harrington corresponded with Willard Beatty, head of the education division of the Indian Service, in an attempt to resurrect the project. By June 17 he believed he had devised a simple, practical system for publishing interlinear texts-right d~wn to th.e type and typewriter to be used. In July he attempted to Involve his colleagues Richard Van Valkenburgh and Leonora Curtin in the prepa­ration of a Navaho primer, although they only worked on it a month at most. In September Reginald Fisher, an associate of Edgar L. Hewett, recommended Robert W. Young as a collaborator for the project. On July 17, 1937, Harrington mailed the first of his primer material to Young for further input and correction.

During the course of their work together from 1937 to 1939, Harrington and Young prepared drafts for two primers, "Little Bear Primer" and "Spotted Dog Primer," a pre-primer (probably the so­called "Doda Primer"), and a playbook or cut-out book. Despite an

IV /14 John Peabody Harrington

assurance that at least both of the major works were to be printed, none of these primers was ever published.

Harrington was detailed to Fort Wingate inJuly 1939 to assist with the Office of Indian Affairs primer program. At this time he and Young served as translators for a set of four primers in the "Little Herder" series. Harrington was also credited with developing the "Harrington - La Farge phonetic system" utilized in the three-volume set entitled Little Man's Family. His interest remained alive at least until 1942 when the third and fourth volumes of the "Little Herder" series were published.

Published Primers

The"Little Herder" series of primers was published by the Education Division of the Office of Indian Affairs and edited by Willard Beatty, director of the division. A teacher in the Indian Service, Ann Nolan Clark, wrote the English versions; Harrington and Young provided the Navaho translations. The "Spring" and "Autumn" volumes (1940a-b) were published in Septelnber 1940, and the "Winter" and "Summer" ones (1942c-d) in January and February of 1942.4

For each of the four volumes there are several draft versions and notes in the handwriting of Harrington, Young, and Clark. The principal linguistic informants were George Hood, Willietto Antonio, Charles Shirley, Norman, Mrs. Angell, and "M."

Among the papers relating to the"Little Herder" primers are Harrington's notes for a lecture launching the primer project and an introductory paper (which included some Navaho history and pho­netics) by Harrington, Young, and author and Indian rights activist Oliver La Farge.

Also published in 1940 was Clark's "Who Wants To Be a Prairie Dog?" (1940d) for which Young, Willietto Antonio, and Harrington again provided the Navaho version. Their original drafts and notes are contained in this section.

Harrington and La Farge were given credit for the simplified Navaho alphabet used in another 1940 Office of Indian Affairs three­volume primer series titled "Little Man's Family." This was probably

4. A 1950 reissue of two volumes combined "Spring and Summer" in one and "Autumn and Winter" in the other (1950a-b).

IV /15Southwest

the first of the Navaho primers. Willietto Antonio and Young se~ved as translators on the project. There are no linguistic notes speCIfically

related to this set among Harrington's papers.

Unpublished Primers Harrington's "Little Bear Primer" was never published, although he and Young produced a wealth of material for it. H~rrington apparently began work on it before July 1937 and was nearIng completl?n of at least two volumes by April 1938. According to Young, the project was subsequently abandoned when it was learned that bears are a taboo

subject for the Navaho. The material begins with preliminary notes and drafts and

continues through to instructions on type style and printing costs. In­cluded are draft versions in various stages ofcompletion; notes ofcolla­borating translators Robert Young and Adolph Bittany; rehe~rings with Howard Gorman, George Hood, and Cecil (no last name gIven);

and texts to be used in successive primer lessons. There are mock-ups of the primer which indicate how the text

was to be integrated with illustrations, playbooks, and songs. Numerous sketches by Joelle Danner are among the papers. Evelyn C. ~anner provided nonlinguistic aid. Other linguistic consultants were Blttany, Chee Dodge, Richard Long, and "M." One draft is labeled "Telegraph Pole" version and another "Post-telegraph Pole." The latter was mounted by "~" and proofread by "A," symbols which have not been

positively identified. . Harrington and Young collaborated on two other prImers

each approaching, but not culminating in, publication. For th~ "Spot­ted Dog Primer" there are drafts, notes, lessons, and numero~sIllustra­tions. Artwork was contributed by Ann Rosenbloth, a Mr. WIlson, and the Navahos George Hood, G. Sandell, Andrew Tsinajini, and Charles Keetsie Shirley. The few dated notes range from December 1937 to 1940. A small section contains information on silversmithing and

weaving. . "Doda Primer" evidently progressed at the same tIme. Drafts,

notes, and water-color illustrations are included. Hood is the only infor­

mant named in the notes. A Harrington manuscript on "Wall Newspaper Titles" and

the ensuing notes presumably refer to a bilingual educational method

IV /16 John Peabody Harrington

describing Navaho daily life. The written material was to be augmented by sketches of the activity described in the titles. Charles Keetsie Shirley and Howard Gorman are named as informants. No dates are included. This type of output, however, may have been part of Harrington's primer work for the B.LA. beginning in July 1939, or it may have resulted from time spent on the Navaho Reservation between August and mid-November of 1940.

WRITINGS

Published Articles

In this section are notes for Harrington's "Southern Peripheral Atha­paskawan Origins, Divisions, and Migrations" (1940c). The article is based on a variety of secondary sources. There are preliminary drafts and notes for the Navaho portion of "Earliest Navaho and Quechua" (1944a) coauthored by Robert W. Young. The drafts for two book reviews (1945m-n) are also part of this category. They include com­mentary on Francis H. Elmore's Ethnobotany ofthe Navajo and Robert W. Young and William Morgan's The ABC ofNavaho (1944).

UnpUblished Papers

Drafts and Notes for "Navaho Mouthmap" (1936) contain information supplied by Berard Haile (abbreviated "Fr. B"), extracts from corre­spondence with Young, and indication of the initial collaboration with Willard Beatty on a Navaho alphabet.

Drafts, notes, photographs, and sketches for "The Indian Dog Comes into His Own" emerged from John Collier's interest in breeding back the American Indian dog. The earliest dated correspon­dence is from 1935; most of the notes were written in 1938 with the aid of Young who was then employed at the Southwestern Range and Sheep Breeding Laboratory at Fort Wingate. Bibliographic informa­tion is interspersed.

"What Light Can Navajo Throw on Indogermanic Recon­struction?" is a self-explanatory title. A preliminary typed draft dated October 1940 and the reading notes indicate that the bulk of source material came from Franz Boas, Karl Brugmann, Hermann Hirt, and Edgar H. Sturtevant.

A short article prepared in 1945 on "The Name Navajo"

Southwest IV /17

traces the initial appearances of the name in documents on the early Spanish expeditions to the Southwest, with brief references to more recent secondary sources. Some notes are included with the draft.

There are typed drafts for "The Navajos Learn To Write," written with Oliver La Farge in August 1941; "A Little Grammar ofthe Navaho Language: A Textbook for Use in Indian Service Schools on America's Largest Reservation," coauthored by Young (March 17, 1940); and "Navajo or Navaho" (no date). Also undated is a one-page draft with notes on "Bean, Blanket and Juniper Among the Navajo Indians."

EXTRACTS FROM SECONDA_RY SOURCES

Extracts from certain secondary sources have been microfilmed be­cause they contain annotations by either Harrington or Robert W. Young or because they are not readily obtainable as published sources. Included in the file are several annotated pages of Morphology of the Navajo Language (1938) by Alexander Black, a trader at Fort Defiance, and paste-ups of terms from the Franciscan Fathers' A Vocabulary ofthe Navaho Language, annotated mainly by Young. Also included are an undated typed manuscript which W. W. Hill sent to Harrington inviting his criticism as well as notes and excerpts from the "Navajo Voice News" (1936) with translations by Berard Haile.

The file contains field data and writings by Morris Swadesh, Mary Haas Swadesh, and Richard F. Van Valkenburgh. The material from the Swadeshes consists of original notes on phonetics, grammar, and comparative terms from various Athapascan languages. Some are handwritten, some typed. From Van Valkenburgh are two typescripts and a list of titles of articles for which he had manuscripts in various stages of completion.

The last identifiable group of notes relates to a Navaho­English phrase book prepared by the U.S. Office of Indian Affairs (1938 -1939). The file includes a questionnaire and responses for com­pilation by the O.LA. of a Navaho-English dictionary. The question­naire was sent for input to Navaho Agency personnel to develop a vocabulary of modern terms to deal with such subjects as agriculture, employment, and dentistry. Extensive correspondence with numerous Indian Service employees does not include any letters to or from Har­rington. (Letters in this file are not part of Harrington's correspon­dence file.)

w=-­

IV /18 John Peabody Harrington

This series also contains several items from unidentified sources. There are typed extracts on such subjects as hunting, games, and dwelling places as well as a group of brief miscellaneous notes.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

Among the subjects covered in this series is a comparison of Navaho with other Indian languages. Informants for this section whose names do not appear elsewhere in the field notes are not listed as "persons contacted by Harrington." There are briefnotes on trips made in 1940, a list of the names of non-Indians, miscellaneous correspondence, and notes which are neither linguistic nor ethnographic.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON

Linguistic Informants

NAVAHO

Alec Alex (Alexander Anderson?) Mae S. Angel (Mrs. Angell) Willietto Antonio Harry B. Alfred Begay Scotty Begay Mrs. Bia Adolph Dodge Bittany (spelling in Reichard/Bittany book;

Harrington spelling: Bitanny) Mrs. Nonabah Gorman Bryan Hoskie Johnson Burnside (Hoskie) Cecil John Charles Cruz Curley Danny ("Indian boy who came to visit") Chee Dodge Thomas H. Dodge (son of Chee Dodge) Roy Dunn ("white boy who talks Navaho") Howard Gorman (y)

I\ii

Southwest IV /19

Ed Henry Grant Holstoi George E. Hood Paul Jones Dick Left Richard Long M (a female) Grace McCrea (Gracie McCray) Hoskie Naswood (Hoskie Naswood Brown?) Normal1 "Old Man" Cliff Rose Alfred Sanchez (Alf. , Alfredo) G. Sandell Albert Sandoval (Chic) Charles Keetsie Shirley Benjamin Tilden (Benny) Sam Tilden (Sam) Andrew Tsinajini (Sin-ah-jinni) Henry Tsosie (Tosie) John Watchman

Informants ofRobert W. Young (not contacted by Harrington) Jimmie Gleason Monte Lope William Morgan (also collaborator) Walter Shirley

APACHE (LIPAN)

Howard Soontay APACHE (WHITE MOUNTAIN)

Philip Cosen Raymond Loco

COSTANOAN (RUMSEN)

Isabelle Meadows (Iz.) HOPI (MOENCOPI)

Ray Hanosa KIOWA

Perry A. Keahtigh LAGUNA

Francis Paisano

I

IV /20 John Peabody Harrington

PIMA

Paul Lewis TEWA

Eduardo Cata David Dozier Juan (Mr. & Mrs.)

Non linguistic Informants Norman Adams Mr. & Mrs. John Y. Keur Malcolm Farmer Roberts (on birds, ruins, found by Judd)

Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents A. Lucy Wilcox Adams Willard Beatty Bernard Bloch Mrs. Bernard Bloch Leonard Bloomfield Ann Nolan Clark John Collier J. Milton Cowan Evelyn Danner (Ev.) Joelle Danner Francis H. Elmore Reginald G. Fisher Allan Harrison Fry, Catholic University E. R. Fryer Father James A. Geary, Catholic University Mary Haas (Mrs. Morris Swadesh) Berard Haile Arthur E. Harrington (A.E.H.) Awona Harrington William Hill (Nibbs) Charles F. Hockett Homer H. Howard Arvilla Johnson Oliver La Farge, president, American Association on Indian

Affairs

~

Southwest IV /21

Gerhardt Laves Truman Michelson Eugene A. Nida Paul H. Oehser Kenneth Pike Ann Rosenbloth G. Sandell J. Milton Snow (Jack) Moses Steinberg Matthew W. Stirling Edgar H. Sturtevant (Sturt.) Morris Swadesh Mrs. Morris Swadesh (Mary Haas Swadesh)

Tuttle Ruth M. Underhill Richard F. Van Valkenburgh Charles F. Voegelin Arthur Woodward (Art.) Robert W. Young (Y.)

FOR PROJECT TO BREED BACK THE INDIAN DOG

Carter Dr. W. M. Dawson Mr. Gwynn Dr.J. T.Jardine Mr. Krieger [Herbert W. Krieger?] Gouverneur Morrison P. S. Peberdy S. R. Speelman ~ [Danner or Dodge?]

NOT IDENTIFIABLE AS TO INFORMANTS OR COLLABORATORS

Mr. Hadley Wright (Some may have been personnel, both Indian and nonnative,

at the Navaho Agency.)

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON

Black, Alexander 1938 Morphology of the Navajo Language. [Unpublished paper.]

IV /22 John Peabody Harrington

Boas, Franz

1917 "Grammatical Notes on the Tlingit Language." University of Pennsylvania Museum Anthropology Publications 8:2: 1- 179.

Brugmann, Karl, and August Leskien

1907 Zur Kritik der Kiinstlichen Weltsprachen. Strasburg: K. T. Triibner.

Clark, Ann Nolan

1943 Young Hunter ofPicuris. . . . Chilocco, Oklahoma: Printing Department, Chilocco Agricultural School.

Elmore, Francis H.

1944 "Ethnobotany of the Navajo. . . . " The University of New Mexico Bulletin . .. Monograph Series 1:7:392 (whole num­ber). [Typed draft by Reginald G. Fisher in N.A.A.]

Franciscans

1910 An Ethnological Dictionary of the Navaho Language. St. Mi­chaels, Arizona: The Franciscan Fathers. [Handwritten copy by Harrington of pages 138-201 in N.A.A.]

1912 A Vocabulary of the Navaho Language. 2 vols. St. Michaels, Arizona: The Franciscan Fathers.

Gairdner, W. H. T.

1925 The Phonetics ofArabic. ... London, New York, etc.: Oxford University Press.

Haile, Berard

1926 A Manual of Navaho Grammar. .. St. Michaels, Arizona: [s.n.]; Santa Fe: Printed by Santa Fe New Mexican Publishing Corporation.

1937 A Catechism and Guide, Navaho-English. .. St. Michaels, Arizona: St. Michaels Press.

1938 "Origin Legend of the Navaho Enemy Way ... " Yale Uni­versity Publications in Anthropology 17: entire issue.

1941 Learning Navaho. St. Michaels, Arizona: St. Michaels Press. Hewett, Edgar L.

1906 "Origin of the Name Navaho." American Anthropologist n.s. 8:1:193.

Hill, W. W.

1938 "The Agricultural and Hunting Methods of the Navaho In­dian." Yale University Publications in Anthropology 18 (whole volume). [Typed copy of pages 99-176 in N.A.A.]

.....

Southwest IV /23

Hirt, Hermann 1927 Indogermanische Grammatik, t.l. Heidelberg: C. Winter.

Hodge, Frederick W., ed. 1910 "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." Bureau

ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30: entire issue.

Hoijer, Harry 1938a "Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts ... with Ethno­

logical Notes by Morris Edward Opler." University ofChicago Publications in Anthropology, Linguistic Series 8: entire issue.

1938b "The Southern Athapascan Language." American Anthropolo­gist n.s. 40:1:75-87.

Jepson, W. L. 1925 A Manual ofthe Flowering Plants ofCalifornia. Berkeley: Asso­

ciated Students Store, University of California.

Kamps,J. R. 1917 God Bi-zad. New York: American Bible Society.

Matthews, Washington 1886 "The Navajo Names for Plants." American Naturalist

20:9:767 -777.

Mitchell, F. G. 1932 Dineh Bizad, Navajo, His Language. A Handbookfor Beginners in

the Study of the Navajo Language. New York: The Board of National Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.

Morice, Adrien G. 1932 The Carrier Language. Vienna: Anthropos Linguistische Bib­

liothek.

Radin, Paul 1919 "The Genetic Relationship of the North American Indian

Languages." University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 14:489 - 502.

Reichard, Gladys A. 1928 "Social Life of the Navajo Indians.... " Columbia University

Contributions to Anthropology 7: entire issue. [Extracts by Ar­thur E. Harrington in N.A.A.]

Reichard, Gladys A., and Adolph Dodge Bittany 1940 Agentive and Causative Elements in Navaho. New York: J. J.

Augustin, Publisher.

1

IV /24 John Peabody Harrington

Ripman, Walter A. 1930 Handbook of the Latin Language, Being a Dictionary, Classified

Vocabulary, and Grammar. London and Toronto: J. M. Dent and Sons, Ltd. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc.

Sturtevant, Edgar H. 1933 A Comparative Grammar of the Hittite Language. Philadelphia:

Linguistic Society of America, University of Pennsylvania. U.S. Department ofInterior, Bureau ofIndian Affairs

1934 "A Navajo Speller-Reader." [Mimeographed copy, inscribed "To Elizabeth C. Stewart," in N .A.A.]

Van Valkenburgh, Richard F. 1938ms A Guide BookforaHistoricaland GeographicalMap ofthe Navajo

Country. (Published 1941; see title below.) [Copy in N.A.A.] 1941 Dine Bikeyah. Window Rock, Arizona: U.S. Office of Indian

Affairs. Young, Robert W., and William Morgan

1943 The Navaho Language; The Elements ofNavaho Grammar with a Dictionary in Two Parts Containing Basic Vocabularies ofNavaho and English. Phoenix: Printing Department, Phoenix Indian School.

Young, Stella, compo 1940 ... Navajo Native Dyes, Their Preparation and Use. Recipes

Formulated by Nonabah G[ormanJ Bryan, Navajo, Instructorin Weaving . . . Illustrated with Drawings by Charles Keetsie Shir­ley, Navajo . . . Chilocco, Oklahoma: Printing Department, Chilocco Agricultural School.

PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON

Harrington,John P. 1911a "A Key to the Navaho Orthography Employed by the Francis­

can Fathers." American Anthropologistn.s. 13:1:164-166. 1929a "The Apache and Navaho." EI Palacio 27: 1-7:37 - 38. 1940c "Southern Peripheral Athapaskawan Origins, Divisions and

Migrations. Essays in Historical Anthropology of North America." Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 100:503­532. (In honor ofJohn R. Swanton.)

1945i "Six Common Navajo Nouns Accounted For." Journal, Wash­ington Academy ofSciences 34: 12:373.

IV /25Southwest

1945m "Review of 'The ABC of Navaho' by Robert W. Young and William Morgan." InternationalJournal ofAmerican Linguistics

11:1:65-66. 1945n "Review of 'Ethnobotany of the Navaho' by Francis H. El­

more." American Anthropologistn.s. 47:3:440-443. 19450 "Review of 'Learning Navaho' by Berard Haile." American

Anthropologistn.s. 47:3:443 -444. Young, Robert W., and John P. Harrington

1944a "Earliest Navajo and Quechua." Acta Americana 2:4:315­

319. Clark, Ann Nolan, linguistics by John P. Harrington an"d Robert W. Young

1940a Little Herder in Autumn. 'Aak'eedgoNa'nilkaadi Yazhi. Phoenix: Printing Department, Phoenix Indian School.

1940b Little Herder in Spring. Daago Na'nilkaadi Yazhi. Phoenix: Printing Department, Phoenix Indian School.

1940d Who Wants To Be a Prairie Dog? Haisha' T'aa K'ad Dloo Silii? Phoenix: Printing Department, Phoenix Indian School.

1942c Little Herder in Summer. Shiigo Na'nilkaadi Yazhi. Phoenix: Printing Department, Phoenix Indian School.

1942d Little Herder in Winter. Haigo Na'nilkaadi Yazhi. Phoenix: Printing Department, Phoenix Indian School.

Clark, Ann Nolan, Robert W. Young, trans. and John P. Harrington, ed. 1950a Little Herder in Autumn and in Winter. Na'nilkaadi Yazhi

'Aak'eedgo (and) Haigo. Phoenix: Printing Department, Phoe­

nix Indian School. 1950b Little Herder in Spring and Summer. Na'nilkaadi Yazhi Daago

(and) Shiigo. Phoenix: Printing Department, Phoenix Indian

School.

CROSS REFERENCES

There are related photographs in N .A.A.

NAVAHO

Reels 002-025 REEL FRAMES

Vocabulary002 0001-0461

'1!! 1:1

11 1111

, I

I

I

IV /26 John Peabody Harrington

0462_0886} 003

004

005

006

007

008

009

010

011

012

013

014

015

016

017

018

019

020

021

022

023

024

025

0001-0669

0001-0619

0001-0380

0381-0923 }

0001-0621

0001-1059

0001-1133

0001-0922

0001-0792

0001-1039

0001-0738

0001-0991

0001-0773

0001-0695

0001_0622}

0001-0649

0001-0310

0311-0819}

0001-0288

0289-0939

0001-0518

0519-0620

0001-1203

0001-0761}

0001-0674

0001-0494

0495-0606

0607 -0975

0001-0804

0805-0932

Vocabulary Slipfile

Dictionary Notes and Slipfile

Grammar [includes former B.A.E. ms. 4099]

Grammatical Slipfiles

Rehearings of Linguistic Data from Sapir, Hoijer, Morice, and Reichard

Records Relating to Ethnobotany Ethnographic Notes Texts

Drafts and Notes Relating to Primers Published Primers

Unpublished Primers

Writings

Published Articles Unpublished Papers

Extractsfrom Secondary Sources Miscellaneous Notes

Southwest IV /27

Although he published a short article on Hopi in 1945 and a review of The Hopi Way (1944) in 1946, his notes on this language are not exten­SIve.

His first contact with speakers of Hopi evidently occurred in 1913, as suggested by his heading "Hopi Language. 1913." A more precise date and location are not given, but it is possible that Harrington made a side trip to the Third Mesa during February when he was working at a number ofother pueblos or that he located a speaker ofthe Oraibi dialect at one of those locations.

From May through September of 1926, Harrington was called away from fieldwork in northern California to assist J. Walter Fewkes, head of the Bureau of American Ethnology, in archeological excavations at Elden Pueblo near Flagstaff, Arizona. The B.A.E. An­nual Report for 1925 - 1926 (p. 5) provides the following summary of their field activities:

Before commencing the archeological work the chief, assisted by Mr. John P. Harrington, ethnologist, cooperated with Mr. J. O. Prescott, of the Starr Piano Co., Richmond, Ind., in the recording ofsome Hopi songs. Through the kindness of the Office of Indian Affairs, four of the older Hopi were brought from Walpi to the Grand Canyon, where 11 katcina songs were recorded . . .

There are few field notes relative to this project and the related sound recordings have not been located.

Harrington had a second opportunity to record several short vocabularies in the dialect ofFirst Mesa in 1939 when he and Robert W. Young were beginning joint work on Athapascan in the Fort Defiance area of Arizona. His interest in Hopi was renewed again in March of 1944 when he made a comparative study with other Uto-Aztecan lan­guages of the Takic subfamily.

ORAIBI LINGUISTIC NOTES

Harrington accumulated a few geographical terms in slipfile format with Bert Fredericks as his informant. He also compiled a short etymol­ogy of the village name Awatobi and a small rudimentary file of pho­netic sounds. The latter referred primarily to the works ofH. R. Voth in the publications of the Field Columbian Museum (later Field Museum

Hopi

Harrington's field notes indicate that he worked on the Hopi language as early as 1913 and reviewed his material as late as 1944.

IV /28 John Peabody Harrington

of Natural History). While at Elden Pueblo, Harrington elicited several Oraibi terms from Otto Lomavitu, described as an educated Indian associated with the Moravian missionaries. Kuyawaima, an elderly Or­aibi, provided information on basket-making during another interview in August 1926.

The majority of the early records in the Oraibi dialect consist ofnumbered pages of Harrington's handwritten notes which emerge as a combination of vocabulary, phrases, and grammar in the early stages of development, followed by a brief text on Coyote with interlinear translation. Pages 38, 39, and 40 contain a selected number of terms in Zuni. There is one briefmention ofan individual named Ignacio but it is not clear whether the vocabularies originated with him. The elicitation was based partly on a rehearing of a typed "Oraivi Vocabulary" found accompanying the handwritten notes. Harrington was in California in 1912 and early 1913 and was engaged in various projects, one of which was copying manuscripts at the Bancroft Library, a possible source of this material.

WALPI LINGUISTIC NOTES

Harrington's Walpi data from the work in 1926 and 1939 are ofa much less systematic nature. A pocket-sized notebook which he used while at the Grand Canyon contains notes from a brief survey of possible infor­mants, random vocabulary items from Percy Hilling, and an outline of the sequence of songs performed by kutKa, the chief of Walpi, and others. Also recorded during this period are additional lexical items, possibly obtained from a man named Sam, and five pages describing a placename trip which Harrington made from Polacca to Holbrook.

The material from 1939 consists of notes from several brief interviews with Walpi speakers encountered in the Fort Defiance area. On September 27, 1939, Harrington recorded one page ofplacenames from the son of Tom Polacca, an interpreter at First Mesa in the 1880s and 1890s. Additional placename data were obtained from an uniden­tified Hopi speaker at the home of Jack Snow. Following each of the vocabularies are copies which Harrington made ofthe names in 1944 in order to locate them on a map by Van Valkenburgh (1941). Three pages of miscellaneous vocabulary from an unidentified source also date from the 1939 period.

;11

IV /29Southwest

NOTES ON PHONETICS Probably at the time of his comparative study of Hopi and other Uta­Aztecan languages, Harrington made a number of observations on the phonetics ofthe language. These were recorded in the form ofa "Hopi Mouthmap." Secondary sources referred to were Parsons (1936), Tru­betskoi (1939), Whiting (1939), and Whorf (unspecified works). The mouthmap appeared in Hewett, Dutton, and Harrington's The Pueblo

Indian World (1945).

WRITINGS This series comprises preparatory notes and drafts in various stages of completion for Harrington's writings on Hopi. From 1945 -1946 are notes, handwritten drafts, and finished typescripts of his review of The Hopi Way by Laura Thompson and Alice Joseph, as well as the article "Note on the Names Moqui and Hopi." Both of these were published in the American Anthropologist. There is also a typed draft of an unpub­lished note, intended for release in Indiansat Work, titled "Hopi Discov­

ered To Be Most Nearly Akin to Northern Paiute."

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES Dating from both the periods around 1922 and 1939 are a number of pages of miscellaneous notations. These contain observations of an ethnographic nature, bibliographies, and briefextracts from secondary sources. One set, consisting of comments on seven "landnames," was obtained from an informant referred to as "Hopi at Jack Snow's." Also included is correspondence dated 1914 requesting information on Hopi rocks and a related photograph (originals in files of correspon­

dence and photographs).

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON

Linguistic Informants

HOPI (ORAIBI)

Bert Fredericks Ignacio (?) Otto Lomavitu

IV /30 john Peabody Harrington

HOPI (WALPI)

Percy Hillings Mr. Polacca Sam (?)

N onlinguistic Informants "Hopi at Jack Snow's" W. Templeton Johnson Kuyawaima

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON

Dorsey, George Amos, and H. R. Voth 1901 "The Oraibi Soyal Ceremony." Field Columbian Museum Pub­

lication 55, Anthropological Series 3: 1: 161- 261. Fewkes,j. Walter

1894 "The Snake Ceremonials at Walpi." journal ofAmerican Eth­nology and Archaeology 4: entire issue.

1896 "A Contribution to Ethnobotany." American Anthropologist 9: 1:14 - 21. [Copy by Harrington in N.A.A.]

Hodge, Frederick Webb, ed. 1907 "Handbook ofAmerican Indians North of Mexico."Bureauof

American Ethnology Bulletin 30: 1:562 - 563. [Photostat in N.A.A.]

Parsons, Elsie Clews 1936 "HopiJournal ofAlexander W. Stephen." With comments on

glossary by B. L. Whorf. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology 23: entire issue. [Photostat of glossary (Part II, pp. 1198-1326) in N.A.A.]

Thompson, Laura, and Alice joseph 1945 The Hopi Way. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Trubetskoi, Nikolai Sergieevich 1939 "Grundziige der Phonologie." Travaux du Cercle Linguistique

de Prague 7: entire issue. Van Valkenburgh, Richard F.

1941 Dine Bikeyah. Window Rock, Arizona: United States Depart­ment of Interior, Office of Indian Affairs, Navajo Service.

Voth, H. R. 1905a "Hopi Proper Names." Field Columbian Museum Publication

100, Anthropological Series 6:3:65 -113.

IV /31Southwest

1905b "Oraibi Natal Customs and Ceremonies." Field Columbian Museum Publication 97, Anthropological Series 6:2:47 - 61.

1905c "The Traditions of the Hopi." Field ColumbianMuseumPubli­

cation 96, Anthropological Series 8: 1- 319. 1912 "Brief Miscellaneous Hopi Papers." Field Museum ofHistory

Publication 157, Anthropological Series 11 :2:99 -149.

Whiting, Alfred F. 1939 "Ethnobotany of the Hopi." Museum ofNorthern Arizona Bul­

letin 15: 1- 120.

Harrington also made use of unspecified works by Benjamin

L. Whorf and Adolph F. Bandolier (identified as "Br.").

PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON

Harrington,john P. 1945d "Note on the Names Moqui and Hopi." American Anthropolo­

gist n.s. 47: 1:177 - 178. 1946b "Review of The Hopi Way." American Anthropologist n.s.

48:3:432-433.

CROSS REFERENCES See also "Zuni" and "Southwest General" for additional material re­lated to Hopi. See descriptions of notes on Uto-Aztecan groups in SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA/BASIN for comparative study of Hopi with those languages. There are related photographs in N.A.A. and sound recordings on wax cylinders at the Library of Congress.

HOPI

Reel 026 REEL FRAMES

026 0001-0075 Oraibi Linguistic Notes

0076-0098 Walpi Linguistic Notes

0099-0107 Notes on Phonetics

0108-0133 Writings

0134-0147 Miscellaneous Notes

IV /32 John Peabody Harrington

Zuni

As early as 1919, Harrington claimed a linguistic relationship between Zuni and a putative Tano-Kiowan-Keresan-Shoshonean stock, and the main thrust of his Zuni material lies in the development of that theory. In 1929, at the suggestion of Edgar L. Hewett, he was autho­rized by the B.A.E. to work with University of New Mexico students at a summer session in Chaco Canyon. Correspondence and reports indi­cate that he accumulated the bulk ofhis original Zuni notes at that time, later reorganizing them at various intervals in Washington, D.C., with an eye toward producing a vocabulary and grammar that would clearly demonstrate affinity among these languages. Harrington also recorded several hundred kymograph tracings. Those that remain are too fragile and dark for microfilming but are preserved at N.A.A.

The principal informants in 1929 were Charles and Dick Nachapani (Natcapanih) and Charlie Cly. Harrington called one of the Nachapani brothers "the prince of all Zuni informants;" which one is uncertain.

Harrington's enthusiasm over the amount of Zuni notes col­lected in 1929 suggests a wealth of original material. The Zuni collec­tion, while reasonably substantial, does not match Harrington's de­scription in content or size. It is more a compendium of information excerpted from secondary sources, from his own notes in the languages he believed akin to Zuni, and from his own Zuni notes, all in about equal proportions. Add to this the fact that in February 1953 he sought permission to review Zuni material still stored at Albuquerque with the elderly Nachapani, and a question arises. Was Harrington overstating his 1929 accumulation, or are there more original notes somewhere in Albuquerque?

FIELD NOTES

The earliest field data which Harrington obtained on Zuni was re­corded in the form ofthree briefvocabularies. One, dated February 20, 1913, was elicited from George Piro. Harrington indicated that an­other list of Zuni terms was "copied for Mr. Judd,l summer of 1919"

1. Neil M. Judd, a colleague at the B.A.E.

IV /33Southwest

but does not identify the source. A third gives the Indian names of

several informants and ethnologists. Brief intermixed vocabulary and grammar notes were taken

in the field from Nachapani in June and July 1929. A few Navaho

comparisons were added.

VOCABULARY Zuni terms are in Harrington's semantic arrangement and are most numerous in the animal and animal parts categories. Other categories include age/sex, material culture, phenomena, placenames, plants, rank, relationship terms, religion, time, and tribenames. Most of the original material was obtained in 1929 in New Mexico where Charles or Dick Nachapani was his principal informant. He later reorganized this material in Washington in two stages, one prior to June 1941 , and one

probably in the early 1950s.

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY Harrington followed the same semantic arrangement he used for the vocabulary notes, interfiling and comparing Tewa, Kiowa, Hano, Taos, Acoma, and Cahuilla terms. The material stems from his original notes in these languages and contains references to his publications in Tewa ethnozoology and ethnogeography. Perry A. Keahtigh was cited as the Kiowa informant and Adan Castillo as the source for Cahuilla terms. Juan is the only Tewa speaker mentioned by name in the notes, al­though other Tewa informants undoubtedly contributed to the original

notes used in the many comparisons. Also interfiled are excerpts from Ruth L. Bunzel's four papers

on Zuni ethnology published in 1932 and from her grammatical sketch published in 1935 as part of Franz Boas' "Handbook of American Indian Languages." Other entries come from compilations of Nahuatl from the works of Horatio Carochi and Alonso de Molina. Other terms labeled "Gatschet revd by Hodge" may refer to B.A.E. ms. 2870 in which many of Gatschet's approximately 200 Zuni/English vocabulary slips contain annotations by Frederick W. Hodge. Harrington also tapped Matilda Coxe Stevenson's "The Zuni Indians" (1904) for fur­ther comparisons. Kymograph tracings are mainly a comparison ofZuni and Navaho lexical terms; because this material is extremely fragile, it

has not been filmed.

~ J,

1

IV /34 John Peabody Harrington

GRAMMAR

Consisting of notes only, Harrington's Zuni grammatical material was probably assembled in Washington for correlation with his own notes on other languages and with notes from secondary sources to be com­piled into a comparative grammar. Most of Harrington's original Zuni material was derived from his fieldwork with Nachapani in June and July of 1929.

COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR

Correspondence indicates that Harrington's first draft ofa comparative grammar was written in 1944 and was to be titled "Zuni Discovered To Be Hokan." Many of the notes which precede it, however, were inter­filed later (probably in the early 1950s) and stem from his original field notes in Zuni, Tewa, and Kiowa. Also included are a lesser number of Taos and Aztec expressions. Harrington utilized the same sources as those found in the grammatical notes, relying most heavily on Bunzel's "Zuni." Another version of the manuscript has the modified title "Zuni, Tanoan, Kiowa Comparisons: Zuni Discovered To Be Hokan." It is edited in red pencil and the first page has the annotation "Returned by request of author, C. F. V[oegelin]".

RECORDS RELATING TO ETHNOBOTANY

Harrington copied the scientific terms from Wooton and Standley's Flora of New Mexico (1913), one to a page. He then interfiled similar information from Stevenson's "Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians" (1915) and added linguistic annotations. An internal note indicates some of the work was done at the Library of Congress onJune 4,1950.

ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES

Harrington's Zuni files of an ethnographic nature are brief. He para­phrased random information from Matilda Coxe Stevenson's The Zuni Indians. This work is frequently referred to in the notes as "Zuni Book."

WRITINGS

Notes for Published Articles

These are notes used in " Name of Zuni Salt Lake in Alarcon's 1540 Account" (1949) and in "Trail Holder" (1949).

IV /35Southwest

Drafts and Notes for Proposed Publications

Harrington's article "The Name Zuni Comes from the Laguna Dialect of West Keresan" was apparently not accepted for publication. Most of the notes are based on the Zuni section of Hodge's "Handbook." An­other unpublished article is on Zuni phrases and numbers. It is similar in approach to a draft on Aztec phrases and numbers, suggesting that he

may have contemplated a series of such short articles.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES The early Nahuatl terms collected by Horacio Carochi are found in several compendiums and in more than one edition. Harrington's bib­liographical (and biographical) notes on this source are located at the end of the Zuni material. The vocabulary and grammar of Alonso de Molina are part of the same compendiums. The Library of Congress Catalogue of Pre-1956 Imprints gives a complete list of the later edi­tions, only one of which is listed in "Sources Consulted." There are

additional scattered bibliographical notes.

PERSONS CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON

Linguistic Informants

ZUNI

Charlie Cly Jimmy James Charles Nachapani (Natchapanih)

Dick Nachapani George Piro

CAHUILLA

Adan Castillo

KIOWA

Perry A. Keahtigh

TEWA

Juan

Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents

Anna O. Shepard Students at Chaco Canyon, Summer 1929

Reginald Fisher Sara Godard Clara Leibold

IV /36 John Peabody Harrington

Anna Risser Winifred Stamm Janet Tietjens

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON

Bunzel, Ruth L. 1932 "Introduction to Zuni Ceremonialism." Forty-seventhAnnual

Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for 1929-1930: 467 -544. "Zuni Katcinas." Ibid. 837 -1 086. "Zuni Origin Myths." Ibid. 545-610. "Zuni Ritual Poetry." Ibid. 611- 836.

1933 "Zuni Texts." Publications of the American Ethnological Soci­ety 15.

1938 "Zuni." Handbook of American Indian Languages. Part 3. Gliickstadt; New York: J. J. Augustin, Inc., Publisher.

Carochi, Horacio 1904 "Arte de la Lengua Mexicana." Coleccwn de Gramdticas de la

Lengua Mexicana 1:395 - 538. Cushing, Frank Hamilton

1883 "Zuni Fetishes." Second Annual Report of the Bureau ofAmeri­can Ethnologyfor 1880-1881: 9-45.

Hodge, Frederick Webb, ed. 1907 - "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." Bureau

1910 ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30: entire issue. K roeber, Alfred L.

1917 "Zuni Kin and Clan." Anthropological Papers of the American Museum ofNatural History 18:2:39 - 204.

Michelson, Truman 1912 "Preliminary Report on the Linguistic Classification of Al­

gonquian Tribes." Twenty-eighth Annual Report ofthe Bureau of American Ethnologyfor 1906-1907: 221-290.

Molina, Alonso de 1904 "Arte de la Lengua Mexicana y Castellana." Coleccwn de Gra­

mdticas de la Lengua Mexicana 1: 129 - 224. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe

1904 "The Zuni Indians." Twenty-third Annual Report ofthe Bureau ofAmerican Ethnologyfor 1901-1902: entire issue.

IV /37Southwest

1915 "Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians." Thirtieth Annual Report of the Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology for 1908 -1909: 31 - 102.

Whipple, Lt. A. E. 1855 Report upon the Indian Tribes. Explorations and Surveys for a

Railroad Route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean . .. in 1853 and 1854. Washington, D.C.: War De­

partment. Whorf, Benjamin L., and George L. Trager

1937 "The Relationship of Uto-Aztecan and Tanoan." American

Anthropologist n.s. 39:4:609 - 624. Wooton, Elmer O. and Paul C. Standley

1913 "... Flora of New Mexico." Smithsonian Institution. United States National Museum. Contributionsfrom the United States Na­

tional Herbarium 16:4: 109 -196.

PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON

Harrington,John P. 1949b "Name of Zuni Salt Lake in Alarcon's 1540 Account." El

Palacio 56:4: 102 -1 05. 194ge "Trail Holder." El Palacio 56: 11 :350 - 351.

CROSS REFERENCES There are related botanical specimens in N.A.A.

ZUNI

Reels 027 -030

REEL FRAMES

027 0001-0045 Field Notes

0046-0494 Vocabulary

028 0001-0734 Comparative Vocabulary

029 0001-0334 Grammar

0335-0847 } Comparative Grammar 030 0001-0241

0242-0453 Records Relating to Ethnobotany

0454-0479 Ethnographic Notes

Writings

IV /38 John Peabody Harrington

0480-0498 Notes for Published Articles 0499-0524 Drafts and Notes for Proposed Publications 0525-0552 Miscellaneous Notes

Acoma / Laguna / Santo Domingo

Although Harrington's accumulation of material relating to Keresan is not large, his field notes and reports indicate a continuing interest in these languages. He worked with Mrs. L. S. Gallup on a Cochiti census as early asJune 1, 1909, and his last Keresan monograph, a treatise on the name of Acoma, was published in 1949. He added linguistic and ethnographic data at various intervals during those forty years.

In 1919, and again in 1929, he sought to establish a relation­ship among Keresan, Kiowa, and Zuni. He was among those who lec­tured on Acoma at the Chaco Canyon Field School of the School of American Research inJuly 1929. Between February 1944 and August 1945, Harrington and Bertha P. Dutton exchanged Laguna informa­tion in the course of their collaboration with Edgar L. Hewett on the 1945 publication entitled The Pueblo Indian World, for which Harring­ton wrote the two appendices. Dutton supplied Harrington with the names ofseveral Keresan informants who were in military service in the Washington, D.C. area.

VOCABULARY

Harrington's field notes include data from an informant identified only as "L. A. Alb," copies of Acoma slips lent to Harrington by Father Jerome in 1913, and a Keresan vocabulary copied by Carobeth Harrington Laird. No source is named for the last item nor is the material dated, although the assumption would be that it was copied before their 1921 divorce.

Harrington also assembled a small group of miscellaneous lexical items relative to the Keresan migration story from informant Edward Hunt. They were probably recorded at Chaco Canyon inJune 1929.

IV /39Southwest

The most substantive body of material from a linguistic point of view is a comparative vocabulary, for which the principal informant wasJamesJohnson, an Acoma Indian. Harrington, who was detailed to assist the Office of Indian Affairs at Fort Wingate from July to October

of 1939, may have met Johnson there at that time. Correspondence and field notes reveal that he worked with

Johnson on at least two occasions. The rehearing labeled "Adequately Johnson-ed," apparently the last and most satisfactory session, took place in August 1944. At that time, Harrington was translating letters for the Office ofCensorship in Washington, and perhaps for that reason he was permitted to commandeer the linguistic services of three young Army privates stationed in nearby Maryland. They were among the Keresan Indians whom Dutton had suggested in her letter of August 3, 1944. Calvin Solimon, a Laguna Indian, spoke both Laguna and Acoma dialects; Joe A. Mina and Santiago Pacheco were Santo Domingo men. Perry A. Keahtigh, who worked at The United Nations Service Center in Washington, was frequently consulted for Kiowa comparisons.

Harrington extracted tribenames and placenames from a number of sources to provide bases for the various rehearings. Because of the comparative nature of the material, a number of the works dealt with languages other than the Keresan dialects. Among the principal sources consulted were Keresan Texts (1925, 1928) by Franz Boas, and Part I ofFrederick W. Hodge's "Handbook ofAmerican Indians North of Mexico" (1907). For Navaho he relied on his own notes and those accumulated with the collaboration of Robert W. Young. He compared some Southern Paiute terms collected by Edward Sapir and turned again to Benjamin Whorf's additions to Elsie Clews Parsons' HopiJour­

nal (1936).This material is arranged semantically and each page repre­

sents two or more rehearings recorded at different intervals. The basic Laguna and Acoma terms are compared with Santo Domingo and Zia, and with such non-Keresan languages as Hopi, Navaho, and Kiowa. There are a few words from the Hano, Queres, Luisefio, Teton, Tewa,

and Zuni languages.

NOTES AND DRAFTS In 1944 Harrington used some of Hunt's information as a question­naire in his work with Johnson. There are also notes without linguistic

IV /40 John Peabody Harrington

annotations which relate to Boas' Keresan publications. Included among the papers is an early draft of Harrington's published work on the origin of the name" Acoma." The sixteenth-century sources men­tioned in the draft notes are taken directly from Hodge's "Handbook." Johnson, Solimon, and the Navaho speaker Sam Acquilla provided further linguistic information.

A typed draft on Acoma phonetics and the meaning of the name "Queres" was evidently prepared in 1947. 1 Another manuscript with accompanying notes and bibliography was titled' 'Quirix Equals Kastica." It is undated. Neither paper was published.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

Some of the correspondence, phonetic notes, and word lists that Bertha P. Dutton sent Harrington are included. There are also handwritten condensations by Harrington (not annotated) of George H. Pradt (1902) and excerpts of miscellaneous ethnographic information from Matilda Coxe Stevenson (1894).

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON

Linguistic Informants

ACOMA

L.A.Alb. Edward Hunt James Johnson Calvin Solimon

COCHITI

John Dixon (Juan de Jesus Pancho) LAGUNA

Edward Hunt James Johnson Francis Paisano Calvin Solimon

KIOWA

Perry A. Keahtigh (Keah., Kigh)

1. See Correspondence, Harrington to Matthew W. Stirling, March 25, 1947.

IV /41Southwest

LUISENO

Adan Castillo NAVAHO

Sam Acquilla Charles Keetsie Shirley Sam Tilden (Sam)

SANTO DOMINGO

John Dixon P.F.C.Joe A. Mina Pvt. Santiago Pacheco

Nonlinguistic Informants Mrs. L. S. Gallup Santiago Quintana H uero Isabel (Venado's niece) Adelaido Montoya Marcial Quintana Venado (Benado, V.)

Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents

Bertha P. Dutton Father Jerome Ruth Underhill

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON

Anonymousn.d. Laguna Hymnal and Prayer Book. [Copy in N.A.A., probably

given to Harrington by Father Jerome.]

Boas, Franz 1923 "A Keresan Text." InternationalJournal ofAmerican Linguis­

tics 2:3-4:171-180. 1925 _ "Keresan Texts." publicationsofthe American Ethnological Soci­

1928 ety 8: 1:1 - 300; 8:2: 1 - 344.

Buechel, Eugene1939 A Grammar ofLakota, the Language of the Teton Sioux Indians.

St. Louis, Chicago, etc.: Planographed by John S. Swift Co.,

Inc. Bunzel, Ruth Leah

1938 "Zuni." Handbook of American Indian Languages. Part 3. Gluckstadt; New York: J. J. Augustin, Inc., Publisher.

L

IV /42 John Peabody Harrington

Franciscans 1910 An Ethnological Dictionary of the Navaho Language. St. Mi­

chaels, Arizona: The Franciscan Fathers. Gatschet, Albert S.

1891 A Mythic Tale ofIsleta Indians, New Mexico . . . Philadelphia: MacCalla & Company, Printer.

Harrington,John P., and Robert W. Young 1944 "Earliest Navajo and Quechua." Acta Americana 2:4:315­

319. Hewett, Edgar L., and Bertha P. Dutton, eds.

1945 The Pueblo Indian World; Studies on the Natural History ofthe Rio Grande Valley in Relation to Pueblo Culture . . . with Appen­dices: The Southwest Indian Languages and The Sounds and Structure ofthe Aztecan Language, byJohn P. Harrington. Albu­querque: The University of New Mexico and the School of American Research.

Hodge, Frederick W. 1907 "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." Bureau

ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30, Part I: entire issue. Parsons, Elsie Clews

1928 "The Laguna Migration to Isleta." American Anthropologist n.s.? 30:4:607 -613.

1936 "HopiJournal ofAlexander W. Stephen." With comments on glossary by B. L. Whorf. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology 23: entire issue.

Pradt, George H. 1902 "Shakok and Miochin: Origin of Summer and Winter."Jour­

nal ofAmerican Folk-Lore 15:57:88-90. Sapir, Edward 1930 - "Southern Paiute." Proceedings ofthe American Academy ofArts

1931 and Sciences 65: entire issue. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe

1894 "The Sia." Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau ofAmerican Ethnologyfor 1889-1890:9-157.

PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON

Harrington,John P. 1949 "Haa'k'o, Original Form of the Name of Acoma." El Palacio

56:5:141-144.

IV /43Southwest

ACOMA/LAGUNA/SANTO DOMINGO

Reel 031 REEL FRAMES

031 0001-0348 Vocabulary Notes and Drafts0349-0402

Miscellaneous Notes 0403-0419

Cochiti Harrington's notes on Cochiti are scanty. They appear to have

been collected during the latter half of 1909 when he was working out of Santa Fe, New Mexico, on a fellowship for the School of American

Archaeology.

VOCABULARY This material consists of a short general vocabulary in slip form taken from John Dixon in September 1909, and a vocabulary of primarily geographic terms, also provided by Dixon Uuan deJesus Pancho). The numbers one to ten are given in the Santo Domingo dialect.

ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES In 1909, Harrington recorded a sizable amount of ethnographic mate­rial with a number of nonlinguistic informants, principally Mrs. L. S. Gallup and Marcial Quintana. Mrs. Gallup and Harrington compiled a Cochiti census from an unidentified source datedJuly 1, 1909. She also

had worked earlier with Matilda Coxe Stevenson.

NOTES AND DRAFTS These notes were apparently intended for future publication. "The Stone Idols of Cochiti" is in both manuscript and typescript forms and was written at the request of Edgar L. Hewett. A second brief manu­

script touches on Cochiti history and language.

IV /44 John Peabody Harrington

SKETCHES

The few sketches, two in water color and two consisting ofrough pencil outlines, include masks and regalia. The artists are not ident~fied.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON Linguistic Informants

COCHITI

John Dixon (Juan de Jesus Pancho)

Nonlinguistic Informants

Mrs. L. S. Gallup Marcial Quintana

COCHITI

Reel 032 REEL FRAMES

032 0001-0042 Vocabulary 0043-0242 Ethnographic Notes 0243-0275 Notes and Drafts 0276-0278 Sketches

Jemez

Harrington's financial reports and the few dated field notes indicate that he worked at Jemez intermittently between September 1909 and September 1910. Juan Pedro Coloque and Cristino Yeppa were evidently the main informants, although the names of others appear in Harrington's expense accounts. One specific session with Coloque took place at the U.S. Indian School in Santa Fe, New Mexico, on September 26, 1909. The local postmaster, L. Miller (or possibly C. Miller), a young man of about eighteen years, provided what sparse nonlinguistic information the notes contain.

Southwest IV /45

LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES

This series contains an assortment of notes on vocabulary and gram­mar, with some ethnographic content as well. Cristino Yeppa was infor­mant for some of them andJuan Pedro Coloque gave placename infor­mation (September 26, 1909). The material includes such categories as clans, relationship terms, body parts, material culture, and phenomena. In addition, there are several sketches of figures and houses in color (artist unidentified), a rough map, and nonlinguistic information from L. Miller. Several hunting stories were recorded inJemez and English. There is also a translation of the Lord's Prayer.

LINGUISTIC AND GRAMMATICAL SLIPFILE

The main body ofJemez material consists of two boxes of slips contain­ing a broad mixture of vocabulary, grammar, and sentences, with some general ethnographic information included. The random nature of the notes precludes a specific arrangement. More than half the notes were hand copied by Miss Druel and the copies follow the order of Harring­ton's original slips. The informants "E" and "S" are mentioned infre­quently. A portion of the notes were part of former B.A.E. ms. 4679.

CENSUS RECORDS

Harrington copied census records for the Jemez Pueblo from an un­identified source. Some are copied into a notebook, but the most sub­stantive material is found on annotated pages with detailed ethno­graphic and linguistic information. Harrington added the individuals' Indian names with translations into English, and tied together family relationships. Field notes indicate that he accumulated this information prior to March 9, 1910.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON

Linguistic Informants

JEMEZ

Juan Pedro Coloque E (if applicable to Jemez) S (if applicable to Jemez) Jose M. Toledo

IV /46 John Peabody Harrington

Jose Rey Toya Cristino Yeppa (Yepa)

KERESAN-SIA

Lorenzo Medina PICURIS

Jose Lopez

Nonlinguistic Informants

L. Miller (or C. Miller)

Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents Miss Druel Jose R. Toya

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Harper, Blanche Wurdack

1929 Notes on the Documentary History, the Language, and the Rituals and Customs ofJemez Pueblo. Master's Thesis, University of New Mexico. [Typescript and partial copy by Harrington in N.A.A.]

Reagan, Albert B.

1902ms Jemez, Open and Secret. Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 1658. National Anthropological Archives.

1907ms Jemez Vocabulary and Grammar. Bureau of American Ethnol­ogy ms. 1657. National Anthropological Archives. [Con­densed copies by Harrington in N.A.A.]

JEMEZ

Reels 033 -035 REEL FRAMES

033 0001-0105 Linguistic and Ethnographic Notes

034 0106-0451}

0001-0463 Linguistic and Grammatical Slipfile

035 0001-0434 [includes former B.A.E. ms. 4679]

0435-0569 Census Records

L.

Southwest IV /47

Isleta / Isleta del Sur / Piro

When Harrington was based in Santa Fe, New Mexico, espe­cially during the years 1909 and 1910, he collected information on a broad range ofSouthwest Indian languages. Some field notes relative to the Isleta, Isleta del Sur, and Piro languages are in the form ofa compar­ative vocabulary and remain filed together to maintain integrity. Al­though some terms are loosely connected to two of Harrington's publi­cations (1909a and 1910c) on the Piro and Taos languages, the greatest number are in Isleta.

Harrington's wife, Carobeth Tucker Harrington, collected a substantial set of Isleta notes in June 1918. The following month she brought them to Taos, where Harrington was then working, and they form part of this series.

VOCABULARY

Harrington utilized a typed copy ofJohn Russell Bartlett's Piro vocabu­lary (B.A.E. ms. 485b) as a basis for eliciting data during his fieldwork. His handwritten annotations to the manuscript include a column of Isleta terms from Mary Chontal (obtained in Albuquerque in 1909)and a column of Isleta del Sur words from Ponciano Juin. Vittoriano Pedraza, a Piro, evidently also reheard the material. Harrington made use of the same word list in his article "Notes on the Piro Language."

A separate vocabulary was recorded from the Isleta del Sur speaker Mariano Colmenero. The notes also give the names of other Piro speakers, Santo Domingo and Santa Clara informants, and some of Bartlett's informants.

NOTES AND DRAFTS

Brief notes on names collected about 1909 and 1910 are mainly Isleta but relate loosely to "Notes on the Piro Language" and to "An Intro­ductory Paper on the Tiwa Language, Dialect of Taos, New Mexico."

FromJuly 1946 to July 1947 Harrington was in Washington and among other endeavors, he prepared an article titled "Tihuex is Isleta, Quirix is San Felipe." He consulted a wide assortment of sources on early Spanish expeditions in the Southwest translations of old Span­

il

II

IV /48 John Peabody Harrington

ish manuscripts, and critical works. Related bibliographic data form a cohesive part of this section. While there is some linguistic content, the origins and early spellings of Tiwa names and the location of early habitations are the main themes of the unpublished monograph. James Johnson, an Acoma Indian, reheard some of the Tiwa terms.

Another undated proposed article is titled "Tihuex Equals Puaray," for which Harrington consulted many of the same sources.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

Correspondence with professor Louis C. Karpinski, Marjorie F. Tichy, and Gordon Vivian relates to Harrington's paper "Tihuex is Isleta." Copies of random material from an unidentified Gatschet notebook, a few slips in the Sandia dialect, and brief notes in the Santo Domingo dialect (probably written at a much later date) complete the miscella­neous section.

LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC SLIPFILE OF CAROBETH TUCKER HARRINGTON

An internal note within Carobeth Harrington's Isleta slipfile indicates that the slips were probably culled from her field notes of 1918 and were arranged during the time that she was at Taos. Her informants were Luis Abetta, Maria Chihuihui, and Felicitas Jiron. It was not Tucker Harrington's habit to assign code names to her informants, which causes some difficulty in identifying the initials marked on some slips and on each page of drafts described in the series below. "Fa," "Fb," and "Lb" could, however, be reminders of who provided the information, or from which source she sought rehearings. "Mc" could refer to Matilda Coxe Stevenson's notes on the Southwest which were in John Harrington's possession.

The material contains linguistic, grammatical, and ethno­graphic information. Jesus Chihuihui was interviewed for kachina names; Jose Pali (Chihuihui?) was also mentioned as an informant. Both names also appear in John Harrington's Isleta notes. The color plates referred to in the notes appeared in J. Walter Fewkes' "Hopi Kat­cinas ... "(1904).

Il!~

11:

IV /49Southwest

WRITINGS OF CAROBETH TUCKER HARRINGTON

The series contains proposed monographs, dated 1920, and one un­dated article (probably 1919) by Carobeth Tucker Harrington, which were prepared from field notes she accumulated in June 1918. Her

handwritten notes form a part of the collection. The first part ofher monograph "Isleta Language; Texts and

Analytic Vocabulary," (former B.A.E. ms. 2299a) is divided into eight texts in Isleta with Spanish or English translations. One-half of the vocabulary section is semantically arranged; the balance is analyzed

according to grammatical forms. Another monograph with a linguistic focus was "The Isleta

Pronoun" (former B.A.E. ms. 2299b). It consists of extensive tabula­

tions and meticulous examples of pronoun usage. The typed, undated manuscript titled "Southern Tiwa Kat­

cinas" provides ethnographic lore surrounding the kachina cult. In­cluded are crayon illustrations in color sketched by native artists. No informants are named, perhaps due to the secret nature of the ceremo­nies and dances. Some annotations by John Harrington appear on the drawings. He reported receipt of this manuscript in February 1919. The draft and notes relative to it were formerly cataloged as B.A.E. ms.

2306 and part ofms. 2308.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY JOHN AND CAROBETH

HARRINGTON

Linguistic Informants

ISLETA

Luis Abetta Jesus Chihuihui Uose Pali?) Maria Chihuihui Mary Chontal (Maria)

Felicitas Jiron L. (not further identified) L. E. (not further identified) Jose Pali (Chihuihui?)

ISLETA DEL SUR

Mariano Colmenero (Colminero) Ponciano J uin (Ponciano Olgin?)

IV /50 John Peabody Harrington

PIRO

Vittoriano Pedraza ACOMA

James Johnson CAHUILLA, LUISENO

Adan Castillo

Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents

Lansing B. Bloom Francis Elmore Frederick W. Hodge Louis C. Karpinski H. J. Spinden Marjorie F. Tichy Gordon Vivian

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON

Bartlett, John Russell ca1862ms Piro Vocabulary. Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 485b.

National Anthropological Archives. Fewkes, Jesse Walter

1903 "Hopi Katcinas, Drawn by Native Artists." Twenty-first An­

nual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for 1899­1900:3 -126.

Gatschet, A. S.

n.d.ms Isleta Dictionary. Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 2506. National Anthropological Archives.

1879- Isleta, Tiqua, and Tano Words, Sentences, Myths, and Songs. Bu­1885ms reau ofAmerican Ethnology ms. 613. National Anthropologi­

cal Archives. 1899ms Sandia Pueblo Vocabulary. Bureau of American Ethnology filS.

614. National Anthropological Archives. 1882- Notes on Zuni Language and Texts Annotated by F. H. Cushing.

1886 Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 1550 (old 290). National Anthropological Archives.

Gibbs, George

1868ms Isleta Vocabulary. Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 1019. National Anthropological Archives.

IV /51Southwest

Lummis, Charles F. 1920 Pueblo Indian Folk Stories. New York: The Century Company.

Mota Padilla, Matias de La 1920 Historia de La Conquista del Reino de La Nueva Galicia

Escrita ... en 1742. Guadalajara: Talleres Graficos de Gal­

lardo y Alvarez del Castillo.

Powell, john Wesley1891 "Indian Linguistic Families of America North of Mexico."

Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology for

1885-1886:7 -142.

Stevenson, Matilda Coxe 1890s- Manuscripts in the John P. Harrington Papers, National An­

1900sms thropological Archives.

Terneaux-Compans, Henri, ed.1837 Voyages, Relations et M emoires originaux pourServir al'H istoire

de La Decouverte de l'Amerique ... Casteiiada de Magera, Pedro

de. Relation du Voyage de Cibola Entrepris en 1540. Tome 9.

Paris: A. Bertrand.

Vivian, Gordon1932 "A Restudy of the Province of Tiguex." Master's Thesis,

University of New Mexico.

Winship, George Parker 1904 The journey ofCoronado. New York: A. S. Barnes & Co.

PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON

Harrington,john P. 1909a "Notes on the Piro Language." American Anthropologist n.s.

11 :4:563 - 594. 1910c "An Introductory Paper on the Tiwa Language, Dialect of

Taos, New Mexico." American Anthropologist n.s. 12: 1: 11­

48.

CROSS REFERENCES See also "General and Miscellaneous Materials" for additional Isleta

linguistic data.

"""~ ..

IV /52 john Peabody Harrington

ISLETA/ISLETA DEL SUR/PIRO

Reel 036 REEL FRAMES

0001-0016036 Vocabulary 0017-0264 Notes and Drafts 0265-0292 Miscellaneous Notes 0293-0396 Linguistic and Ethnographic Slipfile ofCarobeth Tucker

Harrington 0397-1015 Writings ofCarobeth Tucker Harrington

[includes former B.A.E. mss. 2299a, 2299b, 2306, and 2308pt.]

Picuris

In 1928 the Bureau of American Ethnology published Har­rington's "Picuris Children's Stories with Texts and Songs." Helen H. Roberts transcribed the music and wrote a detailed analysis ofthe songs. Harrington had proposed an interlinear translation as the most effica­cious format, but the article appeared with Picuris and English on facing pages. Rosendo Vargas dictated the linguistic information and ren­dered the songs. Virtually all of the Picuris material on file is related to the publication and most of it constituted former B.A.E. mss. 2298, 2300,2301,2302,2303,2304,2305, and 2572.

DRAFTS AND NOTES FOR PUBLISHED TEXT

Contained here is Harrington's handwritten manuscript with interlin­ear English translation for "Picuris Children's Stories. . . . " Also on file are typed copies in the Picuris language and separate typed English renditions. The scope of the material extends to nonmythological text­lets and a subseries on Picuris customs.

Most of the notes reflect the various stages of development of the final publication. They are both written and typed on large sheets and on slips and they encompass a brief glossary of Picuris terms (not published) and some grammatical and ethnographic elaborations.

Field notes indicate that Harrington worked with Vargas in the summer of 1921, having possibly laid the groundwork for these sessions late in 1920. Preparation and translation of the notes for publi-

IV /53Southwest

cation began upon his return to Washington in April 1922 and they were ready by late 1924. Proofs were in hand in 1926, at which time Harrington also translated Roberts' songs. There are notes, music, and galleys for the songs, but no notes for Roberts' forty-eight page analysis among the papers. According to the field notes, a Mrs. Mullen drew the Giant and Elf illustrations facing page 326. Many of the titles were

reworded in the final publication. The series includes galley proofs of the manuscript. In addi­

tion, there are handwritten notes for the glossary, comments on pho­

netics, and notes to the printer.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES Notes include some Taos comparisons, mainly based on Harry S. Budd's Taos vocabulary (B.A.E. ms. 1028). Vargas, apparently fluent in Picuris and Taos, provided the Taos terms. Translations of the Lord's Prayer and ofthe hymn "Nearer My God to Thee" are on file, but only the former appeared in the publication. Also included are Harrington's

comments on the notes of H. J. Spinden.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON

Linguistic Informants

PICURIS

Rosendo Vargas

Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents Helen H. Roberts, ethnomusicologist, Yale University

H.J. Spinden

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON

Budd, Harry S. 1885 _ Taos Vocabulary. Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 1028,

1886ms National Anthropological Archives.

PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON

Harrington,john P., and Helen H. Roberts 1928 "Picuris Children's Stories with Texts and Songs." Forty-third

Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for 1925­

1926:285-447.

IV /54 John Peabody Harrington

CROSS REFERENCES

See also "General and Miscellaneous Materials" for additional Picuris linguistic data. There are related sound recordings on wax cylinders at the Library of Congress.

PICURIS

Reel 037 REEL FRAMES

037 0001-0671

0672-0710

Taos

Drafts and Notes for Published Text [includes former B.A.E. mss. 2298, 2300, 2301, 2302, 2303, 2304, 2305, and 2572]

Miscellaneous Notes

The first indication of Harrington's work among the Taos Indians comes from his financial records of September 20, 1909, to January 15, 1910, when he was based in Santa Fe and doing fieldwork in various languages of the Southwest. Peak periods of in-depth work on Taos, sometimes in the field and sometimes in Washington, D.C., ap­pear to be 1909-1911,1918-1922,1926-1930, and 1944-1945. Joe Lujan (abbreviated "L.") and Manuel Mondragon ("M.") were the principal informants, with Mondragon helping from 1910 to 1927. There are references to a trip which Harrington made with Margaret Tschirgi and F. E. Betts to the ruins east of Taos on September 30, 1928, but there are no further explanatory notes.

Mutual professional respect had arisen between Harrington and Matilda Coxe Stevenson of the Bureau of American Ethnology, at whose ranch he spent six weeks in the autumn of 1908. He was in possession ofa large body ofher original notes on southwestern Indians at the time of her death in 1915 and planned to arrange, annotate, and publish them. Her material on Taos appears in an unpublished histori­cal and ethnographic manuscript titled "The Taos Indians."

Carobeth Tucker, Harrington's wife from 1916 until their divorce in 1921, contributed an extensive analytical Taos grammar.

II\~

IV /55Southwest

This original material was taken in Taos in the summer of 1918 with Lujan and Mondragon as informants. Carobeth Harrington's draft and

notes are part of this section.

FIELD NOTES Harrington prepared slips for semantic arrangement. Many of the terms were used in the draft of an unpublished grammar, with some orthographic variations. The use of "q" for "kw" suggests an early date, possibly 1909-1910 (former B.A.E. mss. 2309 and 2290pt.). An early vocabulary is comprised of Harrington's comparative Taos terms used in his article "Notes on the Piro Language" (1909a).

From former B.A.E. manuscripts 2290pt., 2292pt., and 2296 come several categories of miscellaneous field notes. Included are a vocabulary elicited in 1910, typed and annotated notes which collate much of the information written on slips, and miscellaneous slips­some dated 1920, some probably earlier - which contain brief Picuris comparisons. Data encompass placenames, tribenames, ethnogeo­

graphic terms, and some grammatical elaborations. There is a group of field notes which appears to be Taos with

Isleta comparisons. This is a tentative identification still subject to the scrutiny oflinguists, who are not presently in complete agreement. The physical condition and type of paper used indicate that these notes may

have been recorded during the period 1909 to 1911.

GRAMMATICAL AND SEMANTIC SLIPFILE

A set of slips, formerly cataloged as B.A.E. mss. 2318 and 2295pt., fills four boxes. Field notes and reports suggest that this comprehensive body of material may have been accumulated, annotated, and rear­

ranged over a period of time ranging from 1909 to 1928. One group ofslips is dated 1916. In 1918, Harrington drafted

a report which mentioned abundant Taos grammatical material and a thoroughly explored vocabulary. As late as 1927 he still planned a publication which would include both grammar and vocabulary.

The largest section of the file was arranged by Harrington according to grammatical categories and is especially substantial on verb and pronoun usage. Another group of slips is semantically ar­ranged; some phonetic, ethnographic, and historical material is inter­

jected.

J... _

IV /56 John Peabody Harrington

Many slips are labeled "Ta.9," a possible reference to Har­rington's fieldwork on Taos in 1909. No explanation has been discov­ered for the numerical designations in the upper left-hand corners. Harrington distinguished between prefix variations by underlining them in different colors, a system which is obviously lost in microfilm­ing. Researchers are advised, therefore, to refer to the original material if clarification is required.

GRAMMAR

This section includes tabulations in English of pronoun prefix material which give an excellent indication of Harrington's methodology for accumulating slipfiles. Taos slips deal with pronoun usage, verb para­digms, and sentence structure. These are early notes, probably dating from 1909 to 1911. Manuel Mondragon was the principal informant.

Of three drafts of manuscripts on Taos grammar, only one was published. "Ambiguity in the Taos Personal Pronoun" (1916a) (former B.A.E. mss. 2293pt. and 4682pt.) was condensed from another draft of an unpublished, more comprehensive grammar (former ms. 4682pt.). A draft of a paper on numerals is filed with some of the original field notes from which it evolved (ms. 4681). Informants and dates for these writings are not well documented, although a report of the Bureau indicates that Harrington had prepared a manuscript on the Tiwa languages in July 1918.

Other miscellaneous notes on phonetics and morphology were evidently made in 1944 or later.

Another major subsection of this series consists of a draft of over 500 typed pages of a comprehensive grammar by Carobeth Tucker Harrington. The manuscript (former B.A.E. mss. 2307 and 4680), titled "Grammatical Analysis of the Taos Language," is dated 1920. The fieldwork for the paper was done in Taos during July and August of 1918 with informants Lujan and Mondragon. A partial and preliminary draft and notes reveal some annotations by John Harring­ton, who also was in Taos at the same time working with the same informants.

DICTIONARY

Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology show that Harrington was working on a Taos dictionary in July 1928 and again in June and

! I~ Ii

IV /57Southwest

July 1929. As late as 1944 he referred to a Taos dictionary of 100 printed pages, so presumably he amassed the basic material over a

period of time. Some entries in the dictionary are followed by the notes from

which they evolved. Slips with data were clipped by Harrington to long sheets. For microfilming purposes, clips had to be removed and, where necessary, the editor has added lexical terms in brackets to the slips to indicate to which larger pages they were originally clipped.

The Taos-English section is in alphabetical order according to the first sound of the base. Although the English-Taos section gives the English word first, it follows the alphabetical order of the Taos term according to Harrington's list of initial symbols. The English-Taos

pages are numbered from 1 to 1829. A file of Taos bird names, apparently intended for incorpora­

tion into the dictionary, involves slips in Harrington's writing pasted to sheets that repeat the information, sometimes with varying orthogra­phies, in the hand of copyist Hilda Kurze. She also copied a small group of plant names. Correspondence with Mrs. Kurze indicates that she made some dictionary copies in August and September of 1928. These also are in Taos-English and English-Taos. Filed with this material is a list of the scientific names for Taos birds; annotations were supplied by Florence Merriam Bailey and Vernon Bailey. (See "Studying the Mis­sion Indians of California and the Taos of New Mexico" [192ge].)

A separate list ofpostpositions and a small set ofmiscellaneous

dictionary entries follow the main sections.

LINGUISTIC NOTES A substantial body of linguistic notes (former B.A.E. mss. 2292pt. and 2295pt.) including grammar, vocabulary, and textual material was ap­parently accumulated inJuly and August of 1918 with Lujan and Mon­dragon as informants. Harrington reported a collection of 750 pages of linguistic material in his annual report to the Bureau in 1919 and could well have been referring to these notes. At least a portion ofthe material was collected with the assistance of his wife Carobeth, and a number of pages are in her hand. The pagination evidently underwent several

reorganizations and is therefore somewhat chaotic. Other material resulted from comments on George L.

Trager's "The Kinship and Status Terms of the Tiwa Languages"

IV /58 John Peabody Harrington

(1943) and on Elsie Clews Parsons' Taos Pueblo (1936). Relationship terms, age and sex nouns, personal names, rank nouns, and tribenames are mentioned.

ETHNOGRAPHIC AND HISTORICAL NOTES

Harrington's unfinished manuscript on "The Taos Indians" (former B.A.E. ms. 3073) reflects in part his possession of a substantial amount of the field notes of Matilda Coxe Stevenson. Correspondence and reports indicate that he probably began arranging her Taos material in 1918 and, by 1922, had typed copies ready for publication. Any Ste­venson material that does not contain original annotations by Harring­ton has not been microfilmed but is available in N .A.A.

Preparation ofa manuscript which also included Harrington's 1908, 1909, 1911, 1918, and 1919 notes probably began in early 1927. An internal note in the draft typed by Hilda Kurze suggests that prog­ress was still underway in 1930. The Stevenson contribution is mainly ethnographic while a few pages are the work of her husband, James. Informant Tony Romero is the source for the clan names.

For historical data, Harrington relied on published sources, especially early Spanish documents for which he supplied original translations and throughout which some Picuris history is interwoven. The bibliographic information for the historical sources is interspersed throughout the notes.

Harrington's working notes follow as closely as possible the order of the manuscript's table of contents. Included are Mrs. Kurze's copies of the Spanish histories, some typed and some handwritten.

Excerpts from Blanche C. Grant's Taos Indians (1925) with Harrington's annotations and comments relate to history and customs. Notes for a review of another Grant publication undoubtedly were taken from her manuscript. The title given Grant's book in Harring­ton's typescript is Taos, An Outpost on Old Trails. In 1934 Grant pub­lished When Old Trails Were New, the Story ofTaos. Despite discrepancies in the title and in chapter numbers, Harrington's notes and Grant's book follow parallel order, they are alike in content, and, in addition, Harrington was acknowledged in the foreword.

There are miscellaneous notes on dances (former ms. 2292pt.). A few random ethnographic notes on slips are written in English.

Southwest IV /59

TEXTS

Contained in a series of texts are stories of Wolf and Deer and two versions of the Lord's Prayer with grammatical notes. Also included is the Tanoan linguistic diagram (former B.A.E. ms. 2292 pt.) used in Harrington's "An Introductory Paper on the Tiwa Language, Dialect of Taos, New Mexico" (191 Oc). Jose Lopez and Santiago Mirabel pro­vided the Taos terms used in this publication.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON

Linguistic Informants

TAOS

Jose Lopez Joe Lujan (L.) Santiago Mirabel Manuel Mondragon Tony Romero R[osendo?] Vargas [informant for Picuris]

TEWA

David Dozier

Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents Florence Merriam Bailey Vernon Bailey F.E.Betts Carobeth Tucker Harrington Fred Harvey Edward P. Hunt Hilda Kurze L. Pascual Martinez James Stevenson Matilda Coxe Stevenson Margaret Tschirgi

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON

Bancroft, Hubert Howe 1889 Works. Vol. 17. San Francisco: The History Company, Pub­

lishers.

•

IV /60 john Peabody Harrington

Bandelier, Adolph F. 1910 "Documentary History of the Rio Grande Pueblos of New

Mexico." A rchaeologicalInstitute ofAmerica. Papers ofthe School ofAmerican Archaeology 13: entire issue.

Bolton, Herbert Eugene, Students of 1945 Greater America: Essays in Honor of Herbert Eugene Bolton.

Berkeley: University of California Press. Curtis, Edward S.

1926 The North American Indian. Vol. 16. Seattle: Edward S. Curtis, Publisher. [Typed excerpts by Harrington in N .A.A.]

Espinosa, Aurelio M. 1907 "Los Comanches." University of New Mexico Bulletin No. 45.

Language Series 1: 1. Grant, Blanche C.

1925 Taos Indians. Taos: Santa Fe New Mexican Publishing Corpo­ration.

1934 When Old Trails Were New, the Story of Taos. New York: The Press of the Pioneers.

Hackett, Charles W. 1911 "The Revolt of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico in 1680."

The Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association 20:2: 93-147.

1917 "The Causes for the Failure of Otermin's Attempt to Recon­quer New Mexico, 1681-82." The Pacific Ocean in History: Papers and Addresses Presented at the Panama-Pacific Historical Congress . .. 1915:439-45l.

Healey, Ettie M. 1922 The New Mexican Missions in the Middle Eighteenth Century:

Translation of Original Documents with Introduction and Foot­notes. Unpublished Master's Thesis, University of California, Berkeley.

Martin, Horace 1909 "Further Notes on the Pueblo Ruins of Scott County." Uni­

versity ofKansas Science Bulletin 5:2:9 - 22. Parsons, Elsie Clews

1936 Taos Pueblo. Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Publishing Company.

Thomas, Alfred B. 1924 Spanish Expeditions into the Colorado Region, 1541-1776. Un­

published Master's Thesis, University ofCalifornia, Berkeley.

...-.­

IV /61Southwest

Trager, George L. 1939a "'Cottonwood-tree,' a South-western Linguistic Trait." In­

ternationaljournal ofAmerican Linguistics 9:2-4:117 -118. 1939b "The Days of the Week in the Language of Taos Pueblo."

Language 15: 1:51- 55. 1943 "The Kinship and Status Terms of the Tiwa Languages."

American Anthropologist n.s. 45:4:557 - 571. 1946 "An Outline of Taos Grammar" in Linguistic Structures of

Native America. Viking Fund: Publications in Anthropology

6:184-22l. Twitchell, Ralph E.

1914 The Spanish Archives ofNew Mexico, Compiled and Chronologi­cally Arranged . . . by Authority ofthe State ofNew Mexico. VoL

2. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: Torch Press.

Williston, Samuel W. and H. T. Martin 1897_ "Some Pueblo Ruins in Scott County, Kansas." Transactions

1900 of the Kentucky State Historical Society (Kansas Historical Collec­tions) 6: 124 -130. [Superseded by Kansas Historical Quarterly. ]

PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON

Harrington,john P. 1910c "An Introductory Paper on the Tiwa Language, Dialect of

Taos, New Mexico." American Anthropologist n.s. 12: 1:

11-48. 1916a "Ambiguity in the Taos Personal Pronoun." Anthropological

Essays. Holmes Anniversary Volume: 142 -156. 192ge "Studying the Mission Indians of California and the Taos of

New Mexico." Explorations and Field-Work of the Smithsonian

Institution in 1928:169 -178.

CROSS REFERENCES See also "General and Miscellaneous Materials" for additional Taos

linguistic data. There are related photographs in N .A.A.

TAOS

Reels 038-049 FRAMESREEL

Field Notes [includes former B.A.E. mss. 2290pt.,038 0001-0819}

2292pt., 2296, and 2309]039 0001-0204

.,ce~~·"'dI

IV /62 John Peabody Harrington

0205-0643 } Grammatical and Semantic Slipfile [includes former 040 0001-0428

B.A.E. mss. 2295pt. and 2318]041 0001-0878

042 0001-1073 Grammar [includes former B.A.E. mss. 2293pt., 2307,4680, and 4682pt.]

043 0001-0935

044 0001-0883

045 0001-0865 Dictionary 046 0001-0792

047 0001-0587

048 0001-0420 Linguistic Notes [includes former B.A.E. mss. 2292pt. and 2295pt.]

0421-0684 } Ethnographic and Historical Notes [includes former 049 0001-0395 B.A.E. mss. 2292pt. and 3073]

0396-0419 Texts [includes former B.A.E. ms. 2292pt.]

Tewa

Harrington's study of the Tewa languages began inJuly 1908 under the auspices of the School of American Archaeology (S.A.A.) in Santa Fe, and his interest in the Tewa Indians continued into the late 1940s. Accumulation and organization ofnotes fall generally into three time frames. The early period can be dated between 1908 and 1916 when Harrington worked first for the Museum of New Mexico as assis­tant curator, then for Edgar Lee Hewett of the S.A.A., and, from December 1914, as ethnologist for the B.A.E. Six ofhis publications are based on the notes from this period. In October 1910 he spent several weeks on a tour ofTewa country securing placenames from large num­bers of informants. The principal informants for the entire early period are Ignacio Aguilar and Santiago Naranjo (also called "Jim"). Adolph F. Bandelier's Final Report . .. (1890-1892) is the most frequently used secondary source (also identified in the notes as "Br." and "Afb. ").

Dating from a middle period in 1927 is a substantial body of material recorded during sessions in Washington with Eduardo Cata. The informant was described by Harrington as an educated San Juan Tewa Indian. Many of the notes are actually rehearings of information

&

IV /63Southwest

from the earlier period and from his own published works, with empha­

sis on orthographic revisions. With the exception ofone short period (from February toJuly

1946), Harrington was in Washington from early 1942 until April 1949. During this third period he published "Three Tewa Texts" (1947) based on stories from Cata. The texts may have been received from Cata during the middle period, but the notes represent a rehear­ing in the 1940s with David Dozier and an informant identified only as "0." Harrington knew David Dozier's father and in May 1944, he wrote self-introductory letters to the son, a fluent speaker of the Santa Clara dialect, who was then in the Indian Service. Harrington also reworked and reorganized much of his grammatical information dur­ing these years in Washington. Notes indicate that he may have planned

to publish a Tewa grammar. The Tewa section includes a vocabulary, a brief dictionary,

grammatical and linguistic notes, texts, and drafts and notes for pub­lished and proposed papers. Ethnographic notes relate mainly to his three ethnoscientific publications: "Ethnozoology of the Tewa In­dians" (19 14a) with Junius Henderson; "Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians" (1916b) with W. W. Robbins and Barbara Freire-Marreco; and "The Ethnogeography ofthe Tewa Indians" (1 916c). A number of linguistic and ethnographic notes were contributed by Barbara Freire­Marreco. Some of her original field notes are placed in the category of "General and Miscellaneous Materials" for the Southwest. David Do­zier was both informant and collaborator although manuscripts found among the notes bearing his name apparently did not reach the publica­

tion stage.

FIELD NOTES During the early period Harrington kept a wide assortment of linguistic and ethnographic field notes in seven books identified as notebooks X, Y,66, Z,';u, .;UTI, and ri. He later transferred the material to individual slips and pasted certain groups ofslips onto large sheets. The letters and symbols, when found on slips or notes, merely indicate the notebook from which material was excerpted. The mounted notes and the slips deal primarily with grammar and vocabulary and show a multitude of orthographic changes in one word, one phrase, or one sentence. In­cluded in the books are notes on grammar, vocabulary, placenames,

L

IV /64 John Peabody Harrington

names of persons, relationship terms, and material culture; texts con­cerning Qwiqumat, other myths, and ethnohistory of early Southwest tribes, pueblos, clans, and religion; copies of the San Ildefonso census; and other miscellaneous ethnographic information. Informants identi­fied are Santiago Naranjo, Joe Horner, Desiderio Naranjo, Alfredo Montoya, and Ignacio Aguilar. (At various times Harrington identified Joe Horner as either a speaker or student of Picuris, as a "Yuma Dreamer," or as a "Yuma shaman.")

A small group of slips (former B.A.E. ms. 4678pt.) include material copied from various B.A.E. manuscripts all identified by Har­rington as to "ms." number. Some contain information excerpted from a 1909 letter from Matilda Coxe Stevenson. Other miscellaneous mate­rial includes a random vocabulary and a few grammatical paradigms, possibly intended for comparison with Taos.

VOCABULARY

In this section is a group of slips identified as Rio Grande vocabulary with some Santa Clara terms specified as such. Other handwritten slips are mounted one to a page and are ofalmost the same linguistic content. One group of large sheets and slips covering a wide variety of terms follows Harrington's numerical order, with many slips bearing dupli­cate identifying numbers. Harrington marked animal and plant vocab­ularies "A" and "P" respectively (former B.A.E. ms. 4678pt.) with some linguistic insertions. The information was collected during the early period.

Harrington copied a small file of Spanish loanwords in Tewa from Eduardo Cata's material. Cata had apparently taken the terms from a Lansing Bloom list which has not been identified. A few terms are annotated.

LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES ARRANGED SEMANTICALLY

From many informants, Harrington recorded a few pages each of over twenty topics such as dances, estufas (kivas), pottery, societies, religion, superstitions, Tewa trails, and Tewa origins (former B.A.E. ms. 4704pt.). Barbara Freire-Marreco collaborated in the accumulation of some of the material, most of which came from the many informants who contributed to the early notes. Some linguistic material is inter-

IV /65Southwest

spersed. There is a handwritten copy of the Nambe census of 1911, a description and rough sketches of the Black Mesa of San Ildefonso, and several references toJemez, Spanish Cochiti, Spanish Hopi, Taos, Zuni,

and Sia. A collection of linguistic and ethnographic terms remains in

.slipfile form (former B.A.E. ms. 4704pt.). Some are in various Tewa dialects such as Nambe, San Ildefonso, Sanjuan, and Santa Clara. A few Taos comparisons are included. The largest group is related to animal parts and animal activities. Ethnographic information includes such topics as snakes, estufas, officers and government, plants, pottery, shrines, and societies. A small group is credited to Barbara Freire-Mar­reco. Informants were Ignacio Aguilar, Bert Fredericks, and Santiago Naranjo. Other informants include Manuel Vigil and Bernardo San­chez. Some information from David Dozier was interfiled at a later date.

DICTIONARY The dictionary (former B.A.E. ms. 4704pt.) is brief. It was arranged by Cata in June 1927 from his field notes taken during the early period. Part is in alphabetic order, part is devoted to adjectives with Julian Martinez as informant, and part covers adverbs with Santiago Naranjo

as informant. A second group is also arranged in alphabetic order but no

particular informant is mentioned. Some related nonlexical and biblio­

graphical material is interspersed.

RECORDS OF REHEARINGS Harrington reheard a small selection ofnumbered miscellaneous terms primarily with Santiago Naranjo and probably in 1911.

The most extensive rehearings took place in Washington with Eduardo Cata between February 19 and March 22, 1927. They are an elaboration of Harrington's typed notes from the earlier period. Har­rington and Cata developed a linguistic treatment of notes based on an unpublished dissertation on New Mexico Spanish by Aurelio H. Espin­osa. Together they reworked geographic terms from Harrington's "The Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians." The terms had been cut out of the published volume and mounted one to a page. Other miscella­neous rehearings with Cata were more grammatically oriented.

Substantial material on San Juan/Hano comparisons, which

IV /66 John Peabody Harrington

was reheard with David Dozier and "0," includes placenames, tribe­names, names ofpersons, and grammatical terms. Although the rehear­ings probably took place about 1948 - 1949, some ofthe notes may have been accumulated during a February 1946 visit to Albuquerque, where Harrington interviewed Mr. Shupla, a Hano speaker. This meeting may have resulted also in his proposed article "Hano . . . Same Word as Tano."

TEXTS

Three myths given byJuan Gonzales on September 1,2, and 3, 1908 at the camp near the Stone Lions are rendered in Tewa and English with some linguistic notes. Also in both languages is an Ignacio Aguilar story recorded on September 23, 1909. Some stories probably obtained be­tween 1908 and 1909 are in English only. Not all are complete and the continuity ofsome is broken due to repetitive material and interspersed corrections. There are two short Nambe myths. Eduardo Cata supplied thirteen texts in addition to the three published in 1947. These are in Tewa, most with either interlinear or parallel English translations. Har­rington used pencils of different colors to insert orthographic correc­tions and later annotations. Whether the texts were obtained in 1927 when Cata was in Washington or during the 1940s is uncertain.

WRITINGS

There are substantial notes accumulated for" A BriefDescription ofthe Tewa Language" (1910) (former B.A.E. ms. 4704pt.). Harrington's notes contain more extensive phonetic and morphological information than the final publication. Ignacio AguilarandJulian Martinez were the main informants. Some citations proved to be incorrect and others are too cryptic to be properly identified. There is additional phonetic mate­rial as a result of fieldwork in orthography between November 1911 and June 1912, and brief notes on pronouns which may have been arranged between October 1912 and February 1913, when Harrington was working with Barbara Freire-Marreco.

There are scant notes for "The Indian Game of Canute," published in 1912, and two sets ofnotes for the phonetic key which was used in general for each of the three publications in the "Ethno-" series (former B.A.E. ms. 3451).

_--------.....-. A

Southwest IV /67

Notes probably recorded in 1910 for "Ethnogeography" and "Ethnobotany" are intermixed and largely disorganized, although sub­stantial in number (former B.A.E. ms. 4704pt.). Additional informa­tion and some relevant correspondence for "Ethnogeography" is in­cluded (former B.A.E. mss. 3801 and 4704pt.), as well as some notes Harrington excerpted in 1946 from this publication. Harrington worked on the "Ethno-" publications under the joint auspices of the B.A.E. and the School of American Archaeology. There is a hand-writ­ten draft of the age-sex terms used in his "Tewa Relationship Terms" (1912). Further material apparently intended for publication covers such categories as sense verbs, colors, and adjectives.

Contained in this section are a handwritten draft and the galleys for "Meanings of Old Tewa Indian Placenames Around Santa Fe," published in 1919, and a draft with notes for "Old Indian Geo­graphical Names Around Santa Fe" (1920). Drafts and notes for "Three Tewa Texts" include insertions ofadditional information pro­vided by David Dozier and "0."

There are five sets of drafts for proposed articles. "Ablaut in the Tewa Language of New Mexico" (1912) is an elaboration of the phonetic material used in "A BriefDescription ofthe Tewa Language. "

II"Some Aspects of Tewa Indian Placenames" was written in 1920. Un­ II dated are "Hano, Indian Pueblo of Arizona, the Same Word as Tano" (former B.A.E. ms. 4521pt.), "Santa Fe at Northern Edge of Tano :111

II: Country," and "The Tewa Pueblos."

1iII,,1 ,Eduardo Cata submitted or sold an essay to the B.A.E. (former ms. 4704pt.). It is titled "Phonetics of the Tewa Language" ,IIIlI and dated January 5, 1927. The title page, bill of sale, and notes in I Harrington's handwriting, and some possibly in Cata's are on file. In­

I111

formants Mr. and Mrs. "0" also contributed information. Harrington and David Dozier co-authored two unpublished

articles on Tewa tones- "Tewa Tones" and "The 3 Tone Accents and the 1 Non-tone Accent ofTewa." There is overlapping material in each paper. Library requests and correspondence suggest that they orga­nized this material in 1948. Each draft is followed by related notes. "Tewa Tones" includes Dozier's list of Tewa speakers. Two other proposed papers deal further with tones, one an argument for the existence of Kiowa tones in the Tewa language. il

At this same time, Harrington apparently was engaged in a further reorganization of his Tewa notes into a grammar for possible

~

IV /68 John Peabody Harrington

publication. An outline reveals, however, that not all contemplated sections were developed. The notes are most complete for phonetics and nouns. With informant "0" he recorded grammatical information from' 'Three Tewa Texts" (1947) and also rechecked material from" A Brief Description of the Tewa Language."

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

These notes are mainly from the early period. Some of the information came from Ignacio Aguilar. There is a small selection ofJemez, Ute, and Taos equivalences. Also included are a diagram of Tewa color symbolism (former B.A.E. ms. 1790), a reproduction of a San Juan Pueblo religious painting, and a very short bibliography.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON

Linguistic Informants

TEWA

Ignacio Aguilar Andres Boneficio (Tesuque) Juan Cana Eduardo Cata (Sanjuan) Mrs. Crowe C. Dieguito David Dozier Juan Gonzales Crescencio Martin (Cr.) Julian Martinez Pascual Martinez Alfredo Montoya (San Ildefonso) Mario Montoya Rafael Montoya Tomas Montoya (Sanjuan) Vivian Montoya Desiderio Naranjo Jose Manuel Naranjo (may have been informant of Barbara

Freire-Marreco)

~

IV /69Southwest

Santiago Naranjo (Jim) (Santa Clara)

Mr. and Mrs. O. Agapito Pena (San Ildefonso) Lorenzo Portrillo (Santa Clara) Diego Roybal (San Ildefonso) Bernardo Sanchez Tsire Senko (Nambe) Manuel Vigil (Nambe) Virgil (Tesuque)

HOPI (ORAIBI)

Bert Fredericks PICURIS

Joe Horner (also identified as "Yuma Dreamer" and "Yuma

Shaman") TAOS

Mrs. A. G. Divine

Nonlinguistic Informants John Dixon (Juan de Jesus Pancho)

Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents

Judge A.J. Abbott Eduardo Cata Kenneth M. Chapman Dr. Y. R. Chao Jacqueline Danner Frances Densmore Nathan Dowell David Dozier Adele Fields Barbara Freire-Marreco Pliny Earle Goddard Junius Henderson Edgar Lee Hewett Mr. Jean<:on Mr. J. C. Nusbaum Wilfred W. Robbins Mr. H. J. Spinden Matilda Coxe Stevenson Mrs. Swasco

IV /70 John Peabody Harrington

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON

Bandelier, Adolph F. 1890 - Final Report ofInvestigations among the Indians ofthe Southwest­

1892 ern United States . .. 1880-1885.2 vols. Cambridge, Massa­chusetts: J. Wilson and Son.

1916 The Delight Makers. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. Espinosa, Aurelio M.

1909 Studies in New Mexico Spanish, A Dissertation. Unpublished Dis­sertation, University of Chicago.

Hodge, Frederick W., ed. 1910 "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Part II."

Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30: entire issue. Powell, John Wesley

1891 "Indian Linguistic Families of America North of Mexico." Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology for 1885-1886:1-142.

Stevenson, Mathilda Coxe 1894 "The Sia." Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of American

Ethnologyfor 1889-1890:3-157. 1904 "The Zuni Indians." Twenty-third Annual Report ofthe Bureau

ofAmerican Ethnology:3- 634. Westermann, Diedrich

1912 The Shilluk People, Their Language and Folklore. Philadelphia: The Board of Foreign Missions of the United Presbyterian Church of North America.

PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON

Harrington,John P. 1910a "A Brief Description of the Tewa Language." American An­

thropologist n.s. 12:4:487 - 504. Also published-in Papers ofthe School ofAmerican Archaeology 17.

1912c "The Tewa Indian Game of 'Canute'." American Anthropolo­gist n.s. 14:2:243 - 286.

1912d "Tewa Relationship Terms." American Anthropologist n.s. 14:3:472 - 498. Also published in Papers ofthe School ofAmeri­can Archaeology 27.

1916c "The Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians." Twenty-ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for 1907­

IV /71Southwest

1908:29-636. Also published in Papers ofthe School ofAmeri­

can Archaeology 40. 1919a "Meanings of Old Tewa Indian Placenames Around Santa

Fe." El Palacio 7:4:78-83. 1919b "Studies of the Kiowa, Tewa, and California Indians." Smith­

sonian Miscellaneous Collections, Explorations and Fieldwork in

191870:2:118-120. 1920b "Old Indian Geographical Names Around Santa Fe, New

Mexico." American Anthropologist n.s. 20:4:341- 359. 1947d "Three Tewa Texts." InternationalJournal of American Lin­

guistics 13:2: 112 -116. 1949c "Olivella River." El Palacio 56:7:220 - 222.

Harrington,John Peabody and Junius Henderson 1914a "Ethnozoology of the Tewa Indians." Bureau ofAmerican Eth­

nology Bulletin 56: entire issue. Also published in Papers ofthe

School ofAmerican Archaeology 30. Robbins, W. W., John Peabody Harrington, and Barbara Freire-Marreco

1916b "Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians." Bureau ofAmerian Eth­nology Bulletin 55: entire issue. Also published in Papers of the

School ofAmerican Archaeology 41.

CROSS REFERENCES See also "General and Miscellaneous Materials" for additional Tewa linguistic data. There are related photographs in N.A.A. and sound recordings on wax cylinders at the Library of Congress.

TEWA

Reels 050-057

REEL FRAMES

050 0001-0467 } Field Notes [includes former B.A.E. ms. 4678pt.] 051 0001-0453

052 0001-0599} Vocabulary [includes former B.A.E. ms. 4678pt.] 053 0001-0275

054

0276-0640}

0001-0249

Linguistic and Ethnographic Notes Arranged Seman­tically [includes former B.A.E. ms. 4704pt.]

0250-0532 Dictionary [includes former B.A.E. ms.4704pt.]

055

056

0001-0587 }

0001-0148 Records ofRehearings

IV /72 John Peabody Harrington

0149-0555 Texts

0556-0968} Writings [includes former B.A.E. mss. 3451, 3801, 057 0001-0880 4521 pt., and 4704pt.]

0881-0997 Miscellaneous Notes [includes former B.A.E. ms. 1790]

General and Miscellaneous Materials

Certain notes in this series encompass the Southwest as an entity; others constitute small files of miscellany which do not relate directly to the preceding sets of field notes. Few precise dates are as­signed to this section of material as it is based on information accumu­lated over an indefinite period of time.

ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD NOTES RELATING TO ELDEN PUEBLO

In 1926 Harrington was called to assistJ. W. Fewkes at the excavation of ruins at Elden Pueblo near Flagstaff, Arizona. This series comprises the journal entries which Harrington made on an almost daily basis be­tween May 27 and August 27,1926. There are two sets ofnotes-the original handwritten ones and a typed copy which was submitted to Fewkes on November 10,1926 (former B.A.E. ms. 6010). Thejournal contains brief notes, sketches of pits and artifacts, references to photo­graphs, and names of associates; there are no significant linguistic or ethnographic data.

LINGUISTIC NOTES

Linguistic notes relating to the Southwest consist ofa comparative list of Taos, Picuris, Isleta, Tewa (San Juan), and Tanoan numerals. The vocabulary is based mainly on Harry S. Budd's B.A.E. ms. 1028.

ETHNOGRAPHIC AND HISTORICAL NOTES

While at Elden Pueblo in August 1926, Harrington interviewed several of his associates on the subject of pueblo basket-making. Dr. and Mrs.

IV /73Southwest

Colton and Mr. Gladwin provided most ofthe information. These notes

were formerly part of B.A.E. ms. 2291. Notes with a historical content include a personal narrative,

the account of an Indian scout (Yavapai) working for the U.S. Cavalry.

The source and date are not given.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES There are fewer than ten pages of highly miscellaneous notes on the Southwest. These include notes on photographs, bibliography, and a large chart of pronouns. No language or date are indicated for the last

item.

WRITINGS Harrington wrote two articles on various languages of the Southwest which were published in The Pueblo Indian World (1945j, 1945k). Pre­liminary drafts and notes for "The Southwest Indian Languages" and "The Sounds and Structure of the Aztecan Languages" form part of this section. Most ofthe information was evidently extracted from notes on hand at the time. Harrington mentionedJamesJohnson and Edward Hunt, both ofwhom spoke Acoma-Laguna and worked with him inJuly and August of 1944. Tom Polacca's son gave Hopi data.

There are also a partial draft, notes, and bibliography for an article titled "Indians of the Southwest" (1942b). Sources for this work include Harrington's Ethnogeography ofthe Tewa Indians (1916c); Ruth Bunzel's "Zuni" (1935); and the Hopi Journal of Alexander Stephen,

edited by Elsie Clews Parsons (1936). Material relating to unpublished writings includes notes for a

review of Mary Roberts Coolidge's The Rain-Makers (1929). An un­dated draft and notes on "The Southern Athapascan" are also in­

cluded.

FIELD NOTES OF OTHERS A group of original field notes from Harrington's collaborators were left in his possession; in particular, a group of handwritten slips taken between December 10, 1912, and April 6, 1913, were found in an envelope addressed to Harrington. Barbara Freire-Marreco evidently sent them from Polacca, Arizona, to Harrington in Santa Fe, New

IV /74 john Peabody Harrington

Mexico. The content is mainly grammatical, with vocabulary items and ethnographic material interspersed. The language has not been identi­fied.

A second set of notes consists of cards and a typed list, evi­dently compiled by Junius Henderson. The data include animal terms in Hopi (Moki), Pima, and Walapai.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON Linguistic Informants

ACOMA AND LAGUNA

Edward Hunt James Johnson

HOPI

Tom Polacca's son

Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents Dr. and Mrs. Colton Bertha P. Dutton Barbara Freire-Marreco Mr. Gladwin Junius Henderson

Names of persons with whom Harrington worked on the Elden Pueblo excavation are listed in his daily journal.

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Budd, Harry S.

1885 - Taos Vocabulary. Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 1028. 1886ms National Anthropological Archives. Bunzel, Ruth Leah

1938 "Zuni." Handbook of American Indian Languages. Part J. Gliickstadt; New York: J. J. Augustin, Inc., Publisher.

Coolidge, Mary Roberts

1929 The Rain-Makers. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Harrington,john P.

1916c "The Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians." Twenty-ninth

Southwest IV /75

Annual Report of the Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology for 1907­1908:29 - 636.

Hodge, Frederick W., ed. 1910 "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." Bureau

ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30: entire issue. Parsons, Elsie Clews

1936 "HopiJournal ofAlexander M. Stephen." Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology 23. [Photostat in N .A.A.]

PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON

1910b "Butterfly in Southwestern Languages." American Anthropolo­gist n.S. 12:2:344- 345.

1910e "On Phonetic and Lexie Resemblances Between Kiowan and Tanoan." American Anthropologist n.s. 12: 1: 119 -122.

1911b "The Numerals 'Two' and 'Three' in Certain Indian Lan­guages of the Southwest." American Anthropologist n.s. 13: 1:166 - 167.

1916d "House-builders of the Desert." Art and Archeology 4:6: 299 ­306.

1929d "Linguistic Expert Lectures at Chaco." El Palacio 26: 19­25:315. [Article about Harrington's lectures.]

1942b "The Indians of the Southwest." Leaflets ofthe School ofAmeri­can Research, Museum ofNew Mexico Santa Fe.

1944b "Indian Words in Southwest Spanish, Exclusive of Proper Nouns." Plateau 17:2:27 -40.

1945j "The Southwest Indian Languages." The Pueblo Indian World. Appendix 1. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico and the School of American Research.

1945k "The Sounds and Structure of the Aztecan Languages." The Pueblo Indian World. Appendix 2. Albuquerque: The Univer­sity of New Mexico and the School of American Research.

1949d "Rito, a Short-Cut for Saying Riito." El Palacio 56:8:252­253.

CROSS REFERENCES

See also "Isleta," "Picuris," "Taos," and "Tewa" for additional lin­guistic information on these languages.

IV /76 John Peabody Harrington

GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS

Reel 058 REEL FRAMES

058 0001-0220

0221-0229

0230-0270

0271-0284

0285-0381

0382-0409

Archeological Field Notes Relating to Elden Pueblo [in­cludes former B.A.E. ms. 6010]

Linguistic Notes Ethnographic and Historical Notes [includes former

B.A.E. ms. 2291] Miscellaneous Notes Writings Field Notes ofOthers

Appendix

ABBREVIATIONS AND SPECIAL USES OF TERMS

A. Ae. ace. accts. Sp. adivina

adj. / adjvl. adv. Aeh.

Afb.

ag (tv). Alk. or A.L.K.

Am.

an. an(s).

unidentified associate (as in "proofread by A.")

Acoma according (as in "ace. to . . . ") or accusative

accounts guesses (as opposed to "kw." - knows) adjective / adjectival adverb Arthur E. Harrington (nephew, worked as field as­

sistant, chauffeur, and copyist) Adolph F. Bandelier See Also: Br. agentive Alfred L. Kroeber See Also: K(r). "American" (English as opposed to an Indian lan­

guage) or modern, nonnative (as in "Am. dress") animate (as in "an. or inan.") animal(s)

IV /77

l-----. I

IV /78 John Peabody Harrington

ans. app(l). art. asp. / aspd. Ath. aug. Az.

B. B.A.E. bee. betw. bot. bpI. Br.

Bull.

C. ca. ca. / ca. ca. cald. e.e. cd. cf. ch.

ck. clickt colI. pI. cone. conj. cons. cpo / cps. / cpd. cs. cttail cwd. cyl.

answer (frequently used with kinship terms) apparently article aspiration / aspirated Athapascan augmentative Aztec

Bay (when given by name) Bureau of American Ethnology because between botanical or bought biplural Adolph F. Bandelier See Also: Afb. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin

Elliott Coues or Edward S. Curtis about cited above / cited above more than once called carefully caught could compare (L. confer) clearly heard (as in "ch. forever" and "chpu."­

clearly heard, perfectly understood) creek clicked collective plural conceSSIve conjunction consonant compare / compares / compared California Spanish See also: Sp(an)/Sp. Cal. cattail coastward wax cylinder sound recording

IV /79Southwest

d. D(aw). decl. def. demo dervl. diam. dict. dif. dim. dipth(s) dirctv. Dix. do. Dom. dpl. dq(s).

dr. dsl. dstr. dupe

e. Eng. entv. equiv(ce). equv. esp. eth. d. eth. dict. etym. eVe Ev.

exe. extnl.

fame

dual (as in "d. you") Dawson (book on birds) declension definite demonstrative derivational diameter dictionary different diminutive or diminutivism diphthong(s) directive Roland B. Dixon ditto Santo Domingo dual plural (as in "dpl. you" or reduplication) direct question(s) (as in "At least dqs. can elicit noth­

ing further.' ') downriver downslope downstream duplicate

east English entitative equivalence equative especially ethnobotanical dictionary Franciscans An Ethnological Dictionary

etymology evidently Evelyn Danner (assistant) See Also: ~ and 1\

excerpted from extensional

family

IV /80 John Peabody Harrington

fingersn. fingerthr. fingerwr. fn. Fr. Fr. B. freq. Frw. Lag. fut.

g. Gat. gen. geo. Ger. gest. gew.

gl. / gld. graysq. grayh. grf.

grm.

grpl.

hbk. or Hbk.

hd. hdkf. Hen. hmgbird hort. Hrd. hspg. husb.

fingersnapping fingerthrowing fingerwrestling footnote French Father Berard Haile frequentative Freshwater Lagoon future

galley proof or going (as in "g. to") A. S. Gatschet gender or general geographical German gesture (as in "gest. of wiping") [Ger. gewissen, known] See Also: ungew. glottal stop / glottalized graysquirrel grayhound grandfather (as in "mat. grf." or "pat. grf."­

maternal, paternal grandfather) grandmother (as in "mat. grm." or "pat. grm."­

maternal, paternal grandmother) groupal

handbook (particularly refers to F. W. Hodge's Handbook ofAmerican Indians North ofMexico or A. L. Kroeber's Handbook of the Indians of Cali­fornia)

heard handkerchief H. W. Henshaw hummingbird hortatory Ales Hrdlicka hotspring husband

IV /81Southwest

hwriting hw(y).

I. / I. del S. id(s). ie. / ied.

Imm. imp(era). impersl. impt. inane inch. indo Ind(s). indirv. infn. inft(s). instrl. int(erj). int(erp). interrvl. inter. intr. Ital.

Jem. Jph. jrabbit

K. Ke. Ker. K(r).

k(w).

handwriting highway

Isleta / Isleta del Sur island(s) copy / copied (as in "ie. ofGatschet Chumeto VOc.")

See Also: n ied. immediately or immediative imperative (as in "imp. of verb") impersonal important inanimate (as in "in. or inan.' ') inchoative indicative Indian(s) indirective information (sometimes mistakenly used for "inft.")

informant(s) instrumental interjection interpreter interrogatival interview intransitive Italian

Jemez John Peabody Harrington (referring to himself)

jackrabbit

Kiowa knows equivalence Keresan Alfred L. Kroeber See Also: Alk. or A. L. K. knows (as in "Ja. kw. Fiddler John" and "kw.

equiv." -knows equivalence); may also mean knows word

~-------_.

IV /82 John Peabody Harrington

lag. Lag. L. B. / L. B. P.

ldns. lit.

19. loc.

locnl. lw(s).

m. m.a.

manz. mat. mat. cult. med. Mex(s). mg. / mgless mistrs. / mistrd. Mjh.

modI. momy. motI. ms. / msws.

multv.

n.orN.

n. Nat. Museum

Nav. neg.

lagoon Laguna "Little Bear Primer" (Navaho) See Also: AB, ABn "landnames" (geographical terms) literally language (as in "Old Hyampom 19.") locally called (as in "hopper mortar loc. pounding

basket") or locative locational loanword(s)

mile(s) or month or mouth of river mentioned after (as in [placename] m.a. [name] and

before [name]' ') Sp. manzanita (botanical species) maternal (as in "mat. grf." - maternal grandfather) material culture medicine Mexican(s) meaning / meaningless mistranslates / mistranslated Marta J. Herrera (granddaughter of Mutsun infor­

mant, Ascension Solorsano, hired as copyist) modal momentarily (as in "momy. forgets") motional man speaking / man speaking, woman speaking

(usually follows kinship terms) multiplicative

does not know (L. nescit) (as in "Inft. n."­informant does not know)

See Also: nesc. and nt. or Nt. north or noun United States National Museum See Also: U .S.N.M. Navaho negative

IV /83Southwest

nesc.

n ied.

non-possl. nt. or Nt.

num. numd.

o's o. obs.

obsc. opp. orlg. ord. oxy.

p. P. pan. para. Parm. parts. passv. pat.

pc. pd. pdl. penin. pesp. phen. phoned Pic. pI.

doesnotknow(L.n~ci~

See Also: n. or N. not copied See Also: ie. / ied. non-possessional do not know (L. nesciunt) (as in "Infts. nt."­

informants do not know)

See Also: n. or N. numeral numeroid

"okays" (as in "Inft. knows this word and o's it.") older (as in "0. bro." -older brother) observation(s) made (as in "Obs. on bus River's End

to Marshfield")

obscene opposite originally ordinal oxytone

paces (as in "23 p." on map) or page

Piro panorama paragraph or paraphernalia Parmenter (book on birds)

particles passive paternal (as in "pat. grm." - paternal grand­

mother) personlc proofread paradigmatical peninsula Sp. pespibata (tobacco) phenomena (natural events) recorded on phonographic cylinders

Picuris plural

IV /84 John Peabody Harrington

plcn(s) pIns. postnl. poss. post. / postpsn. ppp. pres. prim. priv. prtv. prob. proncn. /

proncs. / proncd.

pron. / pronl. pt(s). pte. pu. or Pu.

pub. pts.

quest.

R. ra. recd. recip. refl. r(eg). reh.

reI. / relvL rem.

rem. / rems. / remd.

res. or Res. rhd. / r(h)g.

rhet.

placename(s) plantnames positional

possessive (as in "poss. pronoun") postposition / postpositional perfect passive participle present primer privative prioritive probably

pronunciation / pronounces / pronounced

pronoun / pronominal part(s) participle

perfectly understood (as in "chpu." -clearly heard, perfectly understood)

"pubic parts" (genitals)

questionnaire

River rancheria received reciprocal reflexive region rehearing

See Also: rhd. / r(h)g. relative / relatival remotive

remember / remembers / remembered

reservation

reheard / rehearing See Also: reh.

rhetorical (as in "rhet. length' ')

Southwest IV /85

rsn.

s. Sap. Sch. sep. Shoo S.1. slipt Sp(an) / Sp. Cal.

sp. / spp. spg. spn(s) stip. stns. subord. subv. swh. syI. / syld. syn.

Ta. temp. tho. tob. touched up tpI. tr.

trbn(s). trib. trn. / trng. /

trs.

upe. ups. ult.

rattlesnake

singular (as in "s. you") or south Edward Sapir surely clearly heard separate Shoshonean Smithsonian Institution "slipped," made file slips of data Spanish / California Spanish See Also: cs. species / species (plural) spring (source of water or season) specimen(s) stipulative statenames subordination subjective sweathouse syllable / syllabified (as in "naha', syld. nah-ha' ") synonomous

Taos temporal though tobacco proofread, diacritical marks added triplural (more than two) translation (especially marks words which are not

cognates or true native terms but are approxima­tions)

tribename(s) tributary translation / translating / translates

upcreek upstream ultimate (as in "ult. syI." - ultimate syllable)

IV /86 John Peabody Harrington

ungew.

ungld. unlv.

U.S.N.M.

v. I vI. v. I vs. I vd. val. Van.

viI. voc. Voeg. vow. vv.

w. W. wd. whm.

Wn. wpkr. ws.

y. y. Y. IY. and M. yer yest.

YJ· ym.

Z.

not known (from Ger. ungewissen) See Also: gew. unglottalized university

United States National Museum See Also: Nat. Mus.

verb I verbal volunteer I volunteers I volunteered valley

Richard F. Van Valkenburgh (at Los Angeles Mu­seum)

village vocabulary C. F. Voegelin vowel vIce versa

west Benjamin L. Whorf would

whiteman or English (as opposed to any Indian lan­guage)

Washington, D.C. woodpecker

woman speaking (usually follows kinship terms) See Also: ms. I msws.

yellow (as in "y. pine")

younger (as in "y. bro." -younger brother) Robert W. Young I Young and William Morgan second person plural yesterday yellowjacket young man

Zuni

Southwest IV /87

SPECIAL

--d

J6 +

o

o *

# or b d

dn AB, ABn

npu.;f;l

1\

gone over with informant(s) named (as in "Ascd. and Izd." - reheard with Ascenci6n Sol6rsano and Isabelle Meadows)

cross-reference symbol secondary cross-reference symbol or contrasting

form ungrammatical, form not accurate or authentic (as

in "But 0 p'un K'ehtfahat, one died. Have to say p'un K'ehta.")

similar form guess, form not verified (as in "Iz. Oct. 1934 adivina

* ri . sim.") (See adivina above.) sharp or fiat intonation contours unidentified associate, possibly Evelyn Danner (as in

"mounted by d") See Also: Ev. "Spotted Dog Primer" (Navaho primer) "Little Bear Primer" (Navaho primer) See Also: L. B. I L.B.P. unidentified Navaho primer, possibly "Little Man's

Family" "Doda primer"? (Navaho primer) Danner? Dodge?

The Papers ofJohn Peabody Harrington

in the Smithsonian Institution) 1907-1957

A collection of more than 750,000 pages of documents representing a

half century of research in Native American history, anthropology and

language.

The complete microform program consists of the following parts:

Alaska / Northwest Coast

Northern and Central California

Southern California / Basin

Southwest

Plains

Northeast / Southeast

Mexico / Central America / South America

Notes and Writings on Special Linguistic Studies

Correspondence and Financial Records

Photographs

DETAILED INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE FROM:

Kraus International Publications One Water Street White Plains, NY 10601