The phylogenetic structure of plant-pollinator networks ...lj-gilarranz.com/publications/Aizen-2015-EcolLett...S1 Supporting Information The phylogenetic structure of plant-pollinator

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Supporting Information

The phylogenetic structure of plant-pollinator networks

increases with habitat size and isolation

Marcelo A. Aizen, Gabriela Gleiser, Malena Sabatino, Luis J. Gilarranz, Jordi Bascompte,

and Miguel Verdú

Content Supporting Materials and Methods

Tables S1-S14

Figures S1-S5

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Supporting Materials and Methods

Landscape’s human transformation

The fertile Austral Pampas’ region, where the study sierras are located, was effectively

colonized by criollos of Spanish descent between 1820 and 1830, and the land divided

among the first “estancieros”, whose main activity was cattle-raising. The transformation

from pasture to cropland on the plains surrounding the sierras occurred at the end of the 19th

century associated with the onset of the big European immigration to Argentina (Barsky &

Gelman 2001). As it happened across the Pampas, a relatively diverse agriculture

dominated by wheat was replaced, starting in the late seventies, by one monopolized by

soybean (Aizen et al. 2009). Today the sierras emerge as true islands of diversity amidst a

relatively uniform agriculture matrix (Fig. 1).

Threshold distance

Functional connectivity depends on the dispersal capacity of individuals. Thus, it is

difficult to determine a priori the threshold distance below which two given habitat patches

are expected to be "connected" based solely on theoretical expectations, particularly for

community attributes. An empirical approach frequently used in landscape ecological

studies is to identify the threshold distance that maximizes the variance explained by the

correlation between a given connectivity metric and a population/community attribute (e.g.

Steffan-Dewenter et al. 2002). We followed this approach by estimating the relation

between phylogenetic signals in interactions and estimates of patch betweenness centrality

for each of the 12 focal sierras (Table S1), considering threshold distances between 10 and

20 km (Table S2). This range of distances was chosen because distances <10 km resulted

in some sierras to be completely "disconnected" from the rest (i.e. their betweenness

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centrality was undetermined) and distances > 20 km resulted in more than half of the sierras

with betweenness centrality values = 0 (i.e. most sierras were connected directly to all

sierras).

Plant and animal phylogenies

Phylogenetic distance estimation for plants

Phylogenetic relations among all species were inferred using the Phylomatic v3 online tool,

http://phylodiversity.net/phylomatic/ (Webb & Donoghue 2005), choosing the R20120829

source tree, which is based on the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III (Bremer et

al. 2009). As the resulting tree showed some polytomies, we further resolved the

phylogenetic relations for some groups using published phylogenies; for Asteraceae we

extracted the inferred relations from Funk et al. (2009) and for Iridaceae from Reeves et al.

(2001). Specifically, we replaced the polytomies contained in the source tree with resolved

sub-trees, which were assembled manually using the topological information contained in

the published phylogenies mentioned above. The resulting tree was then calibrated by

running the bladj (branch-length-adjusting) algorithm in the Phylocom 4.2 software (Webb

et al. 2008), using the estimated node dates from Wikström et al. (2001). This algorithm

constrains the ages of the provided nodes and subsequently assigns ages to the remaining

nodes evenly in order to produce an ultrametric tree. From this tree, we then obtained a

matrix of pairwise phylogenetic distances among all plants by running the phydist

command in Phylocom 4.2.

Phylogenetic distance estimation for pollinators

We constructed a phylogeny for the pollinators observed in all sierras by assembling the

information contained in different published sources. The phylogenetic relations among the

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main groups of insects were extracted from Wiegmann et al. (2009). We then added

resolved topologies for each group of the tips of this stem phylogeny from different

sources: Brady et al. (2009) for Aculeata, Cardinal et al. (2010) for Apidae, Field et al.

(2011) for Sphecidae, Danforth et al. (2008) for Halictidae, Heikkilä et al. (2012) for

Lepidoptera, Bertone & Wiegmann (2009) for Diptera, Kutty et al. (2010) for Calyptratae,

and McKenna & Farrell (2009) for Coleoptera. From these sources, we extracted the ages

of diversification for the main nodes of the phylogeny when available. We used this

information to estimate branch lengths for the resulting phylogeny, by applying, as for the

plant's phylogeny, the bladj algorithm, but this time using the ages of diversification

extracted from the publications mentioned above (e.g. we constructed a customized version

of the "ages" example file provided with the Phylocom software, which included known

node ages for some pollinator groups). Phylogenetic distances among all pollinators were

estimated using the phydist command in Phylocom 4.2.

Accounting for topological and chronological uncertainty

Both the plants and pollinators phylogenies contained some soft polytomies due to lack of

phylogenetic information in the bibliography, or also, in the case of the pollinators, due to

incomplete taxonomic identification (see Materials and Methods, Study system and

dataset). To account for the effect of the incomplete resolution of the trees, we applied a

procedure that simultaneously resolves polytomies and adjusts branch lengths using an

evolutionary constant rate birth-death model as an alternative to the bladj algorithm, which

does not assume any evolutionary model. This approach consists on first running the

PolytomyResolver R script (Kuhn et al. 2011), which produces an input file for the BEAST

software (Drummond & Rambaut 2007) that contains topological (known resolved

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topology) and chronological (known node ages of diversification) constraints. Then, the

BEAST software resolves the unresolved portions of the tree randomly, and also dates the

rest of the nodes under defined birth-death model priors. We ran, for both plants and

flower visitors, the PolytomyResolver R script using the known tree topologies and node

ages described above as topological and chronological constraints, and we kept the default

settings as described in Kuhn et al. (2011). Then, the resulting input file was read in

BEAST v.1.5.4, which performed Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analyses for 107

iterations, sampled trees every 103 iterations, and produced an output of 104 alternative

trees. Using TreeAnnotator v.1.5.4 (Drummond & Rambaut 2007), we discarded a 25%

burnin and we obtained a maximum clade fully-resolved credibility tree. Finally, we

compared the resemblance of the matrices of pairwise phylogenetic distances obtained

using the bladj vs. the constant rate birth-death model and maximum-credibility tree

approach by means of a Mantel correlation test.

Spatial autocorrelation

Spatial autocorrelation of the residuals of the relations between variables describing

phylogenetic structuring of pollination webs as a function of sierra area and connectivity

(i.e. betwenness centrality) may increase the probability of Type I error in regression

analysis. We checked spatial structure in the residuals of the multiple regressions portrayed

in Tables S3 and S4 by means of Moran’s I correlograms (Fortin et al. 2002).

Correlograms were made with the software SAM 4.0 (Rangel et al. 2010) by constructing

six distance classes as to keep sample sizes per class large enough for meaningful statistical

power. We found statistically non-significant Moran’s I values at all regression x distance

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class combinations (4 x 6) but one (Tables S11 and S12), which might be expected to occur

by chance alone given a fixed Type 1 error of 0.05 for each separate test.

Supporting references

Aizen, M.A., Garibaldi, L.A. & Dondo, M. (2009). Expansión de la soja y diversidad de la agricultura argentina. Ecología Austral, 19, 45-54.

Barsky, O. & Gelman, J. (2001). Historia del Agro Argentino. Desde la Conquista Hasta Fines del Siglo XX. Grijalbo-Mondadori, Buenos Aires.

Bertone, M.A. & Wiegmann, B.M. (2009). True flies (Diptera). In: The Timetree of Life (eds Hedges S.B. & Kumar, S.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 270-277.

Brady, S.G., Larkin, L. & Danforth, B.N. (2009). Bees, ants, and stinging wasps (Aculeata). In: The Timetree of Life (eds Hedges, S.B. & Kumar, S.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 264-269.

Bremer, B., Bremer, K., Chase, M., Fay, M., Reveal, J., Soltis, D. et al. (2009). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Bot. J. Linn. Soc.,161, 105-121.

Cardinal, S., Strakab, J. & Danforth, B.N. (2010). Comprehensive phylogeny of apid bees reveals the evolutionary origins and antiquity of cleptoparasitism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 16207-16211.

Danforth, B.N., Eardley, C., Packer, L., Walker, K., Pauly, A. & Randrianambinintsoa, F.J. (2008). Phylogeny of Halictidae with an emphasis on endemic African Halictinae. Apidologie, 39, 86-101.

Drummond, A.J. & Rambaut, A. (2007). BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evol. Biol., 7, 214.

Field, J., Ohl, M. & Kennedy, M. (2011). A molecular phylogeny for digger wasps in the tribe Ammophilini (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Sphecidae). Syst. Entomol., 36, 732-740.

Fortin, M.J., Dale, M.R. & ver Hoef, J. (2002). Spatial analysis in ecology. In: Encyclopedia of Environmetrics. Volume 4 (eds El-Shaarawi, A.H. & Piegorsch, W.W.). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, pp. 2051-2058.

Funk, V.A., Susanna, A., Stuessy, T.F. & Bayer, R.J. (2009). Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae. International Association for Plant Taxonomy,Vienna.

Heikkilä, M., Kaila, L., Mutanen, M., Peña, C. & Wahlberg, N. (2012). Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies. Proc. R. Soc. B, 279, 1093-1099.

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Kuhn, T.S., Mooers, A.Ø. & Thomas, G.H. (2011). A simple polytomy resolver for dated phylogenies. Methods Ecol. Evol., 2, 427-436.

Kutty, S.N., Pape, T., Wiegmann, B.M. & Meier, R. (2010). Molecular phylogeny of the Calyptratae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) with an emphasis on the superfamily Oestroidea and the position of Mystacinobiidae and McAlpine’s fly. Syst. Entomol.,35, 614-635.

McKenna, D.D. & Farrell, B.D. (2009). Beetles (Coleoptera). In: The Timetree of Life (eds Hedges, S.B. & Kumar, S.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 278-289.

Rangel, T.F., Diniz-Filho, J.A.F. & Bini, L.M. (2010). SAM: a comprehensive application for spatial analysis in macroecology. Ecography,33, 46-50.

Reeves, G., Chase, M.W., Goldblatt, P., Rudall, P., Fay, M.F., Cox, A.V. et al. (2001). Molecular systematics of Iridaceae: evidence from four plastid DNA regions. Am. J. Bot., 88, 2074-2087.

Steffan-Dewenter, I., Münzenberg, U., Bürger, C., Thies, C. & Tscharntke, T. (2002). Scale-dependent effects of landscape context on three pollinator guilds. Ecology, 83, 1421-1432.

Webb, C.O. & Donoghue, M.J. (2005). Phylomatic: tree assembly for applied phylogenetics. Mol. Ecol. Notes, 5, 181-183.

Webb, C.O., Ackerly, D.D. & Kembel, S.W. (2008). Phylocom: software for the analysis of phylogenetic community structure and trait evolution. Bioinformatics, 24, 2098-2100.

Wiegmann, B.M., Kim, J. & Trautwein, M.D. (2009). Holometabolous insects (Holometabola). In: The Timetree of Life (eds Hedges, S.B. & Kumar, S.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 260-263.

Wikström, N., Savolainen, V. & Chase, M.W. (2001). Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree. Proc. R. Soc., 268, 2211-2220.

S8

Table S1 Geographical coordinates and characteristics of the 12 sierras and pollination webs analyzed. Sierras are ordered from the largest to the

smallest.

Sierra

Latitude Longitude Area(ha)

Number of plant species

Number of animal species

Number of interaction

links

Total plant phylogeny

branch length (myr)

Total animal phylogeny

branch length (myr)

Vigilancia -37.880881 -58.012314 2147 34 74 243 2054.92 8484.69

Volcan -37.855217 -58.059364 2079 34 68 228 1877.64 8221.08

Difuntos -37.885350 -57.841953 1692 25 68 191 1711.67 7345.95

Cinco Cerros -37.737917 -58.240992 541 33 63 171 1716.07 7704.09

La Brava -37.881586 -57.986611 396 24 58 171 1224.49 6854.76

La Barrosa -37.873775 -58.263144 243 36 58 175 1935.29 6273.19

La Chata -37.877511 -58.384603 229 33 61 191 1987.18 6839.99

Amarante -37.845356 -58.365892 190 39 67 188 1971.34 7611.86

El Morro -37.739264 -58.424703 49 17 67 138 1062.18 8210.04

Difuntito -37.760303 -58.250575 13 38 79 241 2478.56 7772.28

Piedra Alta -37.733280 -58.311856 13 22 66 168 1601.02 7634.14

La Paja -37.751733 -58.289511 12 28 48 132 1725.68 5884.63

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Table S2 Coefficients of determination (R2) for linear regressions testing the effects of

different estimates of betweenness centrality based on increasing threshold distances

(10-20 km) on the correspondences (z-transformed estimates) between the (a) plant

phylogeny and species composition of the interacting animal assemblage, (b) animal

phylogeny and species composition of the interacting plant assemblage, and (c) plant-

animal phylogenies.

Threshold (a) Plant phylogeny (b) Animal phylogeny (c) Cophylogeny

distance (km) R2 P R2 P R2 P

10 0.197 0.15 0.022 0.64 0.117 0.27

11 0.342 0.046 0.189 0.16 0.317 0.056

12 0.368 0.036 0.129 0.25 0.332 0.049

13 0.206 0.14 0.078 0.38 0.143 0.23

14 0.022 0.64 0.004 0.85 0.005 0.83

15 0.011 0.75 0.034 0.57 0.000 0.97

16 0.034 0.56 0.002 0.88 0.067 0.42

17 0.135 0.24 0.012 0.74 0.198 0.15

18 0.068 0.41 0.006 0.82 0.165 0.19

19 0.043 0.52 0.001 0.92 0.002 0.89

20 0.033 0.57 0.000 0.99 0.000 0.98

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Table S3 Multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra

area and connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality) on the phylogenetic-ecological

correspondence (i.e. z-transformed partial Mantel correlation) between the (a) plant

phylogeny and species composition of the interacting animal assemblage, and (b)

animal phylogeny and species composition of the interacting plant assemblage (Fig. 3).

P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced. Sample size n=12.

(a) Plant phylogeny (b) Animal phylogeny

Factor Estimate SE t P Estimate SE t P

Intercept 1.266 1.212 1.05 0.32 1.724 1.206 1.43 0.19

Area 0.531 0.507 1.05 0.32 1.165 0.505 2.31 0.046

Connectivity -10.610 4.133 -2.56 0.030 -7.498 4.110 -1.82 0.10

R2 =0.437 R2 =0.453

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area and connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality) on the cophylogenetic congruence (i.e.

z-transformed ParaFit index) between the plant and animal phylogenies of the

pollination web of each sierra (a) including all the sierras (n=12), and (b) after

excluding Difuntito, a small sierra with an unexpected high number of species and

interactions (Fig. 4). P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced.

(a) All sierras (b) Without Difuntito


Intercept -0.089 0.813 -0.11 0.92 -1.235 0.559 -2.21 0.058

Area 0.738 0.341 2.16 0.058 1.122 0.223 5.02 0.001

Connectivity -8.140 2.774 -2.94 0.017 -7.518 1.663 -4.52 0.002

R2 =0.561 R2 =0.837

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area, connectivity (i.e. betweennes centrality), and (log10-transformed) total number of

species (i.e. plants and animals) on the phylogenetic-ecological correspondence (i.e. z-

transformed partial Mantel correlation) between the (a) plant phylogeny and species

composition of the interacting animal assemblage, and (b) animal phylogeny and

species composition of the interacting plant assemblage. P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced.

Sample size n=12.



Intercept -6.980 16.696 -0.42 0.76 4.769 16.813 0.28 0.78

Area 0.458 0.550 0.83 0.17 1.192 0.555 2.15 0.064

Connectivity -10.811 4.337 -2.49 0.035 -7.424 4.373 -1.70 0.13

No. species 4.267 8.617 0.50 0.63 -1.576 8.686 -0.18 0.86

R2 =0.454 R2 =0.455

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area, connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality), and (log10-transformed) total number of

species (i.e. plants and animals) on the cophylogenetic congruence (i.e. z-transformed

Parafit index) between the plant and animal phylogenies of the pollination web of each

sierra (a) including all the sierras (n=12), and (b) after excluding Difuntito, a small

sierra with an unexpected number of species and interactions. P-values < 0.05 are

boldfaced.



Intercept -22.567 8.116 -2.78 0.023 -5.311 10.600 -0.50 0.63

Area 0.538 0.267 2.01 0.079 1.036 0.324 3.19 0.015

Connectivity -8.688 2.108 -4.12 0.003 -7.770 1.821 -4.23 0.004

No. species 11.634 4.189 2.77 0.024 2.184 5.671 0.38 0.71

R2 =0.776 R2 =0.840

S14


area, connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality), and (log10-transformed) number of

interaction links on the phylogenetic-ecological correspondence (i.e. z-transformed

partial Mantel correlation) between the (a) plant phylogeny and species composition of

the interacting animal assemblage, and (b) animal phylogeny and species composition

of the interacting plant assemblage. P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced. Sample size n=12.



Intercept -8.061 12.703 -0.64 0.54 6.434 12.956 0.50 0.63

Area 0.332 0.587| 0.57 0.59 1.266 0.598 2.12 0.06

Connectivity -10.741 4.246 -2.53 0.035 -7.433 4.330 -1.72 0.12

No. links 4.326 5.863 0.74 0.48 -2.184 5.980 -0.37 0.72

R2 =0.473 R2 =0.462

S15


area, connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality), and (log10-transformed) number of

interaction links on the cophylogenetic congruence (i.e. z-transformed Parafit index)

between the plant and animal phylogenies of the pollination web of each sierra (a)

including all the sierras (n=12), and (b) after excluding Difuntito, a small sierra with an

unexpected number of species and interactions. P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced.



Intercept -17.103 6.410 -2.67 0.028 -1.913 8.786 -0.22 0.83

Area 0.374 0.296 1.26 0.24 1.095 0.413 2.65 0.032

Connectivity -8.377 2.142 -3.91 0.004 -7.545 1.812 -4.16 0.004

No. links 7.891 2.959 2.67 0.025 0.330 4.260 0.08 0.94

R2 =0.767 R2 =0.837

S16


area, connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality), and (log10-transformed) total phylogeny

branch length (i.e. for plants or animals) on the phylogenetic-ecological correspondence

(i.e. z-transformed partial Mantel correlation) between the (a) plant phylogeny and

species composition of the interacting animal assemblage, and (b) animal phylogeny

and species composition of the interacting plant assemblage. P-values < 0.05 are

boldfaced. Sample size n=12.



Intercept -9.480 15.123 -0.63 0.55 6.661 42.039 0.16 0.87

Area 0.531 0.521 1.02 0.34 1.194 0.590 2.02 0.078

Connectivity -11.742 4.538 -2.59 0.032 -7.767 4.919 -1.58 0.15

Phylogeny 3.343 4.689 0.71 0.50 -1.289 10.967 -0.12 0.90

R2 =0.470 R2 =0.454

S17


area, connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality), and (log10-transformed) total phylogeny

branch length (i.e. summing the plant and animal phylogenies) on the cophylogenetic

congruence (i.e. z-transformed Parafit index) between the plant and animal phylogenies

of the pollination web of each sierra (a) including all the sierras (n=12), and (b) after

excluding Difuntito, a small sierra with an unexpected number of species and

interactions. P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced.



Intercept -48.726 24.389 -2.00 0.081 -14.794 20.940 -0.70 0.50

Area 0.527 0.313 1.68 0.12 1.020 0.280 3.64 0.008

Connectivity -6.832 2.492 -2.74 0.025 -7.220 1.788 -4.03 0.005

Phylogeny 12.374 6.203 1.99 0.081 3.471 5.375 0.65 0.54

R2 =0.707 R2 =0.846

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Table S11 Spatial autocorrelation (Moran´s I) for six distance categories of the

residuals of multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra

area and connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality) on the phylogenetic-ecological

correspondence (i.e .z-transformed partial Mantel correlation) between the (a) plant

phylogeny and species composition of the interacting animal assemblage, and (b)

animal phylogeny and species composition of the interacting plant assemblage (Fig. 3

and Table S3). P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced.


Distance (km) n Moran´s I SE P n Moran´s I SE P

5.92 22 0.047 0.200 0.49 22 -0.296 0.201 0.31

12.85 20 -0.125 0.101 0.73 20 -0.061 0.119 0.80

17.31 20 -0.294 0.254 0.42 20 -0.166 0.250 0.76

23.36 20 0.415 0.168 0.003 20 -0.257 0.174 0.34

30.83 20 -0.418 0.254 0.20 20 0.250 0.250 0.17

44.42 20 -0.067 0.089 0.79 20 -0.043 0.044 0.27

S19

Table S12 Spatial autocorrelation (Moran´s I) for six distance categories of the

residuals of multiple linear regressions testing the effects of (log10-transformed) sierra

area and connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality) on the cophylogenetic congruence (i.e.

z-transformed ParaFit index) between the plant and animal phylogenies of the

pollination web of each sierra (a) including all the sierras (n=12), and (b) after

excluding Difuntito, a small sierra with an unexpected number of species and

interactions (Fig. 4 and Table S4). P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced.


Distance (km) n Moran´s I SE P n Moran´s I SE P

5.92 22 -0.262 0.202 0.40 18 -0.396 0.235 0.21

12.85 20 0.130 0.171 0.20 16 -0.042 0.219 0.79

17.31 20 -0.215 0.234 0.60 16 -0.107 0.245 0.98

23.36 20 -0.062 0.194 0.88 16 0.032 0.232 0.57

30.83 20 -0.229 0.234 0.55 16 -0.412 0.245 0.20

44.42 20 -0.014 0.144 0.59 18 0.191 0.191 0.59

S20


area and connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality) on the plant (a) and animal (b)

phylogenetic signal in the adjusted number of interaction links (i.e. z-transformed K

statistic) (Fig. S4). P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced. Sample size n=12.



Intercept 4.977 1.389 3.58 0.006 0.410 0.0768 5.33 <0.001

Area -1.297 0.581 -2.23 0.053 -0.005 0.03216 -0.14 0.89

Connectivity 4.013 4.738 0.85 0.42 -0.126 0.262 -0.48 0.64

R2=0.366 R2=0.030

S21


area and connectivity (i.e. betwenness centrality) on the plant (a) and animal (b) deficit

in phylogenetic diversity (i.e. z-transformed difference in Faith’s phylogenetic diversity

index) (Fig. S5). P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced. Sample size n=12.



Intercept -0.909 0.944 -0.96 0.36 -3.214 0.970 -3.31 0.009

Area -0.458 0.395 -1.16 0.28 0.430 0.406 1.06 0.32

Connectivity -2.707 3.219 -0.84 0.42 -2.808 3.307 -0.85 0.42

R2 =0.214 R2 =0.150

S22

Figure S1 Plant metaphylogeny. Phylogenetic relations among the 96 plant species

sampled across the 12 sierras surveyed.

Figure S2 Animal metaphylogeny. Phylogenetic relations among 171 insect

morphospecies sampled across the 12 sierras surveyed.

Figure S3 Phylogenetic architecture of the plant-pollinator network of each sierra.

Phylogenetic relations for the plants (left) and animals (right) of the pollination network

sampled at each sierra and the interaction links between them. For each phylogeny,

branch lengths are proportional to time. Sierras are ordered from the largest to the

smallest.

Figure S4 Phylogenetic signal in the number of interaction links for each species (i.e.

species degree) as a function of sierra area and connectivity. Connectivity is measured

as betweenness centrality, an inverse measure of patch isolation. The phylogenetic

signal in the number of interaction links adjusted by the number of observations was

estimated as a z-transformed K statistic. The gray zone is the region delimited by the

2.5 and 97.5 percentiles from the random distributions of z-scores. The open circle in

each panel represents phylogenetic signal in species degree estimated for a web sampled

at Difuntito, a well-preserved small sierra with an unexpectedly high number of species

and interactions (Table S1). Complete statistics are provided in Table S13.

Figure S5 Deficit in phylogenetic diversity as a function of sierra area and

connectivity. Connectivity is measured as betweenness centrality, an inverse measure

of patch isolation. Deficit in phylogenetic diversity was estimated based on a z-

transformed index that compares the observed tree length with the mean of 1000

S23

randomly-generated trees. The gray zone is the region delimited by the 2.5 and 97.5

percentiles from the random distributions of z-scores. The open circle in each panel

represents the phylogenetic diversity deficit estimated for a web sampled at Difuntito, a

well-preserved small sierra with an unexpectedly high number of species and

interactions (Table S1). Complete statistics are provided in Table S14.

Figure S1

Solanum chacoense

Petunia axillaris

Convolvulus hermanniae

Gerardia genistifolia

Glandularia dissecta

Verbena intermedia

Echium plantagineum

Oxypetalum solanoides

Blumenbachia insignis

Cerastium mollissimum

Silene gallica

Gomphrena perennis

Gymnocalycium reductum

Opuntia elata

Wigginsia tephracantha

Arjona tuberosa

Gelasine azurea

Alophia lahue

Cypella herbertii

Sisyrinchium iridifolium

Habranthus andersoni

Habranthus gracilifolius

Nothoscordum bonariense

Rhodophiala bifida

Canna glauca

Commelina erecta

Hysterionica pinifolia

Conyza bonariensis

Grindelia buphthalmoides

Solidago chilensis

Sommerfeltia spinulosa

Baccharis articulata

Baccharis coridifolia

Baccharis tandilensis

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum

Gamochaeta argentina

Gamochaeta stachydifolia

Achyrocline satureoides

Gnaphalium cheiranthifolium

Conium maculatum

Eryngium floribundum

Eryngium horridum

Eryngium nudicaule

Eryngium regnellii

Foeniculum vulgare

Valeriana polystachya

26 species

2 species

2 species

5 species

5 species

10 species

20 MYA

S24

Figure S1 (cont.)

Carduus acanthoides

Cynara cardunculus

Hypochaeris pampasica

Hypochaeris rosengurtii

Picris echioides

Sonchus oleraceus

Vernonia echioides

Senecio bravensis

Senecio grisebachii

Senecio madagascariensis

Senecio pulcherSenecio selloi

Gaillardia megapotamica

Eupatorium bupleurifolium

Eupatorium lanigerum

Eupatorium macrocephalum

Eupatorium squarrulosum

Eupatorium subhastatum

Eupatorium tenacetifolium

Stevia satureiifolia

Spilanthes stolonifera

Bidens pilosa

1 species

1 species

13 species

7 species

8 species

6 species

10 species

Abutilon terminale

Sida flavescens

Pavonia cymbalaria

Helianthemum brasiliense

Rapistrum rugosum

Dodonaea viscosa

Cuphea fruticosaOenothera indecora

Geranium dissectum

Apodanthera sagitifolia

Rubus ulmifolius

Discaria longispina

Colletia paradoxaAdesmia incana

Lathyrus crassipes

Lathyrus nervosus

Lathyrus pubescens

Melilotus officinalis

Cytisus monspessulanus

Spartium junceum

Mimosa tandilensis

Hypericum connatus

Passiflora caerulea

Turnera pinnatifida

Oxalis articulata

Oxalis cordobensis

Cleanthes brasiliensis

Trixis stricta

Carduus acanthoides

20 MYA

S25

Polistes sp

Polybia scutellaris

Campsomeris bistrimacula

Campsomeris sp.

Formicidae

Camponotus sp.

Linepithema humile

Entypus ferruginipennis

Entypus sp.2

Pepsis sp.

Pompilidae

Tachypompilus sp.

Neochrysis sp.

Braconidae 1

Braconidae 2

Agathidinae

Microgastrinae

Urosigalphus sp.

Alophophion sp.

Ichneumonoidea 1

Ichneumonoidea 2

Ichneumonoidea 3

Chalcidoidea 1

Chalcidoidea 2

Leucospis sp.

Scelionidae

Coreidae

Polistes sp.

Gaesischia sp.

Melissoptila tandilensis

Chalepogenus goeldianus

Ceratina montana

Ceratina rupestris

Xylocopa augusti

Xylocopa ciliata

Bombus atratus

Bombus bellicosus

Apis mellifera

Isepeolus viperinus

Podagritus sp.

Sphex sp.

Isodontia sp.

Prionyx sp.

Chlorion sp.

Sceliphron asiaticum

Stenodynerus sp.1

Stenodynerus sp.2

Zeta canaliculata

Zethus sp.

Brachygastra lechiguana

Mischocyttarus drewseni

Polistes sp

96 species

18 species

7 species

50 MYA

Polistes sp.

S26Figure S2

Staphilinidae 1Staphilinidae 2Colletes cyaneusColletes sp.2Colletes sp.3Leioproctus indigoticusChilicola sp.Pseudagapostemon brasiliensisPseudagapostemon pampeanusPseudagapostemon singularisRuizantheda divaricataDialictus sp.Augochloropsis eratoAugochloropsis sp.2Augochloropsis sp.3Paroxystoglossa sp.Halictillus sp.Augochlorella ephyraAugochlora semiramisPanurgillus sp.Megachile sp.1Megachile sp.2Megachile sp.3Megachile sp.4Coelioxys sp.Pseudocentron sp.Megachilidae

1 species

1 species

1 species

11 species

5 species18 species

9 species4 species

ChrysopaCleridaeAstylus quadrilineatusMelyridaeHarmonia axyridesEpicauta sp.Mordellidae 1Mordellidae 2Nitidulidae

Lema sp.Chrysodina sp.Chrysomelidae 1Chrysomelidae 2Chrysomelidae 3Chrysomelidae 4Chrysomelidae 5Megacyllene insignitaMegacyllene spixiOdontocera flavicaudaParomoecerus barbicornis

Curculionidae 1Curculionidae 2Curculionidae 3Curculionidae 4Photinus fuscusChauliognathus scriptusChauliognathus sp.2Discodon sp.1Discodon sp.2Cantharidae 1Cantharidae 2Conoderus sp.Heteroderes rufangulusDactylozodes sp.Staphilinidae sp1

60 species

50 MYA

S27Figure S2 (cont.)

Anthomyiidae

Muscidae

Drosophilidae

Chloropidae

Tephritidae 1

Tephritidae 2

Tephritis sp.

Platycheirus sp.

Toxomerus sp.

Allograpta sp.

Pseudodoros sp.

Eristalis tenax

Eristalinus taeniops

Palpada sp.

Copestylum sp.

Syritta sp.

Syrphidae

Mydidae

Anthrax sp.

Bombyliidae 2

Villa sp.

Nemestrinidae

Hedriodiscus pulcher

Stratiomyidae 1

Stratiomyidae 2

Tabanidae

Bibionidae

Culicidae

Tipulidae

1 species

36 species

74 species

Anthomyiidae

Danaus plexipus

Libythea carinenta

Pampasatyrus gyrtone

Yphthimoides celmis

Agraulis vanillae

Euptoieta claudia

Vanessa sp.

Audre epulus signata

Emesis russula

Strymon eurytulus

Tatochila autodice

Tatochila vanvolxemi

Teochila maenacte

Corticea immocerina

Lerodea eufala

Panca subpunctuli

Thespieus catochra

Pyrgus sp.

Colias lesbia

Geometridae

Eudesmia australis

Agrotis sp.

Achyra similalis

Pyraloidea

Synanthedon albicalcarata

Cochliomyia macellaria

Lucilia sericata

Parachytas sp.

Trichopoda giacomelli

Tachinidae

Sarcophagidae

Anthomyiidae

50 MYA

Anthomyiidae


Solidago chilensis





Gamochaeta argentina


Conium maculatum


Eryngium horridum

Eryngium regnellii





Cypella herbertii


Chauliognathus scriptusChauliognathus sp.2

Discodon sp.1Discodon sp.2Cantharidae 1

Conoderus sp.Staphilinidae 1Staphilinidae 2

Colletes sp.3Chilicola sp.

Ruizantheda divaricataDialictus sp.

Augochloropsis eratoAugochloropsis sp.2Augochloropsis sp.3

Halictillus sp.Augochlorella ephyra

Augochlora semiramisMegachilidae

Gaesischia sp.Xylocopa ciliata

Bombus bellicosusApis mellifera

Brachygastra lechiguanaMischocyttarus drewseni

Polistes sp.Polybia scutellaris

Campsomeris bistrimaculaCamponotus sp.

Linepithema humileEntypus sp.2

Pepsis sp.Tachypompilus sp.

Braconidae 1Urosigalphus sp.

Chalcidoidea 2

Vigilancia (2147 ha)

Geranium dissectum

Rubus ulmifolius

Colletia paradoxa

Adesmia incana

Lathyrus nervosus

Lathyrus pubescens

Passiflora caerulea

Oxalis articulata

Carduus acanthoides


Vernonia echioides

Senecio bravensis


Senecio pulcher

Senecio selloi



Solidago chilensis

Pampasatyrus gyrtoneAgraulis vanillae

Euptoieta claudiaVanessa sp.

Emesis russulaStrymon eurytulus

Corticea immocerinaLerodea eufala

Panca subpunctuliThespieus catochra

Colias lesbiaEudesmia australis

Achyra similalisLucilia sericataParachytas sp.

Trichopoda giacomelliSarcophagidae

AnthomyiidaeDrosophilidae

Platycheirus sp.Toxomerus sp.Allograpta sp.

Palpada sp.Syritta sp.

Villa sp.Nemestrinidae

TabanidaeAstylus quadrilineatus

Mordellidae 1Mordellidae 2

NitidulidaeChrysodina sp.

Chrysomelidae 3Chrysomelidae 5

Megacyllene insignitaOdontocera flavicauda

Curculionidae 1Curculionidae 4

Chauliognathus scriptus

S29Figure S3







Eryngium horridum

Eryngium regnellii

Foeniculum vulgare




Verbena intermedia




Nothoscordum bonariense

Discodon sp1Discodon sp.2Cantharidae 1Cantharidae 2

Dactylozodes sp.Staphilinidae 1Staphilinidae 2

Colletes sp.3Chilicola sp.

Ruizantheda divaricataDialictus sp.

Augochloropsis sp.2Augochlorella ephyra

Augochlora semiramisMegachile sp.2

MegachilidaeGaesischia sp.

Melissoptila tandilensisChalepogenus goeldianus

Ceratina montanaXylocopa augustiXylocopa ciliata




Camponotus sp.Agathidinae

MicrogastrinaeIchneumonoidea 1

Chalcidoidea 1

Volcán (2079 ha)

sp.1

Colletia paradoxa

Lathyrus pubescens

Mimosa tandilensis

Turnera pinnatifida

Oxalis articulata


Carduus acanthoides

Vernonia echioides


Senecio selloi









Pampasatyrus gyrtoneEuptoieta claudia

Vanessa sp.Strymon eurytulus


Thespieus catochraEudesmia australis

PyraloideaCochliomyia macellaria

Lucilia sericataSarcophagidae


ChloropidaeToxomerus sp.Allograpta sp.

Palpada sp.Copestylum sp.Bombyliidae 2


TabanidaeBibionidae

CleridaeAstylus quadrilineatus

MelyridaeMordellidae 1


Chrysomelidae 1Megacyllene spixi

Photinus fuscusChauliognathus scriptus

Chauliognathus sp.2Discodon sp1sp.1




Bidens pilosa



Eryngium regnellii

Foeniculum vulgare


Verbena intermedia

Gomphrena perennis

Rhodophiala bifida

Canna glauca

Staphilinidae sp1Colletes cyaneus

Colletes sp.3Leioproctus indigoticus

Chilicola sp.Ruizantheda divaricata

Augochloropsis eratoAugochloropsis sp.2

Augochlorella ephyraAugochlora semiramis


Melissoptila tandilensisCeratina montanaCeratina rupestrisXylocopa augustiXylocopa ciliataBombus atratus

Bombus bellicosusApis melliferaPodagritus sp.

Chlorion sp.Brachygastra lechiguanaMischocyttarus drewseni

Polistes sp.Polyb ia scutellaris

Campsomeris sp.Camponotus sp.

Entypus ferruginipennisEntypus sp.2

PompilidaeChalcidoidea 2Leucospis sp.

Difuntos (1692 ha)

Staphilinidae 1

Rapistrum rugosum

Colletia paradoxa

Lathyrus nervosus

Lathyrus pubescens

Melilotus officinalis

Spartium junceum

Passiflora caerulea

Cynara cardunculus

Vernonia echioides


Senecio selloi






Thespieus catochraColias lesbia

Cochliomyia macellariaLucilia sericata

Parachytas sp.Tachinidae

SarcophagidaeAnthomyiidaeDrosophilidae


Palpada sp.Syrphidae

Bombyliidae 2Villa sp.

Hedriodiscus pulcherBibionidae

Astylus quadrilineatusMelyridae

Mordellidae 1Nitidulidae

Chrysodina sp.Megacyllene insignita

Paromoecerus barbicornisChauliognathus sp.2


Staphilinidae sp1Staphilinidae 1











Eryngium horridum

Eryngium regnellii


Gomphrena perennis



Rhodophiala bifida

Curculionidae sp2Curculionidae 3



Dactylozodes sp.Staphilinidae 1

Chilicola sp.Ruizantheda divaricata



Panurgillus sp.Coelioxys sp.

Xylocopa augustiXylocopa ciliata

Bombus bellicosusApis melliferaPodagritus sp.

Stenodynerus sp.2Brachygastra lechiguana


Camponotus sp.Braconidae 1

MicrogastrinaeAlophophion sp.

Ichneumonoidea 2

Cinco Cerros (541 ha)

Curculionidae 2

Dodonaea viscosa

Oenothera indecora

Lathyrus nervosus

Lathyrus pubescens

Hypericum connatus

Oxalis articulata

Oxalis cordobensis



Vernonia echioides

Senecio bravensis

Senecio grisebachii






Libythea carinentaPampasatyrus gyrtone


Emesis russulaStrymon eurytulus


Pyrgus sp.Cochliomyia macellaria


AnthomyiidaeDrosophilidaeTephritidae 1


Palpada sp.Bombyliidae 2

Villa sp.NemestrinidaeStratiomyidae 1

BibionidaeCulicidae


Mordellidae 1Mordellidae 2


Chrysomelidae 4Curculionidae sp2Curculionidae 2


La Brava (396 ha)





Eryngium horridum

Eryngium regnellii

Foeniculum vulgare


Verbena intermedia



Rhodophiala bifida

Cantharidae 1Heteroderes rufangulus


Colletes sp.2Colletes sp.3Chilicola sp.



Coelioxys sp.Pseudocentron sp.


Melissoptila tandilensisXylocopa ciliata


Stenodynerus sp.1Zethus sp.



Camponotus sp.Tachypompilus sp.

Chalcidoidea 2

Lathyrus nervosus


Vernonia echioides


Senecio selloi






Solidago chilensis



Agraulis vanillaeEuptoieta claudia



Thespieus catochraAchyra similalis

Cochliomyia macellariaLucilia sericataSarcophagidae


Tephritis sp.Toxomerus sp.Allograpta sp.

Palpada sp.Syrphidae


Astylus quadrilineatusEpicauta sp.


Chrysodina sp.Megacyllene insignita

Megacyllene spixiChauliognathus scriptus

Discodon sp.1Discodon sp.2


La Barrosa (243 ha)



Conyza bonariensis

Solidago chilensis




Gamochaeta stachydifolia



Eryngium regnellii



Echium plantagineum

Gomphrena perennis

Arjona tuberosa


Rhodophiala bifida

Staphilinidae 1Colletes sp.2Colletes sp.3Chilicola sp.

Augochloropsis eratoAugochloropsis sp.2Paroxystoglossa sp.


Augochlora semiramisMegachile sp.4

Coelioxys sp.Megachilidae

Gaesischia sp.Melissoptila tandilensis

Ceratina rupestrisXylocopa augusti


Zeta canaliculataZethus sp.

Brachygastra lechiguanaPolistes sp.

Polybia scutellarisCamponotus sp.

Entypus sp.2Tachypompilus sp.

Chalcidoidea 1

Oenothera indecora

Adesmia incana

Lathyrus nervosus

Lathyrus pubescens

Cytisus monspessulanus

Oxalis articulata


Carduus acanthoides


Picris echioides

Sonchus oleraceus

Vernonia echioides

Senecio bravensis








Vanessa sp.Corticea immocerina

Lerodea eufalaThespieus catochra

Cochliomyia macellariaLucilia sericataParachytas sp.

Trichopoda giacomelliTachinidae

SarcophagidaeAnthomyiidaeDrosophilidae


Eristalinus taeniopsPalpada sp.

Villa sp.Bibionidae

Chrysopa sp.Astylus quadrilineatus



Megacyllene spixiChauliognathus sp.2

Cantharidae 1


La Chata (229 ha)

Grindelia buphthalmoides






Eryngium horridum

Eryngium regnellii




Verbena intermedia

Echium plantagineum

Cypella herbertii


Rhodophiala bifida

Chauliognathus sp2Discodon sp.1Cantharidae 1

Staphilinidae 1Colletes sp.3Chilicola sp.

Augochloropsis eratoHalictillus sp.


Megachile sp.4Megachilidae

Melissoptila tandilensisXylocopa augustiXylocopa ciliata


Isodontia sp.Stenodynerus sp.1




Pepsis sp.Tachypompilus sp.

Braconidae 1Braconidae 2

Chalcidoidea 1

sp.2

Pavonia cymbalaria

Helianthemum brasiliense

Oenothera indecora

Colletia paradoxa

Adesmia incana

Lathyrus pubescens

Oxalis articulata

Trixis stricta

Vernonia echioides

Senecio bravensis









Audre epulus signataCorticea immocerina



TachinidaeSarcophagidae

AnthomyiidaeDrosophilidaeTephritidae 2Tephritis sp.


Eristalinus taeniopsPalpada sp.


CleridaeAstylus quadrilineatus



Chrysomelidae 3Megacyllene insignita

Chauliognathus scriptusChauliognathus sp2sp.2


Amarante (190 ha)




Eryngium horridum

Eryngium nudicaule

Eryngium regnellii


Verbena intermedia

Echium plantagineum


Gomphrena perennis

Gymnocalycium reductum

Wigginsia tephracantha

Gelasine azurea

Alophia lahue




Rhodophiala bifida

Curculionidae sp4Chauliognathus scriptus

Chauliognathus sp.2Cantharidae 1


Colletes cyaneusColletes sp.3

Leioproctus indigoticusChilicola sp.Dialictus sp.

Augochloropsis sp.2Augochlorella ephyra

Augochlora semiramisPanurgillus sp.Megachile sp.3

Coelioxys sp.Megachilidae

Gaesischia sp.Chalepogenus goeldianus

Ceratina montanaXylocopa ciliata


Stenodynerus sp.2Mischocyttarus drewseni



Entypus ferruginipennisEntypus sp.2

Tachypompilus sp.

Curculionidae 4

Lathyrus pubescens

Oxalis articulata

Oxalis cordobensis

Trixis stricta

Carduus acanthoides


Vernonia echioides

Senecio bravensis

Senecio grisebachii


Senecio selloi







Solidago chilensis





Audre epulus signataCorticea immocerina






Palpada sp.Copestylum sp.Bombyliidae 2


BibionidaeTipulidae

Chrysopa sp.Cleridae



Chrysodina sp.Chrysomelidae 2Curculionidae 2

Curculionidae sp4Curculionidae 4


El Morro (49 ha)




Eryngium regnellii




Rhodophiala bifida

Chrysodina spChrysomelidae 2


Discodon sp.2Cantharidae 1

Dactylozodes sp.Colletes sp.3Chilicola sp.Dialictus sp.


Augochlora semiramisXylocopa ciliata


Sphex sp.Isodontia sp.

Prionyx sp.Chlorion sp.

Sceliphron asiaticumStenodynerus sp.1

Mischocyttarus drewseniPolybia scutellaris

Campsomeris bistrimaculaFormicidae

Camponotus sp.Pompilidae

Neochrysis sp.MicrogastrinaeChalcidoidea 1

ScelionidaeCoreidae

Lathyrus pubescens

Oxalis articulata


Sonchus oleraceus

Senecio bravensis


Eupatorium lanigerum




Strymon eurytulusTatochila autodice


Thespieus catochraPyrgus sp.

Eudesmia australisSynanthedon albicalcarata


Trichopoda giacomelliSarcophagidae



Eristalis tenaxEristalinus taeniops

Palpada sp.Copestylum sp.

Syritta sp.Syrphidae


TabanidaeBibionidaeCulicidae

Astylus quadrilineatusMordellidae 1



Difuntito (13 ha)







Eryngium horridum

Eryngium regnellii

Solanum chacoense

Petunia axillaris

Echium plantagineum



Silene gallica

Gomphrena perennis

Opuntia elata


Rhodophiala bifida

Commelina erecta

NitidulidaeLema sp.

Chrysodina sp.Chauliognathus scriptus

Chauliognathus sp.2Discodon sp.1Discodon sp.2

Dactylozodes sp.Colletes cyaneus

Leioproctus indigoticusChilicola sp.

Pseudagapostemon brasiliensisPseudagapostemon pampeanus

Pseudagapostemon singularisDialictus sp.



Panurgillus sp.Megachile sp.1

Pseudocentron sp.Megachilidae

Gaesischia sp.Ceratina montanaXylocopa augusti

Xylocopa ciliataBombus bellicosus

Apis melliferaIsepeolus viperinus

Zeta canaliculataBrachygastra lechiguanaMischocyttarus drewseni


Campsomeris bistrimaculaCamponotus sp.Neochrysis sp.Braconidae 1

Abutilon terminale

Pavonia cymbalaria

Cuphea fruticosa

Discaria longispina

Lathyrus crassipes

Lathyrus pubescens

Passiflora caerulea

Turnera pinnatifida

Oxalis articulata

Oxalis cordobensis

Carduus acanthoides


Senecio bravensis

Senecio grisebachii







Pampasatyrus gyrtoneYphthimoides celmis


Vanessa sp.Audre epulus signata

Strymon eurytulusTatochila autodiceTeochila maenacte


Thespieus catochraPyrgus sp.

Colias lesbiaGeometridae

Agrotis sp.Cochliomyia macellaria

Lucilia sericataParachytas sp.

Trichopoda giacomelliTachinidae

SarcophagidaeAnthomyiidae

MuscidaeDrosophilidaeTephritidae 1

Platycheirus sp.Toxomerus sp.

Allograpta sp.Pseudodoros sp.

Palpada sp.Syritta sp.Syrphidae


NemestrinidaeCulicidae

Astylus quadrilineatusHarmonia axyrides


Lema sp


Piedra Alta (13 ha)


Conyza bonariensis

Solidago chilensis


Eryngium horridum

Eryngium regnellii

Echium plantagineum


Gomphrena perennis


Rhodophiala bifida

Chauliognathus scriptusDiscodon sp.1Discodon sp.2Cantharidae 1

Dactylozodes sp.Colletes cyaneus

Leioproctus indigoticusRuizantheda divaricata

Dialictus sp.Augochloropsis erato


Augochlora semiramisPanurgillus sp.Megachilidae

Ceratina montanaXylocopa ciliata


Isodontia sp.Prionyx sp.

Chlorion sp.Brachygastra lechiguana

Polistes sp.Campsomeris bistrimacula

Campsomeris sp.Camponotus sp.

Entypus ferruginipennisPompilidae

Neochrysis sp.Braconidae 1

Ichneumonoidea 3

Sida flavescens

Rapistrum rugosum

Lathyrus pubescens

Turnera pinnatifida

Oxalis articulata

Carduus acanthoides

Cynara cardunculus






Danaus plexipusPampasatyrus gyrtoneYphthimoides celmis


Audre epulus signataTatochila vanvolxemiCorticea immocerina


Pyrgus sp.Colias lesbia

Eudesmia australisAgrotis sp.

Lucilia sericataParachytas sp.


AnthomyiidaeMuscidae

DrosophilidaeToxomerus sp.Allograpta sp.

Palpada sp.Mydidae

Anthrax sp.Bombyliidae 2


Stratiomyidae 2Astylus quadrilineatus

Epicauta sp.Nitidulidae



La Paja (12 ha)







Eryngium regnellii

Echium plantagineum

Alophia lahue




Rhodophiala bifida

Commelina erecta


Dactylozodes sp.Colletes sp.3Chilicola sp.

Ruizantheda divaricataAugochloropsis sp.2


Panurgillus sp.Coelioxys sp.

Gaesischia sp.Xylocopa ciliata


Prionyx sp.Brachygastra lechiguana



Tachypompilus sp.Chalcidoidea 1

Abutilon terminale

Pavonia cymbalaria

Rapistrum rugosum

Apodanthera sagitifolia

Lathyrus pubescens

Oxalis articulata



Vernonia echioides

Senecio bravensis


Senecio selloi




Pampasatyrus gyrtoneEuptoieta claudia

Vanessa sp.Strymon eurytulusTatochila autodice


Pyrgus sp.Cochliomyia macellaria




Eristalis tenaxPalpada sp.

Copestylum sp.Bombyliidae 2

Hedriodiscus pulcherAstylus quadrilineatus

Harmonia axyridesMordellidae 1

Nitidulidae


04

6

Area (ha)

z

101 10 103

Plant phylogeny

P=0.053

0.00 0.10 0.30

04

6

z

P=

04

6Area (ha)

101 10 103

Animal phylogeny

P=0.89

0.00 0.10 0.30

04

6 P=0.64

PhS41Figure S4

S40S40

0

Area (ha)

z

101 10 103

Plant phylogeny

P=

0.00 0.10 0.30

0

z

P=

0Area (ha)

101 10 103

Animal phylogeny

P=

0.00 0.10 0.30

0

P=

PhS42Figure S5

Documents

The phylogenetic structure of plant-pollinator networks ...lj-gilarranz.com/publications/Aizen-2015-EcolLett...S1 Supporting Information The phylogenetic structure of plant-pollinator