The Prevention of Abuse of Older Women by their Family Members Adjunct Associate Professor Dale Bagshaw, PhD School of Psychology, Social Work & Social

The Prevention of Abuse of Older The Prevention of Abuse of Older Women by their Family MembersWomen by their Family Members

Adjunct Associate Adjunct Associate Professor Dale Professor Dale Bagshaw, PhDBagshaw, PhDSchool of Psychology, School of Psychology, Social Work & Social PolicySocial Work & Social Policy

University of South University of South AustraliaAustralia

Domestic Violence Resource Centre Conference: “Equal or Different? Respecting Older Women: responding to older women’s experiences of family violence, sexual assault and elder abuse”. Melbourne, April 6, 2011

(c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, UniSA 1

19/04/23(c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw,

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UniSA Research 2007UniSA Research 2007 Associate Professor Dale BagshawAssociate Professor Dale Bagshaw Dr Sarah WendtDr Sarah Wendt Dr Lana Zannettino Dr Lana Zannettino

In 2007: we conducted research for In 2007: we conducted research for and wrote the SA State planand wrote the SA State plan

Our Actions for the Prevention of Our Actions for the Prevention of Abuse of Older South AustraliansAbuse of Older South Australians

Relevant PublicationRelevant Publication

Bagshaw, D., Wendt, S & Zannettino, L. Preventing the Abuse of Older People by their Family Members. Stakeholder Paper 7, Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearing House, September 2009. http://www.adfvc.unsw.edu.au


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Our current research: ARC-Linkage GrantOur current research: ARC-Linkage Grant

Associate Professor Dale Bagshaw (UniSA)Associate Professor Dale Bagshaw (UniSA) Dr Sarah Wendt (UniSA)Dr Sarah Wendt (UniSA) Dr Lana Zannettino(Flinders University)Dr Lana Zannettino(Flinders University) Dr Valerie Adams (UniSA Research Associate)Dr Valerie Adams (UniSA Research Associate)

in partnership with in partnership with

SA Dept for Families (Office for the Ageing), SA Dept for Families (Office for the Ageing), Relationships Australia SA, Office for the Public Relationships Australia SA, Office for the Public Advocate, Guardianship Board, Alzheimer’s Advocate, Guardianship Board, Alzheimer’s Australia.Australia.

Preventing the Financial Abuse of Older People Preventing the Financial Abuse of Older People by a Family member: Designing and by a Family member: Designing and Evaluating Older Person-Centred Models of Evaluating Older Person-Centred Models of Family MediationFamily Mediation


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The importance of languageThe importance of language

We use the phrase We use the phrase

‘‘abuse of older people’abuse of older people’ not not

‘‘elder abuse’ elder abuse’

out of respect for our out of respect for our Indigenous Elders.Indigenous Elders.

What age determines when What age determines when one is ‘old’?one is ‘old’?

Varies from 45-65 depending on the Varies from 45-65 depending on the researcher, organisation or serviceresearcher, organisation or service

ABS – starts at 45 which reflects the ABS – starts at 45 which reflects the lower life expectancy of Indigenous lower life expectancy of Indigenous adults.adults.

Commonwealth Age pension – 65+ Commonwealth Age pension – 65+ for males, 60-65 for females, for males, 60-65 for females, depending on when they were borndepending on when they were born


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Understanding and preventing abuse of Understanding and preventing abuse of older people by their family members is a older people by their family members is a

priority social justice issuepriority social justice issuebecause of the increase in intra-familial care as because of the increase in intra-familial care as a consequence ofa consequence of government ‘ageing-in-place’ policies, government ‘ageing-in-place’ policies, the rapidly ageing population, the rapidly ageing population, limited resources for extra-familial care-work,limited resources for extra-familial care-work,international agreements about human rights, international agreements about human rights, in addition to the ‘complex and diverse nature in addition to the ‘complex and diverse nature of elder abuse’ of elder abuse’ (Livermore, Bunt & Biscan, 2001: 41)(Livermore, Bunt & Biscan, 2001: 41)


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Definitions and types of abuseDefinitions and types of abuse

The most commonly used definition of The most commonly used definition of abuse of older people in Australia is:abuse of older people in Australia is:

Any act occurring within a Any act occurring within a relationship where there is an relationship where there is an implication of trust, which results implication of trust, which results in harm to the older person. in harm to the older person. Abuse can include physical, Abuse can include physical, sexual, financial, psychological, sexual, financial, psychological, social and/or neglect. social and/or neglect.


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Responses to the definition from SA service Responses to the definition from SA service providers in our prior researchproviders in our prior research

The vast majority of respondents The vast majority of respondents to our SA survey of service to our SA survey of service providers supported the providers supported the need for need for a broader understanding of a broader understanding of abuse abuse to include abuse occurring to include abuse occurring in relationships where there is an in relationships where there is an imbalance of power and control imbalance of power and control (80%), which is central to (80%), which is central to definitions of domestic or family definitions of domestic or family violence. violence.

Other additions to the definition from SA Other additions to the definition from SA service providers in our prior researchservice providers in our prior research

abuse of older people can be gendered abuse of older people can be gendered (86%) (86%)

abuse of an older person’s rights (86%)abuse of an older person’s rights (86%) cultural abuse (86%) cultural abuse (86%) spiritual abuse (85%)spiritual abuse (85%) abuse of an older person’s pets (85%). abuse of an older person’s pets (85%). abuse can also involve an act or a abuse can also involve an act or a

failure to act, as in cases of neglect failure to act, as in cases of neglect (73%). (73%).


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Abuse is more than physicalAbuse is more than physical

It is likely that many members of the It is likely that many members of the community may not have heard the term community may not have heard the term ‘elder abuse’ and/or may only believe ‘elder abuse’ and/or may only believe that behaviour is abusive if it is physical. that behaviour is abusive if it is physical.

The older person may be subjected to The older person may be subjected to several different kinds of abuse at the several different kinds of abuse at the same time to a lesser or stronger same time to a lesser or stronger degree.degree.

Non-physical forms of abuse may be Non-physical forms of abuse may be subtle and hard to detect.subtle and hard to detect.

‘‘Mistreatment’ sometimes usedMistreatment’ sometimes used

Mistreatment can involve an act of Mistreatment can involve an act of commission (abuse) or omission commission (abuse) or omission (neglect) which can be intentional, (neglect) which can be intentional, wilful, deliberate or malicious, or wilful, deliberate or malicious, or unintentional, benign, passive or unintentional, benign, passive or recklessness. recklessness.


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Explanations for perpetrator Explanations for perpetrator behaviourbehaviour

Perpetrator behaviour can be Perpetrator behaviour can be labelled as abusive, neglectful or labelled as abusive, neglectful or exploitative, depending on its exploitative, depending on its frequency, duration, intensity, frequency, duration, intensity, severity, consequences and the severity, consequences and the cultural context.cultural context.


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Types of abuseTypes of abuse

physicalphysical abuse can include abuse can include being hit, sexually assaulted, being hit, sexually assaulted, burned or physically restrainedburned or physically restrained

psychologicalpsychological abuse can include abuse can include humiliation, insults, fear, threats humiliation, insults, fear, threats or being treated like a child. or being treated like a child.


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NeglectNeglect

NeglectNeglect can include can include passive passive neglectneglect, which refers to older , which refers to older people being left alone, isolated, people being left alone, isolated, or forgotten and or forgotten and active neglectactive neglect, , which is the withholding of items which is the withholding of items that are necessary for daily that are necessary for daily living, such as food and medicineliving, such as food and medicine


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Types of abuseTypes of abuse

Medical abuse Medical abuse can include the can include the inappropriate use of constraints and inappropriate use of constraints and withholding or careless withholding or careless administration of drugs administration of drugs

Social and environmental Social and environmental abuse can abuse can include a failure to provide human include a failure to provide human services and involuntary social services and involuntary social isolationisolation


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Financial abuse:Financial abuse:making improper use of an older person’s making improper use of an older person’s property or money without his or her property or money without his or her knowledge or permission such asknowledge or permission such asforgery forgery stealing stealing forced changes to a will forced changes to a will transferring money or property to another transferring money or property to another person person withholding funds from the older person and withholding funds from the older person and thethe failure to repay loans.failure to repay loans.


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Financial abuseFinancial abuse It can also include the It can also include the

misappropriation of enduring powers misappropriation of enduring powers when a trusted person (usually a when a trusted person (usually a family member) is legally appointed family member) is legally appointed with enduring powers to manage the with enduring powers to manage the financial affairs of the older person financial affairs of the older person whose frailty is increasing and can no whose frailty is increasing and can no longer manage their own affairs. longer manage their own affairs.

With the ageing population and the With the ageing population and the increasing complexity associated increasing complexity associated with financial management, this type with financial management, this type of abuse is likely to increase. of abuse is likely to increase.


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Our findings from prior researchOur findings from prior research

The abuse of older people:The abuse of older people:is an under-researched and hidden is an under-researched and hidden problemproblemoccurs across the spectrum of our occurs across the spectrum of our societysociety is often unrecognised, unreported, and is often unrecognised, unreported, and hard to detect. hard to detect. There is currently no central register for There is currently no central register for the collection of statistics when abuse is the collection of statistics when abuse is uncovered or reported.uncovered or reported.


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Prevalence Prevalence Australian and overseas studies have Australian and overseas studies have

estimated that between 3 and 5% of estimated that between 3 and 5% of older people aged 65 years and over and older people aged 65 years and over and living at home suffer from various forms living at home suffer from various forms of abuse or neglect (Kurrle 2004, p.809). of abuse or neglect (Kurrle 2004, p.809).

These figures These figures vary withvary with the methods and the methods and definitions used.definitions used.

Most of the abused older people are Most of the abused older people are women women

(Rabiner, O’Keefe & Brown, 2004). (Rabiner, O’Keefe & Brown, 2004).

Prevalence in AustraliaPrevalence in Australia

Australian Institute of Criminology Australian Institute of Criminology found that found that ‘4.6% ‘4.6% of older people are of older people are victims of physical, sexual or victims of physical, sexual or financial abuse, perpetrated by financial abuse, perpetrated by family members and those in a duty family members and those in a duty of care relationshipof care relationship’ (Kinnear & ’ (Kinnear & Graycar 1999, p.1). Graycar 1999, p.1).


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Cooper et al (2008) reviewed 49 studiesCooper et al (2008) reviewed 49 studies

searched multiple databases to searched multiple databases to October 2006 and found that in the October 2006 and found that in the general population, an estimated general population, an estimated 6% 6% of older people reported significant of older people reported significant abuse in the last month abuse in the last month and and 5.6% of 5.6% of couples reported physical violence in couples reported physical violence in their relationship in the last year. their relationship in the last year.

Significant abuse was defined as one Significant abuse was defined as one abusive act occurring two to three abusive act occurring two to three times per month.times per month.


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Prevalence and types of abuse Prevalence and types of abuse

Psychological and financial abusePsychological and financial abuse—non-physical —non-physical forms of abuse—forms of abuse—are the most likely forms of are the most likely forms of abuse to be reported by people abuse to be reported by people 65 and over (Schofield et al 65 and over (Schofield et al 2002: 25; Chen et al 2007).2002: 25; Chen et al 2007).

Prevalence and types of abusePrevalence and types of abuse Several researchers have found or inferred Several researchers have found or inferred

that the most common form of reported or that the most common form of reported or suspected abuse is suspected abuse is financial abuse financial abuse followed by psychological and physical followed by psychological and physical abuse – its not uncommon for more than abuse – its not uncommon for more than one type of abuse to occur together.one type of abuse to occur together.

Researchers have also concluded that the Researchers have also concluded that the people most likely to commit financial people most likely to commit financial abuse are the older person’s adult abuse are the older person’s adult daughter or son daughter or son

(Brill, 1999; Cripps, 2001; Boldy, Webb, Horner, Davey, & Kingley, 2002; Faye & Sellick, (Brill, 1999; Cripps, 2001; Boldy, Webb, Horner, Davey, & Kingley, 2002; Faye & Sellick,

2003).2003).


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Financial abuse - prevalenceFinancial abuse - prevalence

The Office for the Public Advocate in The Office for the Public Advocate in Western Australia found that, during 1995-Western Australia found that, during 1995-1998, 10% of applications alleged financial 1998, 10% of applications alleged financial abuse and abuse and relatives were most often the relatives were most often the alleged perpetrators. alleged perpetrators.

Aged Rights Advocacy Service in South Aged Rights Advocacy Service in South Australia found financial abuse in one third Australia found financial abuse in one third of 100 cases over a period of 2 years, of 100 cases over a period of 2 years, the the majority of which involved women as majority of which involved women as victims aged over 75 years victims aged over 75 years (James & (James & Graycar, 2000; Cripps, 2001).Graycar, 2000; Cripps, 2001).


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Financial abuse of older Aboriginal Financial abuse of older Aboriginal AustraliansAustralians

Financial abuse has also been Financial abuse has also been found to be the most common found to be the most common form of abuse experienced by form of abuse experienced by older Aboriginal people older Aboriginal people

(Office for the Public Advocate, 2005).(Office for the Public Advocate, 2005).


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Financial abuseFinancial abuse

The Office of Seniors Victoria (2005) The Office of Seniors Victoria (2005) has stated that financial abuse is has stated that financial abuse is emerging as a significant form of emerging as a significant form of abuse, and highlighted the abuse, and highlighted the need for need for financial literacy training, support financial literacy training, support from the financial services industry, from the financial services industry, education and specialised legal education and specialised legal services.services.

Abuse by family membersAbuse by family members

The majority of abusers of older people The majority of abusers of older people (80-90%) in Australia are close family (80-90%) in Australia are close family members (Kurrle 2004, p.809). members (Kurrle 2004, p.809).

Kinstle, Hodell and Golding (2008) point Kinstle, Hodell and Golding (2008) point out that adult children or other family out that adult children or other family members are most likely to provide the members are most likely to provide the assistance required by the disabled or assistance required by the disabled or dependent elderly person. dependent elderly person.


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Abuse by family membersAbuse by family members

Although the vast majority of families Although the vast majority of families provide their ageing parents or provide their ageing parents or relatives with a safe haven, it is also relatives with a safe haven, it is also true that family members perpetrate true that family members perpetrate the majority of reported incidents of the majority of reported incidents of abuse of older people (Johnson 1997; abuse of older people (Johnson 1997; Cripps 2001; Boldy Cripps 2001; Boldy et al. et al. 2002; 2002; Cavanagh 2003). Cavanagh 2003).


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Gender and abuseGender and abuse

Studies have found that abuse of older people within the family is still largely the abuse of older women by older and younger men, and that older women are particularly at risk of financial abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse

(e.g. see Penhale 1999; Boldy et al. 2002; Faye & Selleck 2003; Nerenberg 2008).


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Gender and abuseGender and abuse However, the gendered nature of the

abuse of older people is still relatively invisible in Australia in spite of evidence from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2006) that one in four women who have experienced an incident of physical violence is aged 45 years and older, a finding supported by other Australian research (e.g. Morgan Disney & Associates 2000).


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11stst UK National Prevalence Study 2009: UK National Prevalence Study 2009: Elder Mistreatment (abuse & neglect)Elder Mistreatment (abuse & neglect)

Researchers conducted a face-to-face survey with 2,111 older people 66 and older who were living at home or in the community and found that women (90%) were significantly more likely to have experienced mistreatment than men during the previous year, there were gender differences according to the type of abuse and perpetrator characteristics (Biggs et al, 2009).


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UK Study: gender differencesUK Study: gender differences Overall, 2.6% of the respondents reported

that they had experienced mistreatment during the time period, the most common being neglect (1.1%), followed by financial abuse (0.7%).

Women were significantly more likely than men to have experienced neglect and physical, psychological and sexual forms of abuse, whereas the prevalence of financial abuse was similar for both sexes.


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UK study – age and gender effectsUK study – age and gender effects When age and gender effects were compared,

the prevalence of neglect was highest among women 85 and older, however the interpersonal abuse of older women decreased with age.

Older people who were separated or divorced were more likely to be mistreated and people living alone were more likely than those living with others to have experienced financial abuse.

The prevalence of mistreatment also increased with declining health status.


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UK study: perpetrator characteristicsUK study: perpetrator characteristics

51% of mistreatment in the past year was carried out by a partner or a spouse, 49% by another family member, 13% by a care worker, and 5% by a close friend.

the main perpetrators of financial abuse were other family members (54%) and care workers (31%) and only 13% were partners.


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UK study: perpetrator characteristicsUK study: perpetrator characteristics

Men were predominantly the perpetrators of interpersonal abuse (80%), but the gender split for financial abuse was more equal for men and women (56% men, 44% women).

Overall 53% of perpetrators were living in the respondent’s household at the time of the abuse (ibid: 7-11).


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DV and older womenDV and older women The domestic violence sector has tended

to focus on younger women and their dependent children and until recently has not paid as much attention to older women experiencing ongoing domestic violence.

Some researchers have recognised that abuse of older people is highly likely to be ‘spouse abuse grown old’ (e.g. Nerenberg 2008; Leisey, Kupstas & Cooper, 2009; Brandl, 2000).


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The issue of powerThe issue of power

The patriarchal power structures in society infiltrate personal lives and intimate relationships and so the issue of power is crucial to understanding the role of age and gender in the abuse of older people

(Whittaker 1997; Sengstock 1991).


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Older women’s experiences may be Older women’s experiences may be different to those of older mendifferent to those of older men

They tend to live longer than men and are more likely to be financially abused

after their partner dies (Brozowski & Hall 2004)

They are more likely to be abused by a broader range of family members than men (Livermore, Bunt & Biscan 2001).

They are less likely to have access to superannuation and, therefore, more likely to rely on the Aged Pension (Association of Superannuation Funds of Australia 2011).


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Abuse of older people with dementiaAbuse of older people with dementia Strong link between abuse of older Strong link between abuse of older

people and dementia.people and dementia. Increasing number of people diagnosed Increasing number of people diagnosed

with dementia specifically in the older with dementia specifically in the older age groups who will not be able to age groups who will not be able to manage their financial affairs.manage their financial affairs.

Predictions that the number of Predictions that the number of Australians who will develop dementia Australians who will develop dementia in 2050 will be approximately 2.8% of in 2050 will be approximately 2.8% of the projected population; currently it is the projected population; currently it is 1%. 1%. [1][1]

[1] Access Economics Pty Ltd, for Alzheimer’s’ Australia. [1] Access Economics Pty Ltd, for Alzheimer’s’ Australia. Dementia Dementia Estimates and Projections: Australian States and TerritoriesEstimates and Projections: Australian States and Territories. . February 2005February 2005


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Factors that contribute to the abuse of Factors that contribute to the abuse of older people by family membersolder people by family members

Family members believing that they Family members believing that they are entitled the older persons assets as are entitled the older persons assets as part of their inheritance (first in our part of their inheritance (first in our ARC research).ARC research).

Increased isolation with aging. Increased isolation with aging. Lack of access to extended family or Lack of access to extended family or

communities of support – worse for communities of support – worse for CALD women. CALD women.

Violence from a spouse or partner(DV) Violence from a spouse or partner(DV) persisting into old age.persisting into old age.

Factors that contribute to the abuse of Factors that contribute to the abuse of older people by family membersolder people by family members

Widening gap between generations in Widening gap between generations in the family.the family.

Family members feeling a duty of care Family members feeling a duty of care and failing to access outside and failing to access outside assistance .assistance .

Marital stress between an older Marital stress between an older couple, in particular when sharing a couple, in particular when sharing a home with others.home with others.

Intergenerational violenceIntergenerational violence19/04/23



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Factors that contribute to the abuse of older Factors that contribute to the abuse of older people by family memberspeople by family members

Dependency on family members, in Dependency on family members, in particular financial dependency.particular financial dependency.

Language, religious and cultural barriers Language, religious and cultural barriers restricting knowledge about, and/or restricting knowledge about, and/or access to services.access to services.

Abuser having a drug or alcohol addiction, Abuser having a drug or alcohol addiction, gambling problem or mental illness.gambling problem or mental illness.

Carer experiencing significant stress.Carer experiencing significant stress. Older person suffering from dementia Older person suffering from dementia

contributing to a carer’s stress or to abuse contributing to a carer’s stress or to abuse of a carer.of a carer.


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Older people being placed in an Older people being placed in an inadequately resourced institution by inadequately resourced institution by family family

Losing a partner or spouse.Losing a partner or spouse. Family members working the Family members working the

land/business that belongs to the land/business that belongs to the older personolder person

Family member who is separated or Family member who is separated or divorceddivorced..


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Family members lacking relevant Family members lacking relevant information, knowledge, skills, information, knowledge, skills, resources.resources.

Professionals not having the knowledge Professionals not having the knowledge or resources to identify or deal with the or resources to identify or deal with the abuse.abuse.

Colonisation and removal of Aboriginal Colonisation and removal of Aboriginal children from families. children from families.

Ageist and racist community attitudes.Ageist and racist community attitudes.


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Barriers to older people reporting abuseBarriers to older people reporting abuse..

diminished cognitive capacity diminished cognitive capacity mental or physical disabilitymental or physical disability poor or restricted mobility poor or restricted mobility lack of awareness of what constitutes lack of awareness of what constitutes

abuse abuse lack of knowledge of their rights or lack of knowledge of their rights or

resources resources social isolation or fear of alienation social isolation or fear of alienation


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Barriers to older people reporting abuseBarriers to older people reporting abuse

the need to preserve a family relationshipthe need to preserve a family relationship dependency on others in the family dependency on others in the family the stigma and shame associated with the stigma and shame associated with

abuse abuse literacy and language barriersliteracy and language barriers religious, generational and cultural barriers religious, generational and cultural barriers fear of reprisal from the perpetrator andfear of reprisal from the perpetrator and a perceived or actual lack of options or a perceived or actual lack of options or

access to services.access to services.


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Barriers to reporting for older Barriers to reporting for older Indigenous AustraliansIndigenous Australians

In Indigenous communities another In Indigenous communities another layer of complexity relates to the layer of complexity relates to the negative, historical experiences of negative, historical experiences of interventions which led to separation interventions which led to separation and loss for many people. and loss for many people.

Older Indigenous people mostly want Older Indigenous people mostly want to stay in their families and to stay in their families and communities and fear removal if they communities and fear removal if they say anything about the abuse. say anything about the abuse.

The DV and Ageing sectorsThe DV and Ageing sectors

Dominant approaches to Dominant approaches to research, research, definitions and definitions and intervention in the DV and intervention in the DV and ageing sectors can differ ageing sectors can differ markedly markedly and lead to inadequate and lead to inadequate and inconsistent responses.and inconsistent responses.


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The Aging and DV Sectors in The Aging and DV Sectors in AustraliaAustralia

DV sector tends to focus on DV sector tends to focus on dynamics of power and control and dynamics of power and control and the structural (e.g. the social, the structural (e.g. the social, political, legal, economic and political, legal, economic and cultural) barriers for victimscultural) barriers for victims

Dominant definitions of ‘elder abuse’ Dominant definitions of ‘elder abuse’ in the ageing sector in Australia do in the ageing sector in Australia do not address issues of power and not address issues of power and controlcontrol


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Complex nature of abuseComplex nature of abuse

Domestic violence research has Domestic violence research has shown that all forms of abuse are shown that all forms of abuse are often interconnected and are part of often interconnected and are part of a complex, shifting kaleidoscope or a complex, shifting kaleidoscope or mosaic of abuse, often with the mosaic of abuse, often with the misuse or abuse of power and control misuse or abuse of power and control at the centre (Bagshaw 2003).at the centre (Bagshaw 2003).


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The failure to view family violence The failure to view family violence through a gendered lens ignores the through a gendered lens ignores the social, political and economic context social, political and economic context of family violence, in particular the of family violence, in particular the structural inequality of power structural inequality of power between men and women in intimate between men and women in intimate relationships,relationships, and can place many and can place many older victims who have experienced older victims who have experienced a lifetime continuum of family a lifetime continuum of family violence in a dangerous and fearful violence in a dangerous and fearful position.position.


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Feminist researchFeminist research Attitudes to women, Attitudes to women, women’s status and position in society, women’s status and position in society, social and cultural constructions of social and cultural constructions of

gender and gender roles, and gender and gender roles, and the privacy accorded to home and the privacy accorded to home and

family relationships family relationships

all act to prevent individuals, all act to prevent individuals, professionals and communities from professionals and communities from recognising, disclosing and responding recognising, disclosing and responding appropriately to family violence.appropriately to family violence.


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The need for a common understanding of The need for a common understanding of what constitutes abuse of an older personwhat constitutes abuse of an older person

Social constructions of ageing, Social constructions of ageing, gender and of what constitutes gender and of what constitutes ‘abuse’ are definitional factors which ‘abuse’ are definitional factors which influence how the community, older influence how the community, older people and service providers people and service providers understand and respond to what is understand and respond to what is happening in abusive relationships. happening in abusive relationships.


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Explanations for the abuseExplanations for the abuse

Ramsey-Klawsnick (2000) points out Ramsey-Klawsnick (2000) points out that there are a variety of theoretical that there are a variety of theoretical explanations for abuse of older explanations for abuse of older people by their family members people by their family members which give rise to various which give rise to various descriptions of and responses to the descriptions of and responses to the abuser.abuser.


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It is important to engage with It is important to engage with domestic violence theories and domestic violence theories and research to understand the gendered research to understand the gendered nature of abuse of older people and nature of abuse of older people and to avoid simplistic medical labels and to avoid simplistic medical labels and caregiver stress explanations. caregiver stress explanations. Collusion by service providers with Collusion by service providers with the perpetrator is likely and the perpetrator is likely and interventions can then focus on interventions can then focus on taking care of the perpetrator and taking care of the perpetrator and can ignore the safety of the victim. can ignore the safety of the victim.


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Studies suggest that the long-term or Studies suggest that the long-term or pre-abuse nature of relationships pre-abuse nature of relationships between caregivers and care between caregivers and care recipients may be an important recipients may be an important factor in predicting abuse of older factor in predicting abuse of older people by family memberspeople by family members

We need to explore potential We need to explore potential contributions from studies of contributions from studies of domestic violence and child abuse.domestic violence and child abuse.


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Abuse of older people is a public issue Abuse of older people is a public issue requiring a community response and requiring a community response and in in serious cases serious cases a criminal justice a criminal justice response. In the United States, growing response. In the United States, growing numbers of cases involving the abuse of numbers of cases involving the abuse of older people are given increased older people are given increased penalties and or prosecuted due to new penalties and or prosecuted due to new techniques, procedures and statutory techniques, procedures and statutory innovations and to a wide range of innovations and to a wide range of professionals receiving training in abuse professionals receiving training in abuse detection and response.detection and response.


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Culture and raceCulture and race At June 2008, 5.5 million migrants from At June 2008, 5.5 million migrants from

over 200 countries living in Australia over 200 countries living in Australia were born overseas (Australian Bureau were born overseas (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008) of Statistics, 2008)

The dearth of research literature on the The dearth of research literature on the issue of elder abuse in CaLD issue of elder abuse in CaLD communities is largely due to the communities is largely due to the communities emphasis on family communities emphasis on family privacy + fears that disclosure of abuse privacy + fears that disclosure of abuse will lead to being cut off from their will lead to being cut off from their cultural communitiescultural communities


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Office of the Public Advocate in Western Office of the Public Advocate in Western Australia (2006) Australia (2006)

CaLD older people are at risk of abuse CaLD older people are at risk of abuse because of because of poor English skills poor English skills social isolationsocial isolationdependency on family membersdependency on family memberscross-generational factors which result cross-generational factors which result in differing expectations of care and in differing expectations of care and supportsupportfear of being shamed by and excluded fear of being shamed by and excluded from their communitiesfrom their communities19/04/23


New and emerging populationsNew and emerging populationsOlder people in new and emerging Older people in new and emerging population groups in Australia face population groups in Australia face additional challenges in re-settlement additional challenges in re-settlement such as: such as: family unemployment, family unemployment, poverty, poverty, the changed roles and rights of older the changed roles and rights of older people people (particularly older women), (particularly older women), lack of family support and intervention,lack of family support and intervention, social isolation, and inter-generational social isolation, and inter-generational conflicts conflicts (Bonar & Roberts 2006).(Bonar & Roberts 2006).


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Lack of knowledge of Australian law Lack of knowledge of Australian law and services, as well as and services, as well as communication and language communication and language difficulties, can result in older CaLD difficulties, can result in older CaLD victims tolerating abuse victims tolerating abuse

(Bagshaw, Wendt & Zannettino 2007; (Bagshaw, Wendt & Zannettino 2007; WA Family & Domestic Violence Unit WA Family & Domestic Violence Unit 2006).2006).


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Approaches and principles for Approaches and principles for prevention of abuse of older peopleprevention of abuse of older people

Abuse of older people is largely Abuse of older people is largely undetected by service providers’ as undetected by service providers’ as it is invisible and, therefore, service it is invisible and, therefore, service providers (e.g. doctors, carers, providers (e.g. doctors, carers, household help, police, clergy) need household help, police, clergy) need education and resources education and resources to assist to assist them to identify abuse, establish or them to identify abuse, establish or adhere to appropriate protocols, adhere to appropriate protocols, screen for abusescreen for abuse, respond effectively, , respond effectively, and make appropriate referrals. and make appropriate referrals.


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Approaches and PrinciplesApproaches and Principles Raising awareness Raising awareness of the problem is the of the problem is the

first step towards reducing it - public first step towards reducing it - public education will help combat ageist education will help combat ageist beliefs. beliefs.

Secondly, Secondly, specific education for legal, specific education for legal, health care and social service providers health care and social service providers is important to reduce the risk is important to reduce the risk associated with ageism and other associated with ageism and other societal beliefs that contribute to abuse societal beliefs that contribute to abuse of older people of older people


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Approaches and principlesApproaches and principles

Thirdly, there is a need for Thirdly, there is a need for family and family and other informal forms of social support other informal forms of social support for older people to maintain their for older people to maintain their independence and quality of life.independence and quality of life.

Finally, Finally, participatory models participatory models hold the hold the most potential to address the ageist most potential to address the ageist context in which abuse occurs, allowing context in which abuse occurs, allowing older people to own responses instead older people to own responses instead of relying on professional expertise.of relying on professional expertise.


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Models of preventionModels of preventionNerenberg (2008, p.35-74) explores the Nerenberg (2008, p.35-74) explores the strengths and limitations of seven strengths and limitations of seven models of prevention which I do not models of prevention which I do not have time to address today (see our have time to address today (see our Stakeholder Paper): Stakeholder Paper): Adult Protective Services, Adult Protective Services, Domestic Violence Prevention, Domestic Violence Prevention, Public Health, Public Health, Victim Advocacy, Victim Advocacy, Restorative Justice, Restorative Justice, Family Caregiver Support & Family Caregiver Support & Family PreservationFamily Preservation


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Mandatory reportingMandatory reporting

In 2005, the Victorian Government In 2005, the Victorian Government Report of their Elder Abuse Report of their Elder Abuse Prevention Project found that Prevention Project found that mandatory reporting mandatory reporting and statutory and statutory adult protection services were not adult protection services were not supported in its consultation processsupported in its consultation process


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Mandatory reportingMandatory reporting In March 2006, the Elder Abuse Prevention In March 2006, the Elder Abuse Prevention

Unit (EAPU) decided that mandatory Unit (EAPU) decided that mandatory reporting of elder abuse will divert reporting of elder abuse will divert resources from addressing this issue and resources from addressing this issue and deny the deny the rights of seniors to make their rights of seniors to make their own decisionsown decisions, thereby reinforcing ageist , thereby reinforcing ageist stereotypes.stereotypes.

The obligation for a worker to report abuse The obligation for a worker to report abuse of an individual with impaired capacity is of an individual with impaired capacity is clear under clear under duty of care requirements.duty of care requirements.


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Domestic Violence Prevention ModelDomestic Violence Prevention Model Focuses on Focuses on empowermentempowerment and and micromicro

and and macromacro interventions to address interventions to address power imbalances.power imbalances.

Raising awareness of the connections Raising awareness of the connections between abuse of older people and between abuse of older people and domestic violence is important, domestic violence is important, including including educating and training all staff educating and training all staff working with older people and we working with older people and we suggest that more resources should be suggest that more resources should be allocated for this to happen in Australia.allocated for this to happen in Australia.


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Interagency collaborationInteragency collaboration Finally, we stress the importance of Finally, we stress the importance of

interagency collaboration interagency collaboration as the as the abuse of older people is a ‘legal, abuse of older people is a ‘legal, medical, and mental health issue as medical, and mental health issue as well as a social phenomenon’. The well as a social phenomenon’. The Alliance for the Prevention of Abuse Alliance for the Prevention of Abuse (APEA) (APEA) is one example of a is one example of a collaboration of South Australian collaboration of South Australian agencies to challenge the way abuse agencies to challenge the way abuse is understood and responded to.is understood and responded to.


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APEAAPEA

The group is comprised of the Legal The group is comprised of the Legal Services Commission, South Australian Services Commission, South Australian Police, Public Advocate, Public Trustee Police, Public Advocate, Public Trustee and Aged Rights Advocacy Service. All and Aged Rights Advocacy Service. All are key stakeholders in relation to are key stakeholders in relation to abuse, however abuse, however we suggest that there we suggest that there may be some merit in including may be some merit in including domestic violence professionals in domestic violence professionals in such alliances and collaborations.such alliances and collaborations.


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In conclusionIn conclusion No two cases of abuse of older No two cases of abuse of older

people are alike and a people are alike and a variety of variety of assessment tools and approaches assessment tools and approaches are needed are needed to meet the needs of to meet the needs of each situationeach situation

Victim safety and empowerment Victim safety and empowerment should be given the highest priorityshould be given the highest priority

Need to develop responses that are Need to develop responses that are specific to each CaLD community specific to each CaLD community and to rural areasand to rural areas


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Need to develop models of prevention Need to develop models of prevention that address the ageist context in that address the ageist context in which abuse occurs, minimise the risk which abuse occurs, minimise the risk of abuse and provide opportunities of abuse and provide opportunities for older people to take ownership for older people to take ownership and be empowered in the processand be empowered in the process

Need interdisciplinary understanding Need interdisciplinary understanding and a coordinated, multiple service and a coordinated, multiple service system response to the victim, the system response to the victim, the perpetrator and the social network perpetrator and the social network surrounding the victim. surrounding the victim.


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A comprehensive service response A comprehensive service response system needs to draw from a range system needs to draw from a range of theories and approaches – in of theories and approaches – in particular holistic, critical, feminist particular holistic, critical, feminist and strengths-oriented, empowering and strengths-oriented, empowering approaches, which address the approaches, which address the social, political, economic, legal and social, political, economic, legal and cultural context and provide a cultural context and provide a continuum of service options tailored continuum of service options tailored to meet the specific and unique to meet the specific and unique needs of older people at risk. needs of older people at risk.


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Strategies for preventionStrategies for prevention

Our research found that whilst it is Our research found that whilst it is important to raise community awareness important to raise community awareness of what constitutes abuse, a climate of what constitutes abuse, a climate needs to be created that is ‘user friendly’ needs to be created that is ‘user friendly’ toward older people, with messages toward older people, with messages framed in positive, respectful language framed in positive, respectful language and an emphasis on celebrating older and an emphasis on celebrating older people’s contributions and worth to people’s contributions and worth to societysociety..

In particular we have argued for In particular we have argued for professionals and researchers from professionals and researchers from the ageing and domestic violence the ageing and domestic violence sectors to engage in more dialogue sectors to engage in more dialogue and collaboration as they have much and collaboration as they have much to learn from each other.to learn from each other.


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For more informationFor more information

[email protected]@unisa.edu.au

My home page:My home page:

http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/staff/homepage.asp?staff/homepage.asp?Name=Dale.BagshawName=Dale.Bagshaw

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Documents

The Prevention of Abuse of Older Women by their Family Members Adjunct Associate Professor Dale Bagshaw, PhD School of Psychology, Social Work & Social