THE PROJECT FOR RURAL ROAD NETWORK PLANNING IN … · SWOT analysis based on a social situation survey and socio-economic framework of Amuru and Nwoya ... through universal adult

E I DJ R

12-009

THE PROJECT FOR

RURAL ROAD NETWORK PLANNING IN

NORTHERN UGANDA

FINAL REPORT

VOLUME 2: MAIN REPORT

FEBRUARY 2012

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. EIGHT-JAPAN ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS INC.

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CENTER OF JAPAN

MINISTRY OF WORKS AND TRANSPORT (MOWT)THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

THE PROJECT FOR


NORTHERN UGANDA

FINAL REPORT

VOLUME 2: MAIN REPORT

FEBRUARY 2012

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. EIGHT-JAPAN ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS INC.

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CENTER OF JAPAN

MINISTRY OF WORKS AND TRANSPORT (MOWT)THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

The exchange rates applied in this Study are:

US$ 1.00 = Ushs.* 1,947.9 = Japanese Yen 96.27

(Average exchange rate between October 2009 and March 2010)

* Ushs.: Uganda Shillings

SOUTH

Nwoya

Gulu

Lamwo

Kitgum

Pader Agago

AcholiSub-region

Amuru

REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

UGANDA

Kampala

■Area 241 thousand km2 ■GNI per capita US$ 460 (2009, WB)

■Population 32.7 million (2009,WB) ■Economic Growth

7.0% (2009, WB)

■Capital Kampala (with a population of 1.2 million in

2002)

■Ethnic

Groups

Buganda, Langi, Acholi etc.

■Major

Economic

Sectors

[Agriculture] Fish, Coffee, Tea, Cotton [Mining] Copper, Mineral Phosphate, Tungsten

[Industry] Textiles, Tobacco, Cement

■Language English, Swahili, Luganda, etc

■Religion Christian (60%), Traditional Belief (30%),

Muslim (10%)

■Currency Uganda Shilling (UGX)

Location Map of Study Area

Project for Rural Road Network Planning in Northern Uganda Final Report Vol.1: SUMMARY

Outline of the Project

1. Country: Republic of Uganda

2. Project Name: Project for Rural Road Network Planning in Northern Uganda

3. Execution Agency: Ministry of Works and Transport (MoWT)

4. Study Objective： The overall goal of the Study is to accelerate the IDPs’ return and resettlement process through establishing the Master Plan of rural road network with the target year of 2018; hence enhancing the regional development in Northern Uganda.

5. Study Contents：

1) Present Social Situation Survey

To comprehend rural development issues through SWOT analysis based on a social situation survey and socio-economic framework of Amuru and Nwoya districts.

2) Current Road Condition Survey

To comprehend road operation and maintenance issues and future traffic demands in Acholi Sub-region through traffic and road inventory surveys.

3) Establishing Rural Road Network Master Plan

To propose a Road Network Plan for Amuru and Nwoya districts using functional classifications based on various aspects of needs and roles of the rural roads. To select priority projects and to estimate the project

costs considering budget restrictions of the Ugandan side.

4) Implementation of Pilot Project

To construct two bridges on the Aswa river by which the study area is divided into north and south parts. To monitor the effect of the project on the IDP return and resettlement process.

5) Planning and Preparation of Urgent Projects

To select and prepare for urgent projects in Acholi Sub-region under the scheme of Japanese Grant Aid for Peace Building.

6) Technical Transfer

To implement technical transfer of Road Network Master Planning and Road Operation and Maintenance Planning to district engineers. To implement technical transfer of GIS to district and MoWT engineers in order to enhance sustainability of Road Network Master Planning.

6. Study Results and Recommendations

(1) Study Results

1) Priority Projects were selected based on weight parameters for “cost efficiency oriented evaluation” and “social impact oriented evaluation” among the rural road sections in Amuru and Nwoya districts.

2) Considering budget restrictions for improvement of national and district roads, high priority projects, which have both cost efficiency and social impact, are selected from priority projects.

3) Considering the difference of maintenance cost between before and after road improvement, options of intervention for road improvement are proposed with those annual disbursements.

4) The full improvement of high priority projects can not be economically feasible with the estimated future traffic demands, however there are various unquantifiable social impacts generated from the project.

5) IDPs’ return process was accelerated because closure of IDP camps was politically promoted during the construction stage of the Pilot Project. Therefore, it was difficult to confirm the effect of IDP return by the bridges.

6) A total of 6 projects are selected as the urgent projects in Acholi Sub-region based on the effect of IDP return and resettlement, urgency and necessity, benefits and existence of land issues.

(2) Recommendations

1) Although the proposed methodology of network planning can be applicable to the whole Acholi Sub-region, the detailed procedures of the proposed method shall be properly modified when it is applied for the wider area.

2) Although the effect of Pilot Project will be monitored for just one year after the bridge completion (it will be in the rainy season), it is recommended to monitor in the dry season also in order to comprehend the seasonal variation of traffic passing the bridges.

3) Although the IDPs’ returning process was accelerated by the closure of IDP camps, it is recommended to study continuous implementation of urgent projects because the necessity of improvement of social infrastructure and its access roads in rural areas is increasing after the returnees’ resettlement.

Project for Rural Road Network Planning in Northern Uganda Final Report Vol.2: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. INTRODUCTION

The overall goal of the Study is to accelerate the IDPs’ return process and to improve the livelihood of people who will/have return(ed) to their original home areas; hence enhancing the regional development in Northern Uganda. In order to achieve this, the Master Plan of the rural road network in Amuru and Nwoya Districts, with the target year of 2018, shall be established, in full consideration of the socio-economic conditions, development potential and traffic demand in the region. This Master Plan is expected to provide mid-term guidance for the road maintenance, rehabilitation and upgrading plans in Amuru and Nwoya Districts. Although the focus of the Study is limited to these districts, the method and techniques explored in this Study will be extended to the wider Acholi Sub-region in Northern Uganda.

The project for Rural Road Network Planning in Northern Uganda has the following three components:

Part 1: Rural Road Master Planning in Amuru and Nwoya Districts

Part 2: Preparation and Implementation of a Pilot Project

Part 3: Planning and Preparation of Urgent Projects in Acholi Sub-Region

PART 1: RURAL ROAD MASTER PLANNING IN AMURU AND NWOYA DISTRICTS

2. REGIONAL CONTEXT: NORTHERN UGANDA AND ACHOLI SUB-REGION

During the insurgency in Northern Uganda, 120 IDP camps were created in Acholi Sub-region i.e. in Amuru District (including Nwoya District), Gulu District, Kitgum District (including Lamwo District) and Pader District (including Agago District) which accommodated 1.3 million IDPs .

In accordance with the monitoring done by UNHCR, the population of IDPs who still remained in the IDP camps was about 76,800 in May 2010. This means that 94% of the 2006 registered population of IDPs had moved out of the IDP camps in Acholi Sub-region by May, 2010. The population movement of IDP camps in Acholi Sub-region is shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Population Movement in IDP Camps in Acholi Sub-region

District

Number of IDP Camps Aug. 2009

Population in IDP Camps Dec. 2005

Registered Population in IDP Camps

2006

Population in IDP CampsAug. 2009

(% of 2006 Registered Population in IDP

Camps)

Population in IDP CampsMay 2010

(% of 2006 Registered Population in IDP Camps)

Amuru

Nwoya 33 204,000 368,228 73,494 (20%) 36,404 (10%)

Gulu 31 257,000 320,232 22,699 (7%) 14,029 (4%)

Kitgum

Lamwo 25 310,000 319.936 48,534 (15%) 15,509 (5%)

Pader

Agago 31 339,000 339,000 39,472 (12%) 10,894 (3%)

Total 120 1,110,000 1,347,396 184,199 (14%) 76,836 (6%) Source: UNHCR

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There were 33 IDP camps and 99 transit sites in Amuru and Nwoya Districts as of August 2009. By July 2010, all of these IDP camps in Amuru and Nwoya Districts were officially closed down.

3. PRESENT SITUATION OF AMURU AND NWOYA DISTRICT

In Acholi sub-region, the altitude ranges between 600 – 1,200 m above sea level. The altitude of the Western Rift Valley, including the western part of Amuru and Nwoya districts is relatively low and ranges between 600 – 800 m above sea level. In these areas, many wild animals live along the Albert Nile and the Victoria Nile. The climate of Amuru and Nwoya Districts is characterized by dry and rainy seasons as shown in Figure 3.1.

0

50

100

150

200

250

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

(mm/month)

Source: Department of Meteorology, Ministry of Water and Environment

Figure 3.1 Average Rainfall in Gulu 1980-2008

In Uganda, the Local government, including Amuru and Nwoya Districts, is made up of five levels of hierarchy from LC5 to LC1; District (LC5), County (LC4), Sub-county (LC3), Parish (LC2) and Village (LC1) levels. The District Council is the highest decision-making body with fully-fledged legislative and executive powers. The District Chairperson, who is elected through universal adult suffrage, is the political head of the District. The Chief Administrative Officer (CAO), who is appointed by the District Service Commission (DSC), is the administrative head of the District, and is the chief accounting officer for the district.

Agriculture is the backbone of the district economy in Amuru and Nwoya Districts. The major source of household incomes is sale of crops. In Amuru and Nwoya Districts, about 85% of income is from the sale of crops, about 7% is from wages of casual labour and 5% is from sale of forest products. Returnees to home villages depend on the sale of crops more than people in transit sites and IDP camps. People in IDP camps and transit sites depend on wages of casual labour more than returnees to home villages.

4. REVIEW OF EXISTING DEVELOPMENT PLANS

For the development of Uganda and Northern Uganda, three national development plans were established and have been implemented, with the target of reducing poverty and regional disparity, enhancing human development and accelerating economic growth.

Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), 2004/5-2007/8

The PEAP is the government’s national framework for all actors in the country aiming at achievement of a number of key objectives in order to enable Uganda to meet its Millennium Development Goals and economic growth objectives. It has been revised and implemented on a 3-year cycle, matching the medium-expenditure frameworks. The PEAP 2004/5-2007/8 put greater emphasis on government functions and effort in economic development than previous PEAPs, as well as on security and governance.

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Although the third revision process of the PEAP was started in 2008, it was taken over by the preparation of the 5-year National Development Plan (2010-2015).

Peace, Recovery and Development Plan for Northern Uganda (PRDP), 2007-2010

In 2006, the National Peace Recovery and Development Plan (PRDP) for Northern Uganda was drafted as a commitment by the Government of Uganda as a national program with the overarching goal to stabilise the North. Forty districts of Northern Uganda, covering the sub-regions of West Nile, Lango, Acholi, Karamoja, Elgon and Teso, are beneficiaries of the PRDP. In 2007, PRDP was launched as an official national program; however, the actual funding was not started until 2009.

5-year National Development Plan for Uganda (NDP), 2010-2015

The NDP of 2010-2015 intended to set Uganda on the path to becoming a middle-income economy. It replaces the PEAP and outlines the government’s intention to improve road and rail networks, create employment opportunities, improve labour force distribution and use the private sector as the “engine of growth and development”.

In the transition period from the humanitarian phase to recovery and development, the donor funding for humanitarian response is expected to gradually decrease. In addition, larger roles should be played by the national and district governments. In this situation, a variety of projects have been implemented with donor assistance, including the following:

World Bank: Northern Uganda Social Action Fund (NUSAF), 2003-2008

World Bank and DFID: Northern Uganda Social Action Fund (NUSAF 2)

EU: Northern Uganda Rehabilitation Programme (NUREP)

USAID: Northern Uganda Transition Initiatives (NUTI), 2008-2011

Stability, Peace and Reconciliation in Northern Uganda (SPRING), 2008-2011

Northern Uganda Development of Enhanced Local Governance Infrastructure and Livelihoods (NUDEIL)

UNDP: District Development Programme III

5. DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL AND ISSUES OF AMURU AND NWOYA DISTRICTS

Development potential, Development issues, Opportunities and Threats observed in Amuru and Nwoya Districts are as follows:

Development Potential

1. Large Agricultural Potential 2. Good Inter-Regional Road Connections 3. Geographical Proximity to Market for Agricultural Produce 4. Effective Commercial Network for Agricultural Produce 5. Existence of Bases of Social Infrastructure and Services 6. Proximity to a Regional Centre, Gulu, where Universities and Hospitals are

Located 7. Tourism Potential 8. Existence of Old Railways

Development Issues

1. Lack of Provision of Social Infrastructure and Services 2. High Transport Costs 3. Erratic rainfall pattern 4. Lack of Labour Force for Agriculture

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5. Land Disputes 6. Promotion of Commercial Farming 7. Weak Tourism Development 8. Lack of Economic Infrastructure 9. Lack of Human Resources at the District Offices 10. Dependency Syndrome 11. Weak Solidarity among the People

Opportunities

1. More Assistance for Development 2. Continuity of Stability and Economic Infrastructure Development 3. Promotion of Tourism Industry

Threats

1. Erratic rainfall 2. Rise of food prices partly due to erratic rainfall and partly due to increase in

demand for food crops from Southern Sudan 3. Insufficient developmental assistance 4. Return of LRA 5. Possibility of insufficient supply of electricity in Gulu which hinders urban

development of the town 6. Possibility of delay of road development in Gulu which makes roads inside Gulu

bottlenecks of the region

6. SOCIOECONOMIC FRAMEWORK OF AMURU AND NWOYA DISTRICTS

The following table tabulates the population projections in Amuru and Nwoya Districts.

Table 6.1 Summary of Population Projections in Amuru and Nwoya Districts

District/Year Sub-county Pop. in Villages

Pop. in Transit Sites

Pop. in Camps

Total Pop. in Sub county

Growth Rate

Amuru/2009 Atiak 21,492 1,836 10,965 34,293

Pabbo 17,988 7,360 16,463 41,811

Lamogi 42,558 2,180 14,382 59,120

Amuru 34,291 5,329 12,455 52,075

Nwoya/2009 Alero 19,820 6,332 510 26,662

Anaka 12,482 1,343 8,670 22,495

Koch Goma 18,349 1,818 2,384 22,551

Purongo 7,142 1,197 5,757 14,096

Total 174,122 27,395 71,586 273,103

Amuru/2018 Atiak 41,300 500 2,300 44,100 2.8% Pabbo 48,400 2,000 3,400 53,800 2.8%

Lamogi 72,300 600 3,000 75,900 2.8%

Amuru 62,700 1,400 2,600 66,700 2.8%

Nwoya/2018 Alero 32,300 1,700 100 34,100 2.8%

Anaka 27,000 400 1,800 29,200 3.0%

Koch Goma 28,200 500 500 29,200 2.9%

Purongo 17,100 300 1,200 18,600 3.1%

Total 329,300 7,400 14,900 351,600

Source: JICA Study Team

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7. REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND RURAL ROAD DEVELOPMENT IN AMURU AND NWOYA DISTRICTS

In order to improve the socioeconomic environment in home villages, improvement of social and economic infrastructures is the highest priority of the districts. Roads themselves are basic social and economic infrastructures. Roads can connect people in home villages with various places, such as health centres, trading centres and schools. Particularly, it is critical for people to have access to major trading centres to which people go to sell agricultural produce, or for middlemen to come to home villages to buy agricultural produce, because selling agricultural produce is the major and only source of incomes for most people in Amuru and Nwoya Districts.

In addition, roads are able to promote improvement of other social infrastructures and services, such as water points, health units and schools. It is necessary to bring heavy construction equipment and materials by motor vehicles to the exact sites of construction, rehabilitation, and upgrading of water points, health units or schools. These pieces of heavy construction equipment and materials require roads which are wide enough and bridges which can bear certain weights. Therefore, if there are no such roads, it is very difficult to have social service facilities.

8. PRESENT SYSTEM OF ROAD ADMINISTRATION AND ROAD MAINTENANCE

Development and maintenance of national roads is under the jurisdiction of the recently established UNRA. That of district roads is under the jurisdiction of district local governments. The development and maintenance of urban roads is under the jurisdiction of urban councils while community access roads are under that of sub-counties.

In May 2009, the Uganda Road Fund Board was established. The state budget of 2009/2010 did not feature any special budgetary allocation for the Uganda Road Fund. However, Table 8.1 shows that no substantial increase was made to the total budget for the Works and Transport Sector after the establishment of the Road Fund budgets.

Table 8.1 Shares of Works and Transport Sector in State Budgets of Uganda

Unit=Ushs Billion

2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011

MOWT (1) 169 138 124

UNRA (2) 949 904 614

Uganda Road Fund (3) 0 0 284

Total of Works and Transport SectorBudget

1,118 1,042 1,022

% of Works and Transport SectorBudget out of Total State Budget

18.2% 14.2% 13.5%

Total of State Budget (4) 6,143 7,334 7,552

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Source: (1), (2) and (3): Ministerial Budget Policy Statements (4): Budget Speech by Minister of Finance, Planning and Economic Development

The investment level for national roads has drastically increased in the last three years or so. The investment level in the early part of the last decade was around 80 million USD per year. However, the current investment level for national roads is 150-200 million USD per year, in accordance with the budget policies of MoWT.

Un hs. it=Billion Us

On the other hand, the investment level for district roads was around 5-10 million USD per year during the last decade. The current level of investment for district roads is still very limited at about 18-21 million USD per year, which is very low compared to that for national roads.

9. REVIEW OF NATIONAL TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN AND ROAD MAINTENANCE PLANS

There are various levels (from national, district to sub-county levels) of master plans and development plans concerning the road sub-sector including improvement and maintenance. In this chapter, the following six plans are reviewed:

Road Sector Development Program (RSDP) and Road Sector Development Program 2 (RSDP2)

National Transport Master Plan including a Transport Master Plan for the Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area (NTMP/GKMA) 2008-2023 (May 2009)

The Ten-Year District, Urban and Community Access Roads Investment Plan (DUCARIP), Final Draft (February 2008)

Road Programmes in the District Development Plan of Former Amuru District 2009/10-2011/12

Road Programmes in Sub-county Development Plans (8 Sub-counties in Former Amuru District) 2009/10-2011/1

In accordance with DUCARIP, a total of 9,787 million Ushs is to be allocated to former Amuru District from the programme. The annual budgetary plan is shown in Table 9.1.

Table 9.1 DUCARIP Budget for Districts in Acholi Sub-region (Proposed in Final Draft)

Unit: Ushs Millions Unit: Millions Ushs.

District District Roads (km)

% District Roads

2008 / 09

09 / 10

10 / 11

11 / 12

12 / 13

13 / 14

14 / 15

15 / 16

16 / 17

17 / 18

Total

Former Amuru 168 0.6 414 1,073 1,074 1,063 1,051 1,041 1,031 1,022 1,013 1,005 9,787

Gulu 323 1.2 1,330 1,331 1,330 1,306 1,281 1,257 1,235 1,215 1,195 1,176 12,656

Former Kitgum 306 1.1 1,302 1,303 1,302 1,279 1,256 1,234 1,213 1,194 1,175 1,158 12,416

Former Pader 376 1.4 1,417 1,418 1,417 1,388 1,359 1,330 1,304 1,280 1,256 1,234 13,403

Acholi Total 27,422 100 4,463 5,125 5,123 5,036 4,947 4,862 4,783 4,711 4,639 4,573 48,262

Source: Final Draft, DUCARIP, March 2008

10. PRESENT SITUATION OF ROAD TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT IN AMURU AND NWOYA DISTRICTS

During this Study, a Traffic Survey was conducted to grasp the baseline traffic information, e.g., traffic volume and OD (origin and destination) along the main trunk road and district roads in Acholi Sub-region, in order to understand the current traffic flow and examine the demand forecast analysis. As for Amuru and Nwoya Districts, a Traffic Survey and Household Interview Survey were conducted to reveal the traffic and travel characteristics of the residents. The present situation of road traffic and transport in Amuru and Nwoya Districts is summarized below:

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A great deal of traffic is observed along the national roads; the north-south corridor between Gulu – Sudanese border and the east-west corridor along Arua Road. However, the number of vehicles observed in former Amuru District is very low, showing a maximum traffic volume of only 2,040 PCU per day along Arua Road. There seem to be no capacity constraints in former Amuru District.

The motorcycle is the dominant mode of transport in the region, consisting of 51% of the vehicles observed on the national roads and 59% on the districts roads.

The interviewees in former Amuru District have almost no private transport mode, showing that only 1% of sampled households in former Amuru own motorbikes and only 24% own bicycles. Access to the public transport is the key towards enhancing the mobility of the residents in former Amuru.

Agriculture is the dominant economic activity in former Amuru District. A total of 95% of the workers interviewed in former Amuru are farmers/livestock keepers. A total of 89% of the interviewed households in former Amuru are involved in agricultural activities; mostly crop cultivation works.

11. PRESENT SITUATION AND ISSUES OF THE ROAD NETWORK AND CONDITIONS IN AMURU AND NWOYA DISTRICTS

After reclassification of district roads to national roads in January 2009, Amuru and Nwoya Districts have 9 routes that are national roads and 13 routes that are district roads.

The road from Karuma to Pakwach via Olwiyo is paved and connects Kampala and Western Nile. The road from Gulu town to Nimule which penetrates the north-west area of the districts plays an important role as a trade route between Uganda and South Sudan. This road from Gulu (Kati Kati in Amuru District) to Nimule in South Sudan will be upgraded to an asphalt road under loan agreements with the WB and the Japanese Government. Other national roads traverse to connect the above 2 major national roads with the main trading centres and other district centres.

In Amuru and Nwoya Districts, it seems that the road network covers the entire district adequately. However, many road links are broken up by bottlenecks which hinder vehicle traffic. There are more than 60 bottlenecks caused by bushes and over 40 points by rivers. Wooden bridges which are constructed by the local government or NGOs enable pedestrians and bicycles to cross rivers or streams; however, they do not have adequate structural strength to enable passage of motor vehicles.

12. TRAFFIC DEMAND FORECAST

The objective of the traffic demand forecast in this study is to estimate the future traffic volume and to provide an input for selection of priority projects proposed in the road master plan in Amuru and Nwoya Districts. The future traffic volume will also be utilized to test the economic feasibility of selected priority projects. Intermediate and target years for the demand forecast are set as 2018 and 2030, respectively. Since the traffic observed in Amuru and Nwoya Districts flows internationally and inter-regionally, the study area of the traffic demand forecast is not limited to Amuru and Nwoya Districts but extends to Acholi sub-region.

The findings from this traffic assignment in Amuru and Nwoya Districts are summarized below:

The north-south corridor, passing through Pabbo and Gulu towards Kampala, remains an international trunk road, connecting Kampala and northern Uganda and extending to

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Sudan. The traffic volume is projected to significantly increase from 1400 pcu/day in 2009 to 3000 pcu/day in 2030.

The traffic volume along the road section between Gulu-Koch Goma-Olwiyo is relatively large compared to other national and district roads in Amuru and Nwoya Districts and is projected to reach 40-130 pcu/day in 2009 to 20-120 pcu/day in 2030.

The new road section connecting Ceri and Amuru (Otwee) is expected to accommodate both diverted traffic from the national roads and regional traffic within Amuru and Nwoya Districts: the future traffic volume is estimated to fall between 140 and 490 pcu/day in 2030.

13. OBJECTIVES AND BASIC STRATEGIES FOR RURAL ROAD IMPROVEMENT AND MAINTENANCE

The following two pillars are goals of development to be sought by rural road development and maintenance in Amuru and Nwoya Districts:

To improve the socioeconomic environment for stabilizing and enhancing the livelihood of returnees in Amuru and Nwoya Districts:

To promote agricultural development in areas with agricultural potential by providing road access

The primary objectives for rural road improvement and maintenance aim to attain the two identified goals and reverse the effects that have resulted from the underdevelopment that has taken place over the last 10 years, as follows:

Vehicle roads should be improved by doing the following in a sustainable manner.

- Expanding the total length of vehicle roads

- Upgrading or improvement of service levels of vehicle roads

- Improving the network of vehicle roads

Vehicle roads should be maintained by locally appropriate technology and management methods.

Roads passable by bicycles and motorbikes should also be expanded and improved, in conjunction with vehicle road improvement and maintenance.

The following three basic strategies are proposed:

Basic Strategy A: Basic Strategy following Appropriately Set Functional Road Classes

Basic Strategy B: Basic Strategy on Rural Road Maintenance

Basic Strategy C: Basic Strategy for Community Development

14. RURAL ROAD NETWORK PLANNING

There are two systems of functional road classification in Uganda. One is that prepared by MoWT for rural trunk roads (national roads), and the other is for rural feeder roads (district roads) in Uganda. For rural road network planning for a particular district, it is necessary to utilize both classification systems.

Since the system of functional road classification is concerned with the traffic function of the roads, but not about the administrative status of the roads, it is necessary to examine the genuine function of all roads in the district by initially disregarding the administrative status of the roads. At this step, we are faced with the difficulty of using two different classification systems. It is necessary to have an integrated system of functional road classification or a method of utilizing the two functional road classification systems in an integrated manner for rural road network planning as shown in Table 14.1.

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Table 14.1 Proposed Method of Using Existing Two Systems of Functional Road Classification in an Integrated Manner


Integrated Method of Using

Existing Two Systems of

Functional Road Classification

Functional Classification for

Rural Roads

Functional Classification for District

Roads

A International Trunk Road International Trunk Road [A]

B Inter-regional Trunk Road National Trunk Road [B]

C Inter-district Road Primary Road [C] District Class I Road

D District-level Arterial Road Secondary Road [D] District Class II Road

E District-level Collector Road Minor Road [E] District Class III Road

F Important Community Access

Road (Important Community Access Roads)

G Other Community Access Road (Other Community Access Roads)

By using the proposed method of using the two existing systems of functional road classification, and by considering the new district spatial patterns, the JICA Study Team proposed two road network plans for Amuru and Nwoya Districts. One is for the long term (2030) and the other is for the mid term (2018) as shown in Figure 14.1.

International Trunk Road

National Trunk Road(Inter-Regional Trunk Road)

Primary Trunk Road / District Class I(Inter-District Trunk Road)

Secondary Trunk Road / District Class II(District Trunk Road)

Tertiary Trunk Road / District Class III(District Feeder Road)

International Trunk Road

National Trunk Road(Inter-Regional Trunk Road)

Primary Trunk Road / District Class I(Inter-District Trunk Road)

Secondary Trunk Road / District Class II(District Trunk Road)

Tertiary Trunk Road / District Class III(District Feeder Road)

Long -term (Year 2030) Mid-term (Year 2018) Source: JICA Study Team

Figure 14.1 Road Network Plan with Functional Road Classes

15. SELECTION OF HIGH PRIORITY PROJECTS

This Study proposes that the road improvement master plan in Amuru/Nwoya Districts is to be formulated by the procedures shown in Figure 15.1.

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Current Road Network and Service

Desired Road Service and Classification

Evaluation criteria: -Cost efficiency -Reliability-Accessibility-Serviceability

High Priority Projects by 2018

Weight of parameters

Projects after 2018

Yes

No

Any gap?

Multi criteria analysis

Function as network, Budgetary constraints

Traffic VolumeRoad Function

Necessary Projects


Figure 15.1 Procedure for Project Selection

Two sets of weights allocated to the different evaluation criteria have been prepared to aid the decision making process These two sets of weights are namely; Cost efficiency oriented weights and social impact oriented weights.

Considering budgetary constraints, two different sets of priority projects are suggested by the two different weighting systems as shown in Figure 15.2. Defining the over lapping priority projects by both weights of evaluation parameters as the high priority projects, 117.9 km of road sections are considered as the high priority projects as shown in Figure 15.3. The total project cost for these high priority projects is estimated at 17.5 million USD up to 2018. It should be noted that the high priority projects will be modified, omitting on-going road and bridge projects while adding some road sections to secure continuity of the road network.

N

EW

S

Amuru/Nwoya District

Necessary ProjectHigh Priority ProSecondary Prio

ject

LEGEND

rity Project

N

EW

S

Amuru/Nwoya District

Necessary ProjectHigh Priority Project

LEGEND

Cost Efficiency Oriented Evaluation Social Impact Oriented Evaluation


Figure 15.2 Priority Projects

Priority Project Priority Project


NR 005

DR 603

NR 00

8DR

137

CAR 110DR 114

Atiak

Olamnyungo

PabboOtici Maro

Awobi

Kaladima

LegendHigh Priority ProjectUnder Construction ProjectSecond Priority Project


Figure 15.3 Location Map of High Priority Projects and Second Priority Projects

16. RURAL ROAD MAINTENANCE PLANNING

According to the government policy, the road maintenance system for the national and district roads shall be implemented by the following method shown in Table 16.1.

Table 16.1 Method and Responsible Organizations for road maintenance

Road type Responsible organization

Type of road intervention

Method of delivery

Routine Force Account by utilizing Road Gangs and light equipment provided by the Government. District &

Urban District &

Urban (LGs) Periodic and Rehabilitation

Supervised by the district utilizing the machinery and procured material from the Zonal Mechanical Workshop.

Routine Contract basis, however partially by force account. National UNRA Periodic and

Rehabilitation Contract basis.

Source: JICA Study Team To execute the above required tasks, a private consultant and mechanical staff shall be hired in each district and the district shall take responsibility in the following “three principal areas”.

Update and maintenance of the road inventory system Development of a road maintenance plan Instruction, supervision and evaluation of the private consultant’s activity

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The capacities required for the district officer to manage the above “three principal areas” are as shown in Table 16.2.

Table 16.2 Capacity required of district officer

Area Required Capacity a) Update and maintenance of the road inventory system

Understanding the theory of RAMPS Practical operational skill to utilize RAMPS Understanding the technical evaluation skills regarding defects such as defect

type, cause of defect and countermeasures. b) Development of road maintenance plan

Road condition evaluation skill by utilizing output of RAMPS. Road planning skills, utilizing labour based technology in particular.

c) Instruction, supervision and evaluation of private consultants

Basic knowledge of road design and cost estimation. Basic knowledge of road construction.


17. RURAL ROAD IMPROVEMENT AND MAINTENANCE PLAN BY 2018

There is very little investment for improvement of national roads or district roads in Amuru and Nwoya Districts. Now, the question is how to improve the road network in these two districts using local and external funding. To estimate the costs required for improvement, six levels of intervention; minimum-level, near minimum-level, low-level, medium-level, high-level and highest-level, are prepared for helping decision making. Table 17.1 shows a summary of the project cost and annual disbursement by type of intervention.

Table 17.1 Project Cost and Annual Disbursement Required by Type of Intervention (Unit: thousand USD)

Level of Intervention Minimum-level

Near Minimum-

level Low-level Medium-

level High-level Highest-

level

National Road Project Cost 5,008 5,008 5,008 15,530 15,530 20,743

Annual Disbursement 626 626 626 1,941 1,941 2,593 District Road/CARs

Project Cost 102 957 1,886 1,886 6,946 10,086 Annual Disbursement 13 120 236 236 868 1,261

Expected Funding Source National Road Local Funding External Funding

District Road/CARs Local Funding External Funding Source: JICA Study Team

The cost estimated for the six options of the interventions reveals that external funding is necessary for improvement of both national and district roads.

18. PROJECT EVALUATION FOR SELECTED HIGH PRIORITY PROJECTS

Although the proposed necessary projects and high priority projects are NOT economically feasible, there is a high probability that these high priority projects can turn into economically viable projects. Assuming only 10% of the whole road section of high priority projects requires urgent upgrade works, the project’s economic viability is further substantiated with a B/C Ratio of 0.06-1.28 and some priority projects, i.e., CAR110, show ample positive NPV.

In addition to these quantifiable economic benefits, there are various unquantifiable impacts generated from the project, including decrease in traffic accidents, reduction of energy consumption, income generation, stimulation of the regional economy and for the particular case of Amuru and Nwoya Districts; acceleration of the IDPs’ return and resettlement process by enhancing social infrastructure development in the home/return villages.

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19. TECHNICAL TRANSFER TO AMURU AND NWOYA DISTRICTS

In order to enhance the sustainability of rural road network planning in former Amuru District, technical transfer programs related to rural road network planning, maintenance planning, traffic demand forecasts and utilization of GIS maps were conducted for Amuru and Nwoya district’s engineers

20. TECHNICAL TRANSFER TO MOWT

Technical transfer programs related to establishment of a GIS database was conducted for MoWT engineers.

PART 2: PREPARATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PILOT PROJECT

21. OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE PILOT PROJECT

At the initial stage of the Study, the pilot project, bridge construction and road improvement/maintenance works, were implemented in order to examine their impact on the IDPs return process and to feedback the findings to the formulation of the Master Plan of the rural road network. Two bridge sites for the pilot project were selected out of the various bridge requests by the local personnel, because they were located on Aswa River which divides the northern original village area and southern IDP camps along the national road.

Location of the pilot project is shown in Figure 21.1. Both bridges are on the district feeder roads just upgraded from community access roads in June 2009. Bridge No.1 is along the Otwee-Anaka road and Bridge No.2 is along the Otwee-Wii Anaka road.


Nwoya District

Amuru District

Figure 21.1 Location of the Pilot Project

The pilot project is divided into 2 lots for procurement of the contractor. The general scopes of these lots are as follows:

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Lot 1 (Otwee – Anaka Road): Road improvement for a gravel road section of 6.20km (including construction of a reinforced concrete bridge of 35m length, 3 box culverts and 1 pipe culvert) and maintenance of a gravel road of 21.31km.

Lot 2 (Otwee Wii Anaka Road): Road improvement for a gravel road section of 0.66km (including construction of a reinforced concrete bridge of 45m length) and maintenance of a gravel road of 44.00km.

22. BASIC PLAN

The Pilot Project roads are split into sections requiring improvement and sections requiring maintenance with due consideration of the need for prevention of future conflict between the road administrators and land owners given that most of the sections of the existing roads pass through private plots.

Basic plans for the two lots are as follows.

1) Bridge on Otwee - Anaka Road (Bridge No.1)

Bridge Length: 35.00 m Span arrangement: A three simple span arrangement, which is comprised of 10.00m +

15.00m +10.00m spans for a total bridge length of 35.00 m, was adopted. P1 Pier is located at the right bank and P2 Pier is located at the left bank.

2) Bridge on Otwee – Wii Anaka Road (Bridge No.2)

Bridge Length: 45.00 m

Span arrangement: A four simple span arrangement, which is comprised of 10.00m + 15.00m +10.00m + 10.00m spans for a total bridge length of 45.00 m was adopted. P1 Pier is located at the right bank side while the P2 and P3 Piers are located at the left bank side.

23. BID CONDITIONS AND RESULT OF BIDDING

The MoWT recommended 10 Ugandan contractors who had experience in concrete bridge work. These were further assessed by the Study Team. According to the assessment by the Study, the contractors of classes B or lower were disqualified as being ineligible, therefore, a class A or A+ classification for a contractor was set as a pre-requisite criterion for eligibility.

After the Preliminary Examination of the submitted bids, the evaluations were carried out step by step and the bids without sufficient submissions and/or qualifications were removed at subsequent stages. The bids that passed through all the stages advanced to the final evaluation (Financial Aspect). In the final evaluation, the price comparison among the remaining bids was carried out and the bid which offered the most reasonable price was selected as the recommendable bid.

24. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

A provisional construction schedule for the pilot project was estimated on the basis of the quantities of construction works, local conditions, etc. The construction schedules for the two routes of the pilot project are as shown in Figure 24.1.

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: Rainy Season

Dec

Dec10

Bridge Surface

Demobilization

Sep Oct NovMay Jun Jul Aug

Otwee-Anaka Road

Otwee-Wii Anaka RoadMar Apr

Mobilization

Earth Works

Bridge Works

Drainage Works

Demobilization

Mobilization

Earth Works

Bridge Works River Diversion

Substructure

Superstructure

Superstructure

Bridge Surface

Box/Pipe Culvert

1Mar

River Diversion

Substructure

2Apr

3May

4JulJun5

Aug6 7

Sep8

Oct9

Nov

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 24.1 Provisional Construction Schedules for Pilot Project

25. BASELINE SURVEY

In order to evaluate the outcome and impact of the pilot project, an Origin-Destination (OD) survey and community interview survey were conducted prior to the commencement of the construction (March 2010).

Origin-Destination (OD) survey

The OD survey was carried out by the local staff at the locations of Lot 1 and Lot 2. The first survey for before construction was conducted at the beginning of March 2010. The summary of survey results are follows.

(Lot 1)

Number of by-passers: 128 people for both directions Transportation type: 4 motorbikes, 44 bicycles, 75 pedestrians for both directions Main trip purpose: Private 18, Hospital 17, School 13 for both directions Commodity type: Convey nothing 63 (to go to hospital or school and come home), Fuel 17, Vegetation 16 Origin-Destination: The largest number of trips was between Lacic and Lulyango at 33 trips

(Lot 2)

Number of by-passers: 91 people for both directions Transportation type: 19 vehicles, 14 motorbikes, 20 bicycles, 11 pedestrians for both directions Main trip purpose: Work 38, Private 6 for both directions Commodity type: Food 63, Vegetation 12 Origin-Destination: The largest number of trips was between Lbengec and Latoro at 35 trips

Community Interview survey

It is expected that the pilot project will bring a change to the lives of the people who live near the bridges, in particular, regarding aspects concerning accessibility. Therefore, in addition to the origin-destination survey, interview surveys at several communities along the roads were conducted. The summary of survey results are follows.

(Lot 1) Villages located on the northern side of the bridge

Population of Original Village: Lungulu Sub-village; Returnees 320, transit site 80, Lacic Sub-village; Returnees 400, Transit site 200

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Access to Anaka by car: Lungulu Sub-village; 1.5 hrs, Lacic Sub-village; 2.0 hurs Name of cash crop: Rice, Groundnuts Marketing: Sell to middlemen from Gulu or Anaka


Population of Original Village: Denga Sub-village; Returnees 450, Transit site 30, Abongo Luduku Sub-village; Returnees 400, Transit site 200 Access to Purongo by car: Denga Sub-village; 4.0 hrs, Abongo Luduku Sub-village; 2.0 hurs Name of cash crop: Rice, Groundnuts Marketing: Sell to middlemen from Gulu, Amuru or Pakwach

26. EVALUATION OF PILOT PROJECT

The second survey for after construction was conducted in the end of October 2011. The summary of survey results are follows. The numbers in ( ) show the results of the previous survey.

Origin-Destination (OD) survey

(Lot 1)

Number of by-passers: 193 (128) people for both directions Transportation type: 15 (0) vehicles, 21 (4) motorbikes, 64 (44) bicycles, 17 (75) pedestrians for both directions Main trip purpose: Work 27 (13), Private 22 (18), Business 20 (10), Hospital 9 (17), School 6 (13) for both directions Commodity type: Convey nothing 56 (63), Food 34 (2), Fuel 1(17), Vegetation 4 (16) Origin-Destination: The largest number of trips was between Lukai and Anaka at 30 trips (Lacic and Lulyango at 33 trips)

(Lot 2)

Number of by-passers: 46 (91) people for both directions Transportation type: 4 (19) vehicles, 6 (14) motorbikes, 1 (20) bicycles, 6 (11) pedestrians for both directions Main trip purpose: Work 10 (38), Private 2 (6), Business 3 (0) for both directions Commodity type: Food 3 (63), Vegetation 1 (12) Origin-Destination: The largest number of trips was between Prongo and Latoro at 8 trips (Lbengec and Latoro at 35 trips)

Community Interview survey


Population of Original Village (on the northern side of the bridge): Lacic Sub-village; Returnees 510, Transit site 0 (Returnees 400, Transit site 200)

Access to Anaka by car: Lungulu Sub-village; 20 min (1.5 hrs), Lacic Sub-village; 30 min (2.0 hrs)

Name of cash crop: Rice, Groundnuts (Rice, Groundnuts)

Marketing: Sell to middlemen at trading centre (Gulu, Anaka, Panyimur, Amuru), Sell to middlemen from Gulu or Anaka


Population of Original Village (on the northern side of the bridge): Abongo Luduku Sub-village; Returnees 672, Transit site 0 (Returnees 300, Transit site 200) Access to Purongo by car: Abongo Luduku Sub-village 40 min (2.0 hrs) Name of cash crop: Rice, Groundnuts (Rice, Groundnuts)

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Marketing: Sell to middlemen at trading centre (Gulu), Sell to middlemen from Gulu, Amuru or Pakwach

Comparing the survey results implemented before and after construction of the bridges, the following impacts are observed.

(Lot 1)

After the bridge was constructed, vehicles could cross in all season. It seems that the working and business opportunities for the people in the surrounding area were increased by improvement of the access road. For example, the village people can choose to sell their products in trading centres such as Gulu and Anaka by themselves using private trucks (a kind of shared-taxi), which now comes in to the village on this road after completion of the bridge, instead of waiting for a middle man at their home villages. These impacts will contribute to resettlement for the returnees in their original villages from an IDP camp.

Before construction of Bridge No.1, the number of IDP returnees of Lucic Sub-Village, located in the northern Area of the bridge, was around 400 and the number of IDP that lived in transit sites were around 200 (the rate of returnees was 67%). After completion of Bridge No.1, the number of IDP returnees of Lucic Sub-Village was around 510, and the number of IDP that lived in transit sites were zero (the rate of returnees was 100%). The main reason that all the IDP had already returned at the time of bridge completion can be that the Government had issued a closure policy for IDP camps by July 2010. In addition to this, the reopening of a school in this area and improved access to Anaka town with a detour during the bridge construction stage might accelerate IDP return and resettlement to their original villages.

The amount of traffic passing Bridge No.1 is still small at this moment and there were only 15 vehicles and 21 motorbikes per day according to the survey. However, it is expected that this number will increase soon as investment starts in this area. Thus, an additional survey after a year to monitor shall be necessary to find the true impact of the construction.

(Lot 2)

This bridge is used for business purposes, especially for transporting agricultural products and the farm workers. The number of by-passers after completion of the bridge was only 46 per 12 hours. This number is 45 people less compared with before the construction. It seems that these traffic demands vary depending on planting and harvesting season of the products. In northern Uganda, the usual planting season is in the beginning of the rainy season (March to July) and crops are harvested at the end of the rainy season and then transported to markets during the dry season.

A total of 19 vehicles crossed No.2 Bridge at the time of the baseline survey before the bridge construction was conducted in March, 2010 (end of the dry season). On the other hand, only 4 vehicles crossed No.2 Bridge at the time of the survey after completion of the bridge conducted in October, 2011 (end of the rainy season). The reason for the decrease in traffic after completion of the bridge will be attributed to this seasonal variation.

In Lot-2, the impact of the bridge was not found clearly. However, considering the potential it has for the land, it is expected that the bridge shall contribute to the growth of the economy in the long term. It is recommended to monitor the traffic of this bridge for each season to comprehend the exact impacts of the bridge.

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PART 3: PLANNING AND PREPARATION OF URGENT PROJECTS

IN ACHOLI SUB-REGION

27. BACKGROUND OF THE URGENT PROJECTS

Acholi Sub-region was impoverished by the 20 year-conflict. Since the cease-fire agreement concluded between LRA and the Government of Uganda in August 2006, construction of hospitals, schools and wells have been implemented by humanitarian assistance organizations. However these facilities are not accessible enough and this could be considered as one of the reasons why the IDPs (Internally Displaced Persons) have been unable to return to their home villages. Consequently, the Ugandan side requested 13 projects to be undertaken by the Japanese side and these projects consisted of improvement of National Roads, District Roads and Community Access Roads (CARs) as shown in Figure 27.1.


Figure 27.1 Locations of the Requested Bridges

28. CONTENTS OF THE PROJECTS

Selection of the projects was carried out based on the following criteria; “High degree of contribution to the return and resettlement of IDPs”, “High degree of urgency”, “Significant benefit” and “Low social environmental issues”.

As a result, six urgent projects (No. 01 to No. 06 in Figure 27.1) were selected based on the evaluation. Table 28.1 shows the specifications of the selected urgent projects.

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Table 28.1 Specifications of the Proposed Roads and Bridges

Section No. No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6

Location (District) Gulu – Amuru Lamwo Nwoya Agago Gulu Nwoya

Road Class CA. Road District Road CA. Road National Road District Road National Road

Road Width (m) 6.0 6.0 3.0 9.0 6.0 9.0

Carriageway lanes 2 2 1 2 2 2

Pavement Gravel Gravel Gravel DBST Gravel DBST

Total Road Length (km) 22.8 19.8 7.9 0.6 23.0 11.0

Improvement (km) 2.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 5.9 11.0

Maintenance*(km) 20.1 19.1 7.1 - 17.1 -

Bridge Name Atiabar Br. Arainga Br. Ayago Br. Otaka Br. Chome Br. Dawa Br. -

Span Length (Number of Spans)

15.0 m (1) 15.0 m (1) 15 m (1) 15 m (3) total 45m

15.0 m (1) 15.0 m (1)

-

Superstructure Type RC Simple girder

RC Simple girder

RC Simple girder

RC continuous girder

RC Simple girder

-

Live Load Type BS:HA JPN: A type

BS:HA JPN: A type

BS:HA JPN: A type

BS:HB JPN: B type

BS:HA JPN: A type

-

Bridge Width (m) 6.0 m 6.0 m 6.0 m 9.0 m 6.0 m -


The responsible organization is the Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) and the execution Agency is the Ministry of Works and Transport (MoWT) for this project.

29. PROJECT EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The traffic demand in Acholi Sub-region is forecast based on the current traffic demand estimated by the results of roadside traffic counts and driver interview surveys and population projections by UBOS and UNHCR. A cost/benefit analysis, comparing cost and benefit generated from the urgent projects determines the economic validity of the projects. With that result, costs and benefits were analyzed, concluding that three indicators of the economic evaluation slightly substantiated the economic viability of the project investment, with EIRR of 12.7 %, B/C Ratio of 1.07 and ample positive NPV of 4,095,000 USD.

Project for Rural Road Network Planning in Northern Uganda Final Report Vol.2: Main Report

i

THE PROJECT FOR


NORTHERN UGANDA

FINAL REPORT

VOL. 2: MAIN REPORT

LOCATION MAP OF STUDY AREA

OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

ABBREVIATIONS

- TABLE OF CONTENTS - Page

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Background of the Study ............................................................................................. 1-1 1.2 Rationale and Objectives of the Study......................................................................... 1-1

1.2.1 Study Rationale...................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2.2 Objectives of the Study.......................................................................................... 1-2 1.2.3 Output of the Study................................................................................................ 1-3

1.3 Structure of the Report................................................................................................. 1-3

PART 1: RURAL ROAD MASTER PLANNING IN AMURU AND NWOYA DISTRICTS

SECTION 1: NORTHERN UGANDA AND ACHOLI SUB-REGION

2. REGIONAL CONTEXT: NORTHERN UGANDA AND ACHOLI SUB-REGION.............. 2-1 2.1 Northern Region of Uganda......................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Acholi Sub-region........................................................................................................ 2-5

SECTION 2: REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR AMURU AND NWOYA DISTRICTS

3. PRESENT SITUATION OF AMURU AND NWOYA DISTRICTS ...................................... 3-1 3.1 Natural Conditions....................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Local Government Administration .............................................................................. 3-4 3.3 Return Process of IDPs ................................................................................................ 3-5 3.4 Population .................................................................................................................... 3-8 3.5 Agricultural Sector..................................................................................................... 3-11 3.6 Commercial Sector .................................................................................................... 3-14 3.7 Tourism Sector ........................................................................................................... 3-18

ii

3.8 Social Infrastructure and Services ............................................................................. 3-19 3.8.1 Water.................................................................................................................... 3-19 3.8.2 Health .................................................................................................................. 3-22 3.8.3 Education............................................................................................................. 3-26

4. REVIEW OF EXISTING DEVELOPMENT PLANS ............................................................ 4-1 4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 4-1 4.2 Review of Government Development Plans and Programmes.................................... 4-1

4.2.1 Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) .............................................................. 4-1 4.2.2 Peace, Recovery and Development Plan for Northern Uganda (PRDP),

2009-2011.............................................................................................................. 4-5 4.2.3 5-year National Development Plan for Uganda (NDP), 2010-2015...................... 4-7

4.3 Review of Assistance Situation and Policies of UN Agencies and Donors ................. 4-9 4.3.1 National Policy for Internal Displaced Persons, Transition Strategy and

Cluster Approach in the Humanitarian Phase........................................................ 4-9 4.3.2 Transition from Humanitarian Phase to Recovery and Development ................. 4-11 4.3.3 Northern Uganda Social Action Fund (NUSAF-World Bank) ............................ 4-11 4.3.4 NUSAF 2 (World Bank and DFID)..................................................................... 4-12 4.3.5 Northern Uganda Rehabilitation Programme (NUREP-EC)............................... 4-12 4.3.6 Northern Uganda Transition Initiatives (NUTI-USAID) .................................... 4-12 4.3.7 Stability, Peace and Reconciliation in Northern Uganda (SPRING-USAID) ..... 4-13 4.3.8 Northern Uganda Development of Enhanced Local Governance

Infrastructure and Livelihoods (NUDEIL-USAID) ............................................ 4-14

5. DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL AND ISSUES OF AMURU AND NWOYA DISTRICTS . 5-1 5.1 Development Potential................................................................................................. 5-1 5.2 Development Issues ..................................................................................................... 5-3 5.3 SWOT Analysis ........................................................................................................... 5-5

6. SOCIOECONOMIC FRAMEWORK OF AMURU AND NWOYA DISTRICTS ................. 6-1 6.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 6-1 6.2 Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 6-1 6.3 Population Projection in Amuru and Nwoya Districts................................................. 6-3

6.3.1 Preconditions ......................................................................................................... 6-3 6.3.2 Summary of Population Projection ....................................................................... 6-3

7. REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND RURAL ROAD DEVELOPMENT IN AMURU AND NWOYA DISTRICTS.................................................................................................... 7-1 7.1 Goals and Objectives of Regional Development in Amuru and Nwoya Districts ....... 7-1

7.1.1 District Development Plan (DDP)......................................................................... 7-1 7.1.2 Vision, Mission, Goal and Objective..................................................................... 7-1 7.1.3 Strategy and Priority.............................................................................................. 7-2

7.2 Role of Rural Road Development in former Amuru District....................................... 7-5 7.2.1 Objectives of Road Development in Former Amuru DDP.................................... 7-5 7.2.2 Rural Road Development in Amuru and Nwoya Districts .................................... 7-6

SECTION 3: RURAL ROAD IMPROVEMENT AND MAINTENANCE PLANNING FOR AMURU AND NWOYA DISTRICTS

8. PRESENT SYSTEM OF ROAD ADMINISTRATION AND ROAD MAINTENANCE ...... 8-1 8.1 Present System of Road Administration ...................................................................... 8-1

8.1.1 Roads in Uganda ................................................................................................... 8-1 8.1.2 Institutional Structure of Road Administration...................................................... 8-6


iii

8.2 Road Funding............................................................................................................. 8-10 8.2.1 General ................................................................................................................ 8-10 8.2.2 Government Budgets for Road Improvement and Maintenance ......................... 8-11

8.3 Present System of Road Maintenance........................................................................ 8-15 8.3.1 Current Maintenance Standard and Contents ...................................................... 8-15 8.3.2 Management Method of Road Maintenance at District Level............................. 8-17

9. REVIEW OF NATIONAL TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN AND ROAD MAINTENANCE PLANS ...................................................................................................... 9-1 9.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 9-1 9.2 Road Sector Development Programme (RSDP) and Road Sector Development

Programme 2 (RSDP2) ................................................................................................ 9-1 9.3 National Transport Master Plan including a Transport Master Plan for the

Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area (NTMP/GKMA) 2008-2023 ............................. 9-2 9.4 The Ten Year District, Urban and Community Access Roads Investment Plan

(DUCARIP) ................................................................................................................. 9-8 9.5 Review of Road Programmes in District Development Plans of Former Amuru

District ....................................................................................................................... 9-10 9.6 Sub-County Development Plans ................................................................................ 9-19

10. PRESENT SITUATION OF ROAD TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT IN AMURU AND NWOYA DISTRICTS ........................................................................................................... 10-1 10.1 Road Traffic Condition in Acholi Sub-region............................................................ 10-1

10.1.1 Traffic Survey...................................................................................................... 10-1 10.1.2 Results of the Traffic Survey ............................................................................... 10-3

10.2 Travel Characteristics in Former Amuru District....................................................... 10-5 10.2.1 Household Interview Survey ............................................................................... 10-5 10.2.2 Results of the Household Interview Survey ........................................................ 10-6

10.3 Summary of Results................................................................................................. 10-14

11. PRESENT SITUATION AND ISSUES OF THE ROAD NETWORK AND CONDITIONS IN AMURU AND NWOYA DISTRICTS ............................................................................. 11-1 11.1 Present Rural Road Network and Conditions in Amuru and Nwoya Districts .......... 11-1

11.1.1 Analysis of the Present Rural Road Network...................................................... 11-1 11.2 Issues in Rural Road Development and Maintenance in Amuru and Nwoya

Districts.................................................................................................................... 11-17

12. TRAFFIC DEMAND FORECAST....................................................................................... 12-1 12.1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 12-1 12.2 Overall Methodology................................................................................................. 12-1 12.3 Minor Amendment in Preconditions of Traffic Demand Forecast............................. 12-2

12.3.1 Existing and Future Road Service ....................................................................... 12-2 12.3.2 Future OD Matrices............................................................................................. 12-5

12.4 Traffic Demand Forecast ........................................................................................... 12-7 12.4.1 Assignment Cases................................................................................................ 12-7 12.4.2 Traffic Assignment Results.................................................................................. 12-7

13. OBJECTIVES AND BASIC STRATEGIES FOR RURAL ROAD IMPROVEMENT AND MAINTENANCE.................................................................................................................. 13-1 13.1 Objectives for Rural Road Improvement and Maintenance in the Context of

Amuru and Nwoya Districts ...................................................................................... 13-1 13.2 Basic Strategies for Rural Road Improvement and Maintenance .............................. 13-2

14. RURAL ROAD NETWORK PLANNING ........................................................................... 14-1 14.1 Methodology.............................................................................................................. 14-1

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14.2 Different Perspectives for Rural Road Network Planning......................................... 14-1 14.3 Method of Integrating Existing Two Functional Road Classification Systems ....... 14-12

14.3.1 Importance of Functional Road Classification .................................................. 14-12 14.3.2 Existing Two Functional Road Classification Systems ..................................... 14-12 14.3.3 Proposed Method of Integrating Existing Two Functional Road

Classification Systems for Preparing Road Master Plans for Districts ............. 14-14 14.4 Proposed Road Networks for Amuru and Nwoya Districts ..................................... 14-18 14.5 Desirable Service Level of Roads in Amuru and Nwoya Districts.......................... 14-22

15. SELECTION OF PRIORITY PROJECTS ............................................................................ 15-1 15.1 Conceptual Methodology of Project Selection .......................................................... 15-1

15.1.1 Principle for Project Selection............................................................................. 15-1 15.2 Step-wise Procedure for Project Selection................................................................. 15-1 15.3 Necessary Road Improvement Projects in Amuru and Nwoya Districts ................... 15-2 15.4 Evaluation and Selection of Priority Projects ............................................................ 15-3

15.4.1 Evaluation Criteria and Parameters ..................................................................... 15-3 15.4.2 Weights of Parameters ......................................................................................... 15-4 15.4.3 Local Perspectives on Evaluation Criteria and Weights of Parameters............... 15-4 15.4.4 Summary of Project Evaluation........................................................................... 15-5

15.5 Profiles of High Priority Projects............................................................................. 15-17 15.6 Other Recommended Projects for Community Access Roads................................. 15-30

16. RURAL ROAD MAINTENANCE PLANNING.................................................................. 16-1 16.1 Capacity Assessment and Cause Analysis on Road Maintenance ............................. 16-1 16.2 Strategies of Rural Road Maintenance and Equipment Management ....................... 16-8

16.2.1 Maintenance Policy of the Government .............................................................. 16-8 16.2.2 Details of the Scheme.......................................................................................... 16-9 16.2.3 The Role of the District ..................................................................................... 16-11

16.3 Strategy for Rural Road Maintenance Planning ...................................................... 16-12 16.4 Strategy of Capacity Development for Rural Road Maintenance............................ 16-13

17. RURAL ROAD IMPROVEMENT AND MAINTENANCE PLAN BY 2018 .................. 17-1 17.1 Cost Estimation of Road Improvement to Achieve Desirable Service Levels........... 17-1

17.1.1 Unit Cost by Functional Classification................................................................ 17-1 17.1.2 Cost Estimation of High/Second Priority Projects .............................................. 17-3

17.2 Consideration of Budget Limitation .......................................................................... 17-4 17.3 Rural Road Improvement and Maintenance Plan for Amuru and Nwoya

Districts by Year of 2018 ........................................................................................... 17-5 17.3.1 Types of Intervention for Road Improvement ..................................................... 17-5 17.3.2 Rural Road Improvement Plan for Amuru and Nwoya Districts......................... 17-5 17.3.3 Rural Road Maintenance Plan for Amuru and Nwoya Districts.......................... 17-7

17.4 Maintenance Cost of Rural Roads by 2018 ............................................................... 17-8 17.4.1 Road Maintenance Cost of Case-1 ...................................................................... 17-8 17.4.2 Road Maintenance Cost of Case-2 ...................................................................... 17-9

17.5 Recommendations.................................................................................................... 17-13

18. PROJECT EVALUATION FOR SELECTED HIGH PRIORITY PROJECTS..................... 18-1 18.1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 18-1 18.2 Economic Analysis .................................................................................................... 18-1

18.2.1 General ................................................................................................................ 18-1 18.2.2 Basic Assumption ................................................................................................ 18-1 18.2.3 Traffic Demand Forecast ..................................................................................... 18-2 18.2.4 Economic Project Benefit.................................................................................... 18-4 18.2.5 Economic Project Cost ........................................................................................ 18-5


v

18.2.6 Cost Benefit Analysis .......................................................................................... 18-7 18.2.7 Overall Evaluation of Project .............................................................................. 18-8

18.3 Other Significant Benefits from the Project............................................................. 18-16

SECTION 4: TECHNICAL TRANSFER

19. TECHNICAL TRANSFER TO AMURU AND NWOYA DISTRICTS ............................... 19-1 19.1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 19-1 19.2 Technical Transfer of Rural Road Network Planning................................................ 19-2 19.3 Technical Transfer on Rural Road Maintenance Planning......................................... 19-4 19.4 Technical Transfer on Traffic Surveys and Demand Forecasts.................................. 19-5 19.5 Technical Transfer on Utilization of GIS Maps ......................................................... 19-6

20. TECHNICAL TRANSFER TO MOWT................................................................................ 20-1 20.1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 20-1 20.2 Technical Transfer regarding GIS Data Processing ................................................... 20-1 20.3 Technical Transfer for Improvement of RAMPS Data .............................................. 20-2

PART 2: PREPARATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PILOT PROJECT

SECTION 5: PREPARATION OF PILOT PROJECT

21. OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE PILOT PROJECT ...................................................... 21-1 21.1 Objectives of the Pilot Project ................................................................................... 21-1 21.2 Location of the Pilot Project ...................................................................................... 21-1 21.3 Scope of the Pilot Project........................................................................................... 21-2

22. BASIC PLAN ........................................................................................................................ 22-1 22.1 Applicable Works....................................................................................................... 22-1 22.2 Design Conditions...................................................................................................... 22-1

22.2.1 Applicable Design Standard ................................................................................ 22-1 22.2.2 Road Classification.............................................................................................. 22-2 22.2.3 Design Speed....................................................................................................... 22-2 22.2.4 Typical Cross Section .......................................................................................... 22-2 22.2.5 Geometrical Design Requirements...................................................................... 22-3 22.2.6 Drainage .............................................................................................................. 22-3 22.2.7 Vertical Clearance at H.W.L. for Bridges ............................................................ 22-4 22.2.8 Live Load ............................................................................................................ 22-4 22.2.9 Earthquake........................................................................................................... 22-5 22.2.10 Materials .............................................................................................................. 22-6

22.3 Design Concept.......................................................................................................... 22-7 22.3.1 Road Design ........................................................................................................ 22-7 22.3.2 Hydrological Analysis ......................................................................................... 22-9 22.3.3 Flood Hydrology ............................................................................................... 22-10 22.3.4 Design Peak Flow for New Bridges .................................................................. 22-12 22.3.5 Bridge Design.................................................................................................... 22-13

22.4 Environmental and Social Considerations ............................................................... 22-22 22.4.1 Procedure of Environmental Approval of the Project ....................................... 22-22 22.4.2 Procedure of Land Acquisition and Compensation ........................................... 22-24 22.4.3 Environmental Conditions of the Pilot Project Area ......................................... 22-26

vi

22.4.4 Potential Impacts of the Project on the Environment ........................................ 22-36 22.4.5 Mitigation Measures and Compliance of the Project with Institutional

Requirements..................................................................................................... 22-42

SECTION 6: IMPLEMENTATION OF PILOT PROJECT

23. BID CONDITIONS AND RESULTS OF BIDDING............................................................ 23-1 23.1 Qualification Criteria ................................................................................................. 23-1

23.1.1 Qualifications of Bidder ...................................................................................... 23-1 23.2 Bidding Schedule....................................................................................................... 23-3 23.3 Bid Evaluation Method.............................................................................................. 23-3 23.4 Result of Bidding ....................................................................................................... 23-4

24. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN................................................................................................. 24-1 24.1 Implementation Policy............................................................................................... 24-1 24.2 Construction Planning and Cost Estimate.................................................................. 24-1

24.2.1 Construction Planning ......................................................................................... 24-1 24.2.2 Cost Estimate....................................................................................................... 24-4

24.3 Tender Assistance Policy ........................................................................................... 24-4 24.4 Construction Supervision Policy ............................................................................... 24-5

SECTION 7: EVALUATION OF PILOT PROJECT

25. BASELINE SURVEY ........................................................................................................... 25-1 25.1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 25-1 25.2 Origin-Destination survey.......................................................................................... 25-1

25.2.1 Objective and methodology................................................................................. 25-1 25.2.2 Result of Origin-Destination survey.................................................................... 25-2

25.3 Community Interview Survey.................................................................................... 25-8 25.3.1 Methodology ....................................................................................................... 25-8 25.3.2 Result of Community Interview Survey............................................................ 25-10

26. PROJECT EVALUATION .................................................................................................... 26-1 26.1 Origin-Destination Survey after Completion............................................................. 26-1

26.1.1 Objective and Methodology ................................................................................ 26-1 26.1.2 Result of Origin-Destination Survey ................................................................... 26-5

26.2 Community Interview Survey after Completion...................................................... 26-12 26.2.1 Methodology ..................................................................................................... 26-12 26.2.2 Result of Community Interview Survey............................................................ 26-14

26.3 Evaluation of Pilot Project after Completion of the Bridges ................................... 26-23 26.3.1 Comparison of the Survey Results with the Baseline Survey ........................... 26-23 26.3.2 Impact of the Pilot Project ................................................................................. 26-23 26.3.3 Evaluation of the Contractor ............................................................................. 26-25


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PART 3: PLANNING AND PREPARATION OF URGENT PROJECT

IN ACHOLI SUB-REGION

SECTION 8: BACKGROUND AND CONTENTS OF THE URGENT PROJECT

27. BACKGROUND OF THE URGENT PROJECT ................................................................. 27-1 27.1 Background of the Request for Peace Building Grant Aid ........................................ 27-1

27.1.1 Background of the Request ................................................................................. 27-1 27.1.2 Scheme of Japanese Grant Aid for Peace Building ............................................. 27-1 27.1.3 Outline of the Request ......................................................................................... 27-2

27.2 Existing and Formulated Technical Assistance Programs ......................................... 27-4 27.2.1 Assistance by Government of Japan.................................................................... 27-4 27.2.2 Assistances by other Donors ............................................................................... 27-5

27.3 Current Conditions of the Project Site ....................................................................... 27-6 27.3.1 Socio Economic Considerations of Acholi Sub-region ....................................... 27-6 27.3.2 Current Situation in the Road Sector................................................................... 27-6 27.3.3 Natural Conditions in Acholi Sub-region .......................................................... 27-12

28. CONTENTS OF THE PROJECT.......................................................................................... 28-1 28.1 Basic Concept of the Project...................................................................................... 28-1

28.1.1 Overall Goal of the Project.................................................................................. 28-1 28.1.2 Selection of the Objective Project Sites .............................................................. 28-1

28.2 Basic Design of the of the Requested Japanese Assistance ....................................... 28-3 28.2.1 Design Policy ...................................................................................................... 28-3 28.2.2 Basic Plan ............................................................................................................ 28-5 28.2.3 Design Conditions for Roads and Bridges .......................................................... 28-6 28.2.4 Implementation Plan.......................................................................................... 28-14

28.3 Obligations of the Recipient Country ...................................................................... 28-21 28.4 Project Operation Plan ............................................................................................. 28-22

28.4.1 Operation and Maintenance System.................................................................. 28-22 28.4.2 Operation and Maintenance Method ................................................................. 28-23

28.5 Project Cost Estimation ........................................................................................... 28-24 28.5.1 Initial Cost Estimation....................................................................................... 28-24 28.5.2 Operation and Maintenance Costs..................................................................... 28-24

SECTION 9: PROJECT EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

29. PROJECT EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................. 29-1 29.1 Environmental and Social Consideration of the Projects........................................... 29-1 29.2 Project Evaluation...................................................................................................... 29-1

29.2.1 Traffic Demand Forecast and Economic Analysis .............................................. 29-1 29.2.2 Other Significant Benefits from the Project ...................................................... 29-24

29.3 Recommendations.................................................................................................... 29-24

APPENDICES (Vol.3)


i

- LIST OF TABLES -

Table 2.1.1 Area and Population by Region..........................................................................2-3 Table 2.1.2 Population Density by Region in Uganda ............................................................2-3 Table 2.1.3 Annual Population Growth Rates by Region in Uganda ......................................2-3 Table 2.1.4 Areas, Populations and Population Densities of Sub-regions in

Northern Uganda ..................................................................................................2-3 Table 2.1.5 Annual Population Growth Rates of Sub-regions in Northern Uganda................2-4 Table 2.1.6 Urban Centres and Populations in Northern Uganda ...........................................2-5 Table 2.2.1 Number of Lower Local Governments by District...............................................2-6 Table2.2.2 Average Annual Population Growth Rates of Acholi Sub-region,

Northern Region and Uganda...............................................................................2-6 Table 2.2.3 Area, Population and Population Density by District in Acholi

Sub-region ............................................................................................................2-7 Table 2.2.4 Population Movement in IDP Camps in Acholi Sub-region.................................2-7 Table2.2.5 Population of IDP Camps, Transit Sites, and Home Villages, August

2009 ......................................................................................................................2-8 Table2.2.6 Crop Production by District in Acholi Sub-region .............................................2-10 Table 2.2.7 Selected Social Indicators of Four Districts in Acholi Sub-region.....................2-12 Table 2.2.8 Human Development Index (HDI) and Human Poverty Index (HPI) for

Four Districts in Acholi Sub-region (2005)........................................................2-12 Table 3.2.1 Number of Parishes and Villages by Sub-county in Amuru and Nwoya

Districts ................................................................................................................3-4 Table 3.3.1 Population Changes in IDP Camps in Acholi Sub-region, and ............................3-5 Table 3.3.2 Population Changes in IDP Camps in Districts of Acholi Sub-region .................3-6 Table 3.3.3 Number of Villages, IDP Camps and Transit Sites by Sub-County .....................3-7 Table 3.3.4 Populations in IDP Camps, Transit Sites and Home Villages ..............................3-7 Table 3.3.5 Population of IDP Camps, Transit Sites, and Home Villages by

Sub-county in Amuru and Nwoya Districts (As of August 2009) ........................3-8 Table 3.5.1 Estimated Production of Major Crops in Amuru and Nwoya Districts ..............3-11 Table 3.5.2 Estimated Average Production of Crops per Household ....................................3-12 Table 3.5.3 Amount of Overall Crop Production by Sub-county..........................................3-12 Table 3.5.4 Harvesting Seasons for Major Crops in Amuru and Nwoya Districts................3-13 Table 3.6.1 Trading Centres and Number of Produce Shops in Amuru and Nwoya

Districts ..............................................................................................................3-16 Table 3.7.1 Major Tourism Attractions..................................................................................3-18 Table 3.8.1 Number of Water Points by Sub-county in Amuru and Nwoya Districts ...........3-19 Table 3.8.2 Number of Health Units by Sub-county in Amuru District (As of

October 2009).....................................................................................................3-22 Table 3.8.3 Existing Staff in Health Services Department ....................................................3-23 Table 3.8.4 Primary Schools in Amuru and Nwoya Districts................................................3-26 Table 3.8.5 Secondary Schools in Amuru and Nwoya Districts............................................3-27 Table 3.8.6 Basic Requirements for Schools.........................................................................3-28 Table 3.8.7 Officers of the Education Department................................................................3-28 Table 4.2.1 Required Finances for Road Maintenance and Rehabilitation for PRDP.............4-7 Table 4.2.2 Budget for Road Maintenance and Rehabilitation in the PRDP...........................4-7 Table 4.3.1 Night Clusters Active in Acholi Sub-region .........................................................4-9 Table 4.3.2 Activities of Donors and NGOs in Amuru and Nwoya Districts,

July-September 2010 ..........................................................................................4-10

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Table 5.3.1 Results of SWOT Analysis shown in the District Development Plan 2009/10-2011/12 for Former Amuru District .......................................................5-7

Table 6.2.1 2002-2017 Population Projection by UBOS ........................................................6-1 Table 6.2.2 2002-2017 Population Projection in Acholi Sub-region by UBOS ......................6-2 Table 6.2.3 1990-2030 Population Projection by UN .............................................................6-2 Table 6.2.4 Populations by District in Acholi Sub-region.......................................................6-3 Table 6.3.1 Summary of Population Projection in Amuru and Nwoya Districts.....................6-4 Table 7.1.1 Vision, Mission, Goal and Objective of Former Amuru District..........................7-1 Table 7.1.2 Strategic Objectives..............................................................................................7-2 Table 7.1.3 Priority Projects for FY2009/2010 .......................................................................7-3 Table 7.1.4 Details of Priority Projects for FY 2009/2010 in DDP.........................................7-4 Table 8.1.1 Road Lengths in Uganda ......................................................................................8-2 Table 8.1.2 Road Ratio by Region in Uganda .........................................................................8-2 Table 8.1.3 Length of National Roads by UNRA’s Administrative Area ................................8-3 Table 8.1.4 Length of District Roads by District and by Region ............................................8-4 Table 8.2.1 State Budgets of Uganda ....................................................................................8-11 Table 8.2.2 Shares of the Works and Transport Sector in State Budgets of Uganda.............8-11 Table 8.2.3 Road Sector Investment and Recurrent Expenditure for Financial Years

2000/2001-2005/2006, 2009/2010 & 2010/2011................................................8-13 Table 8.2.4 Planned and Actual Physical Performance of DUCAR under RSDP2

for 2003/04-2006/07...........................................................................................8-14 Table 8.2.5 Budget and Actual Expenditure of DUCAR under RSDP2 for

2003/04-2006/07.................................................................................................8-14 Table 8.2.6 Investment Plan of Road Sub-sector for 2008-2023, National Transport

Master Plan of MoWT........................................................................................8-15 Table 8.3.1 Data to be Collected for Road Section Condition Assessment by

Annual District Road Inventory and Condition Survey (ADRICS) ...................8-19 Table 8.3.2 Data to be Collected for Structure Inventory and Condition Assessment

by Annual District Road Inventory and Condition Survey (ADRICS) ..............8-20 Table 9.3.1 Summary of Transport Investment Expenditures (2008-2023) ............................9-2 Table 9.3.2 Activities for Roads and Road Sub-sector............................................................9-3 Table 9.3.3 National Roads Planned for Upgrading (2008-2023)...........................................9-3 Table 9.3.4 National Road Network Investment Plan (2008-2023) ........................................9-4 Table 9.3.5 Projected Outputs over the 10 years 2008-2018...................................................9-4 Table 9.3.6 District, Urban and Community Road Network Investment Plan

(2008-2023) ..........................................................................................................9-5 Table 9.3.7 Activities for Rail Transport Sub-sector...............................................................9-6 Table 9.3.8 Rail Transport Investment Plan (2008-2023) .......................................................9-6 Table 9.3.9 Activities for Air Transport Sub-sector ................................................................9-7 Table 9.3.10 Air Transport Investment Plan (2008-2023).........................................................9-7 Table 9.3.11 Activities for Inland Water Transport Sub-sector .................................................9-8 Table 9.3.12 Inland Water Transport Investment Plan (2008-2023) .........................................9-8 Table 9.4.1 DUCARIP Expenditures (Proposed in Final Draft) .............................................9-9 Table 9.4.2 District Roads Projected Expenditures (Proposed in Final Draft of

DUCARIP) .........................................................................................................9-10


iii

Table 9.4.3 DUCARIP Budget for Districts in Acholi Sub-region (Proposed in Final Draft) .........................................................................................................9-10

Table 9.5.1 National Roads in Former Amuru District, July 2009........................................9-11 Table 9.5.2 District Roads Reclassified as National Trunk Roads in Former Amuru

District, January 2009.........................................................................................9-12 Table 9.5.3 Current District Road Network after Reclassifying some roads into

National Roads in Former Amuru District, January 2009 ..................................9-12 Table 9.5.4 Community Access Roads Reclassified into District Roads in Former

Amuru District, June 2009 .................................................................................9-13 Table 9.5.5 Important Community Access Roads in Former Amuru District .......................9-14 Table 9.5.6 Roads to be Upgraded and/or Rehabilitated 09/10.............................................9-15 Table 9.5.7 Unfunded Priorities in the Road Sector..............................................................9-15 Table 9.6.1 Proposed Roads in Atiak Sub-county .................................................................9-19 Table 9.6.2 Proposed Roads in Pabbo Sub-county................................................................9-20 Table 9.6.3 Proposed Roads in Lamogi Sub-county .............................................................9-20 Table 9.6.4 Proposed Roads in Anaka Sub-county................................................................9-20 Table 9.6.5 Proposed Roads in Amuru Sub-county...............................................................9-21 Table 9.6.6 Proposed Roads in Alero Sub-county.................................................................9-21 Table 9.6.7 Proposed Roads in Koch Goma Sub-county ......................................................9-22 Table 9.6.8 Proposed Roads in Purongo Sub-county ............................................................9-22 Table 10.1.1 Summary of Traffic Survey ................................................................................10-1 Table 10.2.1 Sample Sizes for Household Interview Survey ..................................................10-6 Table 11.1.1 Road Length by District in Acholi Sub-region, 2009.........................................11-1 Table 11.1.2 National Roads in Amuru and Nwoya Districts .................................................11-3 Table 11.1.3 Road Length by Sub-county in Amuru and Nwoya Districts .............................11-3 Table 11.1.4 Road Condition by District in Acholi Sub-region ..............................................11-5 Table 11.1.5 Road Surface Condition by Sub-county in Amuru and Nwoya Districts ...........11-7 Table 11.1.6 Road Width by Sub-county in Amuru and Nwoya Districts...............................11-7 Table 11.1.7 Population by Travel Time from District Centre ..............................................11-10 Table 11.1.8 Results of Accessibility Survey (Water Points) ................................................11-13 Table 11.1.9 Survey Points (Health Units)............................................................................11-14 Table 11.1.10 Result of Accessibility Survey (Health Units)..................................................11-14 Table 11.1.11 Survey Points (Schools) ...................................................................................11-15 Table 11.1.12 Result of Accessibility Survey (Schools) .........................................................11-16 Table 12.3.1 Definition of Free Flow Speed in Road Network...............................................12-2 Table 12.3.2 Definition of Capacity (pcu/day)........................................................................12-2 Table 12.3.3 Design Standard for Trunk Roads ......................................................................12-4 Table 12.3.4 Design Class for District Roads .........................................................................12-4 Table 12.4.1 Traffic Assignment Cases ...................................................................................12-7 Table 14.3.1 Functional Road Classification System for Rural Roads in Uganda................14-12 Table 14.3.2 Design Classes and Functional Classification for Rural Roads in Uganda.........14-13 Table 14.3.3 Functional Road Classification System for District Roads in Uganda.............14-14 Table 14.3.4 Design Classes for District Roads ....................................................................14-14 Table 14.3.5 Proposed Method of Using the Existing Two Systems of Functional

Road Classification in an Integrated Manner ...................................................14-16

iv

Table 14.3.6 Major Functions of Functional Road Classes in Integrated Method of Using Existing Two Systems of Functional Road Classification .....................14-16

Table 14.3.7 Design Classes for Functional Road Classes in Integrated Method of Using the Existing Two Systems of Functional Road Classification ...............14-17

Table 14.4.1 Road Length by Functional Class of Road Network Plans for Amuru and Nwoya Districts (Long-term and Mid-term Plans)....................................14-18

Table 14.5.1 Classes for Current Service Level of Roads.....................................................14-22 Table 14.5.2 Classes for Service Level of Roads in the Future Road Network Plans...........14-23 Table 14.5.3 Activities Required for Attaining Different Design Classes.............................14-26 Table 14.5.4 Relationship of Road Design Classes and Functional Road Classes................14-27 Table 15.4.1 Weights of Evaluation Parameters......................................................................15-4 Table 15.4.2 Weights of Evaluation Parameters by Questionnaire Survey .............................15-5 Table 15.4.3 Evaluation of Priority Projects .........................................................................15-14 Table 15.4.4 List of High Priority Projects and Second Priority Projects .............................15-17 Table 15.5.1 List of High Priority Projects ...........................................................................15-17 Table 15.5.2 Project Profile (DR 603)...................................................................................15-18 Table 15.5.3 Project Profile (NR 005)...................................................................................15-20 Table 15.5.4 Project Profile (NR 008)...................................................................................15-22 Table 15.5.5 Project Profile (DR 137)...................................................................................15-24 Table 15.5.6 Project Profile (CAR 110) ................................................................................15-26 Table 15.5.7 Project Profile (DR 114)...................................................................................15-28 Table 16.1.1 Capacity Assessment (Individual Level) of Former Amuru District

Pertaining to Road Maintenance.........................................................................16-2 Table 16.1.2 Capacity Assessment (Organization Level) of Former Amuru District

pertaining to Road Maintenance.........................................................................16-4 Table 16.1.3 Capacity Assessment (Society Level) of Former Amuru District

pertaining to Road Maintenance.........................................................................16-5 Table 16.2.1 Operation Costs of Equipment Provided to Districts .........................................16-9 Table 16.2.2 Human resources and associated Salary Scale for Operations in District ..........16-9 Table 16.2.3 Maintenance Costs for the Equipment Provided to Districts..............................16-9 Table 16.2.4 Jurisdiction of the Zonal Mechanical Workshop (ZMW).................................16-10 Table 16.2.5 Equipment Provided to ZMW and Its Maintenance Costs ...............................16-10 Table 16.2.6 Human Resources and Associated Salary Scale for ZMW...............................16-11 Table 16.2.7 Method of Road Maintenance and Responsible Organizations........................16-11 Table 16.4.1 Capacity Required of District Officer ..............................................................16-13 Table 16.4.2 Major Training Organizations for Capacity Development ...............................16-13 Table 16.4.3 List of Training Courses of MELTC.................................................................16-15 Table 16.4.4 List of Courses under JICA Group Training Pertinent to Road

Administration and Maintenance (Implemented in 2009)................................16-15 Table 16.4.5 Logical Framework (Draft) ..............................................................................16-16 Table 17.1.1 Unit Cost of Assets by Geometric Type .............................................................17-1 Table 17.1.2 Unit Construction Cost by Functional Classification (Full Improvement) ...........17-2 Table 17.1.3 Unit Construction Cost by Functional Classification (Rehabilitation)...............17-3 Table 17.1.4 Unit Construction Cost by Functional Classification (Embankment Section)......17-3 Table 17.1.5 Project Cost of High/Second Priority Projects in Amuru and Nwoya Districts ....17-4 Table 17.3.1 Six Options of Intervention for Road Improvement...........................................17-5


v

Table 17.3.2 Project Costs and Annual Disbursements Required by Type of Intervention ........................................................................................................17-6

Table 17.3.3 Road Length Improved/Rehabilitated by Type of Intervention..........................17-6 Table 17.3.4 Maintenance Cost for Necessary Projects in Amuru and Nwoya

Districts ..............................................................................................................17-7 Table 17.4.1 Necessary Maintenance Activity up to 2018 (Case-1) .......................................17-8 Table 17.4.2 Estimated Road Maintenance Cost of Case-1 ....................................................17-9 Table 17.4.3 Disbursement Plan for the Road Fund 2010.......................................................17-9 Table 17.4.4 Expected Road Maintenance Budget from DUCARIP and

Disbursement Plan 2010...................................................................................17-10 Table 17.4.5 Allocation Ratios of Acholi Sub-region and Former Amuru District...............17-10 Table 17.4.6 Estimated Road Construction Period per km ...................................................17-11 Table 17.4.7 Estimated Construction Distance per Year .......................................................17-11 Table 17.4.8 Necessary Years for Improvement/Rehabilitation of High and Second

Priority Roads...................................................................................................17-12 Table 17.4.9 Necessary Maintenance Activities up to 2018 (Case-2) ...................................17-12 Table 17.4.10 Estimated Road Maintenance Cost of Case-2 ..................................................17-13 Table 17.4.11 Unit Costs for Road Maintenance ....................................................................17-13 Table 17.5.1 Detailed Project Cost in Amuru and Nwoya Districts

(Minimum-level Intervention)..........................................................................17-15 Table 17.5.2 Detailed Project Cost in Amuru and Nwoya Districts

(Near Minimum-level Intervention) .................................................................17-16 Table 17.5.3 Detailed Project Cost in Amuru and Nwoya Districts

(Low-level Intervention) ..................................................................................17-17 Table 17.5.4 Detailed Project Cost in Amuru and Nwoya Districts

(Medium-level Intervention) ............................................................................17-18 Table 17.5.5 Detailed Project Cost in Amuru and Nwoya Districts

(High-level Intervention)..................................................................................17-19 Table 17.5.6 Detailed Project Cost in Amuru and Nwoya Districts

(Highest-level Intervention) .............................................................................17-20 Table 18.2.1 Forecast Vehicle-Km and Vehicle-Hour

(With All Necessary Projects Case)....................................................................18-2 Table 18.2.2 Forecast Vehicle-Km and Vehicle-Hour (With CAR110 Project) ......................18-2 Table 18.2.3 Forecast Vehicle-Km and Vehicle-Hour (With DR114 Project) .........................18-3 Table 18.2.4 Forecast Vehicle-Km and Vehicle-Hour (With DR137 Project) .........................18-3 Table 18.2.5 Forecast Vehicle-Km and Vehicle-Hour (With DR603 Project) .........................18-3 Table 18.2.6 Forecast Vehicle-Km and Vehicle-Hour (With NR005 Project) .........................18-3 Table 18.2.7 Forecast Vehicle-Km and Vehicle-Hour (With NR008 Project) .........................18-4 Table 18.2.8 Vehicle Operating Costs by Vehicle Type (at Economic Prices) ........................18-5 Table 18.2.9 Travel Time Costs by Vehicle Type of Passenger...............................................18-5 Table 18.2.10 Calculation of Standard Conversion Factor........................................................18-6 Table 18.2.11 Estimated Project Costs ......................................................................................18-7 Table 18.2.12 Routine and Periodic Maintenance Costs...........................................................18-7 Table 18.2.13 Cost Benefit Items of the Project for Economic Analysis ..................................18-8 Table 18.2.14 Summary of Economic Analysis ........................................................................18-8 Table 18.2.15 Summary of Economic Analysis (Reduced Project Cost Case) .........................18-9 Table 18.2.16 Estimated Net Cash Flow for Economic Evaluation of Project (With

All Necessary Projects Case)............................................................................18-10 Table 18.2.17 Estimated Net Cash Flow for Economic Evaluation of Project

(With CAR110 Case)........................................................................................18-11 Table 18.2.18 Estimated Net Cash Flow for Economic Evaluation of Project

(With DR114 Case) ..........................................................................................18-12

vi

Table 18.2.19 Estimated Net Cash Flow for Economic Evaluation of Project (With DR137 Case) ..........................................................................................18-13

Table 18.2.20 Estimated Net Cash Flow for Economic Evaluation of Project (With DR603 Case) ..........................................................................................18-14

Table 18.2.21 Estimated Net Cash Flow for Economic Evaluation of Project (With NR005 Case) ..........................................................................................18-15

Table 18.2.22 Estimated Net Cash Flow for Economic Evaluation of Project (With NR008 Case) ..........................................................................................18-16

Table 18.3.1 Issues and Degree of Influence on these Issues (Water)...................................18-17 Table 18.3.2 Issues and Degree of Influence on These Issues (Health) ................................18-18 Table 18.3.3 Issues and Degree of Influence on These Issues (Education)...........................18-19 Table 19.1.1 Schedule of Technical Transfer..................................................................................19-1 Table 19.2.1 Number of Participants.......................................................................................19-3 Table 19.2.2 Proposed Integrated Functional Classification ...................................................19-4 Table 19.3.1 Role of the District and Required Capacity........................................................19-5 Table 19.5.1 Schedule of GIS Technical Transfer ...................................................................19-6 Table 19.5.2 Number of Participants for First GIS Workshop ................................................19-7 Table 19.5.3 Number of Participants for Second GIS Workshop............................................19-8 Table 19.5.4 Number of Participants in Third GIS Workshop ................................................19-8 Table 22.2.1 Design Class .......................................................................................................22-2 Table 22.2.2 Geometrical Design Parameters .........................................................................22-3 Table 22.2.3 Design Years for Drainage Facilities ..................................................................22-3 Table 22.2.4 Vertical Clearance at H.W.L. ..............................................................................22-4 Table 22.2.5 Bedrock Acceleration Coefficient, A..................................................................22-5 Table 22.2.6 Seismic Performance Categories (SPC) .............................................................22-6 Table 22.2.7 Site Coefficient, S...............................................................................................22-6 Table 22.2.8 Properties and Strength of Reinforcing Bars ......................................................22-7 Table 22.2.9 Properties and Stress Limit of Reinforcing Bars ................................................22-7 Table 22.3.1 Result of Rainfall Analysis ...............................................................................22-10 Table 22.3.2 Result of Rainfall Analysis ...............................................................................22-12 Table 22.3.3 Comparison of Bridge Types ............................................................................22-17 Table 22.4.1 Conditions of EIA requirements .......................................................................22-23 Table 22.4.2 Land Tenure System in the Pilot Project Area..................................................22-26 Table 22.4.3 Geographical Distribution of Population in the Pilot Project Area ..................22-28 Table 22.4.4 Population in the IDPs Camps in Purongo (Nwoya District) ...........................22-28 Table 22.4.5 Population along the Otwee - Anaka Road.......................................................22-28 Table 22.4.6 Mammalian Wildlife in the Pilot Project Area .................................................22-33 Table 22.4.7 Checklist of Sensitivity of the Natural Environment in the Pilot Project

Area ..................................................................................................................22-33 Table 22.4.8 Checklist of Sensitivity of the Social Environment in the Pilot Project

Area ..................................................................................................................22-34 Table 22.4.9 Main Issues Discussed during the Public Consultations ..................................22-35 Table 22.4.10 Environmental Conditions along the Pilot Project Roads ................................22-35 Table 22.4.11 Summary of Negative Impacts of the Pilot Project ..........................................22-36 Table 22.4.12 Summary of Positive Impacts of the Pilot Project............................................22-37 Table 22.4.13 Impacts of the Pilot Project on the Physical and Natural Environment

with Mitigation Measures.................................................................................22-38 Table 22.4.14 Impacts of the Pilot Project on the Social Environment with Mitigation

Measures...........................................................................................................22-40 Table 22.4.15 Main Mitigation Measures ...............................................................................22-42


vii

Table 22.4.16 Checklist of Compliance ..................................................................................22-43 Table 23.1.1 Required Machinery ...........................................................................................23-2 Table 23.1.2 Required Work Experience of Personnel............................................................23-2 Table 24.3.1 Procurement Method based on the Value ...........................................................24-4 Table 25.2.1 Contents of OD survey .......................................................................................25-1 Table 25.2.2 Interview items ...................................................................................................25-2 Table 25.2.3 OD table .............................................................................................................25-4 Table 25.2.4 Travel time per OD pair......................................................................................25-4 Table 25.2.5 OD table .............................................................................................................25-6 Table 25.2.6 Travel time per OD pair......................................................................................25-6 Table 25.3.1 Outline of the Survey..........................................................................................25-8 Table 25.3.2 Interview Items...................................................................................................25-9 Table 25.3.3 Expected Changes (Lot 1, Northern Side)........................................................25-10 Table 25.3.4 Summary of Results (Lot 1, Northern Side).....................................................25-11 Table 25.3.5 Expected Changes (Lot 1, Southern Side)........................................................25-12 Table 25.3.6 Summary of Results (Lot 1, Southern Side).....................................................25-13 Table 25.3.7 Expected Changes (Lot 2, Northern Side)........................................................25-14 Table 25.3.8 Summary of Results (Lot 2, Northern Side).....................................................25-15 Table 25.3.9 Expected Changes (Lot 2, Southern Side)........................................................25-16 Table 25.3.10 Summary of Results (Lot 2, Southern Side).....................................................25-17 Table 26.1.1 Contents of OD survey .......................................................................................26-1 Table 26.1.2 Interview Items...................................................................................................26-2 Table 26.1.3 OD Table ............................................................................................................26-8 Table 26.1.4 Travel Time per OD Pair ....................................................................................26-8 Table 26.1.5 OD table ...........................................................................................................26-11 Table 26.1.6 Travel time per OD Pair ...................................................................................26-11 Table 26.2.1 Outline of the Survey........................................................................................26-13 Table 26.2.2 Interview Items.................................................................................................26-14 Table 26.2.3 Expected Changes (Lot 1, Northern Side)........................................................26-15 Table 26.2.4 Summary of Results (Lot 1, Northern Side).....................................................26-16 Table 26.2.5 Expected Changes (Lot 1, Southern Side)........................................................26-17 Table 26.2.6 Summary of Results (Lot 1, Southern Side).....................................................26-18 Table 26.2.7 Expected Changes (Lot 2, Northern Side)........................................................26-19 Table 26.2.8 Summary of Results (Lot 2, Northern Side).....................................................26-20 Table 26.2.9 Expected Changes (Lot 2, Southern Side)........................................................26-21 Table 26.2.10 Summary of Results (Lot 2, Southern Side).....................................................26-22 Table 27.1.1 Components of the request .................................................................................27-3 Table 27.2.1 Technical Cooperation and Loan Assistance from Japan in the Road

Sector..................................................................................................................27-4 Table 27.2.2 Grant Aid from Japan in the Road Sector...........................................................27-4 Table 27.2.3 International Cooperation Projects from Other Donors in the Road

Sector..................................................................................................................27-5 Table 27.3.1 SPT values of soil strata in the boreholes.........................................................27-18

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Table 28.1.1 The Criteria and Weights for prioritization.........................................................28-2 Table 28.1.2 Priorities of the requested projects (Total Score and Order) ..............................28-2 Table 28.2.1 Specifications of the Proposed Roads and Bridges ............................................28-5 Table 28.2.2 Composition of District Road Manuals ..............................................................28-6 Table 28.2.3 Functional Road Classification System for Trunk Roads...................................28-7 Table 28.2.4 Design Classes for Trunk Roads.........................................................................28-8 Table 28.2.5 Functional Road Classification System for District Roads ................................28-8 Table 28.2.6 Design Class for District Roads .........................................................................28-9 Table 28.2.7 Geometric Design Requirements for Olwiyo- Anaka Road .............................28-10 Table 28.2.8 Geometric Design Requirements for Approach Road to Otaka Bridge............28-11 Table 28.2.9 Unit Weight for Bridge Materials .....................................................................28-12 Table 28.2.10 Design Strength of Concrete.............................................................................28-13 Table 28.2.11 Compressive Strength and maximum W/C ratio of Concrete ..........................28-13 Table 28.2.12 Properties and Strength of Reinforcing Bars ....................................................28-13 Table 28.2.13 Procurement Countries for Major Construction Materials ...............................28-15 Table 28.2.14 Distance and Days of Transport from Mombasa Port, Kenya to Gulu .............28-16 Table 28.3.1 Undertakings for Ugandan Side .......................................................................28-21 Table 28.4.1 The Budget from URF......................................................................................28-22 Table 28.4.2 The Annual Maintenance Costs for Northern Uganda .....................................28-22 Table 28.4.3 Schedule of Periodical Inspection and Maintenance ........................................28-23 Table 28.5.1 Approximate Costs for Operation and Maintenance per Site ...........................28-25 Table 28.5.2 Maintenance Costs for Asphalt Pavement ........................................................28-25 Table 28.5.3 Costs for Operation and Maintenance for each District ...................................28-26 Table 29.2.1 Zone System and Definition ...............................................................................29-3 Table 29.2.2 Definition of Free Flow Speed in Road Network...............................................29-4 Table 29.2.3 Definition of Capacity (pcu/day)........................................................................29-5 Table 29.2.4 Estimated Gross Personal Trip Production Rate (trip/person/day).....................29-7 Table 29.2.5 Estimated Population in 2009.............................................................................29-7 Table 29.2.6 Estimated Personal Trip Production in 2009 ......................................................29-7 Table 29.2.7 Internal Trip Ratio by Mode ...............................................................................29-8 Table 29.2.8 Trip Distribution Model......................................................................................29-8 Table 29.2.9 Average Vehicle Occupancy and PCU ...............................................................29-9 Table 29.2.10 Results of Traffic Assignment ..........................................................................29-10 Table 29.2.11 Forecast Population in 2018 .............................................................................29-12 Table 29.2.12 Forecast Personal Trip Production in 2018.......................................................29-12 Table 29.2.13 Personal Trip Production Growth in 2018/2009...............................................29-12 Table 29.2.14 Registered Number of Vehicles by Type ..........................................................29-13 Table 29.2.15 Gross Domestic Products of Uganda................................................................29-13 Table 29.2.16 Elasticity of Vehicle Registration and GDP Growth by Mode .........................29-13 Table 29.2.17 Projected Future Annual GDP Growth Rates ...................................................29-13 Table 29.2.18 Expansion Factors 2009 - 2018 ........................................................................29-13 Table 29.2.19 Traffic Assignment Cases .................................................................................29-14 Table 29.2.20 Assignment Results ..........................................................................................29-17 Table 29.2.21 Forecast Average Daily Traffic Volume, Vehicle-Km and Vehicle-Hour .........29-18 Table 29.2.22 Vehicle Operating Costs by Vehicle Type (at Economic Prices) ......................29-19 Table 29.2.23 Travel Time Costs by Vehicle Type for Passenger Vehicles .............................29-19 Table 29.2.24 Calculation of Standard Conversion Factor......................................................29-20 Table 29.2.25 Estimated Project Costs ....................................................................................29-21 Table 29.2.26 Routine and Periodic Maintenance Costs.........................................................29-21 Table 29.2.27 Cost Benefit Items of the Project for Economic Analysis ................................29-22 Table 29.2.28 Estimated Net Cash Flow for Economic Evaluation of the Project..................29-23


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- LIST OF FIGURES -

Figure 2.1.1 Acholi Sub-region in Northern Uganda................................................................2-2 Figure 2.1.2 Major Urban Centres in Acholi Sub-region and Northern Uganda ......................2-4 Figure 2.2.1 Distribution of IDP Camps and Transit Sites in Acholi Sub-region .....................2-9 Figure 3.1.1 Average Rainfall in Gulu 1980-2008....................................................................3-2 Figure 3.1.2 Topography of Amuru and Nwoya Districts.........................................................3-2 Figure 3.1.3 Vegetation in Amuru and Nwoya Districts ...........................................................3-3 Figure 3.2.1 Local Government Hierarchy ...............................................................................3-4 Figure 3.4.1 Population Densities of Villages in Amuru and Nwoya Districts.......................3-10 Figure 3.6.1 Different Types of Middlemen Active in relation to Amuru and Nwoya

Districts ..............................................................................................................3-15 Figure 3.6.2 Major Trading Centres in Amuru and Nwoya Districts....................................3-17 Figure 3.7.1 National Parks in Uganda...................................................................................3-18 Figure 3.8.1 School Management Structure............................................................................3-30 Figure 4.2.1 Relationship between PRDP and PEAP ...............................................................4-5 Figure 8.1.1 National Road Network, as of 2007 .....................................................................8-5 Figure 8.1.2 Present Structure of MoWT..................................................................................8-7 Figure 8.1.3 Present Organization of UNRA............................................................................8-7 Figure 8.1.4 Organization Structure and Personnel of former Amuru District .........................8-9 Figure 8.1.5 Organization Structure of Former Amuru District Works Department...............8-10 Figure 8.3.1 Business Model of Labour-based Construction by Force Account ....................8-16 Figure 8.3.2 Business Model of Labour-based Construction by Contract with

Private Contractor...............................................................................................8-16 Figure 8.3.3 Periodic Maintenance by Combining Labour-based Construction and

Machinery Construction .....................................................................................8-17 Figure 8.3.4 Typical Maintenance Management Cycle ..........................................................8-18 Figure 9.3.1 National Road and Inland Water Networks (2023) ..............................................9-8 Figure 9.5.1 Road Network in Former Amuru District after Reclassification in

January 2009.......................................................................................................9-16 Figure 9.5.2 Road Network in Former Amuru District before Reclassification in

January 2009.......................................................................................................9-17 Figure 9.5.3 Priority Roads (Unfunded) in Former Amuru District Development Plan ...........9-18 Figure 9.6.1 Proposed Road Developments by Sub-county (Atiak, Pabbo, Lamogi,

Anaka) ................................................................................................................9-23 Figure 9.6.2 Proposed Road Developments by Sub-county (Amuru, Alero, Koch

Goma, Purongo) .................................................................................................9-24 Figure 10.1.1 Survey Locations ................................................................................................10-2 Figure 10.1.2 Daily Traffic Volumes (All Traffic) ....................................................................10-4 Figure 10.1.3 Average Daily Traffic Volume by Road Classification.......................................10-4 Figure 10.1.4 Composition of Daily Traffic Volume by Road Classification...........................10-5

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Figure 10.2.1 Number of Family Members ..............................................................................10-6 Figure 10.2.2 Household Income Distribution .........................................................................10-7 Figure 10.2.3 Vehicle Ownership (Upper: Car, Middle: Motorbike, Lower: Bicycle) .............10-8 Figure 10.2.4 Type of Village ...................................................................................................10-9 Figure 10.2.5 Occupation..........................................................................................................10-9 Figure 10.2.6 Frequency of Travel (Kampala)........................................................................10-10 Figure 10.2.7 Trip Purpose (Kampala) ...................................................................................10-10 Figure 10.2.8 Mode of Transport (Kampala) ..........................................................................10-11 Figure 10.2.9 Frequency of Travel (Gulu/Other Districts) .....................................................10-11 Figure 10.2.10 Trip Purpose (Gulu/Other Districts) .................................................................10-12 Figure 10.2.11 Mode of Transport (Gulu/Other Districts)........................................................10-12 Figure 10.2.12 Outgoing Ratio .................................................................................................10-13 Figure 10.2.13 Agricultural Activity.........................................................................................10-13 Figure 10.2.14 Transport for Agricultural Activity...................................................................10-14 Figure 11.1.1 Road Network in Acholi Sub-region ..................................................................11-2 Figure 11.1.2 Road Network with Sub-county Population Densities in Acholi

Sub-region ..........................................................................................................11-2 Figure 11.1.3 Existing Roads in Amuru and Nwoya Districts..................................................11-4 Figure 11.1.4 Road Surface Type in Acholi Sub-region ...........................................................11-5 Figure 11.1.5 Road Surface Condition in Acholi Sub-region ...................................................11-6 Figure 11.1.6 Road Width in Acholi Sub-region ......................................................................11-6 Figure 11.1.7 Road Surface Type in Amuru and Nwoya Districts............................................11-8 Figure 11.1.8 Road Surface Conditions in Amuru and Nwoya Districts ..................................11-8 Figure 11.1.9 Road Width in Amuru and Nwoya Districts .......................................................11-9 Figure 11.1.10 Bottlenecks on Roads in Amuru and Nwoya Districts .......................................11-9 Figure 11.1.11 Coverage Area from District Centres ...............................................................11-11 Figure 11.1.12 Location of Schools and Health Units..............................................................11-12 Figure 12.2.1 Work Flow for Traffic Demand Forecast............................................................12-1 Figure 12.3.1 Defined Current Free Flow Speed ......................................................................12-3 Figure 12.3.2 Defined Road Capacity.......................................................................................12-3 Figure 12.3.3 Defined Free Flow Speed (Left: 2018, Right: 2030)..........................................12-5 Figure 12.3.4 Desire Lines in 2018 (Total Vehicles) ................................................................12-6 Figure 12.3.5 Desire Lines in 2030 (Total Vehicles) ................................................................12-6 Figure 12.4.1 Assigned Traffic Volume in 2009 .......................................................................12-8 Figure 12.4.2 Assigned Traffic Volume in 2018

(Upper: Without Project, Lower: With Project)..................................................12-9 Figure 12.4.3 Assigned Traffic Volume in 2030

(Upper: Without Project, Lower: With Project)................................................12-10 Figure 14.1.1 General Flow of Rural Road Network Planning ................................................14-2 Figure 14.2.1 Population Density by Village in Amuru and Nwoya Districts, 2009 ................14-5 Figure 14.2.2 Population Density by Village in Amuru and Nwoya Districts, 2014 ................14-6 Figure 14.2.3 Population Increase by Village between 2009 and 2014 ....................................14-7 Figure 14.2.4 Villages and Vehicle Roads ................................................................................14-8 Figure 14.2.5 Linkage between Sub-county Centres and District Centre.................................14-9 Figure 14.2.6 Linkage between Anaka/Attiak and Health Centres...........................................14-9 Figure 14.2.7 Access Roads to Primary Schools from Main Roads .......................................14-10


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Figure 14.2.8 Need for Opening Community Access Roads within Villages with Low Water Coverage ................................................................................................14-10

Figure 14.2.9 Linkage of Trading Centres to Gulu Town, Pabbo and Anaka .........................14-11 Figure 14.2.10 Road Access for Potential Areas for Agriculture..............................................14-11 Figure 14.4.1 Long-term (Year 2030) Road Network Plan with Functional Road

Classes for Amuru and Nwoya Districts...........................................................14-19 Figure 14.4.2 Mid-term (Year 2018) Road Network Plan with Functional Road

Classes for Amuru and Nwoya Districts...........................................................14-19 Figure 14.4.3 Long-term (Year 2030) Road Network Plan with Functional Road

Classes and Administrative Statuses for Amuru and Nwoya Districts .............14-20 Figure 14.4.4 Mid-term (Year 2018) Road Network Plan with Functional Road

Classes and Administrative Statuses for Amuru and Nwoya Districts .............14-20 Figure 14.5.1 Current Service Level of Roads in Amuru and Nwoya Districts......................14-24 Figure 14.5.2 Road Sections Requiring Embankment Works in Amuru and Nwoya

Districts ............................................................................................................14-24 Figure 14.5.3 Mid-term Future (Year 2018) Desirable Service Level of Roads in

Amuru and Nwoya Districts .............................................................................14-25 Figure 14.5.4 Long-term Future (Year 2030) Desirable Service Level of Roads in

Amuru and Nwoya Districts .............................................................................14-25 Figure 15.2.1 Procedure for Project Selection ..........................................................................15-2 Figure 15.3.1 Map Showing Locations of Necessary Projects to be implemented by

2018 ....................................................................................................................15-3 Figure 15.4.1 Project Ranking (Traffic Volume) ......................................................................15-6 Figure 15.4.2 Project Ranking (Cost Efficiency)......................................................................15-7 Figure 15.4.3 Project Ranking (Time Distance from District Centre) ......................................15-8 Figure 15.4.4 Project Ranking (Likely Deteriorated Road Section).........................................15-9 Figure 15.4.5 Project Ranking (Number of Returnees) ..........................................................15-10 Figure 15.4.6 School Coverage...............................................................................................15-11 Figure 15.4.7 Health Centre Coverage ...................................................................................15-11 Figure 15.4.8 Priority Projects ................................................................................................15-13 Figure 15.4.9 Location Map of High Priority Projects and Second Priority Projects.............15-16 Figure 15.6.1 Location Map of Priority Projects of Community Access Roads.....................15-31 Figure 16.1.1 Problem Analysis Tree........................................................................................16-6 Figure 16.1.2 Objective Analysis Tree......................................................................................16-7 Figure 16.4.1 Necessary Countermeasures at Each Construction Stage.................................16-14 Figure 19.2.1 Work Flow of Road Network Planning ..............................................................19-4 Figure 19.5.1 Outputs of third GIS Workshop..........................................................................19-8 Figure 21.2.1 Location of the Pilot Project...............................................................................21-2 Figure 22.2.1 Typical Cross Section .........................................................................................22-2 Figure 22.2.2 HA Loading ........................................................................................................22-4 Figure 22.2.3 Seismic Map with Zone......................................................................................22-5 Figure 22.3.1 Locations of Sections to be Improved on Otwee-Anaka Road...........................22-8 Figure 22.3.2 Locations of Sections to be Improved on Otwee-Wii Anaka Road ....................22-8

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Figure 22.3.3 Catchment Area for Bridges .............................................................................22-10 Figure 22.3.4 Location of Boreholes on Bridge No.1.............................................................22-14 Figure 22.3.5 Location of Boreholes on Bridge No.2.............................................................22-14 Figure 22.3.6 Boring Logs and Assumed Geological Profiles (Bridge No.1) ........................22-14 Figure 22.3.7 Boring Logs and Assumed Geological Profiles (Bridge No.2) ........................22-15 Figure 22.3.8 Profile of Bridge No.1 (Otwee - Anaka Road) .................................................22-18 Figure 22.3.9 Plan of Bridge No.1 (Otwee - Anaka Road).....................................................22-18 Figure 22.3.10 Profile of Bridge No.2 (Otwee – Wii Anaka Road)..........................................22-19 Figure 22.3.11 Plan of Bridge No.2 (Otwee – Wii Anaka Road) .............................................22-19 Figure 22.3.12 Typical Cross Section of RC Girder .................................................................22-20 Figure 22.3.13 General View of Abutment A1 (Bridge No.1) ..................................................22-20 Figure 22.3.14 General View of Piers P1 & P2 (Bridge No.2).................................................22-21 Figure 22.3.15 General View of Drainage System ...................................................................22-21 Figure 23.3.1 Evaluation Procedure..........................................................................................23-4 Figure 24.2.1 Location of Quarry, Borrow Pit and River Sand Pit ...........................................24-2 Figure 24.2.2 Construction Procedure for Superstructure ........................................................24-2 Figure 24.2.3 Construction Procedure for Substructure & Foundation ....................................24-3 Figure 24.2.4 Construction Plan for Substructure.....................................................................24-3 Figure 24.2.5 Construction Schedules for Pilot Project............................................................24-4 Figure 25.2.1 Photos of OD survey ..........................................................................................25-1 Figure 25.2.2 Number of passers-by per direction....................................................................25-2 Figure 25.2.3 Number of passers-by by age .............................................................................25-2 Figure 25.2.4 Number of passers-by by transportation type.....................................................25-3 Figure 25.2.5 Number of passers-by per trip purpose...............................................................25-3 Figure 25.2.6 Number of passers-by by trip frequency ............................................................25-3 Figure 25.2.7 Commodity type conveyed by passers-by ..........................................................25-3 Figure 25.2.8 Map for Origin and Destination .........................................................................25-4 Figure 25.2.9 Number of passers-by by direction...................................................................25-5 Figure 25.2.10 Number of passers-by by age ...........................................................................25-5 Figure 25.2.11 Number of passers-by by transportation type.....................................................25-5 Figure 25.2.12 Number of passers-by by trip purpose..............................................................25-5 Figure 25.2.13 Commodity types conveyed by passers-by ........................................................25-6 Figure 25.2.14 Map for Origin and Destination .........................................................................25-7 Figure 25.3.1 Photos of Community Interview Survey ............................................................25-8 Figure 26.1.1 Interview Form ...................................................................................................26-3 Figure 26.1.2 Photos of OD Survey (Lot 1)..............................................................................26-4 Figure 26.1.3 Photos of OD Survey (Lot 2)..............................................................................26-4 Figure 26.1.4 Number of Passers-by per Direction ..................................................................26-5 Figure 26.1.5 Number of Passers-by per Age ...........................................................................26-5 Figure 26.1.6 Number of Passers-by per Transportation Type .................................................26-6 Figure 26.1.7 Number of passers-by per Trip Purpose .............................................................26-6 Figure 26.1.8 Number of passers-by per Trip Frequency .........................................................26-7 Figure 26.1.9 Commodity Type Conveyed by Passers-by........................................................26-7 Figure 26.1.10 Map for Origin and Destination .........................................................................26-8 Figure 26.1.11 Number of Passers-by per Direction ..................................................................26-9 Figure 26.1.12 Number of Passers-by per Transportation Type .................................................26-9


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Figure 26.1.13 Number of Passers-by per Trip Purpose ...........................................................26-10 Figure 26.1.14 Number of Passers-by per Frequency...............................................................26-10 Figure 26.1.15 Commodity type Conveyed by Passers-by.......................................................26-11 Figure 26.1.16 Map for Origin and Destination .......................................................................26-12 Figure 26.2.1 Photos of Community Interview Survey ..........................................................26-13 Figure 27.1.1 Flow of Operations .............................................................................................27-2 Figure 27.1.2 Map showing Locations of the Requested Projects............................................27-2 Figure 27.2.1 Other Projects in Northern Uganda ....................................................................27-5 Figure 27.3.1 Sample of District Road Inventory (Map 1).......................................................27-9 Figure 27.3.2 Sample of District Road Inventory (Map 2).......................................................27-9 Figure 27.3.3 Survey Roads....................................................................................................27-10 Figure 27.3.4 Photographs of Field Survey ............................................................................27-10 Figure 27.3.5 Carriageway Width...........................................................................................27-11 Figure 27.3.6 Road Surface Type............................................................................................27-11 Figure 27.3.7 Road Surface Condition ...................................................................................27-12 Figure 27.3.8 Topographic Map and Roads............................................................................27-13 Figure 27.3.9 Terrain Condition and Roads............................................................................27-13 Figure 27.3.10 Geology Map around Acholi Sub-region..........................................................27-14 Figure 27.3.11 Soil Types in Acholi Sub-Region .....................................................................27-14 Figure 27.3.12 Locations of Geological Investigations ............................................................27-15 Figure 27.3.13 Borehole log findings at Atiabar Bridge site ....................................................27-16 Figure 27.3.14 Borehole log findings at Arainga Bridge site ...................................................27-16 Figure 27.3.15 Borehole log findings at Ayago Bridge site ......................................................27-16 Figure 27.3.16 Borehole log findings at Otaka Bridge site ......................................................27-17 Figure 27.3.17 Borehole log findings at Chome and Dawa Bridge site ...................................27-17 Figure 27.3.18 Rivers in Acholi Sub-Region............................................................................27-20 Figure 27.3.19 Monthly Temperatures in Gulu 1999-2008 ......................................................27-20 Figure 27.3.20 Monthly Rainfall in Gulu 1980-2008 ...............................................................27-21 Figure 27.3.21 Average Relative Humidity in Gulu 1997-2008...............................................27-21 Figure 28.2.1 Locations of High Priority Projects ....................................................................28-4 Figure 28.2.2 Existing Otaka Bridge ......................................................................................28-10 Figure 28.2.3 Typical Cross Section for Roads ......................................................................28-11 Figure 28.2.4 Typical Cross Section for Bridges ....................................................................28-12 Figure 28.2.5 The Flow of the Construction and Procurement by Procurement Agency..........28-14 Figure 28.2.6 Main Transit Route to Each Site.......................................................................28-16 Figure 29.2.1 Work Flow for Traffic Demand Forecast............................................................29-2 Figure 29.2.2 Traffic Zone System (before segmentation of districts in 2010) ........................29-3 Figure 29.2.3 Road Network for Traffic Demand Forecast ......................................................29-4 Figure 29.2.4 Defined Current Free Flow Speed ......................................................................29-6 Figure 29.2.5 Defined Road Capacity.......................................................................................29-6 Figure 29.2.6 Desire Lines in 2009 (Total of all vehicles)........................................................29-9 Figure 29.2.7 Assigned Traffic Volumes in 2009 (Total of all vehicles) ................................29-10 Figure 29.2.8 Demand Forecast for Urgent Projects ..............................................................29-11 Figure 29.2.9 Desire Lines in 2018 (Total of all vehicles)......................................................29-14 Figure 29.2.10 Assigned Traffic Volumes in 2018 Without Projects

(Total of all vehicles)........................................................................................29-15 Figure 29.2.11 Assigned Traffic Volumes in 2018 with Lira – Kitgum

(Total of all vehicles)........................................................................................29-15

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Figure 29.2.12 Assigned Traffic Volumes in 2018 with Gulu – Kitgum (Total of all vehicles)........................................................................................29-16

Figure 29.2.13 Assigned Traffic Volumes in 2018 with All Urgent Projects (Total of all vehicles)........................................................................................29-16


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- ABBREVIATIONS -

A AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official ACF Action Against Hunger ACTED Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development ADRICS Annual District Road Inventory and Conditions Survey AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AMREF African Medical and Research Foundation ARC America Refuges Committee ARF Areal Reduction Factor B B/C Cost Benefit Ratio BH Borehole BOQ Bills of Quantities BS British Standards C CAA Civil Aviation Authority CAD Computer Aided Design CAO Chief Administrative Officer CAP Community Action Plan CAR Community Access Road CBMS Community Based Maintenance System CCT Coordinating Centre Tutor CDI Community Driven Initiatives CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight CPAR Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief CPI Consumer Price Index CRCM Community Reconciliation and Conflict Management D DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DBST Double Bituminous Surface Treatment DDMC District Disaster Management Committee DDP District Development Plan DED German Development Service DFID Department for International Development DIT Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology DLGE District Local Government Engineer DR District Road DRC Democratic Republic of Congo DSC District Service Commission DUCAR District, Urban and Community Access Roads DUCARIP The 10-year District, Urban and Community Access Roads Investment Plan E EAC East Africa Community EC European Commission ECD Early Childhood Development EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIR Environmental Impact Review EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return EIS Environmental Impact Study EL Elevation E/N Exchange of Notes ESSAPR Education and Sports Sector Annual Performance Report EU Europe Union EVI Extremely Vulnerable Individual F FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

xvi

FOB Free on Board F.W.L Flood Water Level G GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS Geographic Information System GKMA The Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area GOU Government of Uganda GPS Global Positioning System H HC Health Centre HDI Human Development Index HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HMIS Health Management Information System HPI Human Poverty Index H.W.L High Water Level I IATC Inter-Agency Technical Committee IC Importance Classification ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ID Institutional Development IDP Internally Displaced Person IEE Initial Environmental Examination J JCT Junction JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JICS Japan International Cooperation System JST JICA Study Team K KEL Knife Edge Load KTC Kisii Training Centre L LAMS Land Acquisition Management System LBT Labour Based Technology LCS Low Cost Sealing LGBFP Local Government Budget Frame Work Paper LRA Lord’s Resistance Army LRFD Lord and Resistance Factor Design M MAAIF Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries MELTC Mt. Elgon Labour-based Training Centre MoFPED Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development MoH Ministry of Health MoLG Ministry of Local Government MoWE Ministry of Water and Environment MoWHC Ministry of Works, Housing and Communications MoWT Ministry of Works and Transport MPa Mega Pascal N NAADS National Agricultural Advisory Services Programme NDP 5-year National Development Plan for Uganda NEMA National Environment Management Authority NFA National Forest Authority NGO Non-Governmental Organizations NPV Net Present Value NR National Road NTMP National Transport Master Plan NUDC Northern Uganda Data Centre NUDEIL Northern Uganda Development of Enhanced Local Governance

Infrastructure and Livelihoods NUMAT Northern Uganda Malaria AIDS Tuberculosis Programme NUREP Northern Uganda Rehabilitation Programme NUSAF Northern Uganda Social Action Fund


xvii

NUTI Northern Uganda Transition Initiative O OD Origin and Destination OPD Out-Patient Department OPM Office of Prime Minister O&M Operation and Maintenance P p.a. Per annum PAX Number of Passengers PCU Passenger Car Unit PEAP Poverty Eradication Action Plan PPDA Public Procurement and Disposal Act PRDP Peace, Recovery and Development Plan for Northern Uganda PTA Parent-Teacher Association Q QPRS Quarterly Progress Reporting System R RAFU Road Authority Formulation Unit RAMPS Rehabilitation and Maintenance Planning System RC Reinforced Concrete ROW Right of Way RSDP Road Sector Development Programme RVR Rift Valley Railways S SADC Southern Africa Development Community SATCC Southern Africa Transport and Communications Commission SBD Standard Bidding Documents SCF Standard Conversion Factor SPC Seismic Performance Category SPRING Stability, Peace and Reconciliation in Northern Uganda SPT Standard Penetration Test STRADA System for Traffic Demand Analysis SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats T TDMS Teacher Development and Management System TRRL Transport and Road Research Laboratory TTC Travel Time Cost U UBOS Uganda Bureau of Statistics UDL Uniformly Distributed Load UDSM University of Dar es Salaam UGX Uganda Shillings UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNOCHA United Nations, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UNRA Uganda National Road Authority UPE Universal Primary Education URF Uganda Road Fund USAID United States Agency for International Development USD United States Dollar USE Universal Secondary Education Ushs. Uganda Shillings UWA Uganda Wildlife Agency UXO Unexploded Ordnance V VGS Vulnerable Groups Support VOC Vehicle Operating Costs W WB World Bank WFP United Nations World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization


1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Northern Uganda has the largest proportion of people living in poverty in the country, estimated at 61 % of the region’s population, or almost twice the national level, despite having rich arable land suitable for rice, beans, millet, maize and cotton production. This high level of poverty can be attributed to the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) insurgency. During the 20 year-conflict that began in the 1980s, much of the basic social infrastructure was destroyed or abandoned, and the local government became non-functional in the region. In particular, 90 % of the population were displaced (IDP: Internally Displaced Persons) from the Acholi Sub-region. Since the cease-fire agreement concluded between LRA and the Government of Uganda in August 2006, the Government of Uganda has emphasized and facilitated the return process of IDPs. However, the process faces many challenges since houses and social infrastructure such as roads, water wells and health centres were destroyed significantly during the conflict: with the situation further aggravated by a high unemployment rate.

The National Peace, Recovery and Development Plan (PRDP) was established in October, 2007 in order to guide the IDPs return, resettlement and rehabilitation. PRDP and the District Development Plans (DDPs) in Northern Uganda recognize the importance of, and give priority to, road improvement. However, the priority projects suggested in PRDP and DDPs lack due regard to the budget constraints. Although some of the road and bridge projects in Acholi Sub-region have been implemented by donors such as the World Bank and the EU, it is difficult to gain information on the details of the projects since the information is not well-organized.

1.2 Rationale and Objectives of the Study

1.2.1 Study Rationale

As mentioned above, basic infrastructure, especially road infrastructure, deteriorated due to the 20 year-conflict and requires considerable rehabilitation and construction works in Northern Uganda. Furthermore, the local governments, based on the interviews during the preliminary study, call for road improvement as one of the top priority projects in the districts of Northern Uganda. Improvement of the road network and condition is expected to greatly contribute to IDPs return process and by extension, the post-war rehabilitation in Northern Uganda. However, the following constraints hamper the effective improvement of road infrastructure.

The PRDP (Peace Recovery and Development Plan for Northern Uganda), prepared in 2007, is the sole comprehensive development plan for Northern Uganda. It is a three-year rolling development plan. The District Development Plans, prepared by the district local councils, are also three-year rolling development plans, composed of wish-lists from the sub-counties. The mid or long-term development plan is not attainable by the local government in Northern Uganda.

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The District Development Plan tends to propose a long-list of projects without adequate consideration of their validity and priority based on numerical analysis. Some development projects listed in the District Development Plan are not implemented because of the budgetary constraints. The budget actually disbursed to the local government is limited and used mostly for recurrent purposes and not for development purposes.

Although some district roads are to be upgraded to national roads, the rehabilitation and construction of which comes under jurisdiction of the UNRA, more than 200 km of roads in Amuru and Nwoya District still remain as district roads. However, the capacity of the local government in terms of financial resources and man-power and their technical skills in Northern Uganda is still limited1. Also, the President disclosed the policy to manage the local roads by force account implemented by the local government. However, it is still early to judge the effectiveness of this approach. Capacity issues arise on how the local governments, which are not well equipped for road maintenance and rehabilitation works, will manage their roads.

In this regard, the Master Plan of rural road network is required to effectively address these constraints, providing mid or long-term development guidance in a numerical manner. This Study, accordingly, formulates the Master Plan of rural road network and targets Amuru and Nwoya Districts as the focus area due to the following reasons.

IDPs return process in former Amuru District (current Amuru and Nwoya District) lags behind that in other districts in Acholi Sub-region. One of the reasons identified during the preliminary study is that the former Amuru District cannot be regionally integrated since this area is divided into two areas by the Aswa River.

The former Amuru District was geographically the disadvantageous area. Amuru Sub-county, where the administrative centre is placed, is located in an isolated area and is accessible only by one district road connecting it to Gulu. People in the southern Amuru District were forced to divert their transport through Gulu or walk (or use bicycles) using the local path.

Amuru District, once being part of Gulu District, was newly established in July 2006. Furthermore, Nwoya District was separated from the Amuru District in July 2010. As mentioned, management of district roads may be transferred from a contract-out basis to force account implementation by the local government. Apparently, the administrative capacity of Amuru and Nwoya Districts is lacking in terms of finance and human resources.

Although the focus of the Study is limited to Amuru and Nwoya Districts, the method and techniques explored in this Study will not only be tested on these districts (for the Master Plan) but will be extended to the wider Acholi Sub-region in Northern Uganda.

1.2.2 Objectives of the Study

The overall goal of the Study is to accelerate IDPs return process and to improve the livelihood of people who will/have return(ed) to the original place and hence enhance regional development in Northern Uganda. In order to achieve this, the following three pillars of the Study shall be accomplished: Master Plan of rural road network, Capacity development, and a Pilot project in Amuru and Nwoya Districts.

1 Amuru District was divided into two districts in July 2010. The other districts in Acholi sub-region, Kitgum and

Pader, were also divided into two districts in January and July 2010 respectively. The effect of district segmentation on the Master Planning is studied in Section 1 of this report.


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The Master Plan of rural road network in Amuru and Nwoya Districts, with the target year of 2018, shall be established, in full consideration of the socio-economic conditions, development potential and traffic demand in the region. This Master Plan is expected to provide the mid-term guidance for the road maintenance, rehabilitation and upgrading plans in Amuru and Nwoya Districts.

In line with the Master Plan of rural road network in Amuru and Nwoya District, capacity of road operation and maintenance in these districts shall be developed in order to ensure the proposed Master Plan is implemented as planned. This capacity development will be achieved through assessment of the “Capacity Gap”, formulation of a “Capacity Development Plan” and provision of “Counterpart Training” throughout the study period.2

At the initial stage of the Study, the pilot project, rehabilitation/ construction of two bridges and approach roads between Amuru and Nwoya Districts, will be implemented in order to examine its impact on the IDPs return process and provide feedback on the findings of the project to the formulation of the Master Plan of rural road network. Both bridges are selected because of their locations on Aswa River which divides the northern original village area and the southern IDP camp area along the national road.

1.2.3 Output of the Study

Amuru and Nwoya Districts (Formulation of Master Plan of Rural Road Network)

Situational analysis and GIS mapping of public utilities, social services and existing social infrastructures (such as schools, health centres and water resources);

Situational analysis and GIS mapping of present road network;

Formulation of master plan for rural road development and maintenance

Preparation and implementation of pilot projects in Amuru and Nwoya Districts

Sharing study results of Amuru and Nwoya Districts with other districts by visualizing the results

Acholi Sub-region (prioritization of urgent projects in road sector)

Preparation of road inventory for the national highway and the main district road;

Identification of urgent projects;

Formulation of implementation plans for urgent projects

GIS Mapping of road-related information

1.3 Structure of the Report

The project for Rural Road Network Planning in Northern Uganda has the following three components:

Part 1: Rural Road Master Planning in Amuru and Nwoya Districts,

Part 2: Preparation and Implementation of Pilot Project

2 “Capacity Gap” assessment for rural road maintenance was done targeting former Amuru District and is stated

in Chapter 11. After segmentation of Amuru district, the “Capacity Gap” for new Amuru and Nwoya Districts must be worse, but degrees of the gaps are currently not clear because the organization and staffing of those two districts were not yet established in August 2010.

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Part 3: Planning and Preparation of Urgent Projects in Acholi Sub-Region

Part 1 of the Rural Road Master Plan consists of four sections as follows:

Section 1: Northern Uganda and Acholi Sub-Region

Section 2: Regional Development for Amuru and Nwoya Districts

Section 3: Rural Road Improvement and Maintenance Planning for Amuru and Nwoya Districts

Section 4: Technical Transfer

Prior to planning of road improvement and maintenance in Section 3, Section 1 provides a regional context for Amuru and Nwoya Districts, and Section 2 discusses the goals of rural road improvement and maintenance in regional development.

Part 2 on the Pilot Project consists of three sections as follows:

Section 5: Preparation of Pilot Project

Section 6: Implementation of Pilot Project

Section 7: Evaluation of Pilot Project

Part 3 on Urgent Projects consists of two sections as follows:

Section 8: Background and Contents of the Urgent Projects

Section 9: Project Evaluation and Recommendations

Relevant information and materials are compiled in the Appendices (Vol.3).

PART 1: RURAL ROAD MASTER PLANNING

IN AMURU AND NWOYA DISTRICTS

PART 1: RURAL ROAD MASTER PLANN G IN AMURU AND NWOYA DISTRICTS IN

SECTION 1: NORTHERN UGANDA AND ACHOLI SUB-REGION


2. REGIONAL CONTEXT: NORTHERN UGANDA AND ACHOLI SUB-REGION

2.1 Northern Region of Uganda

(1) Four Sub-regions in Northern Region of Uganda

The Northern Region occupies the northern part of Uganda. Its area accounts for 35% of the total area of Uganda. The Northern Region is composed of four sub-regions, namely Acholi, West Nile, Karamoja and Lango.

Acholi Sub-region is bordered by South Sudan and located in the central part of northern Uganda. To the west of it, the West Nile Sub-region is located across the Albert Nile. To the east lies Karamoja Sub-region. Lango Sub-region is located to the south of Acholi Sub-region.

Acholi Sub-region is traditionally called Acholiland, because it has been inhabited by the ethnic Acholi and many chiefdoms had been formed by the Acholi. Acholi people also live north of the Sudan border (Magwe County of Southern Sudan).

Karamoja Sub-region is mostly semi-arid land with low annual rainfall. The Karimojong ethnic group lives there. Their main livelihood is livestock.

On the other hand, the people in West Nile Sub-region live on similar types of agriculture to Acholi Sub-region. Tobacco used to be a leading cash crop in the West Nile; however, honey has steadily replaced it in prominence. In the Lango Sub-region lives the Lango ethnic group of people.

(2) Populations and Population Densities in Northern Uganda

The population of Northern Uganda was estimated to be 6.8 million in 2009. It accounts for about 22% of the total population of Uganda.

The West Nile Sub-region had a population of 2.7 million as of 2009. Lango Sub-region had a population of 1.8 million in 2009. Acholi and Karamoja Sub-regions had populations of 1.2 million and 1.1 million respectively in 2009.

West Nile is among those sub-regions with relatively high population densities in Uganda. The population density of Lango Sub-regions, as well as West Nile Sub-region, is much higher than that of Acholi and Karamoja Sub-regions.

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SOUTH


Figure 2.1.1 Acholi Sub-region in Northern Uganda

Acholi Sub-region Karamoja Sub-region

Lango Sub-region

West Nile Sub-region

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Table 2.1.1 Area and Population by Region

Population Area (km2)

1980 1991 2002 2008

Central Region, including Kampala 61,403 3,582,434 4,843,594 6,575,425 7,750,600

Eastern Region 39,479 3,237,436 4,128,469 6,204,915 7,692,500 Northern Region 85,392 2,424,242 3,151,955 5,363,669 6,652,300 Western Region 55,277 3,392,067 4,547,687 6,298,075 7,497,300 Uganda 241,551 12,638,159 16,673,696 24,444,086 29,594,708

Source: Population Census 1980, 1991 and 2002 Population Estimate 2008 by UBOS

Table 2.1.2 Population Density by Region in Uganda

Population Densities Region/Uganda

1980 1991 2002 2008*

Central Region 58 79 107 126 Eastern Region 82 105 157 195 Northern Region 28 37 63 78 Western Region 61 82 114 136

Uganda 52 69 101 123 Source: Population Census 1980, 1991, 2002 The populations in 2008 are UBOS’s projections.

Table 2.1.3 Annual Population Growth Rates by Region in Uganda

Region/Uganda 1980-1991 1991-2002

Central Region, including Kampala 2.8% 2.7%

Kampala 4.9% 3.7%

Eastern Region 2.2% 3.6%

Northern Region 2.4% 4.7%

Western Region 2.7% 2.8%

Uganda 2.6% 3.3% Source: Population Census 1980, 1991, 2002

Table 2.1.4 Areas, Populations and Population Densities of Sub-regions in Northern Uganda

Population Population

Density (persons/km2)Sub-region Area

(km2)

1991* 2002** 2009** 2009

West Nile Sub-region 15,774.1 1,130,452 1,918,140 2,691,700 171 Acholi Sub-region 28,279.2 695,611 1,083,973 1,226,967 43 Karamoja Sub-region 27,596.6 370,423 721,536 1,087,200 39 Lango Sub-region 13,741.9 955,469 1,425,233 1,807,200 132

Northern Region Total 85,391.8 3,151,955 5,148,882 6,813,067 80 Source: *: Population Census 1991 **: Population Census 2002 ***: The populations of Acholi Sub-region are from UNHCR monitoring data as of August 2009. Other

district populations are projected populations by UBOS for mid-year 2009.

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Table 2.1.5 Annual Population Growth Rates of Sub-regions in Northern Uganda

1980-1991 1991-2002

West Nile Sub-region 3.1% 4.6% Acholi Sub-region 1.7% 3.9% Karamoja Sub-region 0.5% 5.9% Lango Sub-region 3.1% 3.5%

Northern Region 2.4% 4.3%

Uganda 2.6% 3.3% Source: Population Census 1980, 1991, 2002

(3) Urban Centres and Urban Economy in Northern Uganda

In 2009, there were 24 urban centres (municipalities and town councils) in northern Uganda. The total urban population in northern Uganda was about 720,000 in 2009. West Nile Sub-region has 9 urban centres, whose urban populations totalled 264,000 in 2009. Acholi Sub-region has 5 urban centres, whose urban populations totalled about 230,000 in 2009. There are 5 urban centres in Lango Sub-region. Their total urban population was 160,000 in 2009. In Karamoja, urban centres and the economy have not developed much yet. Their total urban population was only 70,000 in 2009.

In northern Uganda, Gulu Municipality is the largest urban centre: it had population of 146,000 in 2009. Lira Municipality is the next largest urban centre. Lira had an urban population of about 100,000 in 2009.

Arua Municipality (West Nile), Kitgum (Acholi), and Koboko (West Nile) follow Gulu and Lira in terms of size of urban population.

Juba

Gulu

Arua

Lira

Soroti

Kitgum

Koboko

Kaabong

Kotido

PaidhaNebbi Pakwach

Yumbe

Adjumani

Moyo

SOUTH


Figure 2.1.2 Major Urban Centres in Acholi Sub-region and Northern Uganda

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Table 2.1.6 Urban Centres and Populations in Northern Uganda

Sub-region No. Municipality/Town Council 2002 2009

1 Arua Municipality 43,929 55,800

2 Koboko Town Council 29,727 45,700

3 Adjumani Town Council 19,876 30,700

4 Paidha Town Council 24,079 29,100

5 Nebbi Town Council 22,714 27,500

6 Yumbe Town Council 15,401 26,500

7 Pakwach Town Council 17,625 21,300

8 Moyo Town Council 12,074 20,500

9 Nyadri Town Council N/A 7,100

West Nile Sub-region

Sub-total 185,425 264,200

1 Gulu Municipality 119,430 146,600

2 Kitgum Town Council 41,821 55,400

3 Kalongo Town Council N/A 13,700

4 Pader Town Council 8,678 12,200

5 Amuru Town Council N/A no data

Acholi Sub-region

Sub-total 169,929 227,900

1 Kaabong Town Council 30,728 20,900

2 Kotido Town Council 13,694 20,300

3 Abim Town Council N/A 15,700

4 Moroto Town Council 7,380 11,000

5 Nakapiripirit Town Council N/A 2,400

Karamoja Sub-region

Sub-total 51,802 70,300

1 Lira Municipality 80,879 102,200

2 Dokoro Town Council N/A 16,900

3 Amolatar Town Council N/A 14,000

4 Oyam Town Council N/A 13,600

5 Apac Town Council 10,137 12,900

Lango Sub-region

Sub-total 91,016 159,600

Northern Region Total 498,172 722,000 Source: 2002 Population Census 2009 Statistical Abstract of Uganda, UBOS Note: N/A.: not applicable. Town councils had not been established.

2.2 Acholi Sub-region

(1) Colonial Rule

The British colonial administration was established in Acholiland around 1912, reigning over the area covering the present Amuru, Nwoya, Gulu, Pader, Agago, Kitgum and Lamwo Districts. Gulu was its administrative centre.

The colonial administrative structure was designed and used for controlling cotton production. A railroad was constructed connecting Pakwach, Gulu and Lira to Mombasa Port in Kenya for transporting cotton.

In the last decade, cotton became an unpopular crop for farmers due to low prices in the international market.

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(2) Government Administration in Acholi Sub-region

In the 1970s, the former Acholi Province was divided into Gulu and Kitgum Districts.

In 2001, two counties of Kitgum District were broken off and a new district, Pader District, was made out of them. In July 2006, Kilak and Nwoya Counties of Gulu District were carved out and became Amuru District.

Furthermore, Lamwo County of Kitgum District was upgraded to a new district in early 2010. Nwoya County of Amuru District and Agago County of Pader District were also upgraded to new districts in July 2010. As a result, at present, Acholi Sub-region is composed of seven districts.

The table below shows the number of sub-counties, town councils and municipal divisions for the five districts.

Gulu District consists of 11 sub-counties under 2 counties and 4 municipal divisions under Gulu Municipality. Kitgum District is composed of 9 sub-counties under 1 county and 1 town council. Lamwo District is composed of 9 sub-counties. Pader District and Agago District have 8 and 9 sub-counties respectively. Both Amuru District and Nwoya District have 4 sub-counties each.

Table 2.2.1 Number of Lower Local Governments by District

District Sub-county Town Council/

Municipal Division

Gulu 11 4 Kitgum 9 1 Lamwo 9 0 Pader 8 1 Agago 9 1 Amuru 4 1 Nwoya 4 0


(3) Areas and Populations of Acholi Sub-region

The area of Acholi Sub-region is 28,279 square km, which accounts for 12% of the total area of Uganda. In August 2009, the population of Acholi Sub-region was about 1,227,000, which accounted for 4% of the total population of Uganda.

In 1980, the population of Acholi Sub-region was about 579,000. The average annual growth rates of the population were 1.7%, 4.1% and 1.8% respectively in the periods of 1980-1991, 1991-2002 and 2002-2009. Acholi Sub-region showed a higher population growth rate than the national average between 1991 and 2002. However, in the period between 2002 and 2009, its population growth rate decreased heavily.

Table2.2.2 Average Annual Population Growth Rates of Acholi Sub-region, Northern Region and Uganda

1980-1991 1991-2002 2002-2009

Acholi Sub-region 1.7% 4.1% 2.1% Northern Region 2.4% 5.0% - Uganda 2.6% 3.5% -

Source: UBOS Population Census 1980, 1991, 2002 and UNHCR Monitoring 2009

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Table 2.2.3 Area, Population and Population Density by District in Acholi Sub-region

District Area (km2)

% of Total Area of Acholi Sub-

region

Population Sep. 2002

Population Aug. 2009

% of Total Population of Acholi

Sub-regionAug.2009

Average Annual

Population Growth Rate,

2002-2009

Population Density

Aug. 2009(persons/

km2)

Gulu District 2,694 9.5% 298,527 236,762 19.3% -3.8% 88

Kitgum District

Lamwo District 9,635 34.1% 282,375 327,086 26.7% 2.5% 34

Pader District

Agago District 6,929 24.5% 326,338 387,680 31.6% 2.9% 56

Amuru District

Nwoya District 9,022 31.9% 176,733 275,439 22.4% 6.5% 31

Acholi Sub-region 28,279 100.0% 1,083,973 1,226,967 100.0% 2.1% 43 Source: UBOS and UNHCR

(4) IDPs and Returnees

Acholi Sub-region developed 120 IDP camps in Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya Districts and accommodated over 1.3 million IDPs in those camps. The distribution of IDP camps in Acholi Sub-region is shown in Figure 2.2.1.

About 184,000 people still lived in 120 IDP camps in Acholi Sub-region in August, 2009. However, compared to the original population of IDP camps in 2005, 86% of the people who used to live in IDP camps had already moved out of the IDP camps to return to their home villages or move to transit sites. Examining the IDP return rates in the districts, it is apparent that Gulu District has the highest percentage of people who have moved out of the camps already. On the other hand, 80% of the people who lived in the camps moved out of them in Amuru and Nwoya Districts.

In accordance with the monitoring done by UNHCR, the population of IDPs who still remained in the IDP camps were about 76,800 in May 2010. This means that 94% of 2006 registered population of IDPs moved out from the IDP camps in Acholi Sub-region by May, 2010.

Table 2.2.4 Population Movement in IDP Camps in Acholi Sub-region

District

Number of

IDP Camps Aug. 2009

Population in IDP Camps Dec. 2005

Registered Population in IDP Camps

2006

Population in IDP Camps Aug. 2009 (% of 2006 Registered

Population in IDP Camps)

Population in IDP Camps May 2010 (% of 2006 Registered

Population in IDP Camps)

Amuru

Nwoya 33 204,000 368,228 73,494 (20%) 36,404 (10%)

Gulu 31 257,000 320,232 22,699 (7%) 14,029 (4%)

Kitgum

Lamwo 25 310,000 319.936 48,534 (15%) 15,509 (5%)

Pader

Agago 31 339,000 339,000 39,472 (12%) 10,894 (3%)

Total 120 1,110,000 1,347,396 184,199 (14%) 76,836 (6%) Source: UNHCR

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Table 2.2.5 shows the population of IDP camps, transit sites and home villages in seven districts in Acholi Sub-region. In Acholi, 15% of the population lived in the camps, 17% in transit sites and 68% in home villages in August 2009. Among the districts, 27% of the population lived in camps in Amuru and Nwoya Districts, while 10% of the population lived in camps in Gulu, Pader and Agago Districts. On the other hand, 81% of the population lived in home villages in Gulu District, while only 59% of the population lived in home villages in Amuru and Nwoya Districts. Compared to other districts, Kitgum and Lamwo District had more people living in transit sites.

Table2.2.5 Population of IDP Camps, Transit Sites, and Home Villages, August 2009

District

Total Population in District (Counted)

Number of IDP Camps Aug, 2009

Population in IDP Camps (% in IDP Camps)

Aug. 2009

Number of

Transit Sites Aug. 2009

Population in Transit

Sites (% in

Transit Sites)

Aug. 2009

Population in Home Villages

(% in Home Villages)

Aug. 2009

Amuru

Nwoya 275,439 33 73,494 (27%) 58

38,350 (14%)

163,595 (59%)

Gulu 234,762 31 22,699 (10%) 8421,063

(9%) 191,000

(81%)

Kitgum

Lamwo 328,819 25 48,534 (15%) 66

83,209 (25%)

197,076 (60%)

Pader

Agago 397,416 31 39,472 (10%) 183

73,162 (18%)

284,782 (72%)

Total 1,236,436 120 184,199 (15%) 391215,784

(17%) 836,453

(68%)

Source: UNHCR

In July 2010, it was officially announced that all the IDP camps were closed in Acholi Sub-region. In December 2011, almost all the people who lived in the IDP camps and transit sits seemed to have returned to their original villages as stated in Chapter 26.

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(5) Economy in Acholi Sub-Region

The dominant economic activity in Acholi Sub-region is agriculture. Most of the people living in the sub-region are engaged in agriculture. Small scale subsistence farming is widespread and animal husbandry follows it in prominence. Fisheries, which are located along small rivers and streams, are not so prominent in Acholi Sub-region. Apiculture was recently introduced in some areas. Basically, lands in the sub-region are fertile. However, most of them are not utilised as a consequence of the prolonged conflict. People have started to go back to their home villages and restart farming.

The districts have basically the same characteristics of crop farming but with some characteristics unique to each district. In Gulu District, cassava, groundnuts, simsim, sweet potatoes, maize, millet and beans are produced. Production of rice, groundnuts, simsim and millet has increased recently. There are only a few grinding mills and rice hullers which form the agro-processing industry of the sub-region.

Table2.2.6 Crop Production by District in Acholi Sub-region Unit: ton

Crops Gulu District

Kitgum and Lamwo

Districts

Pader and Agago

Districts

Amuru and Nwoya Districts

Total of Acholi Sub-

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Cassava 18,502 27,562 24,712 18,989 89,765 Sorghum 5,902 10,449 22,302 7,728 46,381 Groundnuts 7,745 3,720 13,430 9,037 33,448 Simsim (Sesame) 5,438 7,329 10,834 5,011 28,612 Maize 4,537 1,468 2,316 4,549 12,870 Millet 2,682 1,617 2,291 2,794 9,384 Sweet Potato 5,065 1,430 700 881 8,076 Beans 1,336 735 2,727 2,596 7,394 Pigeon Peas 532 1,756 2,935 1,477 6,700 Sunflower 29 2,677 2,765 80 5,551 Greengrams 139 3,236 1,953 0 5,328 Rice 301 84 491 3,064 3,940 Cotton 0 1,373 1,936 0 3,309 Soybeans 54 199 150 293 696 Cowpeas 41 9 0 4 54 Tobacco 0 0 0 0 0

Total of Crop Production 52,303 63,160 89,542 56,503 261,508 Source: DED-Refugee/IDP Programme (February 2009), Second Season 2008 Land Use and Crop Yield

Assessment Report

Farmers in Kitgum and Lamwo Districts produce mainly cassava, sorghum, simsim, greengrams, sunflower, pigeon peas, millet, maize, sweat potato, and cotton. There are only small scale maize, rice and cassava mills. In addition, there is a cotton ginnery in Kitgum Town.

In Pader and Agago Districts, major food crops are cassava, sorghum, groundnuts, simsim, pigeon peas, sunflower, beans, maize, millet, greengrams and cotton. Major cash crops from the district are groundnuts, simsim, pigeon peas and sunflowers. Recently, there has been an expansion into production of other new crops such as vanilla, coffee, bananas, pineapples and citrus fruits.

2-10


2-11

In Amuru and Nwoya Districts, major crops grown are cassava, groundnuts, sorghum, simsim, maize, rice, millet, beans and pigeon peas. These crops are produced both as food and cash crops. Some fruits such as citrus, mangoes, pineapples and bananas are also grown there. There aren’t any large factories but only a few grinding mills and rice hullers.

Some of the people live on employment income. In particular, some portion of the population in Gulu lives on employment income. Most of them are government employees or work for parastatal bodies. Some of them work for NGOs.

With the exception of Gulu Town, electricity is very limited, which affects development of various industries in Acholi Sub-region. People use diesel and petrol generators. Alternative sources of power such as solar power are also utilised. Telephone networks are widely spread across the sub-region and major telephone companies are very active in business.

Due to the long war, tourism was unable to develop for a long time. However, since the security situation in Acholi Sub-region has improved significantly, tourism could be vitalised in the near future.

(6) Social Profile

Selected social indicators for seven districts in Acholi Sub-region are shown in Table 2.2.7. Since the years of each figure are different, it is difficult to compare the figures in an exact sense. Yet, these figures indicate situations of these districts approximately. Compared to the Ugandan average, the figures for the districts are not so bad. Among them, pit latrine coverages are far below the national average. Also, pupil-teacher ratios and pupil-classroom ratios are not as good as the Ugandan average, which means that the number of teachers and classrooms is inadequate. Gross intake rates and gross enrolment rates for secondary education are also worse, which indicates that only a small portion of children enjoy schooling at secondary level. On the other hand, most of the immunization rates are better than the national average. Gross intake rates and gross enrolment rates for primary education are also better than the national average, which indicates that most of the school-age children have great opportunities to go to primary schools.

Human Development Index (HDI) and Human Poverty Index (HPI) of each district for the year 2005 are shown in Table 2.2.8. HDI measures overall human progress in a more holistic manner with special emphasis on living a decent life and HPI measures deprivations in the three basic dimensions of the HDI, which are “a long and healthy life”, “knowledge”, and “a decent standard of living”1. HDIs and HPIs are the same for Gulu District and Amuru District (including Nwoya District) because they were the same district in 2005. Considering the situations of these three districts, both HDI and HPI for Gulu District would be much better if calculations were done singly for each of the 3 districts.

Looking at these indices, HDIs for the four districts in Acholi are worse than the national averages. Comparing ranks of HDIs and HPIs among all available districts, it can be said that HPIs are relatively better than HDIs. The big difference between HDI and HPI is whether the indices have indicators on GDP per capita. Overall however, both HDIs and HPIs for the four districts are not appropriate and there is need for improvement.

1 HDI is better if it is close to 1 and HPI is better if it is close to 0.

2-12

Table 2.2.7 Selected Social Indicators of Four Districts in Acholi Sub-region

Gulu

District

Kitgum and Lamwo

Districts

Pader and Agago

Districts

Amuru and Nwoya Districts

Uganda

Average household size 5.1 N/A N/A 4.5 4.7

Annual population growth rate 2002**

2.9% 4.1% 5.0% 2.9% 3.2%

Sex Ratio** 97 98 98 97 95

Life expectancy N/A 47 42 43.7 50.4

Infant mortality rate 172/1000 165/1000 165/1000 N/A 83/1000

% of Water Served People** 63.5% 49.0% 48.5% N/A 58.5%

Fertility rate N/A 6.9 N/A 7.4 6.7

Pit latrine coverage** 42 19 38 34 63

Immunization rate for BCG** 101 72 69 91 86

Immunization rate for measles** 111 79 85 87 77

Immunization rate for OPV3** 96 77 79 87 79

Immunization coverage for DPT3** 96 75 81 112 79

Gross intake rate (primary)** 122 135 155 141 128

Gross enrolment rate (primary)** 130 134 145 118 108

Pupil-teacher ratio (primary)** 68 86 98 87 57

Pupil-classroom ratio (primary)** 76 88 129 91 72

Gross intake rate (secondary)** 36.1 26.4 14.8 16.5 33.4

Gross enrolment rate (secondary)** 23.8 15.7 8.3 13.6 25.0

Student-teacher ratio (primary)** 22 32 25 30 21

Student-classroom ratio (primary)** 36 61 33 39 36

Source: ** from UBOS2, others from each district’s DDP Note: Years for each indicator are different although the indicators are supposed to be the latest. Therefore, it is

difficult to compare the figures exactly.

Table 2.2.8 Human Development Index (HDI) and Human Poverty Index (HPI) for Four Districts in Acholi Sub-region (2005)

District HDI HDI Rank (out of 76 districts)

HPI HPI Rank (out of 65 districts)

Gulu 0.430 70 32.2 41

Kitgum and Lamwo 0.439 69 30.7 35

Pader and Agago 0.469 66 32.9 45

Amuru and Nwoya 0.430 70 32.2 41

North 0.499 - - -

Urban 0.663 - - -

Rural 0.549 - - -

Uganda 0.581 - 25.21 - Source: UNDP Uganda3

2 2009 Statistical Abstract, Uganda Bureau of Statistics, June 2009 3 Uganda Human Development Report – Rediscovering Agriculture for Human Development, United Nations

Development Programme (UNDP) Uganda