The Protestant Reformation

Background to the Reformation

• Popes competed with Italian princes for political power.

• Like the princes, Popes led lavish lives• To finance the church and support the Popes

the clergy sold indulgences• Indulgences could be bought from the church

and would lessen the time the soul spends in purgatory.

Martin Luther: Catalyst of Change

• In 1517 a German Monk, Martin Luther triggered a revolt against the Catholic Church.

Johann Tetzel

• In 1517 Tetzel, who was a priest, set up a pulpit outside of Wittenberg, Germany and sold indulgences for the living and the dead.

• Who cannot afford an indulgent and therefore cannot go to heaven?

Martin Luther Attacks..

• Martin Luther argues that indulgences have no basis on the Bible and that the Pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory.

• Writes and distributes the 95 Theses, even nails a copy to the church doors.

• In 1521, Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther

• Charles V, the new Holy Roman Emperor calls Luther to the Diet (assembly of princes).

• Charles V asked Luther to recant and he refused

• Why did Luther refuse to retract his statements?

Lutheranism

• Forbids indulgences, confessions, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints.

• The bible is the only truth and people need to read and interpret it themselves.

• 1530 Lutherans began to call themselves Protestants because they protested papal authority

The Peasant’s Revolt

• Erupted in Germany as peasants demanded reform and an end to serfdom

• The Peasant’s Revolt grew violent and Martin Luther denounced the revolt

• Tens of thousands died

Peace of Augsburg

• 1555 each prince was allowed to decided what religion-Catholic or Lutheran, their kingdom would be.

Calvinism

• John Calvin was born in France and a well trained priest and lawyer

• Calvin preached predestination• Calvin set up a Swiss city-state in Geneva, the

government was made up of church leaders

Anabaptists

• Reject infant baptisms• Sought radical change

like abolishing private property

• Baptists, Mennonites and Amish all trace their ancestry to the Anabaptists

Henry the VIII• Wanted an annulment because he had only

one surviving daughter, Mary Tudor.• Henry the VIII wanted to marry a young

noblewoman and have a male heir with her.• The Pope refused to grant the annulment• Henry VIII takes over the church of England

and passes the Act of Supremacy.• Henry marries the noble woman and she has a

daughter Elizabeth I.

• Many English Catholics are opposed to the Act of Supremacy and are therefore beheaded, including Sir Thomas Moore.

• Henry orders the Catholic convents and monasteries to close because they are “immoral”. He gives the land to his nobles.

• 1547 Henry Dies, leaves the throne to 9yr old Edward VI, he dies in his teens.

Mary Tudor

• Determined to return England to the catholic faith

• Mary dies in 1558, the throne goes to Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I• Elizabethan Settlement- a series of reforms in

England• Restored The Book of Common Prayer• Her practices were the common ground

between Protestants and Catholics• She returned England to mostly Protestant

beliefs.

The Catholic Reformation

• 1530’s Pope Paul III sets out to revive the Catholic faith in Europe and end corruption in the papacy by using serious penalties.

Council of Trent

• In 1545 established the direction of the Catholic Church

• Declared that salvation comes from faith and good works

• Ended abuses in the Catholic Church

Finding the Jesuits

• Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuits, drew up a strict code for Jesuits or Society of Jesus

• Jesuits became advisors to Catholic leaders

• By the 1500s and 1600s persecution was widespread. Tens of thousand died during witch hunts.

• Their main goal was to defend, restore, and spread the Catholic Faith

Persecuting Jews

• 1516 Venice ordered Jews to live in separate quarters called the ghetto.

• During the Reformation restrictions on people of the Jewish faith increased.

Venn DiagramJudaism1. God, Yahweh2. Abraham- their leader3. Settled Canaan- later exiled for 1,800 yearsChristianity4. God5. Jesus or Christ6. Few Christians live in Southwest Asia today

but still is considered Christian holy place.

Islam1. God- Allah2. Muhammad, born in Mecca and later fled to

Medina3. His sacred writings are in the Koran

All Three4. Monotheistic5. Started with one leader6. All have sacred writings.