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The Protestant Reformation Plays Out in America
Unit 2: Part 1
Background Information
• In 1520 C.E., the pope excommunicated a German monk named Martin Luther.
• Why? – In 1517 C.E., Luther mailed a list of 95 theses to the church door in Wittenberg challenging the pope’s authority.
• Didn’t like pardons for money, lavish spending, refusal to translate Bible from Latin.
Background Information
• Luther triggered a division in western Christianity and he and his fellow insurgents became known as protestants.
• Their movement became known as the Reformation.
• This was the first time a controversy in Europe made its way onto American shores.
Background Information
• For the remainder of the 16th century (1500s), European conflicts would be played out partially overseas – a continuous pattern later on.
• France v. Spain for Florida
• England v. Ireland (Protestant v. Catholic)
Reformation and Counter Reformation
• 1517 C.E., Luther’s reforms spread throughout Europe – sparked armed conflict.
• Switzerland: Abolished Catholic practices; led by John Calvin from 1541 to 1560s C.E.
• Calvinism: Strict, simple, faith alone leads to salvation.
Reformation and Counter Reformation
• Calvinists soon shaped Protestant doctrine in North America
• Huguenots in France• Puritans in England• Presbyterians in
Scotland• Dutch Reformed in the
Netherlands
Reformation and Counter Reformation
• Church reformation coincided with the emergence of modern nation-states.
• Kings and Queens in Europe– Expanded control– Strengthened armies– Controlled printing– Why is the control of
print important?
Reformation and Counter Reformation
• England emerged as a nation-state under Henry VII in 1485 C.E.
• 1533 C.E., pope refused King Henry VIII an annulment
• So, Henry VIII created the Church of England to take religious authority from the pope (Anglican Church)
Reformation and Counter Reformation
• Anglican Church followed much of Catholic doctrine.
• Elizabeth I steered the Anglican Church somewhere between Catholicism and Protestantism.
• Why is that so significant for England?
The Reformation and Counter Reformation
• Attempts to heal religious divisions gave way to fierce confrontation.
• Kings, queens, parishes, all challenged the pope.
• Catholic supporters mobilized to protect themselves– Known as the Counter
Reformation
The Reformation and Counter Reformation
• Catholic militants called the Sons of Jesus, or Jesuits, gave their lives to defend Catholicism and spread it.
• Led by Ignatius Loyola.• This gave way to the
Inquisition– Strict courts to give harsh
punishment to heretics.– Created an index of
prohibited books
The Reformation and Counter Reformation
• King Philip II of Spain; 1556-1598 C.E.
• Led an Inquisition against Protestants; almost overpowered Protestant England.
• 1588 C.E., Spain sends the Spanish Armada to conquer England but failed.– Shift of power to
England