Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

PROJECT / TEAM CHARTER

Project Scope & Business Case

Team Selection & Rules

Develop at start of project, on-going

Living document, clearly written, define scope

http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMM_95.htm

HIGH LEVEL PROCESS MAPS

Process mapping is a technique for making work visible.

Develop at start of project, on-going

The team exercise of building the map and seeing the process globally are the factors that are critical for success rather than what the actual map looks like in the end.

http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/projectred/swimlane.htm

STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS

Engaging the right people in the right way in your project

Develop at start of project, on-going

http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_07.htm

The purpose of the define step is to allow the project team to produce, amongst others:

A project charter or initiation document High level process maps Stakeholder analysis

Phase - Define

1

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Value Stream Map Visualizing Work Processes Planning Tool http://www.bizbodz.com/Business-Improvement/Lean/Value-Stream-Mapping-How-to-Guide-Part-1.asp

http://www.strategosinc.com/value_stream_vs_process_mapping.htm

Value Stream Analysis

Value-added Flow Chart

CRITICAL CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS & KANO ANALYSIS

Quantifies VOC After VOC has been captured

Transforms VOC to measurable requirements.

http://kanomodel.com/

EFFECTIVE TEAM BUILDING

Transforms individuals into performing team.

Beginning, on-going

Critical to project success.

Building and Leading High Performance Teams - Teambuilding | Inc.com

Project Selection Align projects with Organizational strategy

Beginning, on-going

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/management_concepts/project_selection_method.htm

Phase - Define

2

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

SIPOC Outline elements of the process Develop at early stage of project

Establish inputs and outputs involved in a process

http://www.isixsigma.com/tools-templates/sipoc-copis/sipoc-diagram/

FUNCTIONAL DEPLOYMENT MAPS

Detailed sequence of all steps in process

Develop early, revisit often

Ensure ‘As Is’ status is captured

Can identify quick wins

http://leanyourcompany.com/methods/How-to-construct-a-deployment-flowchart.asp

VOICE OF THE CUSTOMER/

BUSINESS & KEY ISSUES

Identify customer wants or needs

Identify key customer issues

Identify business issues

During Define phase Customers may be difficult to identify.

http://bx.businessweek.com/voice-of-the-customer/

RACI

(Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, and Informed)

A responsibility assignment matrix Beginning, on-going http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_raci.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsibility_assignment_matrix

http://www.dmaictools.com/dmaic-define/raci-charts-roles-and-responsibilities-matrix

Phase - Define

3

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Project Priority Calculator Identify those projects that have the highest priority

When you can’t improve every process at once

Project Priority Calculator

Process Flow Chart The Process Flow chart provides a visual representation of the steps in a process

Often one of the first activities of a process improvement effort

Process Flow Chart

Affinity Diagram The tool is used to consolidate a large amount of information into groupings or clusters of ideas that have a natural “affinity”

A great tool to use when sorting Voice of the customer data under broad 'Issues' categories

Affinity Diagram

FMEA A model used to prioritize potential defects based on their severity, expected frequency, and likelihood of detection

Failure Mode & Effects Analysis (FMEA)

Phase - Define

4

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Input/Process/Output Indicators

Identify what to measure and the relationship between measurements.

At beginning of Measure phase

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPO_Model

Data Collection Plan To gather reliable and statistically valid data

At beginning of Measure phase

http://www.isixsigma.com/tools-templates/sampling-data/building-sound-data-collection-plan/

Measurement Plan Defines sample size, frequency, additional data to collect and how we use the data.

Before measurement http://www.qihub.scot.nhs.uk/knowledge-centre/quality-improvement-tools/data-collection-plan-form.aspx

Phase - Measure

5

Measure is the heart of what makes Lean Six Sigma work: Evaluate the existing measurement system

Improving it is necessary Developing a measurement system if you don’t already have one

Observe the process Gather Data Map the process in more depth

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Measurement System Analysis (MSA)

Measurement System Analysis is to qualify a measurement system for use by quantifying its accuracy, precision, and stability

To guide decisions Measurement System Analysis (MSA)

Sampling Techniques Use to determine optimum sample size.

When there is a large population of data.

http://www.experiment-resources.com/statistical-sampling-techniques.html

Measurement System Analysis (Gage R & R, MSE)

To understand the sources of variation that can influence results.

When you don’t understand the capability of the measurement system.

http://www.moresteam.com/toolbox/measurement-system-analysis.cfm

Histogram Visual display of one variable showing data centre, spread, shape & outliers

1.Summarise

2.Understanding

3.Compare to spec

http://quarknet.fnal.gov/toolkits/ati/histograms.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RyxPp22x9PU

Phase - Measure

6

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Control Charts Plots observations in time sequence against a mean and control limits.

Monitor process to control & improve. Identify Special Causes.

http://asq.org/learn-about-quality/data-collection-analysis-tools/overview/control-chart.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zvp8qmH3Eos

Run Chart Plots observations in time sequence

To identify trends, shifts or cycles over time.

http://www.shmula.com/run-chart/3506/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8q6HKrUO7I

Trend Chart

Phase - Measure

7

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

5-Why Analysis used to move past symptoms and understand the true root cause of a problem.

Related to the Cause & Effect (Fishbone) diagram, and can be used to complement the analysis necessary to complete a Cause & Effect diagram

5-Why Analysis

Phase - Analyze

8

The purpose of the Analyze phase is to make sense of all the information and data collected:

Use data to confirm source of delays, waste, and poor quality Biggest challenge is to “stick to the data” Avoid using experience and opinions about the root cause of problems Look for patterns in the data

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Design of Experiments The term experiment is defined as the systematic procedure carried out under controlled conditions in order to discover an unknown effect, to test or establish a hypothesis, or to illustrate a known effect.

Design of Experiments

Cause and Effect Diagram (ishikawa)

Also called Fishbone diagram

A tool for analyzing process dispersion. It is also referred to as the Ishikawa diagram, because Kaoru Ishikawa developed it, and the fishbone diagram, because the complete diagram resembles a fish skeleton. The diagram illustrates the main causes and subcauses leading to an effect (symptom). The cause-and-effect diagram is one of the seven tools of quality.

Brainstorming of potential root causes of problems (idea generation)

http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_03.htm

Fishbone (Ishikawa) Diagram

Phase - Analyze

9

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Pareto Define specific problem to concentrate on its root cause analysis (identify vital few). A graphical tool for ranking causes from most significant to least significant. It is based on the Pareto principle, which was first defined by J.M. Juran in 1950. The principle, named after 19th- century economist Vilfredo Pareto, suggests that most effects come from relatively few causes; that is, 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes. The Pareto chart is one of the seven tools of quality.

Identification of vital few causes of particular problem.

After data collection from measurement phase

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/management_concepts/pareto_chart_tool.htm

http://asq.org/learn-about-quality/cause-analysis-tools/overview/pareto.html

Pareto Chart (Manufacturing ex.)

Pareto Chart (Service ex.)

C&E Matrix A tool which is used to prioritize potential causes by examining their relationship with the CTQs.

The highest overall score should be addressed first because they will have the largest impact on the CTQs.

http://www.processma.com/resource/cause_and_effect_matrix.htm

Phase - Analyze

10

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Checksheet A simple data-recording device. The check sheet is custom-designed by the user, which allows him or her to readily interpret the results. The check sheet is one of the seven tools of quality. Check sheets are often confused with data sheets and checklists (see individual entries).

To gather or collect data. http://www.shmula.com/check-sheets/3932/

Cost/Benefit Analysis A multitude of methods used to determine the financial impacts of the project to the company.

In the evaluation and selection of solutions.

http://management.about.com/cs/money/a/CostBenefit.htm

Phase - Analyze

11

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Design of Experiments A branch of applied statistics dealing with planning, conducting, analyzing, and interpreting controlled tests to evaluate the factors that control the value of a parameter or group of parameters:

To identify factors and their appropriate settings.

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/management_concepts/design_of_experiment.htm

Histogram A graphic summary of variation in a set of data. The pictorial nature of the histogram lets people see patterns that are difficult to see in a simple table of numbers. The histogram is one of the seven tools of quality.

When a picture is needed to graphically depict variation in data.

http://quarknet.fnal.gov/toolkits/ati/histograms.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RyxPp22x9PU

Brainstorming Generate creative solutions to a problem

To break out of stale, established patterns of thinking

http://www.mindtools.com/brainstm.html

Phase - Analyze

12

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Hypothesis Tests (t-test, ANOVA, Chi Square)

A procedure whereby one of two mutually exclusive and exhaustive statements about a population parameter is concluded. Information form a sample is used to infer something about a population from which the sample was drawn.

To determine whether true statistical differences exist in two or more sets of data.

http://stattrek.com/hypothesis-test/hypothesis-testing.aspx

Non-value-Added Analysis Steps in the production and delivery of a product or service that are considered nonessential to meeting customer's needs and requirements (I.e., steps the customer would not ne willing to pay for).

When mapping process. http://www.moresteam.com/toolbox/value-added-flow-chart.cfm

Phase - Analyze

13

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Process Map A graphical representation of the steps in a process. Flowcharts are drawn to better understand processes. The flowchart is one of the seven tools of quality.

At beginning of project to learn about the process.

http://www.processma.com/resource/process_mapping.htm

Spaghetti Diagram A graphical tool used to depict the physical flow of work or material in a process.

http://www.processma.com/resource/spaghetti_diagram.htm

Phase - Analyze

14

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Regression or

Regression Analysis

A statistical technique for determining the best mathematical expression describing the functional relationship between one response and one or more independent variables.

Use after key factors identified to create model for process performance.

When you want to know the rrelation between variables

http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel-help/perform-a-regression-analysis-HA001111963.aspx

Regression Analysis

Basic Quality Tools http://www.tutorialspoint.com/management_concepts/design_of_experiment.htm

Phase - Analyze

15

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Scatter Diagram A graphical technique to analyze the relationship between two variables. Two sets of data are plotted on a graph, with the y axis being used for the variable to be predicted and the x axis being used for the variable to make the prediction. The graph will show possible relationships (although two variables might appear to be related, they might not be-those who know most about the variables must make that evaluation). The scatter diagram is one of the seven tools of quality.

To show relationships between two or more variables.

http://web2.concordia.ca/Quality/tools/25scatter.pdf

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/economic/friedman/scatterdiagramexcel.htm

Phase - Analyze

16

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Stratification A process characteristic used to divide data into subgroups to look for changes in process performance that might indicate the factor is a key driver of process performance.

When existing data shows no patterns or key factors.

http://asq.org/learn-about-quality/data-collection-analysis-tools/overview/stratification.html

Scatter Plot or Correlation Diagram

Scatter plots show how much one variable is affected by another. The relationship between two variables is called their correlation .

http://mste.illinois.edu/courses/ci330ms/youtsey/scatterinfo.html

Statistical Process Control (SPC)

Statistical Thinking

The fundamental of business iimprovement revolves around studying and improving underlying processes.

http://www.processma.com/resource/statistical_thinking.htm

Statistical Process Control (SPC)

Six Sigma Conversion Table

Converts Defects Per Million Opportunities to a Sigma Level

Six Sigma Conversion Table

Phase - Analyze

17

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Osbom’s Brainstorming Idea Generation When existing data shows no patterns or key factors.

http://www.skymark.com/resources/leaders/osborne.asp

Phase - Improve

18

The purpose of Improve: is to make recommendations for changes in a process that will eliminate the defects, waste, costs, etc…

Linked to the customer Use creativity Review existing “best practices”

Phase - Improve

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Affinity Diagram Idea Generation. Use when you have lots of ideas, team paralysis

http://www.processma.com/resource/affinity_diagram.htm

Solution Mapping Solution Mapping includes an initial white boarding session and top-level assessment to help clients formalize the purpose, requirements and uncover any hidden implementation barriers to the desired performance and development solution

Idea Generation. http://www.google.com/search?q=solution+mapping&hl=en&prmd=imvns&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=M6t9UNC4EMLHqQGa84CYCQ&sqi=2&ved=0CB0QsAQ&biw=1441&bih=656

Lateral Thinking

19

Phase - ImproveTool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Mind Mapping Mind mapping is a creative and logical means of note-taking and note-making that literally "maps out" your ideas.

Note-taking. http://www.mindmapping.com/

Six Thinking Hats Technique

It is used to look at decisions from a number of important perspectives.

When you need to move outside your habitual thinking style,

http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTED_07.htm

Lateral Thinking Is solving problems through an indirect and creative approach, using reasoning that is not immediately obvious and involving ideas that may not be obtainable by using only traditional step-by-step logic

Method for problem solving

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_thinking

20

Phase - ImproveTool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

5S 5S is the abbreviated reference to five Japanese words that govern workplace organization and housekeeping. The five words are: Seiri, Seiton, Seiso, Seiketsu, and Shitsuke

Goes hand-in-hand with good safety practices, and is equally applicable to manufacturing and service settings

5S Tool

A3 Report A3 Reports are one-page reports used for documenting the necessary information needed for progress reporting and decision-making

When you want to condense the information to a single page and visually communicate to the reader using graphs, charts, and succinct bullet points.

A3 Report

Brainstorming Brainstorming is intended to encourage fresh thinking and "crazy" ideas.

When you need fresh thinking and "crazy" ideas.

Brainstorming

Corrective Action Matrix The Corrective Action Matrix is used by problem-solving teams to keep track of who is doing what - by when

To ensure action gets implemented and someone is responsible to make it happen.

Corrective Action Matrix

21

Phase - ImproveTool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Error proofing

Also referred to as

Poka-yoke

Error-proofing refers to the implementation of fail-safe mechanisms to prevent a process from producing defects. This activity is also know by the Japanese term poka-yoke, from poka (inadvertent errors) and yokeru (to avoid) - pronounced POH-kuh YOH-kay.

When it is not acceptable to make even a very small number of defects

Error-Proofing

Kaizen Kaizen is the Japanese word for Continuous Improvement - a series of ongoing incremental improvements by teams focusing on eliminating all forms of waste from the operation - typically with little capital

Kaizen is a philosophy, not just a process, and it is a crucial component of the Lean Enterprise. Many companies have institutionalized the practice of Kaizen by shop floor teams, and have achieved significant performance advancement through the accumulation of incremental advancements over time.

Kaizen

22

Phase - ImproveTool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

One Piece Flow Reduced lot sizes go hand-in-hand with quick set-ups. The smaller the lot size, the better the flow through the process. Ideally the lot size is reduced to one.

To link processes into cells, eliminating double-handling, and reducing inventory and the space it requires

One Piece Flow

Pull Scheduling Pull Scheduling is generally synonymous with Just-In-Time (JIT) inventory management - a system of production scheduling that pulls product through the value-stream in a continuous flow rather than pushing it through in batches

To eliminate overproduction, and hence in-process inventory - seen a manifestation of waste

Pull Scheduling

SMED

(quick changeover)

As lean production is dependent upon small lot sizes, small lot sizes are dependent upon quick changeovers. If set-ups or changeovers are lengthy, it is mathematically impossible to run small lots of parts with low inventory because large in-process inventories must be maintained to feed production during changeovers.

Quick Changeover (SMED)

23

Phase - ImproveTool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

System Diagrams System Dynamics is the study of the behavior of complex systems - seeking to understand the web of relationships between activities and to identify the linkage between cause and effect.

Use system diagrams when you want to visually express the dynamic forces acting upon the components of a process and the interactions between those forces.

System Diagrams

TPM TPM was developed in the 1970's as a method of involving machine operators in the preventive maintenance of their machines - a reaction to increasing specialization and centralization of the maintenance function that had created division-of-labor barriers between operators and the maintenance of their machines and equipment

When you want to tap the knowledge and skill of the people who work with the equipment on a daily basis, and gives operators a stake in the performance of the equipment

Total Productive Maintenance

24

Phase - ImproveTool Idea Generation When to use Coaching points

Action Plan It helps us turn our dreams into a reality. An action plan is a way to make sure your vision is made concrete

http://ctb.ku.edu/en/tablecontents/sub_section_main_1089.aspx

Cost/Benefit Analysis A cost benefit analysis is done to determine how well, or how poorly, a planned action will turn out.

http://management.about.com/cs/money/a/CostBenefit.htm

Gaant Chart A type of a bar chart that is used for illustrating project schedules.

Gantt charts can be used in any projects that involve effort, resources, milestones, and deliveries.

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/management_concepts/gantt_chart_tool.htm

Solution Evaluation Criteria

Some idea of the value or merit of a solution to a problem

http://www.virtualsalt.com/creative.htm

25

Phase - ImproveTool Idea Generation When to use Coaching points

Pairwise Ranking Matrix To determine the main preferences, priorities, needs, constraints or problems of a person or a group on a certain subject.

http://www.fao.org/Participation/ft_more.jsp?ID=3022

Force Field Analysis Force Field Analysis is a decision-making technique. It helps you make a decision by analyzing the forces for and against a change, and it helps you communicate the reasoning behind your decision.

http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTED_06.htm

Story Board A Storyboard provides a quick, visual summary of a team’s work.

http://business901.com/blog1/lean-six-sigma-storyboard/

26

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Check Process The CHECK Process was created to give Supervisors and other shop floor personnel a simple tool to evaluate process conformance.

Before gathering data and conducting in-depth research to determine the root cause of process instability, it is important to verify that the operation is being performed according to specifications and standards

CHECK Process

Phase - Control

27

The purpose of Control: is to make sure that any gains will last. Document the new, improved procedures Train everyone involved Set up procedures for tracking key “vital signs” Hand-off ongoing management to the Process Owner Complete Project documentation Put measures in place to prevent “back sliding”

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Control Charts Control Chart indicates whether the process is currently under control (i.e., is stable, with variation only coming from sources common to the process),.

Use to predict future performance

Control chart

Control Plan The control plan is the centralized document to keep track of the status of all significant process characteristics.

Control Plan

Standardized Work The systematic determination and documentation of work element sequence and process for each operation.

When you want to achieve a balanced work flow, cycle time equal to Takt time, and high quality,.. work must be standardized at all operations for optimum efficiency and consistency

Standardized Work

SPC Primary tool to improve product quality by reducing process variation.

Statistical Process Control (SPC)

Phase – Control

28

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Pilot Preliminary work as a test or trial

Pilot experiments are frequently carried out before large-scale implementation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_experiment

Objective & Key Topics

To develop and execute a pilot Before starting a pilot http://teaching.uncc.edu/articles-books/best-practice-articles/goals-objectives/writing-objectives-using-blooms-taxonomy

Training plan To make people aware Before starting pilot http://www.google.com/search?q=training+plan&hl=en&prmd=imvns&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=CN-LUIDHI4biigKrsoDoDQ&ved=0CCgQsAQ&biw=1366&bih=622

Success Criteria Defining effectiveness of pilot Before and during pilot http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/project-help/define-your-project-goals-and-success-criteria-HA001211137.aspx

Phase – Control5.1 Pilot Plan

29

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Proof of Concept Plan First Version Before starting pilot Example: http://www.archives.gov/records-mgmt/policy/pilot-guidance.html

Gantt Chart Aids to planning Before and during pilot http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantt_chart

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sA67g6zaKOE

http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel-help/create-a-gantt-chart-in-excel-HA001034605.aspx

Pilot Tips Aids to planning Before and during pilot http://www.pilotproject.com/tips.aspx

Phase – Control5.1 Pilot Plan

30

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Potential problem analysis To address potential barriers to solution implementation

After executing pilot plan in control

Apply Brainstorming techniques

Risk assessment matrix To consider the ways in which the objectives for process may be at risk

After executing pilot plan in control

http://www.cip.msu.edu/ComFacRAM-HowtoUse.pdf

http://www.lbjsc.txstate.edu/caso/soc/manage/forms/contentParagraph/014/document/RiskAssessmentMatrix.pdf

Controls assessment matrix Identify activity designed to protect from the identified high priority risks

After risk assessment in control

http://www.iwise2.com/controls-assessment-matrix

Communication Plan To communicate change After pilot plan in control Critical for buy in

http://www.hieran.com/comet/howto.html

Implementation Planning To precisely define the implementation of a solution. Success relies on quality and thoroughness of implementation plan

After communication plan in control

http://webaim.org/articles/implementation/plan

Phase – Control5.2 Plan & Implement

31

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Standardization To identify project expansion opportunities for your solutions

Once your best solutions have been identified.

Replicate for same process but in different area.

Standardize for different but similar processes.

http://www.lean.org/workshops/WorkshopDescription.cfm?WorkshopId=20

http://www.trainingwithinindustry.net/SW.html

Replication Identifying what you need to consider if you want to replicate

After you have identified replication opportunities

http://books.google.com/books?id=Crqm2AmECD0C&pg=PA76&lpg=PA76&dq=replication+as+lean+tool&source=bl&ots=46pY2YWzvL&sig=T48CDFzt4JoyeTZKpbl2VH2VuXI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=s9mLUJ3BM9DWigK4vYFI&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=replication%20as%20lean%20tool&f=false

Phase – Control5.3 Process Integration

32

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Cost Benefit Analysis

Before setting your deployment schedule

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis

http://management.about.com/cs/money/a/CostBenefit.htm

http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/performing-a-costbenefit-analysis.html

Process Control Systems

Critical tool for making improvement continuous, that is after you have gone

As part of the detailed implementation plan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_control

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/process-control-systems-t_32.html

Phase – Control5.3 Process Integration

33

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

EWMA

(Exponentially weghted moving average)

Processes that provide a continuous stream of data

For a process with WANDERING shifts that are not special cause

Gives weighting to most recent data

Can be used:

-as a dynamic process control

-as a forecasting tool

-to detect small shifts

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EWMA_chart

Phase – Control5.4 Specialty Control Charts

34

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Rewards/Recognition Recognizing /rewarding team efforts As a “closure activity

1001 Ways To Reward Employees

Book by Bob Nelson

http://www.openforum.com/idea-hub/topics/managing/article/51-ways-to-reward-employees-without-money-1

http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/224249

http://www.hrworld.com/features/25-employee-rewards/

http://www.inc.com/guides/2010/04/rewarding-employees-on-a-budget.html

Phase – Control5.5 Closure and Recognition

35

Statistical Tools

36

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Histogram Visual display of one variable showing data center, spread, shape and outliers.

1. Summarize large amounts of data

2. To get a ‘feel for the data’3. To compare actual description

to customer specs

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram

Multivari Charts Bar chart comparison of sub-groups on one variable.

To visually compare sub-groups by individual data points and the mean. In MINITAB 12 only. To identify major source of variation.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-vari_chart

http://www.micquality.com/six_sigma_glossary/multi_vari_chart.htm

Box Plots Visual display of the summary of Y data grouped by category of X.

Summary display to visualize differences in data center, spread and shape across categories.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_plot

http://www.purplemath.com/modules/boxwhisk.htm

Run Charts Plots observation in time sequence

To view process performance over time for trends, shifts or cycles.

Run chart - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://www.ihi.org/knowledge/Pages/Tools/RunChart.aspx

37

Summary of Statistical Tools 1

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Control Charts Plots observations in time sequence against a mean and control limits.

To monitor the process in order to control and improve process performance over time for trends, shifts or cycles. To identify special causes.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_chart

http://www.ehow.com/how_5928553_create-control-charts-excel.html

Scatter Diagram (Plot) Plots a response Y versus a predictor X.

To understand the possible relationships between two variables. To identify possible root causes which are related to Y. Do not use with special

http://mste.illinois.edu/courses/ci330ms/youtsey/scatterinfo.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SeCPLC30_g&feature=fvwrel

38

Summary of Statistical Tools 2

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Behaviorally Anchored Scales

A response scale on which specific points are named or described to clarify the differences between points.

To translate subjective or qualitative issues into data (discrete or continuous). To reduce variation in the response measured.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorally_anchored_rating_scales

http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/behind-bars-evaluating-employees-with-behaviorally.html

t-Test Determine if there is a difference between two groups.

1. Test if sample average = specified value

2. Test if 2 sample means are equal

3. Paired t: to reduce variation when comparing two sample averages

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student's_t-test

http://www.graphpad.com/quickcalcs/ttest1.cfm

Analysis of Variance

Determine if there is a difference among many groups.

Determine of there is a statistically significant difference among the groups.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_variance

http://www.physics.csbsju.edu/stats/anova.html

Discrete Data:Chi Square

Determine if there is a difference for observed frequencies of 2 discrete variables.

Determine if there are relationships between two discrete variables.

http://math.hws.edu/javamath/ryan/ChiSquare.html

http://bio.fsu.edu/~winn/3402L/WinnCH7.html

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Summary of Statistical Tools 3

Tool What the tool is used for When to use Coaching points

Regression (Linear & Multiple)

Summarizes, describes, predicts and quantifies relationships.

1. Determine if there is evidence of a relationship between Xs and Ys.

2. Model data to develop a mathematical equation to quantify the relationship.

3. Identify root causes.4. Make predictions using the

model.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regression

http://www.statsoft.com/textbook/multiple-regression/

Logistic Regression

Summarizes, describes, predicts and quantifies relationships.

1. Determine if there is evidence of a relationship between Xs and Ys.

2. Model data to develop a mathematical equation to quantify the relationship.

3. Identify root causes.4. Make predictions using the

model.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_regression

http://luna.cas.usf.edu/~mbrannic/files/regression/Logistic.html

Design of Experiments (DOE)

Systematic and efficient proactive approach to testing relationships.

To establish cause and effect relationship between Ys and Xs. To identify ‘vital few’ Xs.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_of_experiments

http://www.moresteam.com/toolbox/design-of-experiments.cfm

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Summary of Statistical Tools 4

7 Basic Tools• The designation arose in postwar Japan, inspired by the seven famous weapons of Benkei. At

that time, companies that had set about training their workforces in statistical quality control found that the complexity of the subject intimidated the vast majority of their workers and scaled back training to focus primarily on simpler methods which suffice for most quality-related issues.

• The Seven Basic Tools stand in contrast to more advanced statistical methods such as survey sampling, acceptance sampling, statistical hypothesis testing, design of experiments, multivariate analysis, and various methods developed in the field of operations research.

The seven tools are:• Cause-and-effect (also known as the "fish-bone" or Ishikawa) diagram• Check sheet• Control chart• Histogram• Pareto chart• Scatter diagram• Stratification (alternately, flow chart or run chart)

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Resources• http://www.khanacademy.org/

• Statistics Handbook

• http://davidmlane.com/hyperstat/index.html

• http://www.statsoft.com/textbook/elementary-concepts-in-statistics/?button=1

• http://onlinestatbook.com/version_1.html

• http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/

• http://www.strategosinc.com/human_side.htm

• http://ocw.mit.edu/index.htm (search Lean Six Sigma)

• http://www.moresteam.com/toolbox/index.cfm

• http://www.moresteam.com/resources/lean.cfm

• http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/quantgal.htm

• http://www.leansixsigmahpo.com/tools.html

• http://www.skymark.com/resources/refhome.asp

• http://www.strategosinc.com/value_stream_vs_process_mapping.htm

• http://www.freeleansite.com/

• http://www.dmaictools.com/

• http://www.statpac.org/research-library/

• http://www.accountability.wa.gov/leadership/lean/default.asp

• http://www.gembutsu.com/lean_faq.html

• http://leanyourcompany.com/improve/What-are-the-seven-wastes.asp

• http://www.micquality.com/six_sigma_glossary/process_improvement_tools.htm

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