TheRay:DrivingtheFuturewith

IntegratedValue

Image:MissionZeroReport,TheRay

LauraJerneganEricKardos

ConnorPeklinskyHoldenSlagel

FALL2018

©

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TableofContentsExecutiveSummary………………………………………………………………………………….....................2

SituationAnalysis………………………………………………………………………………………….………....3ProjectScope&GoalsIntegratedValueFrameworkCriteriaforSuccessTheTechnologyToday

Definingthe“AsIs”State–Conclusions……………………………………………………..……………..7

Research&Analysis………………………………………………………………...………………...……………..7SocialCostofCarbon(SC-CO2)@RISKWattwaySolarRoadway…………………………………………………...………………...……………………...8 ResultsofDataAnalysis NetPresentValue(NPV)Calculations IntegratedFutureValue(IntFV) BenchmarkingtheVisitorCenter

IntegratedValueofWattwayonaLargeScaleCompetingTechnologies

EVChargingStations…………………………………………………...………………...…………………..……..11ResultsofDataAnalysis

NetPresentValue(NPV)Calculations IntegratedFutureValue(IntFV) NetMetering

ExpectedGrowthinEVSalesWheelRightTireSafetyMonitoringSystem…………………...………………...……………………….…13

ResultsofDataAnalysisTirePressure&FuelSavingsCompetingTechnology

AnIntegratedApproachtoMeasuringSuccess

Achievingthe“ToBe”State–Recommendations…………………………….………………………15UtilizeDashboardstoCommunicatePresentandFutureValueInstallaBi-DirectionalNetMeterfortheEVChargingStationHighlightSC-CO2BenefitGeneratedintheMissionZeroCorridorLeverageFuelEfficiency&SafetyWhenPromotingWheelRighPursueNewPartnerships

Bibliography…………………….………………………………………………………………….………………….18

Appendices(A-O)…..…….………………………………………………………………………….……………….22

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ExecutiveSummary

DerivingIntegratedValuefromtheDataThescopeofthisengagementwastoanalyzetheavailabledataforthefollowingtechnologiesbeingtestedintheMissionZeroCorridor:WattwaySolarRoadway,ElectricVehicle(EV)ChargingStations,WheelRightTireSafetyMonitoringSystem.Theteamwastaskedwithidentifyingstrengths,weaknessesandopportunitiesforvaluecreationfromtheanalyzeddataandcorrespondingresearch,withthegoalofansweringthequestion:“Isthistechnologyworking?”Theteamdidthisbyassessingthefinancial,economicandsocialimpactsofthethreetechnologiesandconsideringthepotentialforthisinformationtoresonatewiththetargetstakeholdergroups:State/Federalgovernments(DoTs),educatedendusersandthemedia.ThisreportandcomprehensiveappendicescontainevaluationsoftheenvironmentalandsocialimpactsthatwillbeusefulforpromotingtheintegratedvalueofTheRay’sworkonsocialmediaandtostakeholdersinterestedintechnologytransfer.

KeyFindingsWattway-Sinceithasthecapacitytogenerate113.5kWh/squaremeterperyear,Wattwayisoutperformingcompetition(SolaRoad70kWh/squaremeterperyear).

EVChargingStation-WithanaverageEVbatteryof30kW,alowof16andahighof90,theEVChargingStationcouldchargebetween4and17vehiclespermonth.

WheelRight-WheelRighthasscannedover4,500vehiclessince2016.Thisamounttranslatesto~18,500tiresfrom:cars,pickups,SUV’s,tractortrailers,andRV’s.

Definingthe“AsIs”State–ConclusionsWattway–Usingresearch-basedcostestimates,Wattwaydoesnotexhibitfinancialfeasibilityovera30-yearlifespanduetoanegativenetpresentvalue.

EVChargingStation–Usingthestart-upcostof$80,000andthebenefitsofreducedutilityexpensesduetosolarenergyoffset,thechargingstationsareNPVnegativeover20yearsandthereforenotfoundtobefinanciallyviable.

WheelRight–TechnologyissuperiortomostTirePressureMonitoringSystemsduetotheabilitytocollectprecisedatameasurementsfromindividualtires.

Achievingthe“ToBe”State–Recommendations1. Utilizesimple,interactivedashboardstocommunicateenergyproduction,utilityoffset

andnon-technicalmeasurementsofthevaluebeingcreatedintheMissionZeroCorridor.ThisshouldincludeSocialCostofCarboninadditiontootherequivalenciesthatresonatewiththeenduser,suchasgallonsofgasolineburnedortonsofwaste.

2. Installanetmetertocapturethetrueenergy/utilitysavingsoftheEVChargingStation.3. HighlighttheSC-CO2benefitbeinggeneratedintheMissionZeroCorridorandpromote

theintegratedvalueofthebenefitstosocietyandtheenvironmentbeinggenerated.4. LeveragefuelefficiencyandsafetyconcernswhenpromotingWheelRightto

stakeholders,highlightingtheeconomic,environmentalandsocialbenefits.5. PursuemorepartnershipswithuniversitiestoopenaccesstoTheRay’sdataandgain

deeperunderstandingintothevaluebeingcreatedintheMissionZeroCorridor.

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SituationAnalysis

TheRayisanindependentnonprofitorganizationlocatedinAtlanta,Georgia.TheRaywasfoundedafteran18-milestretchofhighwayI-85inTroupCounty,GeorgiawasdedicatedinthehonorofRayC.Anderson,thefounderofInterfaceandaleaderforsustainabilityinthetextileindustry.1AfterRay’sdeath,hisdaughterHarrietwaspresentedwiththechallengeofhowtoutilizethisspaceinthebestexpressionofherfather’slegacyandpassionforsustainability.Inpursuitofthisgoal,HarrietworkedwitharchitecturestudentsfromGeorgiaTechUniversitytofigureoutwhata“sustainablehighway”couldmean.TheMissionZero2020reportwascreatedfromthispartnershipwhichhelpeddefinetheparametersinwhichTheRaywouldfocusitssustainabilityefforts.ThisreportdefinestheMissionZeroCorridor(areaofhighwaybeingdevelopedbyTheRay)asaspacethatisrestorative,generative,responsible,respectful,informative,andnetzero.2

InspiredbythelegacyofRayC.Anderson,TheRayisreferredtoas“AnepiphanyoftheRayC.AndersonFoundation.”3In2015,TheRayC.AndersonFoundationprovided$2.5mtoTheRaytopursuethesegoals.Asinitialrolloutofthepilotprojectswasdeemedsuccessful,thefoundationagreedtocontinuefundingtheworkbeingcarriedoutintheMissionZeroCorridor.TheRayreceives$1mperyearfromtheRayC.AndersonFoundation4andreceivesadditionalfundingthroughdonationsandotherfundraisinginitiatives.

WhiletheteamatTheRayisworkingtoadvancethegoalssetfollowingfindingsintheMissionZeroCorridorreport,thereportalsostatesthatMissionZero2020isnotjustaframeworkforTheRay,butaframeworkforotherhighwaystouseinordertoreachsimilargoals.5TheRay’sgoalscanbesummarizedas:ZeroDeaths,ZeroWaste.ZeroCarbon.Inpursuitofthesegoals,TheRayiscurrentlypilotinganumberofsustainabletechnologiesthatworktominimizeharmandmaximizebenefitstoboththeenvironmentandtosociety.

ProjectScope&GoalsFollowingtheScopeofWorkasagreeduponbyTheRay,Dr.RobertSroufeandtheDuquesneMBA-SBPconsultingteam,thisengagementwasexclusivelydesignedtoanalyzethedataandpotentialforvaluecreationforthefollowingtechnologiesoffocus:

1. WattwaySolarRoadway2. WheelRightTireSafetyMonitoringSystem3. ElectricVehicle(EV)ChargingStations

TheRayisatechnologytransferorganization.Thismeansthattheyexistasatestinggroundfornew,sustainabletechnologiesthatarestillinthedevelopmentandcommercializationprocess.TheworkcarriedoutbyTheRayisimportantforidentifying 1“Alivinglegacy,”TheRay,Accessed5September2018<https://theray.org/>2MissionZeroReport,Georgia:GeorgiaConservancyandGeorgiaTechSchoolofArchitectureGraduateStudents,2014,Accessed28September2018,p.68.3“Alivinglegacy,”TheRay,Accessed24November2018<https://theray.org/>4AnnaCullen(Dir.ofExt.Relations&Comm,TheRay),ClientKick-OffMeeting,Virtual,20September2018.5MissionZeroReport,Georgia:GeorgiaConservancyandGeorgiaTechSchoolofArchitectureGraduateStudents,2014,Accessed28September2018,p.71.

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strengthsandweaknessesofnewtechnologies,aswellasforspreadingthewordregardingnewinnovationandopportunitiesforfurthertechnologicaldevelopment.TheRayisanimportantaspectofthecommercializationprocessofnewtechnologiesasthisprocessisoftenburdenedbyunfavorableeconomicincentives.6However,TheRayisabletopilotthesesustainabletechnologies,collectdataontheirperformanceandprovideinsightintotheirfuturevalue.Inthislight,thegoalofthisengagementwastoanswerthequestion:

“Isthistechnologyworking?”7

IntegratedValueFramework

AmetaphoricalgapexistsbetweentheworkbeingcarriedoutintheMissionZeroCorridortoday(the“asis”state)andthevisionforwhattheMissionZeroCorridorwillbeinthefuture(the“tobe”state).Byfirstassessingthe“asis”stateofthetechnologiestoday,theteamwasabletorecognizeanumberofopportunitiesforTheRaytoexpandupontheirworkandfindnewwaystomeasure,expressandcommunicatethetruevaluebeingcreatedalongI-85.Pursingtheactionsindicatedlaterinthisreportwillenhancetheintegratedvalueofthetechnologiesandcontributetobridgingthegapbetweenthe“asis”stateandthe“tobe”futurevisionoftheMissionZeroCorridor.Integratedvalueisderivedfromcalculatingthetotalimpactsofagiveninvestment.Thisrequiresassigningvaluetonotonlytheeconomicimpactsofaninvestmentbutalsototheenvironmentalandsocialimpacts.8Thisreportpresentsresearch,analysisandrecommendationsforderivingintegratedvaluefromthetechnologiesbeingtestedintheMissionZeroCorridor.

CriteriaforSuccessTheteamhasbeentaskedwithidentifyingboththegoodandbadinformationthatcanbederivedfromthecurrentlyavailabledatafromthethreetechnologiesoffocus.Theteamwillconsiderthisengagementsuccessfulifevidenceofintegratedvaluecreationcanbeproventhroughthedatagatheredfromthethreetechnologies.Todothis,theteamwill

6“Processoftechnologytransferandcommercialization.”TheInnovationPolicyPlatform,WorldBankGroup.2013.Accessed26November2018.<https://www.innovationpolicyplatform.org/content/process-technology-transfer-and-commercialisation>7“StatementofWork–TheRay,”30August2018.8Sroufe,Robert.IntegratedManagement:HowSustainabilityCreatesValueforAnyBusiness.UnitedKingdom:EmeraldPublishing,2018,47-48.

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considerthefinancial,environmentalandsocialimpactsofthesetechnologiesandderivevaluefromthedatathatwillresonatemostdirectlywiththetargetstakeholdergroups:

1. State/FederalGovernments,especiallyDepartmentsofTransportation2. Theeducatedenduser3. Themedia

TheTechnologyTodayWattwaySolarRoadwaywasinstalledoutsidetheVisitorCenterin2016andcoversanareaof50squaremeters.ThisisonlythesecondpilotintheworldaftertheWattwayinstalledonGoogle’scampusandthereforethetechnologyisnotyetcommerciallyavailable.Wattwayhasbeenusingtheinformationgatheredbythesepilotstobuildtheirsecondversionwhichtheydoplantogocommercialwith.9AllofthepowerharnessedbyWattwayisfedintothevisitorcentertohelpoffsetelectricityconsumptionfromthegrid.

AlthoughWattwayissimpletoinstallontopofanyrelativelyflatsurface,manyofthepanelshavealreadybeenreplacedinthetwoyearssincethepilotwasinstalledattheMissionZeroCorridor.Upgradedpanelsarebeingsentforreplacementbutthiscallsintoquestionthedurabilityofthepanelsandthepotentialdamagecausedbycarsdrivingoverthemmorefrequently.

TheteamcarriedoutaPESTLE(political,economic,social,technological,legalandenvironmental)analysisofWattwaytobetterunderstandthedifferentissuesimpactingthesuccessofthistechnology(AppendixB).

ElectricVehicle(EV)ChargingStationwasthefirsttechnologyinstalledandtestedontheMissionZeroCorridor.WhileEVchargingstationsarenotanewtechnology,thepresenceofthechargingstationontheMissionZeroCorridorismeetingthedemandforEVchargingtechnologyalongthisstretchofhighwaythatpreviouslyhadnone.EVdriverscaneasilylocatethischargingstationbyutilizinganappcalledGreenlots.10

Currently,Georgiahasover20,000registeredEVdriversandtheAtlantametroareahasthemostpubliclyavailableEVchargingstationsintheEasternUS.11EVchargingis

9AnnaCullen(Dir.ofExt.Relations&Comm,TheRay),ClientKick-OffMeeting,Virtual,20September2018.10AnnaCullen(Dir.ofExt.Relations&Comm,TheRay),ClientKick-OffMeeting,Virtual,20September2018.11“ElectricVehicles,”GeorgiaPower,2018,Accessed30September2018.<https://www.georgiapower.com/electricvehicles>

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providedfreefordriversfollowingafederallawprohibitingrevenuegeneratingactivitiesontherights-of-way.12

Whatmakesthistechnologyuniqueisthatitisthefirstsolar-poweredEVchargingstationinGeorgia.13Aslongasthesunisshining,thechargingstationispoweredbyasolartreethatcollectssolarpowerandfeedstheenergyintothechargingstationwhileavehicleisattached.Whenthechargingstationsaren’tinuse,thepowerharnessedbythesolartreesisusedtohelpoffsettheelectricityconsumptionofthevisitorcenter.Ifavehicleusesthechargingstationsduringatimewhenthesunisnotshining,theEVchargingstationspullpowerfromthegridtochargeavehicle.14

TheteamcarriedoutaPESTLE(political,economic,social,technological,legalandenvironmental)analysisoftheEVChargingStationtobetterunderstandthedifferentissuesimpactingthesuccessofthistechnology(AppendixB).

WheelRightTireSafetyMonitoringSystemisatechnologydevelopedbyaUKbasedcompanythatsetuptheirfirstpublictiresafetystationontheMissionZeroCorridorin2016.WheelRightandTheRayhavesignedaleaseagreementforthreeyears.15Thetechnologyusesdriveoversensortechnologytoreadtirepressureandtreaddepthfromvehiclesofallsizesrangingfrompassengervehicles,toRVsand18-wheelers.Thetechnologyhasrecentlybeenupgradedtoconductsidewalltirereadingsthatcapturethetiredimensions,construction,operatingcharacteristicsandmanufacturerinformation.16

WheelRighttechnologygathersinformationasdriversmoveoverthesensorsintheground.Thiscanbedoneataspeedofupto15MPHafterinitialregistrationhasbeencompleted.Afterdriversdriveoverthesensors,thetechnologygeneratesapaperreportorsendsanemailtothedriveraboutthecurrentconditionoftheirtirepressureandtreaddepth.TheColoradoDoT/RoadExandFloridaDoTbothhavecontractstoleaseWheelRight,17making

thisthefirstsuccessfultechnologytransfercatalyzedbyTheRay.InColorado,ifadriverscanstheirtiresonthewaytoaparticipatingskiresort,theywillreceiveapreferentialparkingspotsattheskiresort.18Theseareexamplesofsmallincentivesthatstatescanusetoraiseawarenessofimpropertirepressureandtreaddepth.ThisisanexampleofthetransferoftechnologythatprovidessustainablebenefitsandlifesavingtechnologywhichisthemainvisionofwhatTheRaycanprovide.

12“23U.S.Code111–Agreementsrelatingtouseofandaccesstorightsofway–Interstatesystem.”CornellLaw.https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/23/11113“Technology.”TheRay,Accessed5September2018,https://theray.org/technology/the-ray-today/14AnnaCullen(Dir.ofExt.Relations&Comm,TheRay),Mid-PointReview,Virtual,31October2018.15Langford,HarrietAnderson.(President,TheRay).Mid-PointReview.Virtual.31September2018.16AnnaCullen(Dir.ofExt.Relations&Comm,TheRay),ClientKick-OffMeeting,Virtual,20September2018.17AnnaCullen(Dir.ofExt.Relations&Comm,TheRay),ClientKick-OffMeeting,Virtual,20September2018.18Langford,HarrietAnderson.(President,TheRay).Mid-PointReview.Virtual.31September2018.

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TheteamcarriedoutaPESTLE(political,economic,social,technological,legalandenvironmental)analysisoftheEVChargingStationtobetterunderstandthedifferentissuesimpactingthesuccessofthistechnology(AppendixB).

Definingthe“AsIs”State–ConclusionsTheteamhasfoundthatthesetechnologiesarenoteconomicallysoundinvestmentsonacommercialenterpriselevel.Highstart-upcostsandminimalfinancialbenefitscausethenetpresentvalueofbothWattwayandtheEVchargingstationstobenegativeasfaroutasthirtyandtwentyyearsrespectively.Withnegativenetpresentvaluethereisnodirecteconomicincentiveforprofitseekingorganizationstoseekoutthisinvestment.

Thedemandfortechnologytransferwillincreaseifamaterialcostreductionand/orenvironmentalorsocialimpactcanbeproven.However,evenwhenincludingenvironmentalandsocialbenefitsandlookingatIntegratedFutureValueinsteadofnetpresentvalue,bothWattwayandtheEVchargingstationshownegativeIntegratedFutureValue.ThedataprovidedbyWheelRightwasinaformatthatwaschallengingtoorganizeandrequiredtimeandresourcesthatarebeyondthescopeofthisengagement.However,somevaluehasbeenderivedthroughthedataandcorrespondingresearch.WheelRighthasscannedover4,500vehiclessince2016.Thisamounttranslatesto~18,500tiresfrom:cars,pickups,SUV’s,tractortrailers,andRV’s.WheelRighttechnologyisalsomoresophisticatedanduserfriendlythancompetingtechnologies.

Whileintegratingenvironmentalandsocialbenefitsmaynotresonatewithprofitseekingenterprises,thesebenefitswillresonatewithstakeholderswhovaluetheenvironmentalandsocialbenefitsofthesetechnologies.Thedemandforsolartechnologyandelectricvehiclesisgrowingsotheneedforextendedresearchanddevelopmenttodrivedownthecostofthesetechnologieswillbeessentialformeetingthedemandintheyearstocome.

Research&AnalysisSocialCostofCarbon(SC-CO2)SocialCostofCarbon(SC-CO2)isaneconomicmeasurethatrepresentstheharmcausedtosocietybythedevastatingimpactsofclimatechange.SC-CO2isexpressedasadollarvalueandrepresentsthenaturalcapitalandsocialimpactsofemittingonetonofcarbondioxide(CO2)intotheatmosphere.Thisisalsoameasureofthe100-yearglobalwarmingpotentialwhenconductingLifeCycleAnalysis.19Therefore,thisvaluecanalsobeexpressedasabenefittosocietywhenitisusedtomeasurethedamagetosocietyandtheenvironmentthatisavoidedbyutilizingsustainable,regenerativepractices.

TheSC-CO2hasalreadybeenadoptedbymanyfederalandstategovernments,multinationalcorporationsandprivatebusinessesasanadditionaldecision-makingtoolforevaluatingnewinvestmentsandmanagementdecisions.DisneyandMicrosoftbothuse$6/ton,theStateofCaliforniauses$14/ton,theProvinceofBritishColumbiauses$30/tonandPumauses$87/ton.20WhiletheSC-CO2valuevariesbyorganization,thecurrent 19Sroufe,Robert.IntegratedManagement:HowSustainabilityCreatesValueforAnyBusiness.UnitedKingdom:EmeraldPublishing,2018,268.20Sroufe,Robert.IntegratedManagement,2018,268.

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estimatepromotedbytheEnvironmentalDefenseFundis$40/metrictonofCO2.21Thisisthemostcrediblefigurecurrentlyavailable,butsinceitdoesn’tincludealloftheacceptedscientificandeconomicimpactsofclimatechange,thetruevalueisestimatedtobemuchhigher.Asclimatepolicyprogressesintothefuture,thisfigurewillbeadjusted,meaningthatthepotentialfutureimpactswillbefargreaterthancurrentestimates.

TheprocessofcalculatingSC-CO2issimpleandbeginswithgatheringinformationfromautilitybill,orthereportsgeneratedbySUNYPortalandMyEnlighten,abouttheenergygeneratedorconsumedoveracertaintimeperiod.Thisfigurewillbeineitherwattsorkilowatts.Aftercalculatingthenumberofkilowatthours(kWh)thisnumbercanbeconvertedtometrictonsofCO2byusingtheconversionfactorlocatedinAppendixA.OncetheenergyisexpressedinmetrictonsofCO2thisnumberismultipliedbytheacceptedSC-CO2value($40/ton).AppendixAincludesnumerousotherconversionfactorsthatcanbeusedtoexpressthevaluebeingcreatedintermsofthingsthatpeoplecanrelateto,suchasgallonsofgasolineconsumed,tonsofwasterecycledandhomeenergyuse.

@RISKTheteamleveragedtheStudentversionofthe@RISKsoftwareforfurtherdataanalysis.TheStudentversionholdsmanyofthesamecapabilitiesoftheothers,howeverisavailableatafractionofthecostat$50.TheProfessionalversionisavailablefor$1,870andtheIndustrialversionfor$2,530.22@RISKisaPalisadeproductenablingapplicationssuchasCashFlowandFinancialAnalysis,PortfolioOptimization,andCostEstimation.23MonteCarlosimulationswereperformedtoanalyzeriskbybuildingoutmodelsofpossibleresultsbysubstitutinginarangeofvaluesorprobabilitydistribution,foranyfactorthathasinherentuncertainty.Therangeofvaluesinourprobabilitydistributionwereintriangularformaswedefinedtheminimum,mostlikelyoraverage,andmaximumvaluesbasedonvariousresearchconducted.Thesimulationrunsanumberofiterations,providingacomprehensiveviewofpotentialoutcomesandgraphicalresults.@RISKalsohasthecapabilitytodevelopTornadoGraphsandSensitivityReports.TornadoGraphsrankandshowtheinputsbytheirindividualeffectontheoutputmean,whereastheSensitivityReportsrankandshowtheinputsbytheirpercentagecontributiontothevarianceoftheoutcome.

WattwaySolarRoadwayResultsofDataAnalysisTheteamwasgrantedaccesstotheonlinedatabaseMyEnglighteninordertogatherthedataavailableonWattwaysinceitsinstallationontheMissionZeroCorridor.Thisdatawasdownloadedandconsolidatedbymonthandusedtorundescriptivestatisticstogainanunderstandingoftheavailabledataandusethistoguidefurtheranalysis.ProjectswereusedtofillinthemissingmonthsofJanuary-November2016andDecember2018.TheprojectionsweremadebytakingasimpleaverageofthekWhgeneratedduringtheyears

21“TheTrueCostofCarbonPollution.”EnvironmentalDefenseFund.2018.Accessed20October2018.<https://www.edf.org/true-cost-carbon-pollution>22Palisade.“TheDecisionToolsSuite:CompleteSetofRiskandDecisionAnalysisToolsinExcel.”Palisade,PalisadeCorporation,www.palisade.com/decisiontools_suite/.23Palisade.“TheDecisionToolsSuite:CompleteSetofRiskandDecisionAnalysisToolsinExcel.”

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fromwhichrealdatawasavailable.FromthedataavailablewefoundthehighcapacitymonthstobeMarch-OctoberandthelowcapacitymonthstobeNovember-February(AppendixC).

AsofNovember14,2018thetotalelectricitygeneratedoverthesystem’slifetimeis8420.74kWh.Usingthisvalue,wefoundthatthepowergeneratedbyWattwayhasacarbonoffsetof6.3metrictonsCO2.Thisisequivalentto15,360milesdrivenbyapassengervehicle,705gallonsofgasolineconsumed,6,857poundsofcoalburned,and2.2tonsofwastedivertedfromalandfill.ThetotalSC-CO2benefitis$252(AppendixC).

NetPresentValue(NPV)CalculationsThenextstepinouranalysisofWattwaywastodetermineeconomicviabilitythroughaNetPresentValue(NPV)analysis.24However,wefirstneededtoestimatethecostofthetechnology.First,theWattwayarea(50m2)wasconvertedto528.196ft2.ResearchfoundthattheaverageUSphotovoltaic(PV)arrayproduced1kWhforevery66.7ft2.25&26TheestimatedsizeofWattwaygiventhisvalueisan8.07kWhsystemthatcostapproximately$2,459.09/kWhor$19,804.51fortheentiresystem(AppendixF).27&28

NPVwascalculatedbasedoncost($19,804.51),lifespan(30-years),andayearlyaverageenergysavingsbenefitbetween2017&2018.29Yearlybenefitwascalculatedthroughtheuseofthepriceofelectricity/kWhinAtlanta,GAin2017($0.143)and2018($0.126)multipliedbyannualWattwayproductionfor2017(5,678.81kWh)and2018(3,324.49kWh).30Yearlybenefitwasfoundtobe$811.49and418.89for2017and2018respectively(AppendixD).Finally,usingadiscountrateof3.53%thetotalNPV,allrebatesandtaxwriteoffsconsidered,was-$8,533.05(AppendixG).31

IntegratedFutureValue(IntFV)NPVdoesnotreflectthefullvalue,orbenefit,thatWattwayisprovidingtosociety.Aspreviouslydiscussed,SC-CO2“ismeanttobeacomprehensiveestimateofclimatechangedamagesandincludeschangesinnetagriculturalproductivity,humanhealth,propertydamagesfromincreasedfloodrisk,andchangesinenergysystemcosts,suchasreducedcostsforheatingandincreasedcostsforairconditioning.”32IncorporatingSC-CO2intofinancialcalculationsand,insteadoffocusingexclusivelyonNPV,calculatinganIntegrated

24“WhatIsNPV?|AccountingCoach.”AccountingCoach.com,Accessed28November2018www.accountingcoach.com/blog/npv-net-present-value.25“HowMuchDoSolarPanelsCostfortheAverageHouseintheUSin2018?”SolarReviews,Nov.2018,www.solarreviews.com/solar-panels/solar-panel-cost/26Matasci,Sara.“2018SolarPanelCost|UpdatedAvg.SolarPanelPricesbyState.”SolarNews,EnergySage,7Nov.2018,news.energysage.com/how-much-does-the-average-solar-panel-installation-cost-in-the-u-s/.27Matasci,Sara.“2018SolarPanelCost|UpdatedAvg.SolarPanelPricesbyState.”28“HowMuchDoSolarPanelsCostfortheAverageHouseintheUSin2018?”SolarReviews,Nov.2018.29Richardson,Luke.“HowLongDoSolarPanelsLastin2018?|EnergySage.”SolarNews,EnergySage,30Aug.2018,news.energysage.com/how-long-do-solar-panels-last/.30“AverageEnergyPrices,Atlanta-SandySprings-Roswell–September2018:SoutheastInformationOffice.”U.S.BureauofLaborStatistics,U.S.BureauofLaborStatistics,11Oct.2018,www.bls.gov/regions/southeast/news-release/averageenergyprices_atlanta.htm.31Ovchinnikov,A.(2016).WellFargo:SolarEnergyforLosAngelesBranches.UV6566.Charlottesville,VA.DardenSchoolofBusiness.32“TheSocialCostofCarbon.”EPA,EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,9Jan.2017.

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FutureValue(IntFV)33thatcomeswhenassigningvaluetothebenefitbeinggeneratedbythistechnology.BycalculatingIntegratedFutureValueusingavalueof$40/metrictonofCO2offset,wefoundtheNPVtobe-$6077.02(AppendixH).34

Theteamperformedamorein-depthanalysisofWattwaythroughtheuseof@RISK(AppendixN).Byusing@RISKtheteamwasabletoconcludethatwithina95%confidenceintervaltheintegratedNPVover30-yearswouldbebetween-$8,788to$4,825withameanof-$3,219.16.Whatthisshowsisthatwiththebestpossibleconditionsavailablesuchasusingavalueof$212forSC-CO2orthecheapestelectricityrateavailable,WattwaytechnologydoeshaveapositiveNPV.ThelargestcontributorstothevariationintheNPVareSC-CO2,kWhproduced,andthediscountrateutilized.

BenchmarkingtheVisitorCenterUsingtheaverageoutputproducedbyWattwayover2017&2018itwasdeterminedthatinordertopowerthevisitorcenterintheMissionZeroCorridorbyWattwayexclusively,thecurrentsystemwouldneedtobe19xlargerthanthecurrent50m2system(AppendixI).

IntegratedValueofWattwayonaLargeScaleSC-CO2isonetoolthatcanshowintangiblebenefitprovidedtosocietythroughtechnologiessuchasWattway.WhenWattwaytechnologyisscaledtocovertheshoulderoftheentireUSInterstateSystem,theannualSC-CO2benefitis$1,087,671,800.WhenscaledtotheentireUSHighwaySystem,WattwaycanprovideanannualSC-CO2benefitof$95,597,049,600(AppendixJ).Incorporatingintangibles,suchasSC-CO2isasustainablewayforcompaniestomarkettheseemergingtechnologiesandattractattentionforincreasedresearchanddevelopment.

CompetingTechnologiesSolarRoadways,anIdaho-basedstart-up,isconsideredacompetingtechnology,buttheirdesignhasbeenfoundtobelessviablethanWattwayduetotheneedtophysicallyaltertheroadwayinordertoinstallthesolartiles.Unfortunately,thedesignalsodependsonatypeofglassthatneedstobetempered,self-cleaningandabletotransmitlighttothePVunderneath–thistypeofglassdoesnotexist.Inaddition,thecostofreplacingtheUSroadwayswiththisdesignhasanestimatedcostof$56trillion.35SolaRoadisanothercompetingtechnologybeingdevelopedandtestedinTheNetherlands.Theprototypeisbeingtestedovera70-metretesttrackalongabikepathoutsideofAmsterdamandisgeneratinganaverageof70kWh/sq.m/year.Engineersworkingontheprojectassertthatthetechnologyisperformingbetterthaninitiallyexpected.36

Usingthedatafrom2017(sincethisistheonlyfullyearofdataavailable)Wattwayhasthecapacitytogenerate113.5kWh/squaremeter/year.Usingathree-yearmodelwithprojectedenergygenerationforthemonthsJanuary-November2016andthemonthof

33Sroufe,Robert.IntegratedManagement:HowSustainabilityCreatesValueforAnyBusiness.UnitedKingdom:EmeraldPublishing,2018,20.34“TheSocialCostofCarbon.”EPA,EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,9Jan.2017.35ThomasHornigold,“Aresolarroadsthehighwayofthefuture,oraroadtonowhere?”SingularityHub,15January2018,Accessed28September2018<https://singularityhub.com/2018/01/15/are-solar-roads-the-highway-of-the-future-or-a-road-to-nowhere/#sm.00001s3eoqwm02dltyn0w8b6bkxxu>36ThomasHornigold,“Aresolarroadsthehighwayofthefuture,oraroadtonowhere?”Acc.24Nov.2018.

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December2018,Wattwayhasgenerated,onaverage,84.7kWh/squaremeter/year(AppendixC).Fromthis,weassertthatWattwayisoutperformingSolaRoad(70kWh/squaremeterperyear),whichseemstobeWattway’sstrongestcompetitor.Thisisespeciallytrueduetothemaintenanceoverthelastyearwhichasimpededenergygeneration.

ElectricVehicle(EV)ChargingStationResultsofDataAnalysisTheteamwasgrantedaccesstotheSUNYPortalbyTheRayintheinitialclientkickoffmeeting.DataontheelectricitygeneratedthroughtheEVchargingstationswasextractedfromtheportalinmonthlysegmentsandcompiledinExcel.GiventhesystemwasinstalledinAugust2015,theteamoverthreeyears’worthofdatatoanalyze.InitialstepsweretakentoutilizethedataviaPivotTablestobetterfilterandorganizethedata.ThemonthsofJanuarythroughJulyof2015wereprojectedusingtheirrespectiveaveragesfromtheyears2016to2018.AsthistookplaceinlateSeptember,themonthsofOctober2018throughDecember2018werealsoprojectedusingtheaveragesoftherespectivemonths2015to2017.UtilizingtheseprojectionsgavetheteamfourcompleteyearsofdatafromtheEVChargingStation.

AsofNovember14,2018theEVChargingStationhasgenerated12,626.14kWworthofelectricity.Thegenerationofthiselectricityiscomparableto$388worthofSC-CO2,23,710milesdrivenbyapassengervehicle,10,584poundsofcoalburnedand1,089gallonsofgasolineused(AppendixD).Thisisanaverageof$383.75worthofelectricityperyear.TotalkilowattsgeneratedbytheEVChargingStationrangedfromaprojectedlowof3,723.65in2018toahighof4,318.12in2016.TheaveragekWhproducedpermonthin2015was317.51,359.84in2016,331.07in2017and310.30in2018(AppendixD).

Thekilowattsgeneratedwerealsofilteredbymonthoverthefour-yearperiod.DecembergeneratedtheleastamountofkWhoverthefouryearsat763.68kWhandJulygeneratedthehighestamountat1,641.48kWh,whichis10.37%ofthetotalelectricitygenerated.Thepermonthdatawasusedtohighlightdifferencesinthepermonthgeneration,aswellasdeterminethehighcapacitymonthstobeMarch-OctoberandthelowcapacitymonthstobeNovember-February(AppendixD).

Theaverageannualenergygenerated,minimumandmaximumannualgenerationwereusedtofindhighandlowamountsofpotentialeconomic(dollar)valueequivalentgeneratedbytheEVchargingstation.Theamountsgeneratedweremultipliedbytheaverage,min,andmaxcostsofelectricityforatransportationutilitytofindthemaxpotentialminimumdollaramountofgeneratedelectricitybeing$318,andmaximumamountof$462.47.Minimum,maximumandaveragegenerationamountsweremultipliedby0.000744metrictonsofCO2perkWhtofindthemetrictonsofCO2offsetbythesolarenergygeneratedbytheEVChargingStation.37Using$40/ton,theSC-CO2benefitrangesfrom$30.47to$681.09peryear(AppendixD).

37“TheSocialCostofCarbon.”EPA,EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,9Jan.2017,19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climatechange/social-cost-carbon_.html.

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Theaveragemonthlyenergygeneration(329.68kWh)wasusedseehowmanyvehiclesthestationcouldchargeatmaximumcapacity.WithanaverageEVbatteryof30kW,alowof16andahighof90,theEVChargingStationcouldchargewithinarangeoffourtonineteenvehiclespermonth.38WiththeaverageEVStationchargingbetween$0.39and$0.79,andiffederallawdidnotprohibitit,theEVChargingStationwithintheMissionZeroCorridorcouldgenerateupwardsof$71pervehicle,ifthevehiclehasalargebattery.Therefore,monthlysalescouldpotentiallyrangefrom$121.02to$284.28,equivalenttoannualamountsof$1,770.22to$3,873.78dependingonanumberofvariationswithinthestation.

NetPresentValue(NPV)CalculationsThreeseparateNPVcalculationsweremadetoaccountfor:1.Benefitofenergysavings,2.EnergysavingsandSC-CO2benefit,3.Energysavings,SC-CO2benefitandpossiblesalesrevenue.Usingallthreebenefitsofthedollarequivalentofelectricitygenerated,salesamountandSC-CO2couldprovideTheRaywithanaverageannualbenefitof$3,258.93.However,allthreecalculationsshowtheprojectisNPVnegativeovera20-yearlifespanwiththeinitialstart-upandimplementationcostat$80,000,traditionalNPVis-$72,018.53(AppendixK)whileIntegratedFutureValue,includingSC-CO2benefitandpossiblesalesrevenue,is-$32,655.46(AppendixL).

Theteamanalyzedthedatafurtherbyleveraging@RISKtodevelopNPV/IntegratedFutureValuerangeswithincertainconfidenceintervalsandidentifyingfactorsthathavethelargestinfluenceonthefinancialviabilityoftheEVChargingStation.Ata95%confidenceinterval,theanalysisshowsanIntegratedFutureValue(energysavings,SC-CO2andsalesrevenue)between-$40,922and-$20,503,withastandarddeviationof$5,418.74(AppendixM)ThegreatestinfluencingfactorsthatpushtheNPV/IntegratedFutureValueeithercloserorfurtherawayfrom0arethecostinwhichthestationchargesforanindividualtoextractelectricitytotheirvehicleandthediscountrateused.

NetMeteringDependingonthesizeandset-up,asolarpanelsystemcanproduceenoughelectricitytomatchabuilding’senergyconsumption.However,somesystemsmightproducemoreenergy,inwhichcaseanetmetercanbebeneficialtotrackenergyconsumptionthroughouttheyear.39Whenasystemproducesmoreenergythanisbeingconsumed,thenetmeterrunsinreverseandownersearncreditsfromtheutilitycompany.40AnetmeterwouldbeabletotrackhowmuchenergyharnessedbythesolartreesontheEVchargingstationsisbeingusedtochargeEVsandhowmuchtheEVchargingstationsaredependingonelectricityfromthegrid.

TheBi-directionalmeterisathree-screensystemthatisverysimilartoanetmeterbutwithsomedistinctfunctions.41Thefirstscreenisatestscreenthatindicatesthatthesystemisfunctioningproperly.Thesecondscreenshowstheamountofelectricitybeingpulledfromthegrid.Forexample,usingtheEVchargingstation,thiswouldbetheamount 38“BU-1003:ElectricVehicle(EV).”Lithium-BasedBatteriesInformation–BatteryUniversity,batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/electric_vehicle_ev.39“NetMeteringforHomeSolarPanels.”EnergySage.25November201840“NetMeteringforHomeSolarPanels.”EnergySage.25November201841Sboucher.“DifferentTypesofUtilityMetersforSolar.”TheEnergyMiser,7Aug.2018,newenglandcleanenergy.com/energymiser/2017/02/15/different-types-of-utility-meters-for-solar/.

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ofelectricitythatisdrawnfromthegridtochargeEV’s.Thethirdandfinalscreenshowstheamountofelectricitythesolartreesgeneratethatissentbacktothegrid.42Forthisexample,thegridisconsideredtheVisitorCenterwhichnowuseslesselectricityforitsutilitiesduetotheoffsetofthesolartrees.WithouttheBi-directionalmeteritbecomesextremelydifficulttotrackthedemandforEVchargingandtheamountofelectricitysaved.Havingaccesstothisinformationwouldassistinderivingmoremeaningfromthedata.

ExpectedGrowthinEVSalesA2017reportpublishedbyForbessuggeststhatEVsareonpacetosurpassgasoline-poweredvehiclesinthecomingfuture.FromJanuary2012toJune2017,EVsaleshavegrownby45%intheUnitedStates.43SimulationsrunbyEnergyInnovationpredictsthatby2050newEVcarsalescouldreachbetween65and75%ofthetotalamountoflightweightvehiclessoldintheU.S.,dependingonthefluctuationsofoilprices.44Mostoftherapidaccelerationofdevelopmentandsalesshouldcomein2030andbeyond,astechnologicaldevelopmentswillpushpricestoapointwhereconsumersrecognizeasignificantvalueaddedbythistechnology.TheincreaseinEVsalesthroughouttheU.S.isexpectedtoincreasethedemandforEVchargingstationstoservicethesevehicles.

WheelRightTireSafetyMonitoringStationResultsofDataAnalysisThewaytheteamreceivedthedatasetwasinanexportedexcelspreadsheetwithextremelychallengingformatting.Thedatawereceivedcontainedtirepressurerangesfrom5–125psi.Thetechnologyhasacapabilitytoscan12tiresor6axlesperscan.Thistranslatestohavingthecapacitytomeasureasmall2-axletraileruptoa6-axletractortrailer.45AftersomeanalysisofthedatawedeterminedthatasofNovember14,2018WheelRighthasscannedover4,500vehiclessinceinstallationin2016(AppendixE).Thisamounttranslatestoroughly18,500tiresrangingfromvehicleclassesof:cars,pickups,SUV’s,tractortrailers,andRV’s.ThisisgreatinformationforWheelRightandTheRaysincethesedrivershavereceivedcrucialinformationpertainingtotheirtirepressure,treaddepth,andasofrecently,sidewalloperatingcharacteristics.AccordingtotheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration,therearearound78,000accidentsthatoccurduetounder-inflatedorblowouttires.46However,ourteamwasnotabletodeterminewhetherthepresenceofthistechnologyhaspreventedaccidentsintheMissionZeroCorridor.

42Sboucher.“DifferentTypesofUtilityMetersforSolar.”TheEnergyMiser,7Aug.2018.43Rissman,Jeffrey.“TheFutureOfElectricVehiclesInTheU.S.,Part1:65%-75%NewLight-DutyVehicleSalesBy2050.”Forbes,14Sept.2017,www.forbes.com/sites/energyinnovation/2017/09/14/the-future-of-electric-vehicles-in-the-u-s-part-1-65-75-new-light-duty-vehicle-sales-by-2050/#597281b2e289.44Rissman,Jeffrey.“TheFutureOfElectricVehiclesInTheU.S.,Part1:65%-75%NewLight-DutyVehicleSalesBy2050.”Forbes,14Sept.201745Overdrive.“DumptheThump:MeasuringTirePressurePreciselyIsWorthMorethantheTimeItTakes.”Overdrive,18Mar.2014,Accessed29November2018www.overdriveonline.com/dump-the-thump-measuring-tire-pressure-precisely-is-worth-more-than-the-time-it-takes/46CrashStats:LivesSavedin2012byRestraintUse,Accessed29November2018and...crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812137.

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TirePressure&FuelSavingsTirePressureMonitoringSystems(TPMS)aresensorsinsideeachtirethatsensethetirepressureandsendanotificationtoyourcar’sdashboardindicatinglowtirepressure.47Ourteam’sresearchfoundthattherearetwodifferenttypesofTPMS–directandindirectsystems.Directsystemsarecostlierandmoresophisticatedwhichallowsthemtobemoreaccurateandhavetheabilitytoinformthedriverwhichtireisunder-inflated.48Vehicleswithindirectsystemshaveseveralshortcomingswhichdonotinformthedriverwhichtireislowandcangeneratefalsewarningswithweatherchange.49WhatmostindirectTPMSdoisinformthedriverwhentheairpressureisunderinflatedby25%oftherecommendedratedpressure.50ThisiswhereWheelRight’stechnologyissuperiorasithasthecapabilitytoaccuratelymeasureeachindividualtires’pressure.AccordingtotheUSDepartmentofEnergy,everypoundofunderinflatedPSIcoststhedriver.4percentfuelefficiency.51WithWheelRight’spatentedsensors,driversareprovidedwithinvaluabledatathatisensuring,simple,effortless,andhighlyeffective.52

CompetingTechnologyTekscanoperatesapatentedproductsimilartoWheelRight’stiremonitoringsystem.ThekeyfeaturesofTekscan’stechnologyare:dynamicrecordingandplayback,graphinganddataanalysiscapabilities,andquickandeasygenerationofcustomreports.53Thefallbackofthisproductisitsdurabilitysinceitsfunctionrequiresphysicalcordstobedirectlyconnectedtoalaptoptocollectdata.Conversely,WheelRightusescloud-baseddatacollectionwhichcanbeaccessedanywhereanddoesnotrequireaphysicalconnectiontothescanningsystem.54ThesereasonsarewhatmakeWheelRight’stechnologysuperiortoitscompetition.

AnIntegratedApproachtoMeasuringSuccessTherecommendationsinthefollowingsectionpromotetheidealssetforthbytheMissionZeroReport,asitisourgoaltoproviderecommendationsthatwillhelptheMissionZeroCorridorachievethegoalofbeingnotjustthefirstsustainablehighway,butareplicablemodelforotherstofollow.Recommendationsacknowledgetheinteractionoffinancial,environmentalandsocialimpact,andsupportthestatedgoalsoftheMissionZeroCorridorofmakingtheworldacleaner,morebeautifulplace,generatingrenewableresources,improvinghabitats,promotinghighwaysafety,facilitatingsocialinteractionandempoweringpeopletoenjoyamoresymbioticrelationshipwithourenvironment. 47“TirePressureMonitoringSystem.”TIREINDUSTRYASSOCIATION,Accessed29November2018www.tireindustry.org/tire-pressure-monitoring-system.48“TIRETECH:TIREPRESSUREMONITORINGSYSTEMS.”DirectVs.Indirect,Accessed29November2018https://www.tirerack.com/tires/tiretech/techpage.jsp?techid=4449“TIRETECH:TIREPRESSUREMONITORINGSYSTEMS.”DirectVs.Indirect. 50“TirePressureMonitoringSystem.”TIREINDUSTRYASSOCIATION.51“HowTirePressureAffectsMPG.”ProCarMechanics,17Aug.2017,Accessed29November2018procarmechanics.com/how-tire-pressure-affects-mpg/.52“TyrePressure.”WheelRight,www.wheelright.co.uk/tyre-pressure/.53“TireScanCrossDriveSystem.”Tekscan,Accessed29November2018www.tekscan.com/products-solutions/systems/tirescan-crossdrive-system?tab=description.54“TyrePressureManagement.”WheelRight,www.wheelright.co.uk/.

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Specifically,therecommendationsfocusonleveragingnotonlyeconomicincentivesbutenvironmentalandsocialincentivesinordertoincreasethedemandfortechnologytransferaspartofanintegratedapproachtomeasuringandmanagingsuccess.55

Achievingthe“ToBe”State–RecommendationsUtilizeDashboardstoCommunicatePresentandFutureValueThefirststepincreatinganeffectivedashboardisdeterminingtheaudience,whetherthatbeemployees,executives,consumers,etc.Theteamisbasingthesedashboardrecommendationsundertheassumptionthatthedashboardisbeingcreatedfortheconsumeror,theenduserofthetechnology.Beingthatthegoalisawiderangeofendusers,thedashboardneedstocommunicaterelativeinformation,notstrictlydata.Informationcanbeshownregardingtrendsandsuccessinpowergenerationandcanbeacknowledgebasedoffbenchmarkingandpriortechnology/buildingsuccess.56Thisalsoincludesincorporatinglesstechnicalrepresentationsofthedata,suchas:milesdrivenbyapassengervehicleinoneyear,gallonsofgasolineburned,numberoftreesplanted,andtonsofwasterecycled.57Dashboardrecommendationsalsoincludehavingasimpleandinteractiveuserexperiencethatallowstheusertoseethisinformationdaily,weekly,quarterly,yearly,etc.andmostimportantlyviewrealtimedata58.Realtimedataisimportantbecauseitprovidesaconnectionfortheuserwiththedata.Theteam’srecommendationfortheuseoftheSMT-65SystemsuggestedisthatitshouldonlybeundertakenifitisWiFicompatibleordirectlyconnectedtotheinternetthroughothermeans(i.e.ethernet)59.Theinterfaceitself65”,4pt.multi-touch,1080presolution,quickresponsescreenwillbeinvitingtousers.However,withoutrealtimetrackingandaninspiringinterfaceitmaynotbefullyutilized.

Animportantthingtonotewhendesigningtheinterfaceischoosingsimpledescriptivedatavisualizationtools60&61.Inadditiontohavingtherighttools,aninvertedpyramid

55Sroufe,Robert.IntegratedManagement:HowSustainabilityCreatesValueforAnyBusiness.UnitedKingdom:EmeraldPublishing,2018.56Stevenson,Craig.“PersonalCommunication–GuestSpeaker.”StrategicSustainabilityModels,DuquesneUniversity,Pittsburgh,26Nov.2018.57ThefulllistofequivalencyfactorsislocatedinAppendixA.58Ballou,Brian,DanL.Heitger,andLauraDonnell."Creatingeffectivedashboards."StrategicFinance91.9(2010):27.59“SmartMediaInteractiveTechnologies.”Touchboards.com,www.touchboards.com/smart-media-world/about-smart-media-world/.60Hertz,IIan.“DashboardDesignBestPractices-4KeyPrinciples.”Sisense,23Aug.2018,www.sisense.com/blog/4-design-principles-creating-better-dashboards/.

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approach-havingthemostimportantinformationatthetopandtheleastimportantatthebottomofthedashboard-willhelptoensurethecorrectmessageisbeingconveyed.62Lastly,the5-secondruleisalwaysasafebetwhencreatingavisualizationtool.Iftheusercannotdecipherthemessageattemptingtobeconveyedwithin5-seconds,theinterfaceshouldlikelybesimplifiedfurther.63

TheRayiscurrentlydevelopingadashboardtoshowcasetheimpactofthetechnologiesbeingtestedattheMissionZeroCorridor.Werecommendthatthisdashboardbeavailableatthevisitorcenterandonthewebsitesothatthedatacanbeaccessedfromanywhereandthevaluebeingcreatedcanbeavailabletoawideraudienceofpotentialstakeholders.Thereasoningbehindthisliesinthepotentialtotransferthesetechnologiestonewstakeholdersbyincreasingthevisualizationoftheeconomic,environmentalandsocialvaluebeingcreatedinMissionZeroCorridor.

InstallaBi-DirectionalNetMeterfortheEVChargingStationABi-directionalnetmeterisessentialforrecognizingtherealbenefitoftheEVchargingstation.SincetheEVChargingStationdoesnothaveabatterystoragesystemit’sdifficulttotrackthedaily,monthly,oryearlyelectricitybillsavingsfortheVisitorCenterwithoutcalculatingtheamountmanually(AppendixM).Thisbi-directionalmeterwilltrackthetotalamountofelectricitygeneratedbythesolarpanelsthatisbeingsenttothevisitorcenter,aswellastheamountofelectricitythatisbeingpulledfromthegridwhenaconsumerchargeshisorhervehiclewhenthesunisnotshining.TheuseofthenetmeterwillprovideanaccuraterepresentationoftheamountofsolarpowergeneratedbysolartreesisgoingtotheEVChargingStationandhowmuchisbeingsenttothevisitorcenter,withouthavingtocalculatethismanually.Consequently,ifitisfoundthatthereismoreenergybeingpulledfromthegridtochargeEVsthanisbeingsenttothevisitorcenter,itraisestheargumentthatasecondSolarEVChargingStationisneededtokeepupwithmonthlydemand.Theteam’srecommendationistoinstallanetmetertofullycapitalizeontheenergyandutilitysavingopportunitiestheEVChargingStationcanprovide.

HighlightSC-CO2BenefitGeneratedintheMissionZeroCorridorEvidencesuggeststhatintegratingSC-CO2,alongwithadditionalmeasuresofnaturalandsocialcapital,leadstoshorterpaybackperiodsforinvestmentopportunities.64SC-CO2isatoolusedbyorganizationsofallkindstohelpdecisionmakerstakeintoaccountthewidevarietyofenvironmentalandsocialcostsassociatedwiththeiroperations.In2016,afederalcourtupheldtheuseofSC-CO2toinformdecisionsbasedonreducingtheharmfulimpactsofclimatechange.65ItessentialforTheRaytointegratethisvalueintohowtheypromotetheirworkandmeasuretheimpactofthe 61Mazenko,Elizabeth.“HowtoCreateEffectiveDashboards:3BestPractices.”BetterBuys,31Aug.2016,www.betterbuys.com/bi/dashboard-best-practices/.62Hertz,IIan.“DashboardDesignBestPractices-4KeyPrinciples.”Sisense,23Aug.2018.63Hertz,IIan.“DashboardDesignBestPractices-4KeyPrinciples.”Sisense,23Aug.2018. 64Sroufe,Robert.IntegratedManagement:HowSustainabilityCreatesValueforAnyBusiness.UnitedKingdom:EmeraldPublishing,2018,269.65“TheTrueCostofCarbonPollution.”EnvironmentalDefenseFund.2018.Accessed20October2018.

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technologiesbeingtestedintheMissionZeroCorridor.TheSC-CO2shouldbeamainhighlightoftheDashboardbeingcreatedbyTheRayandvisibleonboththewebsiteandinpersonatthevisitorcenterintheMissionZeroCorridor.

LeverageFuelEfficiency&SafetyWhenPromotingWheelRightWheelRight’stechnologycanbeeffectivelypromotedbyleveraginginformationaboutthedangersofimpropertireinflationandthebenefitsofpropertireinflationtohelpendusersimprovetheiroverallfuelefficiencyandsafety.Ifdriversdonotkeeptheirtiresproperlyinflated,theycanloseanaverageof.4percentfuelefficiency(Needthistranslatedtofuelcost).Whendrivershaveunder-inflatedtires,theypollutemorecarbondioxidewhichincreasesgreenhousegases(GHG)intheatmosphere.66Additionally,withunder-inflatedtiresthereisanincreasedriskofablowouttirewhichisaleadingcauseofaccidents.67WithcontinualtechnologytransferofWheelRight’stirescanningsystem,theawarenessofpropertireinflationcanleadtoareductioninGHGemissionsandaccidents.68

PursueNewPartnershipsThereisstillagreatamountofvaluetobediscoveredbythedatacollectedonthesetechnologies.Itisimportanttocontinuepursuingvalueidentificationthroughdataanalysisbecauseasthedatabecomesmoreabundant,overmoreyearsofuseandcollection,morepatternswillberevealed,andthevaluewillbeeasiertocommunicatewithtargetstakeholders.TheRayshouldcontinuetopursuemorepartnershipswithuniversitiesaroundthecountry,similartothestructureofthisengagement,inordertoexpandthereachofTheRay’smissionandgaindeeperunderstandingaboutthetechnologiesbeingtestedintheMissionZeroCorridor.Onewaytopursuemorepartnershipswouldbethroughapressreleasedetailingtheresultsofthisengagementandcallingonmoreinterestedpartnerstocomeforthandparticipateinthedataanalysis.

66“CheckYourTirePressure,ReducePollution.”MinnesotaPollutionControlAgency,28Aug.2017,www.pca.state.mn.us/living-green/check-your-tire-pressure-reduce-pollution.67“TyrePressure.”WheelRight,www.wheelright.co.uk/tyre-pressure/.68"Tire-RelatedFactorsinthePre-CrashPhase.27Nov.2018.https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/811617

TheteamhasleveragedbothtraditionalfinancialanalysisandintegratedanalysiswiththeintentionofprovidingbothTheRayandtheirtechnologytransferpartnerswithnewopportunitiestorethinkthevaluebeingcreatedbythetechnologiestestedintheMissionZeroCorridor.Thetechnologiesanalyzedinthisreportaregeneratingshort,medium,andlong-termvalueforTheRayandtheirpartnersbycollectingdataandotherfeedbackthatcanbeusedtoimproveassetefficiency,operatingmargins,revenuegrowthandstakeholderexpectationsmovingforward.TheRaycanworkwiththeirtechnologytransferpartnersonidentifyingthedevelopmentsnecessaryforturningthetechnologiesintoviablebusinessmodels,expeditingthecommercializationprocess.

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www.accountingcoach.com/blog/npv-net-present-value.

AppendicesAppendixA–CalculatingSC-CO2&EquivalencyConversions……………………………………..…23AppendixB–PESTLEAnalyses………………………………………………………………………………….…24AppendixC–WattwayData&EquivalencyResults…………………………………………………….…26AppendixD–EVChargingStation&EquivalencyResults…………………………………….……..…27AppendixE–WheelRightData………………………………………………………………………….……….....28AppendixF–WattwayCostAnalysis…………………………………………………………………….……....29AppendixG–WattwayNPVAnalysis………………………………………………………………….….….….29AppendixH–WattwayIntegratedFutureValue………………………………….…………….……..…..30AppendixI–PoweringtheVisitorCenterwithWattway…………………………………….……..…..30AppendixJ–WattwayontheUSInterstate&HighwaySystem………………………….…...……..31AppendixK–EVChargingStationNPVAnalysis…………………………………………………..………..32AppendixL–EVChargingStationIntegratedFutureValue…………………………….….…………..32AppendixM–@RISKAnalysis,EVChargingStation……………………………………….….…………..33AppendixN–@RISKAnalysis,Wattway………………………………………………….…….….…………..35AppendixO–WestPointUtilityMeter………………………………………………….…….…….…………..37

23

AppendixA–CalculatingSC-CO2&EquivalencyConversionsStep1:GatherproductiondatainkilowatthoursStep2:ConvertkilowatthourstometrictonsofCO2usingtheemissionsfactorbelow

MetricTonsofCO2=___kWhx.00074MetricTonsCO2/kWh69Step3:Usingthevaluesbelow,dividetheMetricTonsofCO2equivalentbythevalueassociatedwitheachdesiredequivalency

DesiredEquivalencyResult EquivalencyFactor(pertonofCO2)

SocialCostofCarbon(SC-CO2) $40(multiply,donotdivide)

Gallonsofgasolineconsumed .008887gallons

Passengervehiclesdrivenperyear 4.67vehicles

Milesdrivenbytheaveragepassengervehicle .000408miles

Barrelsofoilconsumed .43barrels

Tankertrucksfilledwithgasoline 75.54tankertrucks

NumberofincandescentlightbulbsswitchedtoLED .0299bulbschanged

Homeelectricityuse(annual) 6.672homes

Homeenergyuse(annual) 9.26homes

Numberoftreeseedlingsgrownfor10years .039treeseedlings

AcresofUSforeststoringcarbonforoneyear -.85acres(negative=CO2sequestration)

PropanecylindersusedforhomeBBQs .024propanecylinders

Railcarsofcoalburned 183.22railcars

Poundsofcoalburned .000914pounds

Tonsofwasterecycledinsteadoflandfilled 2.87tons

Garbagetrucksofwasterecycledinsteadoflandfilled 20.07trucks

Coal-firedpowerplantemissionsforoneyear 4,038,687.23powerplants

Numberofwindturbinesrunningforoneyear 3,948turbines

69 “GreenhouseGasesEquivalenciesCalculator–CalculationsandReferences.”UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.Updated13March2018.Accessed15November2018.<https://www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gases-equivalencies-calculator-calculations-and-references>

24

AppendixB–PESTLEAnalysisAPESTLEAnalysisisusedtoorganizeandunderstandthepolitical,economic,social,technological,legalandenvironmentalaspectsofasituation.ThreeseparatePESTLEanalysiswerecarriedoutforWattway,EVChargingStationandWheelRight.Thisanalysisalsoinspiredtheteam’sprocessesforgeneratingresearchtopicsandrecommendations.

Wattway Political

- Advancesprioritiessetbystategovernmentsintransitioningtousingrenewables.

- Useinotherapplications(i.e.stadiumparkinglots)

Economic- Notcommercial- Resourceintensive- Lowproductivity/high

costpotentiallymakingWattwayeconomicallyinviable.

Social- Providessocialbenefit

byreducingcarbonemissionsandincreaseairquality.

Technological- Easyset-upcompared

tocompetitors- Panelshavebeen

replacedmorethanonceintwoyears

Legal- Ifmoresstatesadopt

thetechnologytheywillbeontheirwaytoconformingwithfuturelaws.(e.g.SC-CO2)

Environmental- Resourceintensive- Carbonfootprint

reduction(SC-CO2)

25

EVChargingStationPolitical

- Advancesprioritiessetbystategovernmentsinusingrenewableenergysources

Economic- Opportunitytoscale

upandtransferasdemandincreases.

- Potentialrevenuegenerationthroughsaleofservice

Social- Providespowerto

electriccarsthatotherwisewouldnothaveaccess.

- SupportsgrowingdemandforEVcharging

- Increaseusereducation

Technological- Potentialcompatibility

issuesacrossbrands.- Capacitytostoreexcess

power.

Legal- Federallawprohibits

revenuegeneratingactivitiesalongtherights-of-way

Environmental- Carbonfootprint

reduction- Collectionofenergy

thatpartiallypowersthevisitorcenter

WheelRight

Political- Couldberequireduse

forCommercialTruckDrivers

- Advancesprioritiessetbystategovernmentstoincreaseroadwaysafety

Economic- ColoradoDoT/RoadX

andFloridaDoT- Fuelsavingsfor

drivers

Social- Increaseroadway

safety- Informdriverof

under/overinflatedtiresandassociatedsafety/fuelefficiencyconcerns

- Registrationprocessforfirsttimeusers

Technological- Measurestreaddepth- Buses,18-wheelers,

RVsandcommercialvehicles

- Tire-PressureMonitorSystem(TPMS)isnowstandardinnewcars

Legal- Federallawprohibits

revenuegeneratingactivitiesalongtherights-of-way

Environmental- Carbonfootprint

reduction- LowerGHGemissions

fromincreasedfuelefficiency

26

AppendixC–WattwayData&EquivalencyResultsThistableshowstherealandprojectdatacollectedfromWattwayonthekWhgeneratedbythetechnologyoverthelifeofthepilotsystem.Theyellowhighlightedcellsrepresentthe“highcapacity”monthsMarch-October.Thelightgreenhighlightedcellsshowthevaluesthatwereprojectedinordertocreateafullthreeyearsofdata.Projectionsweremadebytakingsimpleaveragesofthevaluesfromtheyearsthathaddataavailable.

2016 2017 2018 Average January 327.46 370.74 284.19 327.46 February 288.76 363.96 213.57 288.76 March 432.59 538.63 326.55 432.59 April 530.87 612.80 448.93 530.87 May 523.14 658.10 388.17 523.14 June 425.80 586.12 265.48 425.80 July 436.92 645.87 227.97 436.92 August 351.27 518.10 184.44 351.27 September 310.17 487.69 132.64 310.17 October 250.78 386.76 114.79 250.78 November 188.45 296.65 80.25 188.45 December 130.86 209.42 170.14 170.14

Yearly Total 4197.1 5674.8 2837.1 4236.3 Monthly Total 349.8 472.9 236.4 353.0 Square meter/year 83.9 113.5 56.7 84.7

ThistableshowsequivalencyresultsforWattway.EquivalencyresultsweredeterminedthroughtheuseoftheconversionfactorsinAppendixAandtotalproductionofthesystem.

27

AppendixD–EVChargingStationData&EquivalencyResultsThistableshowstherealandprojectdatacollectedfromtheEVChargingStationonthekWhgeneratedbythetechnologyoverthelifeofthesystem.Theyellowhighlightedcellsrepresentthe“highcapacity”monthsMarch-October.Thelightgreenhighlightedcellsshowthevaluesthatwereprojectedinordertocreateafullthreeyearsofdata.Projectionsweremadebytakingsimpleaveragesofthevaluesfromtheyearsthathaddataavailable.

2015 2016 2017 2018 Average January 251.581 250.451 236.123 268.170 251.581 February 253.731 310.855 250.612 199.727 253.731 March 376.899 380.620 381.247 368.829 376.899 April 390.910 428.699 412.719 331.311 390.910 May 366.814 445.180 411.045 244.218 366.814 June 384.160 413.053 347.947 391.480 384.160 July 410.370 410.115 424.242 396.752 410.370 August 345.032 416.544 367.419 384.790 378.446 September 330.714 413.408 398.319 374.302 379.186 October 286.347 373.712 312.687 324.249 324.249 November 224.818 278.280 243.394 248.831 248.831 December 188.706 197.199 187.073 190.993 190.993

Projected Annual Totals 3810.082 4318.116 3972.827 3723.651 3956.169 Actual Annual Totals 1375.617 4318.116 3972.827 2959.579 3156.535

ThefollowingtableshowsequivalencyresultsfortheEVChargingStation.EquivalencyresultsweredeterminedthroughtheuseoftheconversionfactorsinAppendixAandtotalproductionofthesystem.

28

AppendixE–WheelRightDataThistablerepresentsasummaryoftheutilizationoftheWheelRightsystemoverthetimethatthetechnologyhasexistedattheMissionZeroCorridor.

29

AppendixF–WattwayCostAnalysisWattwayCostAnalysiswasconductedinordertodetermineanestimatedcostofWattway.ThisestimatedcostwasusedinfurthercalculationsofNPVandanIntegratedNPVforWattwaytechnology.

WattwayCostAnalysis

WattwaySize(ft^2) 538.196

SpaceNeededfora1-kWhSystem(ft^2) 66.7

EstimatedWattwaySystemSize(kWh) 8.07

WattwayCost($)/kWh $2,454.09

WattwayCost($) $19,804.51

AppendixG–WattwayNPVAnalysisWattwayNetPresentValue(NPV)AnalysiswasconductedtodeterminetheeconomicviabilityofWattwaytechnology.

WattwayNPVAnalysis 2017 2018

AnnualWattwayProduction(kWh) 5,674.81 3,324.49

PriceElectricity($)/kWhAtlanta,GA $0.143 $0.126

ProvidedBenefit($)/yr. $811.49 $418.89

NumberofUsableYears X30 X30

ProvidedBenefit($)/SolarPanelLifetime $24,345 $12,567

Avg.ProvidedBenefit($) $18,455.96 -

WattwayExpectedCost($) $19,804.51 -

NPV:-$8533.05(DiscountRate3.53%)

30

AppendixH–WattwayIntegratedFutureValueWattwayIntegratedFutureValuewascalculatedthroughtheuseofSocialCostofCarbon(SC-CO2).AnIntegratedFutureValuecalculationisimportantforshowingthedifferencethatintangiblevalues,suchasSC-CO2,canmakeindeterminingthevalueofaninvestment.

2017 2018

AnnualWattwayProduction(kWh) 5,674.81 3,324.49

ProvidedBenefit($)/yr. $811.49 $418.89

SocialCostofCarbonBenefit($) $168 $100

IntegratedYearlyBenefit($) $749.19 -

IntegratedBenefit($)X30Years $22,475.58 -

EstimatedCostofWattway($) $19,804.51 -

IntegratedFutureValue:-6077.02(DiscountRate3.53%)

AppendixI–PoweringtheVisitorCenterwithWattwayProductionCapacityAnalysisofWattwaywasconductedinordertodeterminehowmanyWattwaysystemsitwouldrequiretopowerthevisitorcenteroftheMissionZeroCorridorfromWattwayalone.Benchmarkingthetechnologytothevisitorcenterhelpstoillustratethescalabilityofthetechnologyandfurthershowwhetherornotthetechnologyisviable.

ProductionCapacityAnalysis 2017 2018

VisitorCenter(sq.meters) 534.19 534.19

Avg.energyusepersq.meter(kWh)* 150.69 150.69

Estimatedannualenergyneed(kWh) 80,500 80,500

AnnualWattwayProduction(kWh)** 5,674.81 3,324.49

TotalareaofWattwayneededtopowertheVisitorCenterfor1year(sq.meter)

709.5(14.19x)

1210.5(24.21x)

31

AppendixJ–WattwayontheUSInterstate&HighwaySystemProvidingcalculationsforWattwaycoveringboththeUSinterstateandhighwaysystembringsintofocustheamountofSC-CO2benefitthistechnologycanprovideonalargescale.

InterstateSystem HighwaySystem

TotalShoulderArea(sq.km) 321.92 28,293.66

Productionpersq.km(kWh) 1,135,000,000 1,135,000,000

TotalAnnualProduction(kWh) 36,537,455,080 3,211,330,182,230

MetricTonsofCO2 27,191,795 2,389,926,240

SocialCostofCarbonValue $40 $40

SocialCostofCarbonBenefit $1,087,671,800 $95,597,049,600

32

AppendixK–EVChargingStationNPVAnalysis

EVChargingStationNPV

StationCost $80,000

AvgAnnualProduction(kWh) 3,956.17

AvgCostperkWh $0.10

DollarEquivalent $383.75

20YrNPV ($72,018.53)

AppendixL–EVChargingStationIntegratedFutureValue

EVChargingStationIntegratedFutureValue

StationCost $80,000

AvgAnnualProduction 3,956.17

AvgCostperkW $0.10

DollarEquivalent $383.75

CO2Offset 2.94

$perCO2Offset $40

SocialCostofCarbonBenefit $117.74

AvgkWhdemandperCar 30

AvgCostperkWh $0.60

CosttoCharge $18.00

CapacitytoCharge(#ofVehicles) 11

AnnualDollarsGenerated $2,373.70

AnnualIntegratedValue $3,258.93

20YrIntegratedFutureValue ($32,655.46)

33

AppendixM–@RISKAnalysis,EVChargingStationThefollowingchartisaMonteCarloAnalysisranthrough@RISKtogiveaprojectedrangeofNPVsfortheEVChargingStationovera20-yeartimeframe.Theteamuseda95%confidenceintervaltoprojectanNPVbetween-$40,922and-$20,503,withameanof-$30,958.ThefollowingisaTornadoGraphranthrough@RISKtoshowandranktheinputsbytheirindividualeffectontheoutputmean.InthecaseoftheEVChargingStation,theaveragesellingcostperkWhhasthegreatesteffectonthemean,followedbythediscountrateandthedollaramountusedtocalculatetheSocialCostofCarbon.

34

ThefollowingisaSensitivityReportranthrough@RISKtoshowandranktheinputsbytheirpercentagecontributiontothevarianceoftheoutcome.InthecaseoftheEVChargingStation,theaveragesellingcostperkWhhasthegreatestpercentageeffectonthevariance,followedbythediscountrateandthedollaramountusedtocalculatetheSocialCostofCarbon.

35

AppendixN–@RISKAnalysis,WattwayThefollowingchartisaMonteCarloAnalysisranthrough@RISKtogiveaprojectedrangeofNPVsforWattwayovera30-yeartimeframe.Theteamuseda95%confidenceintervaltoprojectanNPVbetween-$8,788and$4,825,withameanof-$3,219.61.

ThefollowingisaTornadoGraphranthrough@RISKtoshowandranktheinputsbytheirindividualeffectontheoutputmean.InthecaseoftheWattway,thecarbonoffsetpermetrictonofcarbon(socialcostofcarbon(SC-CO2))hasthegreatesteffectonthemean,followedbythekWhproducedandthediscountrate.

36

ThefollowingisaSensitivityReportranthrough@RISKtoshowandranktheinputsbytheirpercentagecontributiontothevarianceoftheoutcome.InthecaseoftheWattway,thecarbonoffsetpermetrictonofcarbon(socialcostofcarbon(SC-CO2))hasthegreatestpercentageeffectonthevariance,followedbythekWhproducedandthediscountrate.

37

AppendixO–WestPointUtilityMeterThefollowingisamanualcalculationofelectricitysavingsthatWestPointVisitorCenterreceivedfromtheEVChargingStation.EachmonthcalculatednettedadollarsavingfortheVisitorCenterexceptforFebruary2018wherekilowattsconsumedexceededkilowattsgenerated.WhilethiswasdonemanuallyinExcel,abi-directionalnetmeterwouldbeabletocalculatethesesavingsautomaticallyandfilterthisinformationintoanydashboard.

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