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THE RELATION BETWEEN VEGETATIVE AND
REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF MANGO
Waqas Ahmed
M. Sc (Hons.) Agriculture
(Horticulture)
CONTENTS
o Introduction to Mango Industry
o Sink Source Relationship
o Mechanism of Physiology of Mango
o Paper I: Vegetative and Reproductive Growth Pattern of Mango
(Mangifera indica L.)
o Paper II: Vegetative and Reproductive Physiology of April Flush in
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dusehri.
o Paper III: Vegetative Growth Cycles of Some Mango Cultivars in
Relation to Flowering and Fruiting.
3
Mango
oKING OF FRUIT
o7th MAJOR FRUIT
(Majumdar and Sharma, 1990)
(Crane, 2008)
4
Sindhri Sofaid Chaunsa Kala Chaunsa Langra Dusehri Anwar Ratole
TOP MANGO PRODUCING COUNTRIES OF ASIA
40%
11%5%5%
5%
3%
1%
30%
India
China
Thailand
Pakistan
Indonesia
Philippines
Viet Nam
Rest of the world
Production (%)
(Anonymous, 2008)
5
MANGO INDUSTRY PROFILE
3870
156.5
World
Pakistan
27.96
1.75
World
Pakistan
Area (000 ha) Production (Million tons)
(MINFAL, 2008)
6
MANGO INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN
Punjab
79% Sindh
21%
Other
21%
Punjab
76%Sindh
32%
Other
24%
Area Production
(MINFAL, 2008)
7
EXPORT SCENARIO
908.4
127
Quantity (Thousand
tons)
Share 13.98 %
World
Pakistan584.3
32.3
Value (Million $)
Share 5.52%
World
Pakistan
Pakistan ranks 4th in the world according to export quantity
(PHDEC, 2009)
8
9
(Ahmed, 2004)
Evergreen
Spreading
Biennial Bearing
SINK-SOURCE RELATIONSHIP
10
oVegetativeness
-a major controlling factor for carbohydrate
status of tree
oProduce and store photosynthates
(Cull, 1991)
SINK-SOURCE RELATIONSHIP
11
During flowering:
Vegetative Dormancy allows accumulation of;
o Carbohydrate
o Growth regulator
Heavy crop:
o Reserves depletion
o Poor yields in next season
(Hetherington, 1997)
(Neluheni, 2005)
Florigenic promoter
Cool temp. (<15 C)
Rest (4 - 5 months)
Pruning
Water Stress
Chilling Temp.
MECHANISM OF PHYSIOLOGY
Root Initiation
Shoot Initiation
Induction
Chilling Temp.
Mixed Shoot Generative shootVegetative Shoot
Cell Division
Cell Elongation
Auxin
Gib
ber
elli
ns
InflorescencePhoto Assimilates
Auxin
Vegetative promoter
Warm temp. (25-30 C)
CytokininsRootsStorage Carbohydrates
(Davenport, 2007)
GibberellinsFruit
SHOOT INITIATION
13
(Nagao , 2010)
SHOOT INDUCTION
14
(Nagao , 2010)
VEGETATIVE FLUSH INFLORESCENCE
15
(Ramirez and Davenport, 2010)
VEGETATIVE PHYSIOLOGY
Elongation Green Leaf
Limp Red Leaf
Immature Green Leaf
Mature Green Leaf
16
Elongation Green
Leaf Limp Red Leaf
Immature Green LeafMature Green Leaf
Vegetative Flush
17
REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
Flower Initiation
Differentiation
Anthesis
Fruit set
Fruit Development
(Vuuren, 1998)
18
Flower Initiation
Anthesis
Fruit Maturity
Differentiation
Fruit set Fruit Development
TIME OF EMERGENCE
In Pakistan the emergence of inflorescence takes
place during February to April.
19
(Ibrahim, 1952)
EMERGENCE TIME VARIETIES
EARLY SEASON Feb. 20 – March 15 Sindhri, Dusehri
MID SEASON March 10 – March 30 Samar Bahisht Chaunsa, Fajri
LATE SEASON End of March – April 20 Sofaid Chaunsa
Vegetative and Reproductive Growth Pattern
of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)
(Muhammad et al., 1999)
20
21
VEGETATIVE GROWTH PATTERN
22
REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH PATTERN
CONCLUSION
o Flushes appeared from April to August.
o Flushes resumed their growth after ceasation
o Time of emergence and ceasing affected the blooming
significantly.
23
Vegetative and Reproductive Physiology of
April Flush in Mango (Mangifera indica L.)
cv. Dusehri
(Anwar et al., 2006)
24
25
VEGETATIVE GROWTH PATTERN OF FLUSHES
26
VEGETATIVE FLUSHES DURING SUBSEQUENT YEAR
27
BLOOMED AND HEALTHY PANICLES
28
DORMANT FLUSHES DURING SUBSEQUENT YEAR
CONCLUSION
o April flush blooms heavily because, had more time for
attaining maturity
o Growth generally occurred in alternate months.
o Vegetative growth was maximum in summer flushes with
maximum reproductive growth in subsequent year
29
Vegetative Growth Cycles of Some Mango
Cultivars in Relation to Flowering and
Fruiting
(Shaban, 2009)
30
31
VEGETATIVE GROWTH (%)
Bearing habit Cultivars Spring Summer Autumn Spring Summer Autumn
2006 Season 2007 Season
On year Ewais 3.2 17 9 4 19 10
Sediek 2.9 21 12 2.8 19 11
Zebda 2.3 22 3 2.6 23 4
Keitt 2 20 1.2 2.4 22 1.8
2.6 20 6.3 2.9 20.7 6.7
Off year Ewais 25 55 6 22 58 8
Sediek 29 50 9 27 54 8
Zebda 25 52 6 24 60 7.6
Keitt 25 59 5 21 62 7
26 54 6.5 23.5 58.5 7.6
Mean 14.34 37 6.4 13.23 39.63 7.1714.34 39.63
20 20.7
54 58.5
32
FLOWERING (%)
Bearing habit Cultivars Spring Summer Autumn Spring Summer Autumn
2006 Season 2007 Season
On year Ewais 92.6 97.6 67.3 93.3 94.3 64.3
Sediek 93.6 96.3 64.3 92.6 95.6 52.3
Zebda 94.6 97.6 58.6 95.3 96.3 59.8
Keitt 98.3 98.6 63.3 96.3 97.6 61.3
94.7 97.5 63.3 94.3 95.9 59.4
Off year Ewais 21.6 28.3 12.3 23 30.3 14.3
Sediek 16.3 25.6 10.3 18.6 27.6 12.6
Zebda 10.8 13.3 8.3 12.3 16.6 10.0
Keitt 15.3 18.3 8.3 16.3 20.3 10.6
16.0 21.3 9.8 17.5 23.7 11.8
Mean 55.38 59.45 36.59 55.96 59.83 35.6559.45 59.83
97.5 95.9
21.3 23.7
33
NUMBER OF FRUITS PER PANICLE AT HARVEST
Bearing habit Cultivars Spring Summer Autumn Spring Summer Autumn
2006 Season 2007 Season
On year Ewais 0.31 0.51 0.27 0.31 0.56 0.29
Sediek 0.33 0.36 0.31 0.35 0.38 0.29
Zebda 1.2 1.4 0.82 1.10 1.30 0.92
Keitt 0.88 1.20 0.75 0.90 1.15 0.71
0.68 0.86 0.53 0.66 0.84 0.55
Off year Ewais 0.25 0.33 0.15 23 30.3 14.3
Sediek 0.24 0.28 0.19 18.6 27.6 12.6
Zebda 0.48 0.65 0.36 12.3 16.6 10.0
Keitt 0.48 0.54 0.32 16.3 20.3 10.6
0.36 0.45 0.25 0.35 0.44 0.24
Mean 0.52 0.63 0.39 0.50 0.64 0.400.63 0.64
0.86 0.84
0.45 0.44
34
FRUIT WEIGHT (g)
Bearing habit Cultivars Spring Summer Autumn Spring Summer Autumn
2006 Season 2007 Season
On year Ewais 220 239 215 224 236 210
Sediek 386 436 359 415 434 413
Zebda 328 338 333 368 405 371
Keitt 482 494 401 450 485 432
354 376.8 327 364.3 390 356.5
Off year Ewais 230 240 225 228 250 218
Sediek 430 460 438 453 482 465
Zebda 382 405 371 345 400 324.7
Keitt 465 490 446 471 498 452
376.8 398.8 370 374.3 407.5 364.9
Mean 365.4 387.8 348.5 369.3 398.8 360.7387.8 398.8
376.8 390
398.8 407.5
CONCLUSION
o During "off" year, vegetative growth percentage was high
o During "on" year, higher percentage of flowers borne
o Summer growth cycle are superior than spring and autumn
growth cycles
35
SUMMARY
o Biennial bearing habit
o Maximum flushes appear from April to August
o Tree of off year produce higher % of vegetative growth
o Off year tree produces higher fruit weight
o Summer flushes are superior than Spring and Autumn
36
