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The Renaissance
1485-1660
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umanism: A New Intellectual Movement
During the 1500s educational
philosophy known as
humanismtoday we know thisfield as humanities (philosophy, history,
languages, and the arts)became very
popular.
Humanism combines classicalideals with traditional Christian
thought in order to teach people
how to live and rule.
Hans Holbein, the Younger,
The Ambassadors, 1533Represents astronomy, math and
music disciplines mastered
during this period-the slanted
skull represents death as the great
equalizer
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Henry VIII
Breaks with the Catholic Church, 1534
Henry VIII inherited his brothers crown and
his wife. Why let a good marriage dowry go to waste?
Not pleased by the lack of boys provided by
his wife, Catherine of Aragon, Henry
petitioned the pope to dissolve his marriageand allow a divorce. The pope refuses at the
insistence of his mistress, Anne Boleyn he
pursued destroying the Catholic church. This
is the start of Protestant Reformation.
In November of 1534 Henry gained the title
Supreme Head of the Church of England,
this meant all church matters became the
responsibility of the English King.
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Break with the Catholic church continues
Henry regarded himself, not the pope, as Godsdeputy on earth.
Between 1535 and 1539, Henry closed all
Roman Catholic monasteries and convents inEngland; he sold or gave their lands to membersof the middle and upper classes.
The dissolution of church property filled
Henrys coffers and gave the gentry
much desired land.On a side note, towards the end of Henrys life he considered himself a
devout Catholic and worshipped in the traditional fashion. He hated
Martin Luther and did all he could to block religious reforms.
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The English Navy Defeats the Spanish
Armada, 1588
In religious conflicts the Spaniard's saw themselves asdefenders of the Catholic faith due to the protestant reformationin England, Germany and Holland.
Spain was wealthy and strong militarily and had colonies that
supplied them with gold and silver. Sir Frances Drake and Sir John Hawkins preyed on the loaded
Spanish vessels.pirates they be.
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Pirates you say. Because of English piracy (the scurvy
dogs) the Spanish and English brokeout in war.
July 1588 the 130-ship SpanishArmada sailed in to the Englishchannel with 30,000 men aboard.
The English ships were smaller andmaneuvered easily, inflicting severedamage on the Spanish fleet.
The wind on England's side wrecked
many of the Spanish ships on the coastof Ireland. In the end sixty-seven of the130 ships
returned and 6,000 out of the 30,000men lived to tell the tale
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Now..
The Jigsaw part of the notes. Turn to your
neighbor look at pages 240-242 and fill in what
you consider the most important details from
the following sections:
Rediscovering Ancient Greece and Rome
The Spirit of Rebirth
It All began in Italy: A Flourish of Genius
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Humanism
An intellectual movement where humanists
went to the old Latin and Greek classics to
discover new answers to questions such as:
1. What is a human being?
2. What is is a good life?3. How do I lead a good life?
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Humanism
The church provided answers for each of these questionsand humanist didnt see conflict between the church androman moralist Cicero. The wanted to harmonize thesetwo great sources of wisdom: the Bible and the classics.
Humanist wanted to use the classics to strengthenChristianity, not discredit it.
Humanist learned that the aim of life is to attain virtue,not success or money or fame because virtue is the bestpossible human possession and the only source of truehappiness.
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New Technology
The printing press radically changed the way people
received information the same way the computer orsmart phone modern day man intakes information.
Books were laboriously written out by handdid you
read thatby hand!
Johannes Guttenberg, a German was the inventor of
movable printing type. He printed the first complete
book---a Latin version of the bible.
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New Technology Continued
By 1500 relatively inexpensive books were
available throughout western Europe.
In 1476 printing reached the remote island of
England and William Caxton, a merchant,
diplomat and writer set up a printing press inWestminster and started printing about 100
different titles.
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Jigsaw Time
The Jigsaw part of the notes. Turn to your
neighbor look at pages 244-47 and fill in what
you consider the most important details from
the following sections:
1. Two Friends
2. The Reformation: Breaking with the Church
3. King Versus Pope: All for an Heir
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The Protestant Reformation
Henry closed the monasteries and sold their rich landsand buildings to his subjects (mostly those in thegentry class)many of his subjects agreed that thechurch was corrupt and was glad to see the changes hemade.
Henrys very close friend, Sir Thomas More, alsoHenrys Lord Chancellor of Englandcould notapprove of Henrys leaving the church and declarehimself the supreme head of the church; being adevout Catholic. Henry saw Mores behavior as
betrayal and had him beheaded
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Protestant Reformation Continued
Staunch Catholics believers saw Henrys changes
as blasphemy, supporters saw it as a change to
change the corruption within the church, but some
did think Henry went far enough with hisreformation.
These people later became known as Puritans,
Baptists, Presbyterians, Dissenters, andNonconformists.
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Henry VIII: Renaissance Man and
ExecutionerHad a total of six wivesCatherine ofAragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour,Anne of Cleaves, Catherine Howard,and Catherine Parr. There is jingle that
will help you remember what happenedto each:
Divorced, beheaded, died,
Divorced, beheaded, survived.
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Henry VIII: Renaissance Man and Executioner
Despite troubles at homeHenry was an important figure in
history. He created the royal navy which puts a stop to foreign
invasions and provides means for political power, language, and
literature of England to spread all over the globe.
Henry was the ultimate renaissance manhe wrote poetry,
played musical instruments well, was a champion athlete, hunter
and supported humanistic learning.
Unfortunately in the latter part of his life he was coarse,
womanizer and ignored the one child that would become one of
the greatest monarchs England has ever knownQueenElizabeth, I.
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The Boy King and Bloody Mary
King Henry VIII had three children: Mary,
Elizabeth and Edward. Law dictated that the boy becrowned first.
Edward was crowned at the age of nine, but ruled in
name only. He ruled from 1547-53; dying fromtuberculosis.
Mary, the daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon, adevout catholic ruled from 1553-58 and tried to avengeany wrong done to her mother. She dies unloved by her
people for burning many protestants at the stake andmarrying Prince Phillip of Spaina country England
both feared and hated.
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Jigsaw Time
With the people nearestto you look at pages250-top of 253 and fill in what you consider themost important details from the following
sections:
Elizabeth: The Virgin Queen
A True Daughter
The Spanish Armada Sinks: A Turning Point inHistory
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A Flood of Literature
Now with the security of the realm, Englishauthors began writing like never before andElizabeth became their muse.
Elizabeth was represented in poetry, dramaand fiction as a mythological figure.
Anything not depicting Elizabeth was usually
dedicated to her because it was known thatshe was a lover of literature, widely learned,and something of a writer herself.
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A Dull Man Succeeds a Witty Woman
Elizabeth dies childless and is succeeded by her second cousin,James VI of Scotland (son of the Mary Queen of the Scots who
Elizabeth had beheadedsounds just like her dear ol da right?)
He took the moniker James I of England only reigning 23 years.
He lacked Elizabeths ability to resolve critical issues.
James I was the opposite of Elizabeth in almost every way. He
was a spendthrift where she was thrifty, he was thick-tongued and
goggle-eyed where she was glamorous and witty. She was all
English were he was viewed as a foreigner.
James does accomplish great things while kinghe writes books,
patronized Shakespeare, sponsored a new translation of the bible--
-you know the King James Bible and was a peaceful and
benevolent ruler.
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Jigsaw Time
With the people nearestto you look at pages
253-255 and fill in what you consider the most
important details from the following section:
The Decline of the Renaissance
The Glass of Fashion
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The Pastoral (p 257)
The pastoral poem showscountry life in an idyllic,idealized terms-
Pastoral poems usually havehandsome shepherds andbeautiful women (nymphs)living in harmony with nature.
The characters are highlysophisticated despite theirnaivets.
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Christopher Marlowe
Belonged to the first generation of Elizabethandramatists.
Son of a shoemaker(no, thats not a euphemism), won
scholarships to attend the Kings school and then toCambridge
While he was a student he translated love poems bythe roman poet Ovidthey were burned because
they were thought to erotic. His career was ending just as Shakespeares was
starting even though he was only two months older. Continued.
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Marlowe
Became a spy before completing his studies for England---he spied on those who were Roman Catholics. Moved to London and hung out with other recent theatre
graduates earning their living by writing play.
Marlowes company was nefarious at best and wouldeventually lead him to his death. The story goes: Marlowe and friends go to the bad side
of town get into a violent fight. He was stabbed abovehis eye.
The conspiracy theory: Marlowe never dies, in fact hegoes on to live and write Shakespeares plays for him.Perhaps he was Shakespeare
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Passionate Shepherd to His Love
p. 259
Most famous pastoral poemmany authorshave written a reply to his shepherd.
Follows the carpe diem traditionin otherwords one should live life to the fullest at alltimes. (your generation calls it yolo)
Marlowes poems were often set to musichewas the rock star of his dayor perhaps more
like the Justin Bieber of his time.
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Sir Walter Raleigh
Handsome, expensive taste in clothes,probably very arrogantat the height ofhis success.
Queen Elizabeths I secretary, captain of herguard, and a brilliant solider defending Englandagainst Spain, France, Ireland and even thosepesky Americans.
After Elizabeths death Raleighs enemiespoisoned the new King against Raleigh.
Continued
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Enemies create trumped up charges against
Raleigh where he would be convicted of
treason. He was imprisoned for 15 years with the
exception of one year he was allowed to travel
to Guiana. He promised treasure for theEnglishwhat he gave them was men to feed
(including his son) to the Spanish army and who
demanded his life. While imprisoned he wrote theHistory of the
Worldand many poems.
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The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd
p261
Sir Walter Raleigh replied to Marlowes poem
with a tainted view of love asserting that some
shepherds lie and that one must look to the
future and not the fleeting joy that summerbrings.
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The Italian Sonnet
Francesco Petrarch developed the Italian sonnetoddly it is called the Petrarchan form.
Fourteen line lyrical poem Two parts: an eight line octave followed by a six
line section called a sestet. This form allows the poem to set up this form:
statement: question-answer, problem solution orthemecomment.
The volta, or the turn usually occurs at the ninth lineor the start of the sestet.
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When I consider how my light is spent,
Ere half my days in this dark world and wide,
And that one talent which is death to hide
Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent
To serve therewith my Maker, and present
My true account, lest He returning chide;
"Doth God exact day-labor, light denied?"
I fondly ask. But Patience, to prevent
That murmur, soon replies, "God doth not need
Either man's work or His own gifts. Who best
Bear His mild yoke, they serve Him best. His state
Is kingly: thousands at His bidding speed,
And post o'er land and ocean without rest;
They also serve who only stand and wait."
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Shakespearean Sonnet
Follows the fourteen line rule, but Shakespearechanged the format. Shakespeare wrote his poems in iambic pentameter
divided into three quatrains and a rhyming couplet atthe end
The rhyme scheme looks like this:abab cdcd efef gg
The first and second quatrains typically deal with aquestions and tentative answers while the third the
turn and rhyming couplet the final answer. See page277 for an example of Shakespeare'sSonnet 18
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RHYTHM IN POEMS
Rhythm in poems is best described as a pattern of recurrence,something that happens with regularity. Poets use the following tocreate rhythm:
Repetition - the repeating of words creates rhythm. Examples:Walt Whitman's "O Captain! My Captain!"and "Beat! Beat!Drums!" are two examples of repetition creating rhythm in poems.
Line Length - Standard line lengths allow a poem to flowsmoothly; breaking up the flow with shorter lines or longer linesinterrupts the flow and creates a rhythm of its own. For example,Matthew Arnold's "Dover Beach" varies line lengths to enhance themood of sadness.
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Meter and Line Length - Poets don't have to vary line length tocreate a specific rhythm. Pentameter, five sets of two syllablesfollowing a stressed unstressed pattern (called an iamb), is themost common meter, followed by tetrameter, four sets of theaforementioned iambs. Compare the rhythm in a Shakespeareansonnet, written in iambic pentameter, to that of AndrewMarvell's "To His Coy Mistress." If this stuff really excites you,rewrite each poem in the other's form and note the differences.
When you get to the point where you think nothing about rhythmand meter in poetry will amaze you, check out TheodoreRoethke's "My Papa's Waltz," written in iambic trimeter, thesame meter as a waltz (I told you you'd be amazed).
Pauses - Poets manipulate rhythm with end-stopped lines--whenthe poems's sentences end naturally at the end of lines; run-onlines-when the sentence carries over into the next line; andenjambments--when the sentence ends midway through the line.
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Meter Meter is the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a poem--each set of
syllables is referred to as a foot. The name of the meter is based on this pattern and the
length of the line--trimeter, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, and heptameter.
Following are the most common feet:
iamb - an iamb consists of an unstressed syllable { ) } followed by a stressed syllable
{/}. Because it mimics the natural rhythm of language, it is the most common. Any
poetry anthology will contain more iambic pentameter than any other meter.
pyrrhic - a pyrrhic is a foot with two unstressed syllables.
spondee - a foot with two stressed syllables is a spondee.
trochee - a foot with a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable is a
trochee.
anapest- an anapest consists of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed
syllable.
dactyl- a dactyl consists of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.
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Example of Meter:
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Time to practice
Tell me the meter of this line:
You blocks! / You stones! / You worse / than sense / less things!
(Julius Caesar, Act I, scene i)
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Did you get:
Iambic pentameter: five stressed and five
unstressed syllables in one line.