The respiratory system

•Respiration: The exchange of gases between an organism and its environment•The process has two phase:

- Organismic respiration – oxygen from the environment is taken up by the animal and delivered to it’s cells, at same time carbon dioxide is excreted into the environment

- Takes place in animals - O2 taken up and CO2 excreted

- Aerobic cellular respiration – - Takes place in mitochondria- O2 is necessary for citric acid cycle

•Function- take up O2- get rid of waste CO2

The respiratory system consists of an airway and lungs

The airway conducts air into the lungsBreath of air passes in sequence:

•Nostrils, •nasal cavities, •pharynx, •larynx, •trachea, •bronchi, •bronchioles, •and alveoli

The upper respiratory tract• nose and paranasal

sinuses • oral cavity (also part of

the digestive system) • throat

– pharynx – larynx – trachea

The nasal cavityFunctions:1. the air passing

– warming– cooling, wetting– dust removing by vibrissae,

short, thick hairs (cilia): mucous ciliated epithelium

– The nasal and oral cavities connect via the pharynx

2. smelling3. phonation

The parts of nose

•Root•Tip•Wing•Nostrils•Nasal cavity

•Nasal septum•cartilage & bone

•Nasal conchae•=turbinates•epithelial layer

The parts of nasal cavity

Paranasal sinuses

•Ethmoidal•Sphenoidal•Frontal•MaxillaryLeads to nasal cavity

Inflammation of sinuses!

The pharynx• pharynx (throat) continuous with larynx and

esophagus– both food and air are passed through

• the epiglottis closes over the trachea when food is swallowed to prevent choking or aspiration

• pharyngeal tonsils

The larynxLarynx = voicebox•an organ in the neck involved in protection of the trachea and sound production•during swallowing larynx is closed by epiglottis

Thyroid cartilage=pajzsporcCricoid cartilage=gyűrűporcArytenoid cartilage=kannaporcVocal cordshangszalagok

1= vocal cords3= epiglottis5= arytenoid cartilage7= underside of the tongue

to breathe to speak

•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjRsa77u6OU&feature=related

Sound• Muscles stretch the vocal cords glottis is narrow• If air is directed against vocal cords vibrate, set up sound

waves in the column of air in pharynx, nose, mouth• VOLUME:

• Greater pressure of air – loud sound• Lower pressure of air – soft sound

• PITCH/FREQUENCY• If they are pulled taut vibrate more rapidly (higher frequency)• Decreased tension lower sounds (lower frequency)

• Men: thicker, longer vocal cords

• Recognizable speech: pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses

• This source sound is altered as it travels through the vocal tract, configured differently based on the position of the tongue, lips, mouth, and pharynx.