The Indian National Congress

1885 The Indian National Congress was founded in Bombay.

swaraj “independence.” * the goal of the movement.

Rammohun Roy 1773- 1833”Father of Modern India”

Scholar of Islam, Hindu and Western Culture

Monotheist

Admired teachings of Jesus

Brahmo Samaj – Society of the Divine

No image worshipNo casteUniversal church open to allEquality and charity toward othersElimination of prejudices!

The Arya Samaj(Aryan Society)

• Inspired by Brahmo Samaj.

• He did not accept idea that Christianity offered anything for India!

• Looked back at Vedas

• Military glory good, Jainism corrupt – why say that?

• No caste - charity

1824 – 1883

Arya Samaj = Aryan Society, the true foundation of Indian society

Men of superior principles

Ramakrishna and the Soul of India

• Late 19th C was an exciting time in India

• Intellectual activity in Calcutta, Bombay, Madras

• Universities and news papers; they spoke English, dressed in Western style

• Traveled in Europe

• Ramakrishna (1836-1886) was different (why?)

• Tireless quest for spiritual knowledge

• Yogic discipline• found all religions valid and

true in their essence• Don’t argue over religion• Idols help believers visualize

the shore less ocean of God• Service to mankind• Found Vivekananda to carry

this message to rest of the world!

Vivekananda 1863- 1902

• Chosen by Ramakrishna as Hindu saint

• Neither West nor India had fully realized itself: must learn from each other

• Toured the West – need spirituality as well as technology

• “Spirituality must conquer the West”

• “They are waiting for it, they are eager for it”

Jawaharlal Nehru

1889 - 1964

the Muslim League 1905 partition of Bengal based on religions and languages.

1906 creation of the Muslim League.

Mohammed Ali Jinnah

1876 - 1948

Young Mohandas K. Gandhi,

1876

1869 - 1948

Gandhi with the london

vegetarian society, 1890

Gandhi as a Young Barrister in Natal

Gandhi as a Lawyer in

Johannesburg, So. Africa

Gandhi and His Wife, Kasturba,

1915

Amritsar Massacre, 1919

379 dead; over 1200 wounded!

Salt March, 1930

MakingSalt

Gandhi spinning cloth

Indian weaving was ruined by the competition of British machine-made

textiles!

Gandhi and His Grandaughters,

1947

Last Viceroy of India

Lord Louis & Lady Edwina Montbatten

Partition!