The Rise of Islam

The Life and Teachings of Muhammad

Deserts, Towns, and Travelers

Arabian Peninsula Land almost completely covered by desert _________________________

Herded animals, leading them to fertile grounds called an oasis

Nomads called _______________ ______ became important as the Bedouins

began living in towns and cities By the early 600s, trade became an important

activity in the Arabian peninsula ____________________________________

Deserts, Towns, & Travelers Trade routes through Arabia ran from the extreme south of

the peninsula to the __________ and _________ empires to the north Brought not only goods, but ______ from the world outside of Arabia By early 600s, cities such as Petra and Palmyra had long been

prosperous trading centers

_________ ______, in western Arabia, became an important stop on the trade

route During certain holy months, religious pilgrims would arrive with the

trade caravans to worship at an ancient shrine in the city

___________________called ________ Arabs associated _________________, believer in one God Over the years, they introduced many gods and spirits At one time over 360 idols brought by many tribes

Deserts, Towns, & Travelers

The concept of the ____________, called ______ in Arabic, was not new to the Arabian Peninsula This tradition had long been followed by one

group of people known as hanifs Many Christians and Jews lived in Arab

lands and practiced monotheism (________________________)

It was into this environment of Mecca, around A.D. 750, ___________ was born

The Prophet ___________________________

Born into the clan of a powerful Meccan family Orphaned at the age of 6, raised by grandfather and uncle Received little schooling Worked with trade caravan as a very young man

Became trader and business manager for ________, a wealthy businesswoman

________________________married when he was 25 Good marriage and business partnership

____________ of Muhammad Muhammad took great interest in ________ Spent much time alone in __________________

The Prophet Muhammad At the age of 40, Muhammad’s life changed overnight when

he heard a voice while meditating in a cave outside of _____ According to Muslim belief, the voice is that of __________________ Gabriel told Muhammad he was a messenger of God Muhammad asked Gabriel, “What shall I proclaim?”

Muhammad came to believe that ______________________________________________ Muhammad believes he is the last of the prophets Believes ________________________________ All other gods must be abandoned

People who agreed with this basic principle of Islam were called _____, or “_________________________” In Arabic, Islam means “_____________________________”

Muhammad’s first followers were his wife, Khadijah, and several close friends and relatives

The Prophet Muhammad 613, Muhammad begins preaching publicly in Mecca

Meccans believed Mecca would lose its position as a _____________ if people accepted Muhammad’s __________________ beliefs

Some followers beaten or stoned in the streets

The ____________ Facing hostility, Muhammad leaves Mecca in 622 and

resettles in the town of _________, over 200 miles north of Mecca This migration became known as the _________ His migration attracted many devoted followers Yathrib later named ______, “__________________”

In Medina, Muhammad displays leadership skills Agreement made between his people and the Jews and Arabs of

Medina; creates a single community with ________________________

Muhamamd draws many more converts; ________________ Also acts as _________ leader in hostility between Medina/Mecca

Returning to Mecca Muslims and Meccans battled against each other Many Bedouin tribes converted to _______ Mecca’s power as a city declined 630, Muhammad and 10,000 followers march to outskirts

of Mecca Facing defeat, Mecca’s leaders surrender the city and the

Prophet enters in triumph Muhammad returns to _________ and declares,

Muhammad destroys the idols in the Ka’aba and makes _______________ from the Ka’aba roof

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0_vnon5owE&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLFYMkQPakE&feature=related

Most Meccans pledge loyalty to Muhammad & many convert to Islam, thus joining the ________________________________

Muhammad dies two years later at age of 62 Had taken great strides in ______________________________

Beliefs and Practices of Islam There is only one God, ________

The ______________ To be a Muslim, all believers have to carry out

five duties…these are known as the ________________________

1. ______: To become a Muslim “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.”

2. ______: 5 times a day facing toward Mecca; the call to prayer http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoNPSEWn6aY&feature=related

3. ______: all Muslims must support the less fortunate by giving alms, or money for the poor by paying a special religious tax

4. ______: During the Islamic holy month of __________, Muslims fast by restraining from food or drink from dawn until sunset. A simple meal is eaten at the end of the day.

5. ______: All Muslims perform the _____ at least once in a lifetime Wear identical garments so that all stand equal before God

Beliefs & Practices cont…A Way of Life

Muslims do not separate their __________________lives Certain customs, morals, and laws for Islamic society

Forbidden to eat ____ or to drink _____________ beverages Friday afternoons set aside for communal worship and prayer; if able,

Muslims gather at a Mosque to worship Every Muslim expected to worship God directly Religious class called the ulama where religious teachers study the

words and deeds of Muhammad

Sources of Authority ________ Will of Allah revealed to _________ through _______ in

the form of the ________ Followers of Muhammad listened to prayers and teachings,

memorized and recited the Revelations

After his death, _________ recorded in the ________

The _________ Written in ______ (_____________________________) Only _______ is used in worship Wherever Muslims carried the Qur’an, Arabic became the

________________________________ Thus, Arabic language spreads widely as Muslim control expands

Muhammad’s mission was to receive the Qur’an and to demonstrate how to live it _______, ____________________, best model for living

_____ and ______ assembled to create body of law known as ________ System of law that regulates

_______________________________________________ Does not separate ________ matters from criminal/civil _______ applies to all following teachings of the Prophet,

thus creates sense of unity for all Muslims

MUHAMMAD SAYS:

GOOD GRIEF YODER! STOP LECTURING

AND GIVE THESE GUYS SOMETHINGTO DO!!

THE “A FOR ALLAH” PROJECT WOULD BE A GREATIDEA! SHOW THEM THIS VIDEO CLIP FIRST ANDTHEN HAND OUT THE ASSIGNMENT! CAN YOU

HANDLE THAT YODER?

The Spread of ______ Abu-Bakr elected as first _______ (__________________)

Loyal friend of Muhammad, respected for devotion to Islam

“Rightly Guided” Caliphs Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali Referred to as “rightly guided” because they

___________________________________________________ Their rule was called a _____________

Abu-Bakr Used military force to reassert the authority of Muhammad’s successors

in the Muslim community Troops gained experience and became an effective mobile army By the time of his death, the Muslim state controlled all of Arabia

Umar Highly disciplined armies conquered Syria and lower Egypt (Byzantine) Also took parts of the Persian Empire

The Spread of Islam Uthman & Ali

Continued to expand Muslim territory both eastward and westward Gained support of conquered militaries and naval forces and used these

forces to further conquests By 750, the Muslim Empire stretched 6,000 miles (from the Atlantic

Ocean to the Indus River) 2x the distance across the U.S. (pg 263)

Reasons for Success Well ____________________________________________ Tactics enabled them to overwhelm forces unaccustomed to their style

of _________ Weakness in the two empires of North Arabia

Long conflicts between ___________ and _______________exhausted the armies and allowed the Muslim army to invade their lands

Persecuted people of the Byzantines and Persians often welcomed the invading Muslims seeing them as ____________________

Treatment of Conquered People Many people converted to Islam for two reasons

_____________________________ _____________________________

Muslims allowed conquered peoples to retain their own ___________

Christians and Jews received special consideration Paid a ______________________________________

Christians/Jews not allowed to ______ their religion, but still played important roles as __________________________

Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis The ruling Caliph, Uthman, was murdered in 656 sparking a

civil war Different Muslim groups began to struggle for control of the empire

Ali, a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad is chosen as caliph

In 551, Ali is assassinated and with his death, the _____________of choosing a caliph also dies

The Umayyads Come to Power Set up ____________________________ Moved the Muslim capital to Damascus; made controlling conquered

territories easier Abandoned simple life of previous caliphs and surrounded themselves

with wealth This creates a split in the Muslim community

_______________________ Most Muslims accepted Ummayyad rule; some did not _______- “party” of Ali; felt caliphs needed to be relatives of Muhammad ______ - those who did not openly resist Umayyad rule; meaning

followers of Muhammad’s example _____ - reacted to Umayyad’s life of luxury by emphasizing a more

spiritual way of life; helped keep Muslims focused on the Qur’an and tradition; later became missionaries in newly conquered lands

The Abbasids Take Control In 750, rebel groups overthrow the Umayyads following vigorous

religious and political opposition; the most powerful of these groups are the Abbasids; Abbasids murder the remaining Umayyads

The Abbasids (750 - 1258) Controlled the lands of modern Iraq, Iran, and central Asia Built the city of Baghdad (southern Iraq) as their capital Used their location to control the rich trade between China and Europe

al-Andalus One Umayyad prince escaped the murders and went to Spain; Muslims

known as Berbers already living there The prince creates a Muslim state called al-Andalus Umayyads of al-Andalus (756 - 976) control parts of Spain and North

Africa Sent diplomats to Charlemagne’s court in Europe

Fatimid Dynasty (909 - 1171) One of many independent Muslim states that appeared during the rule of

the Abbasids Named after Muhammad’s daughter, the Fatima Dynasty began in North

Africa and spread across the Red Sea to western Arabia and Syria Although the Muslims were divided politically, all of the different

communities were linked by ________________________________________________