The Rise of Nationalism

19th century

Nationalism

Definition: All peoples derive their identities from their nations, which are defined by common language, shared cultural traditions and sometimes religion

When such “nations” do not coincide with state boundaries, nationalism can produce violence and warfare as different national groups compete for the same territory

Examples of 19th century nationalism French during the revolution and

Napoleonic Wars The French also provoked nationalist

feelings in the people they conquered The Austrian Empire included a variety of

peoples united only by their loyalty to the Habsburg Emperor; the empire included three main national groups- the Germans, who made up one- fourth of the empire;

Zollverein, 1834Zollverein, 1834

Prussia/Austria RivalryPrussia/Austria Rivalry

German Unification

Who would lead German Unification? Austria or Prussia?

King Wilhelm I of Prussia appointed Otto Von Bismarck as Chancellor in 1862

Bismarck ruled Prussia and ignored the Reichstag (Parliament)

Politics of Reality- “Realpolitik”

Bismarck

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

“Blood&

Iron”

RealpolitikThe “IronChancello

r”

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

Otto von Bismarck . . . .The less people know about how

sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.

Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.

The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.

A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.

Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

Prussia and other German states

Wars of Unification 1864- War against Denmark Austria and Prussia went to war for

the German provinces of Schelswig and Holstein

Prussia would administer Schleswig, and Austria, Holstein

Bismarck “faked” disagreement over the two duchies to goad the Austrians into

Step #1:

The Danish

War[1864]

Step #1:

The Danish

War[1864]The Peace of

ViennaThe Peace of

Vienna

TheGerman

Confederation

TheGerman

Confederation

Austro-Prussian War

Declaring war on Prussia In 1866, Austria went to war against

Prussia with the support of most of the small states of the German Confederation

Prussia won in 7 weeks Bismarck created the North German

Confederation led by Prussia

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

PrussiaPrussia

AustriaAustria

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German

Confederation, 1867

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German

Confederation, 1867Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation.

He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control Peace of Prague

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:

Catalyst for War

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:

Catalyst for War1868 revolt in Spain.

Spanish leaders wantedPrince Leopold von Hohenz.[a cousin to the Kaiser & aCatholic], as their new king.

France protested & his name was withdrawn.

The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.

Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

Franco-Prussian War In 1868, a military coup in Spain sent that

country’s leaders looking for a new king They chose a German prince of the minor

branch of the Prussian ruling family French were not happy and the candidate

was withdrawn In 1870, the French ambassador asked

William I at the German spa of Ems for an apology and promises that Prussia would never make claims on the Spanish throne

Franco-Prussian War Journalists in both countries stirred

up nationalist feelings Bismarck edited the “Ems

Telegram” to make it look like William had insulted Napoleon III

The French public demanded war The Prussians captured Napoleon

with his army on September 2, 1870

Franco-Prussian War The Second Empire fell on

September 4, 1870 January, 1871- William was

proclaimed Kaiser of a new, imperial Germany

Peace signed in May required France to cede the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany and to pay a multibillion-franc indemnity

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

German soldiers “abusing” the French.

Step #4: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

Step #4: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

ITITALIALIANAN

UNIFUNIFICAICATIONTION

18183300Failed Attempts at Failed Attempts at Independence Independence

Metternich sent troops Metternich sent troops to crush Revolutions in to crush Revolutions in 3 Italian States3 Italian States

18481848 - - RRevolevolutionsutions Guiseppe Mazinni

Risorgimento (Resurgence)

Young Italy

2 lessons from the failures

Need foreign help

Rely on Piedmont for leadership

Italian Unification Architect of the new Italy was Camilli di

Cavour (1810-61), prime minister of the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia

Economic development King Victor Emmanuel II (r. 1861-1878) Cavour wanted Piedmont to lead the

unification of Italy Austria still governed the provinces of

Lombardy and Venetia

Count Cavour

[The “Head”]

Giuseppi Garibaldi

[The “Sword”]

King Victor Emmanuel

II

Giuseppi Mazzini

[The “Heart”]

Italian Nationalist LeadersItalian Nationalist Leaders

181849 – 1849 – 187878VictorVictor Emanuel Emanuel SavoySavoy

King of PiedmontKing of PiedmontProvided the Provided the leadership neededleadership needed

Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”

Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”

Italian unification:

Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]

18185252Count Cavour in named Prime Minister of PiedmontEconomic Expansion

Built roads, canals, & railroadsExpanded creditStimulated investment in new Industries

Italy Cavour turned to Napoleon III of

France for help At a secret meeting in 1858,

Cavour promised Napoleon the city of Nice and the region of Savoy in exchange for helping to drive the Austrians out of Italy

Cavour provoked the Austrians to invade

1858 –1858 – Agree Agreementment withwith NNapoleoapoleonn IIIIII

In Compensation France would get:

Piedmont’s provinces of Nice and SavoyA Kingdom of Central Italy would be created for Napoleon III’s cousin Prince Napoleon

1859 –1859 – The Aust The Austrianrian WarWar

To make it “justifiable” – Piedmont provoked Austria

July II, 1859 – France made Peace w/ Austria

Thought war would be too long and costly

Prussia had mobilized

Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, 1866

Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, 1866

Austria looses control of Venetia.

Venetia is annexed to Italy.

18601860 - Pebi - Pebiscitesscites

Nationalists had taken control in some Northern Italian StatesPlebiscites agreed to join Piedmont

181860 - 60 - GirabaldiGirabaldi Italian PatriotRevolt had broken in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies1,000 Red Shirts landed in Sicily on May 11, 1860By July 1860 Sicily was under Control

Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites with Cavour

Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites with Cavour

1860 –1860 – KKingdom ingdom of of ItalyItaly

Garibaldi yielded to Cavour

1866 –1866 – Annexa Annexation of tion of VenetiaVenetia

AustAustro Prussro Prussian Warian War

1870 -1870 - AnnexatAnnexation of ion of RomeRome

FranFranco – Pruco – Prussian Warssian War