The Role of Higher Education in Social Mobility-2

7/28/2019 The Role of Higher Education in Social Mobility-2

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BY ROBERT HAVEMAN &TIMOTHY SMEEDING

PRESENTED BY

ANILI FASHA BINTI MAHADI

SITI HANIZAN BINTI SAMSURI


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Higher education courses are those leading to theaward of:

associate degree bachelor's degree graduate certificate graduate diploma master's degree doctoral degree.

Some courses leading to the award of a diploma or

advanced diploma may also be accredited as highereducation.

The State of Queensland(Department of Education, Training and Employment) 2005-2012


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An Institution of Higher Education is a school that:

Awards a bachelors degree or not less than a 2 year

program that provides credit towards a degree or,

Provides not less than 1 year of training towards gainfulemployment or,

Is a vocational program that provides training for gainful

employment and has been in existence for at least two

years.

And must meet all three of the following criteria:

Admits as regular students only persons with a high

school diploma or equivalent; or admits as regular

students persons who are beyond the age ofcompulsory school attendance

Public, Private, or Non-Profit

Accredited or pre accredited and is authorized to

operate in that state.

National Resource Centre for Youth Development


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Social mobility is shifting from one social

status to another, commonly to a status that

is either higher or lower

Societies organized by social class, ratherthan caste, usually allow greater social

mobility; in such societies, one's ability to

achieve a higher social status can depend

on factors such as social connections,wealth, effort, and education.

In meritocracies, social status depends on

merit.


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Higher

Education

Social Equity

Social equity implies fair access tolivelihood, education, and resources; full

participation in the political and cultural

life of the community; and self-

determination in meeting fundamental

needs.

EconomicEfficiencyThe extent to which supplies of goods

are matched to demands for goods or

services in a particular market. The

notion of economic efficiency implies

the possibility of an ideal market inwhich no value is lost due to waste,

unneeded surpluses, unmet demand, or

other misallocations of resources.


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Offset the role of social class

Prevent parents economic position from

simply passing straight through to their

children

Promoting economic efficiency, social

justice and social mobility.


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3 requirements

Social origin and schooling must

increasingly reflect only ability

Schooling and the eventual employment

must be strengthened by qualification

acquired through education

Difference social origin does not affect thelink between schooling and employment


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Affluent higher income parents with less

than two children invest time, money and

influence in ensuring their childrensacademic success.

Less well educated and well to-do parents

begin the higher education later with fewerchoices and fewer resources.


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Labourmarket- skills

- Ability

- Motivation

- Preparedness

Graduates- High quality

educational

services

Social

Mobility

Based on the

economic

position of the

childrens familyGenetic &

Environment

Nations

primary andsecondary

school system


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Youth from the poorest families

concentrated in vocational andtechnical institutions youth from

the richest families tended to

enroll in four-year colleges


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Composition of enrollment to top-tier colleges

and universities :

majority high socioeconomic family status

minority low socioeconomic family status

Similar composition of high and low

socioeconomic family status Community

colleges


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Extreme inequality of educationalattainment between youth from the top and

the bottom of family income-to-needsratios

Same goes to the allocation of educationalresources except to high school,

educational services distributed relativelyevenly among children from variouseconomic backgrounds


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Colleges could enroll more low-incomestudents without decreasing selectionstandards

Part of the gap between low income students

population share and their enrollment incolleges and universities is due to low testscores and other indicators of ability that areindirectly related to family income

Allocation of spending to other priorities (eg:medical care) along the years of schooling forlow income students rather than toeducational services


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Higher education influences social mobility

because

- family income affects schooling

- schooling affects the income of adult children- returns to schooling differ by quality and type

of institution

The earning gains for students from high-income

families exceed those for students fromlow-income families.


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Sheepskin effect - the education level applicants

used for years as a way of delineating who is

qualified for what kinds of jobs. The preference

for college and graduate school degrees, sonamed because the degree dresses up an

applicant but does not necessarily change their

skills or overall value.


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Reasons for unprepared students from poor

secondary school:

1) High school tend to be of low quality and

lack of resources, both financial andhuman.

2) rigorous courses, especially mathematics

improper academic foundation

3) poor signals given by school, advocates andpolicymakers overemphasize access as

opposed to preparation


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4) Poor-quality high school support and teach

the study and work habits necessary forpostsecondary success

5) Students lacking knowledge on how to select

colleges, apply for admission, and gain

acceptance6) Students and parents were ill-informed about

the cost of attending college, often put off by the

high sticker price

7) Unfamiliar with the availability of needs-based

financial aid


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Finding and getting financial aid

- Needs-based aid replaced by merit

based aid

- Financial aid in the form of loans, rather

than grants

- Federal subsidized student loanprogram lenders may charge interest

on student loan, reducing subsidies to

lenders


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Community colleges

- Provide the key access point to higher education- offer technical and occupational training and

certificates of competency in some fields

- role as primary social mobility as their ability to

raise college completion rates among low-income

children

- initial access point to higher education, providing

bridges to schools


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Remediation and Persistence

- admission does not assure graduation- access without support doest not ensure equality

of opportunity

- remediation improves educational performance

- low-income students are more likely academically,

psychologically and culturally unprepared - require

remedial courses , additional counseling

- students in remediation are almost 10% less likelyto drop out than similar whos not in remediation


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Strengthen Student Preparation- strengthen link between K-12 andpostsecondary education

- put emphasis on college preparatorycoursework- universal high-quality preschool for allchildren

- better preparation from middle andsecondary schools


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Reducing Scope through Partnering

- Colleges and university pass several

function and services to community college

or contract providers

- they should instead focus on their

specialized core competenciesPricing and Performance

- institutions should price tuition close to real

costs, use the bulk of additional revenue toprovide direct student aid targeted at students

from low-income families

- pay for performance


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Limiting Public Subsidies

- cap subsidies for wealthy universities

Substituting Public Direct Student Assistance

- Redirecting financial support provided to

colleges to the students (eg: vouchers)

- introduce income-related loans, studentsrepay debt contingent on their future income


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Generational pattern of income inequality

System of higher education is far less

oriented toward social mobility

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The Role of Higher Education in Social Mobility-2