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The Russian Revolution
From Tsar Nicholas II to V.I. Lenin
Tsar Nicholas II-1894
• Shy, quiet man• absolute ruler, naïve
to dissatisfaction• Tsarina: Alexandra• drive to industrialize
brought problems• Dissent NOT
tolerated
Many questioned the Tsar
• Russia politically unstable
Liberals wanted a democratic gov’t
Minorities wanted independence
Peasants wanted land, workers - better conditions
Military lost Russo-Japanese war in 1904
Bloody Sunday- Jan. 22, 1905
• Father Gapon leads peaceful protest Winter Palace
• Tsar’s guards kill hundreds
1905 Revolution
• News of Bloody Sunday spreads quickly
• Revolts and strikes spread
• Widespread spontaneous nature of rebellion reflects deep resentment and frustration
October Manifesto- 1905
Freedom of conscience, speech assembly and press
Tsar creates Duma (Congress)
All laws approved by Duma
Reforms are shortlived
Russia in WWI- 1914-17
Russia honors alliance- joins Allies
Tsar Nicholas II takes personal command of army
Army suffers staggering defeats
Discontent of soldiers, peasants, workers
Rasputin’s infuence- 1914-1916
Tsar’s son, Alexi (heir)born with hemophilia
Romanov’s heavily influenced by “holy man”
Created scandal for the Tsar
Killed by Russian nobles
“February Revolution” Provisional Govt-March 1917
• Women’s march for “bread and peace” turns into revolt
Petrograd Soviet leads workers’ revolution
Tsar Nicholas II abdicates
Duma forms the Provisional Government
Provisional Gov’t stays in WWI- big mistake!
The Soviets-1917
As early as 1905, radicals organized workers, peasants and soldiers into Soviets= councils
In the confusion created by the February Revolution, socialists reconvene the Soviets
Lenin’s New View of Karl Marx-
Lenin adapted Marxist ideas to fit Russian conditions
Named his followers Bolsheviks
Advocated Revolution!
Lenin: “Peace, Land, Bread!”- April 3, 1917
Exiled in 1898 for forming Russia’s first Marxist party
Germany gives him safe passage to Russia
Bold speeches! Down with the
provisional govt Peace, land and bread!
All power to the Soviets!
Bolshevik Revolution-Oct 25,1917
Red Guards= best trained and organized revolutionary forces
Red Guards, under Trotsky (Bolshevik), overthrow Provisional Government
Lenin proclaims a Bolshevik state!
Civil War in Russia- 1918-1921
Lenin proclaims Russia a socialist state, nationalizes all land
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (peace with Germany)
Civil War between “Reds” and “Whites” (anti-communists) eventually won by Lenin and the Bolsheviks
A Costly Triumph- 1921
WWI: lost 1/4 population; millions of casualties; billions spent
Civil war: the loss of millions to death, injury and immigration and the destruction of property
1921: wages 1/10 prewar levels; inflation over 1000%
Western nations blockade Russia
Lenin concerned new socialist experiment would fail
Lenin Builds a Communist State-1921
The Soviet Union• Lenin creates “New
Economic Policy” NEP NEP helps jump start
economy with small scale –capitalism
Central govt kept control of major industries
• Communist party introduced measures to bring about a classless society.
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