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The Science of Conceptual Modelling CAU@Kiel, Vorlesung SS 2012 WInf-BAppE: Selected Topics in Business Application Engineering (WInf-BAppE) (080001) Part II SS 2012 Bernhard Thalheim Dr. rer.nat.habil. Prof. @ Christian Albrechts University at Kiel, Germany Department of Computer Science Information Systems Engineering Group () Kolmogorov Professor h.c. @ Lomonossov University Moscov, Russia

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Page 1: The Science of Conceptual Modelling - Uni Kielthalheim/pdffiles/... · Prof. @ Christian Albrechts University at Kiel, Germany Department of Computer Science ... Science SS 2012 B

The Science of Conceptual Modelling

CAU@Kiel, Vorlesung SS 2012

WInf-BAppE: Selected Topics in Business Application Engineering (WInf-BAppE) (080001)

Part II

SS 2012

Bernhard ThalheimDr. rer.nat.habil.

Prof. @ Christian Albrechts University at Kiel, GermanyDepartment of Computer Science

Information Systems Engineering Group(∗) Kolmogorov Professor h.c. @ Lomonossov University Moscov, Russia

1

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ConceptualModellingScienceSS 2012

B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Foundations of ModellingTowards a Science of Modelling

• Semiotics of Modelling

• Semantics

• Model suite

• Model pattern

• Knowledge in the model

• Concepts

• Philosophie of Science

• Knowledge and paradigms

• Summarising

2

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ConceptualModellingScienceSS 2012

B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Semiotics of ModelsSyntax

well built

easy to express

Semanticswell defined

easy to understand

Usagewell applicable

easy to apply

Applicationwell supported

of high value

It is written: “In the beginning was the Word!”

Even now I balk. Can no one help?

I truly cannot rate the word so high.

I must translate it otherwise.

I believe the Spirit has inspired me

And I must write: “In the beginning there was Mind.”

Think thoroughly on this first line,

Hold back your pen from undue haste!

Is it mind that stirs and makes all things?

The text should state: “In the beginning there was Power!”

Yet while I am about to write this down,

Something warns me I will not adhere to this.

The Spirit’s on my side! The answer is at hand:

I write, assured, “In the beginning was the Deed.”

Goethe, Faust I, Faust’s Study

3

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ConceptualModellingScienceSS 2012

B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Separation of Concerns Based on theSemiotic Triangle of Content, Concepts

and Topics

Semantics Pragmatics

Syntax

Content

Computation

Concept

Validation

Topic

Presentation

Presentation theory

Computation theory

Model theory

Infon

Semanticalunit

Asset

interpretation

foundation

-presentation

explanation

K

contentdelivery

U

annotation

4

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ConceptualModellingScienceSS 2012

B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

The Mappings of the Syntax, Semantics,and Pragmatics Dimensions

Enrich,integratetopics

I

deliverassets

explain by

infons

Derivationof concepts

-

interpretthrough units

represent

by infons

Computingand ETL ofcontent

R

foundby units

annotatethrough assets

5

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ConceptualModellingScienceSS 2012

B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Components of a (Meta-Semiotic) Logics• Syntactic constituent:

which symbols are going to be used in the language, which combinations

(wordS) of these symbols are allowed, which constructors can be (partially)

used if there is a chance that expressions can be constructed inductively

• Semantic constituent:

what is the purpose of the language, which structures are of interest, what is

going to be expressed

• Constituent that relates syntax and semantics, e.g. defintion of truth (or ap-

propriatedness):

which structures or expressions are true or meaningful or potentially meaning-

ful?

• Pragmatic constituent:

which meaning can be canonically assigned to words; which restrictions must

be considered, which closure operators are applicable

typically finiteness assumption

6

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ConceptualModellingScienceSS 2012

B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

The “Playground” of Logics see too: Semantics in DB & KB

Signature of a language and structures: for description

assumption: signature embedding of structures

Construction of the language based on constructors for words

assumption: inductive construction

special assumptions for inherentlycyclic language constructs

Conceptionalisation of structures with quality properties, e.g.

“true”

assumption: observability of properties

assumption: canonical truth values

Association of language and structures by interpretation of

language constructs with structural properties

assumption: canonical association

7

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ConceptualModellingScienceSS 2012

B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Syntax, Semantik, Pragmatik

Morphologie: (Wortbildunglehre) Zusammensetzung von Wortern

aus Stammen, Vor- und Nachsilben, sowie anderen Wortern

Syntax: (Lehre vom Satzbau) strukturelle Beschreibung des Satzbaus

Subjekt, Pradikat, Objekt, Schema der Fragebildung

Was ist denn das Grune hier in der Suppe?

Semantik: (Bedeutungslehre) formale Beschreibung des propositio-

nalen Gehalts

((grun(x), Suppe(y), in(x,y)) , ?)

Pragmatik: (umstandbezogene Bedeutungsinterpretation) Verwen-

dung in der kommunikativen Situation je nach Kontext

intendierte Funktion: Information, Lob, Kritik, ...

mogliche Antwort: Wenn es dir hier nicht schmeckt,kannst du ja woanders essen gehen!

8

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ConceptualModellingScienceSS 2012

B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Besonderheiten der naturlichen Sprache

• Semantisch fixierte Grundelemente (Wortschatz), generelle Aus-

drucksmittel (Grammatik, Referenz)

• Vielfalt von Ausdrucksformen und Sprechhandlungen

• Primar ausgelegt auf die aktuelle Herstellung von Sachbezugen,

situationsabhangige Charakterisierung

• Objektivierte Darstellung durch Abstraktion und Generalisation

• Metasprache fur sich selbst

• Hohe Fehlertoleranz

• Keine Unterscheidung des Abstraktionsniveaus (wahrContent,

wahrKonzept (Metasprache), wahrSymbol (intensional))

Epimenides: cSubstitution basierend auf Abkurzung ist wahrKonzept gdw.

cmetasprachliches Korrelat zumobjektsprachlichen Wort ‘c′ nicht wahrContent ist

(c.= ‘c ist nicht ein wahrer Satz’)

• Unterschiedliche Folgerungseigenschaften (Junktoren, Quantoren)‘Julia findet ein Einhorn’ = true ⇒ ∃ Einhorn

‘Julia sucht eine Einhorn’ = true ⇒ ∃ Einhorn

9

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ConceptualModellingScienceSS 2012

B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Eigentumlichkeiten der naturlichen Sprache kein Deffekt, okonomisch. flexibel

Ambiguitaten lexikalische (Bank), strukturelle (Wort-, Satzstruk-

tur), referentielle (Wohnungen der Vermieter und ihre Adressen),

pragmatische (Konnen Sie ...? Ja!), semantische (IC, die Hohe al-

ler Berge in SH)

Vagheit als Konzept zur schrittweisen Fokussierung (viele, manche,

(fast) alle, in, mit haben, von)

Elliptische Verkurzungen: intrasententielle Ellipsen (Vorwarts-,

Ruckwartsellipse (Preiswerteste und teuerste Wohnung), kompo-

sitionale Ellipsen (Vorerwahnung, 1. Wohnungen mit Dusche; 2.

mit Bad (Ersetzung); 3. am Westufer (Zusatz))

Tempus, Modalitat, Metaphorik mit Einbettung in den Kon-

text, Kodierungen (Der Flur sieht aus wie ein Schlauch)

10

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B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

The Place of Semiotics

11

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B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Semiotics of Models: Syntax: Morphology

• science of word form structure.

• classified according to their categories and roles within a model and according

to their specific expression within a model

• ruled by inflection, deviation, and composition

lemmatisation (reduction of words to their base form) and characterisation by the

(morpho-syntactic) role within a model

• morphological features:

• full or partial specification,

• layering within a model,

• integrity constraints,

• cyclic or acyclic structuring,

• complete set of schemata for cognitive semantics, open or closed context,

and kind of data types.

12

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ConceptualModellingScienceSS 2012

B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Basic Categories

• Person

• Thing

• Event

• Action

• State

• Time

• Place

• Direction

• Attribute

• Manner

13

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B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Morphologisches Lexikon Woher weiß der Parser, welches Feature ein gegebenes Wort hat?

Morphologisches Lexikon

versus Vollformenlexikon

lieben,liebt, liebte, geliebt,

ungeliebt

Im Lexikon stehen fur jedes Wort der Sprache

• sein Sprachpartikel (syntaktische Kategorie)

• ggfs. nodefault values fur die Merkmale (features)

liebte

• Information uber seine Bedeutung (kommt spater)

• ggfs. Verweis auf seine Stammform (root) etc.

boys → boy + (n-number = 3p)dishes → dish + (n-number = 3p)playing → play + (tense = progressive)

+ (v-number = 1s 2s 3s 1p 2p 3p)taken → take + (tense = pastp)

+ (v-number = 1s 2s 3s 1p 2p 3p)loves → love + (tense = present) + (v-number = 3s)played → play + (tense = past)

+ (v-number = 1s 2s 3s 1p 2p 3p)

14

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B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Lexikoneintrage fur den Parser

• Aufbau eines Lexikons z.B.

mit einer Funktion “dictiona-

ry”

• Jeder Lexikon-Eintrag hat

eine der folgenden Formen:

(word part-of-speech–feature-assignments– )

(word root-form part-of-

speech–feature-assignments– )

↑optional

(dictionary

(a det)

(be auxverb (tense = tenseless))

(is be auxverb (tense = present)

(v-number = 3s))

(block noun)

(block verb)

(can modal

(v-number =1s 2s 3s 1p 2p 3p))

(do modal)

(did do modal (tense = past)

(v-number = 1s 2s 3s 1p 2p 3p))

(fish noun (n-number = 3s 3p))

(frog noun)

(jack proper-noun)

... )

15

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ConceptualModellingScienceSS 2012

B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Semiotics of Models: Syntax: Namespaceand Lexigraphy

• coding and structuring lexical elements based on the lexicon

‘name’, ‘description’, ‘identifier’

• general and an application-dependent namespace

• model as product of a community of practice with its needs, its common-speak,

its specific functions of words, its specific phrases and abbreviations, and its

specific vocabulary.

16

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B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Semiotics of Models: Semantics:Lexicology

• ontologies

• linguistic relations such as homonym, antonym, paronym, synonym, polysemy,

hyponym, etc.

• meanings in the namespace:

• referential meaning establishes an interdependence between elements and

the origin (‘what’);

• functional meaning is based on the function of an element in the model

(‘how’)

intext (within the model), the general, the part-of-model, and the differential

(homonym-separating) meaning

• change of meaning for legacy models

17

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B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Ontology

Ontology is a classification with a set of constraints representing subtyping,partition, disjointness, covering and incoherence, more specifically

• set of terms (objects) of interest in a particular domain (O = o1, ...., on) and

relationships (R = R1, ...., Rm) among them (ontological commitment)

relating concepts with kinds, valuation (value, modality, existency) and actors (worlds)

• oi = (k, idi, vi) for k ∈ Kind, vi value form DOM(O) , idi ∈ ID,

• Ri = rj = (trj , oj,1, ..., oj,k, oj) | trj ∈ TR, oj,l parameters of rj

• Kind = predicator thing, action, actor, rule (predicator/structural view; actor+action/dynamic view; rules/deontic view)

• TR = execute, actand, use, extend, ... (dynamic view, e.g., actand )

Shared ontology of two communities G1 and G2 with A1 and A2 defined by:

Common generic extensible ontology A that can be mapped by infomorphisms

(f1, g1) to A1 and by f2, g2 to A2

greatest consistent classification that is finer (or equal) than A1 and A2

Core classification A∗ of the communities is defined by the fusion of the clas-

sification lattice theories of A1 and A2 modulo synonyms of A1 and A2,

respectively

with a local classification theory (coincide on common classification, local

on non-shared classifications)

18

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B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

General Semantics Goal: Clarifying semantics beyond CS

• Semantics as one constituent of semiotics

• Semantics with a variety of notions and approaches

• Resulting misunderstanding among communities

• Be aware of hidden semantics of languages, e.g., well-formedness

constraints of the ER model

• Models and schemes are restricted by their languages and developed

with some intentional incompleteness

• Variety of notions of implication and consequence

• Axiomatisation as one issue, complexity of derivations as another

one Take home: integrating logics, linguistics, philosophy, CS

19

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B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

General Notions of SemanticsSemantics is the study of meaning, i.e. how meaning is constructed,

interpreted, clarified, obscured, illustrated, simplified, negotiated,

contradicted and paraphrased.

Scientific community: ‘always valid’ semantics based on the ma-

thematical logic

Database modellers: ‘strong’ semantics for constraints

Database analysers and miners: ‘may be valid’ semantics

Users: ‘in most cases valid’ semantics

based on prototypes or exemplars remembered

Groups of users: ‘epistemic’ semantics depending on the group

Intuition-driven: ‘hidden’ experience-based semanticsK.-D. Schewe, B. Thalheim: Semantics in Data and

Knowledge Bases. SDKB’08, LNCS 4925

20

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B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Six (or more) Kinds of Semantics

Lexical semantics: words in a language

word meaning and of association of words

“Semantic” Web: rudimentary form of word semantics for meta-

characterisation

Grammatical semantics: categories ‘noun’ , ‘verb’ ‘adjectives’

combinatorial semantics - specific form of grammatical semantics

Statistical semantics: meaning on co-occurrence of words, on pat-

tern of words in phrases, and on frequency and order of recurrence

Logical semantics: relation between the formal language of logics

and structures or worlds

Prototype semantics: meaning through users evolving experience

Program and dynamic semantics: semantic memory, i.e. the

memory of meanings, understandings, and other concept-based

knowledge unrelated to specific experiences of agents

21

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B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Formal Semanticsis typically given

• by an interpreter that maps syntactic types to semantic types,

• by a context abstraction that is based on an aggregation of values

which remain fixed in certain temporal and spatial intervals,

• by states that provide a means of representing changes over time

and space,

• by an configuration that is based on an association of contexts and

states,

• by an interpretation function that yields state results based on cer-

tain computation,

• by an evaluation function that yield some value results for the syn-

tactic types, and

• by an elaboration function that yield both state and some other

value results.

22

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B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Variations of Semanticsmappings logics closed

world

logics

logics on finite

worlds

logics on natural

worlds

matching of syntactic

language L and seman-

tic structure worlds Won signature τ

exact or

coincidence

embedding

exact exact or coin-

cidence embed-

ding

partial depen-

ding on interest

and meaning in

use

considering context no no no depending on

use and user

considering states any any only finite

structures

states in scope

restricting states and

context

no no no depending on

interest and

demand

interpretation for alpha-

bets

exact for al-

phabet

exact potentially

restricted

multiple inter-

pretations

evaluation of variables full full full partial evaluati-

on

elaboration full negation

as failure

derivable

structures

extrapolation

23

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B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Semantics in Computer ScienceOperational semantics interprets syntactic types by computational types of a ma-

chine

Denotational semantics associates mathematical functions to syntactic types

Axiomatic semantics uses a calculus with axioms and proof rules

Transformational semantics uses mappings to other syntactic types

categorical or functorial semantics: translation to category theory

Algebraic semantics uses a set of abstract basic syntactic systems with their

semantics and a set of rules for construction of more complex systems based

on these systems

Macro-expansion semantics is based on static or dynamic inductive rewriting of

syntactic types and allows to introduce abstractions such as the types of the

λ calculus

Grammar semantics uses a state consisting of semantic category variables and

on instantiations for atomic non-terminal syntactic types

24

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Reduction (/Database) Semantics(Indoeuropean Variant) Deductive normal form with generation based on knowledge and context

c⃝P. Broman: Survey on R. Hausser database semantics

25

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B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Overuse and Misuse of Semantics The word ‘semantics’ has still a positive co-notation.

semantic web, semantics as a metamodel, semantics as context, se-

mantics as behaviour, semantics as being executable, semantics as the

meaning of individual constructs, semantics as mathematical notation,

semantics as mappings, ....

Semantic web: micro-semantics of wordings, vocabulary of name

spaces or of ontologies

semantification of semantic web

Separation of semantics and behaviour: confusion of semanti-

cs and behaviour,

Semantics illustration through diagrams: UML 100+x types

of diagrams, spatial restriction, consistency and coherence of dia-

grams

26

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Semantische Interpretation

Prinzip der kompositionellen

Semantik. (Theorie uber Ver-

stehen der Bedeutung von Spra-

che)

(1) Syntaktische Analyse

(2) Ableitung der Bedeutung

des Ganzen aus der Bedeu-

tung der Teile.

Es gibt andere Formen der se-

mantischen Interpretation.

• Zuordnung von Bedeutungen zu den einzelnen

Wortern (zu finden in einem Konzept-Lexikon):

red --> (color ?x red)

block --> (inst ?x block)

the --> retrieve-val

• Kombination der einzelnen Wortbedeutungen, um

Bedeutung der Wortgruppen zu erhalten:

red block --> (and(inst ?x block)(color ?x

red))

the red block --> (retrieve-val ’?x

’(and (inst ?x block) (color ?x

red)))

• Anbindung dieser Prozesse an den syntaktischen

Parser

27

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B. Thalheim

Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Ambiguitatsprobleme Lexikalische, strukturelle, semantische

• Mullers sahen die Alpen, wahrend sie nach Italien flogen.

(Wer oder was fliegt hier?)

• Ich nahm das Essen mit Messer und Gabel ein.

• Ich nahm das Essen mit Erwin und Gabi ein.

• Can companies litter the environment

(?)

• Ich sah den Mann im Park mit dem Fernrohr

...nur undeutlich, da meine Linse schmutzig war.

...und es hatte den Anschein, daß er den Mond betrachtete.

(noch schlimmer:) I saw the man in the park with the telescope.

• I saw her duck. - ihre Ente oder Kopf einziehen

• Flying planes made her duck.

Planes: Flugzeuge, Ebene flying: aktiv oder ich bin dabei zu fliegen

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Zusammenhange, Ellipsen undAmbiguitaten Naturliche Sprache ...ist schwer, nicht nur fur Computer

Nimmer diesen Monitor legen, wo der Schnur von Personen darauf spazieren

gehen grausam behandelt wird.

Aus der deutschen Betriebsanleitung eines japanischen Fernsehmonitors (Quelle:

Spiegel 10/ 92)

Bundesministerin Claudia Nolte (26.10.1995): “Frauen werden in wirtschaftlichschwierigen Zeiten eher entlassen und spater als Manner wieder eingestellt.”

Scharping (10.95): “... und damit der Proporz gewahrt bleibt ...”

Scharping (10.95): “... Diese Runde war eine Niederlage, aber es werden weiterefolgen. Meine Damen und Herren ... Runden, Runden!!”

Lebende Karpfen - auch geteilt !

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Montague’s intensionale Semantik PTQ - proper treatment of quantification

Erweiterte Signatur mit Kategorien Ω′ ⊆ Ω fur Sorten und Verknupfungen

ω1/ω2, ω1//ω2 (Verkurzung)

(in)transitive Verben, Terme, modifizierte Adverbien, Appelative, ...

Typenkalkul fur Ausdrucke mit Zuordnung der Kategorien bzw. Sorten

Grundfunktionen F0(β).= every β, F1(β)

.= the β,

F2(β).= a(n) β (mit Vokalregel), F3,n(α, β)

.= α such that β

Funktionale Anwendung F4, F5, F6, F7

Konjunktion und Disjunktion F8, F9

Quantifizierung F10

Tempus- und Vorzeichenregeln F11, F12, F13, F14, F15 (z.B. negative 3.

Person Singular Prasens Perfekt)

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Montague’s intensionale Semantik Beispiel der Anwendung der Funktionen

man

Every man

he0

love

woman

he1

loves he0

C

she1 loves him0

woman such that she loves him0

a woman such that she loves him0

loves a woman such that she loves him0

he0 loves a woman such that she loves him0

Every man loves a woman such that she loves him

F10,0(F0(man), F4(he0, F5(love, F2(F3,1(woman, F4(he1, F5(love, he0)))))))

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Intensionale LogikUnterscheidung zwischen

• Wert (durch Interpretation, Referenz auf Extension (semantischer Wert))

• Bedeutung (durch Darstellung des Sinns, Referenz auf Intension)

Induktive Einfuhrung einer Typenlogik

• Entity und Truth sind Typen

• Elementartypen (Typen und Situationen (Welt, Zeitpunkt, Kontext))

• (a, b), (s, a) sind Typen fur Typen a, b, Situation s

mit Junktoren und Quantoren

Interpretation durch Mod(α,M,W, t, g) mit Struktur M in Welt W zum Zeit-

punkt t und Variablenbelegung g (Content(α) Extension(α))

Darstellung durch Sym(α,M, g) mit Struktur M und Variablenbelegung g

(Symbol(α) Intension(α))

Harmonisierung fur GetCont(Sym(α,M, g), w, t).= Mod(α,M,W, t, g) mit

Extension(Symbol(α)) = Content(α) fur Abbildungen

Extension : Symbol → Content und Intension : Content → Symbol

wobei i.a. nicht gilt Intension(Content(α)) = Sym(α)

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Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Semiotics of Models: Pragmatics:Community of Practice

study how languages are used for intended deployment functions in dependence on

the purposes and goals within a community of practice

• descriptive-explanatory and persuasive-normative functions of a model: (1) ac-

ting (2) within a community, especially the modeller and have (3) different

truth or more generally quality

• far-side versus near-side pragmatics separating the ‘why’ from the ‘what’ side

of a model

• development and deployment modes, model surface compositionality (metho-

dological principle), model presentation order’s strict linearity relative to space

(empirical principle), model interpretation and production analysed as cogniti-

ve processes (ontological principle), reference modelled in terms of matching

an model’s meaning with context (functional principle)

• methodologically valid, support subjective deductive (paradeductive) inference

with an open world interpretation, allow context-dependent reasoning (impli-

cature), provide means for collaborative interaction, weaken connectives and

quantifications, and integrate deductive, inductive, abductive and paradeduc-

tive reasoning.

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Semiotics of Models: Pragmatics:Visualisation (Phonology)

Principles of visual communication: Vision, cognition, and processing and

memorizing characteristics.

visual features: contrast, visual analogies, presentation dramaturgy, reading

direction, visual closeness, symmetric presentation and space and movement

Principles of visual cognition: ordering , effect delivery, and visualisation

model organisation, model economy , skills of users, and standards.

Principles of visual design: optical vicinity , similarity , closeness, symme-

try , conciseness, reading direction.

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Semiotics of Models: W∗H-SpecificationFrame

classical rhetorical frame

Hermagoras of Temnos: Quis, quid, quando, ubi, cur, quem ad modum, quibus

adminiculis

Who, what, when, where, why, in what way, by what means

• W4: wherefore (purpose), whereof (origin), wherewith (carrier, e.g., language),

and worthiness ((surplus) value)

• secondary characterisation W17H:

• user or stakeholder or community of practice characteristics: by whom, to

whom, whichever;

• characteristics imposed by the application domain: wherein, where, for what,

wherefrom, whence, what;

• purpose characteristics characterising the solution: how, why, whereto,

when, for which reason; and

• additional context characteristics: whereat, whereabout, whither, when.

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Result of Conceptual Modelling DependsOn

• information available about the UoD,

• information about the UoD, regarded as not relevant for the concept or conceptual

model at hands, and therefore abandoned or renounced,

• philosophical background to be applied in the modeling work,

• additional knowledge included by the modeler, e.g. knowledge primitives, con-

ceptual ‘components’, selected logical or mathematical presuppositions, mathematical

structures, etc.,

• collection of problems that may be investigated in this environment,

• ontology used as a basis of the conceptualization process,

• epistemological theory, which directs how ontology should be applied in reco-

gnizing and formulating concepts, conceptual models or theories, and in constructing

information, data, and knowledge, on different levels of abstraction,

• the purpose and goal of the conceptual modeling work,

• collection of methods for conceptual modeling,

• the process of the practical concept formation and modeling work,

• knowledge and skill of the person making modeling, as well as those of

the people giving information for the modeling work.

c⃝H. Kangassalo: : Approaches for Active Conceptual Modeling of Learning; Workshop San Diego 2006

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Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Separation of Concern: The ZachmanFramework Living in a world full of different models

Coherence, calibration, mapping problems

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Model Suites: Collaboration of Models Handling abstraction

Explicit collaboration of models based on

• constructors

• mappings

• contracts among models

Dimensions of models based on the minimalisation of models and

constructors

Abstractions of models among mappings

Constructors for construction of new models

shuffle product, reduct , scope , integration

Theory extension for model context representation and context in-

tegration

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Challenges in Multi-Model Environments

Explicit specification of model collaboration: interdependencies

among models

Integrated development of different models: different views of the

same problem or application

Co-evolution of models: exchange between models and change propa-

gation

Combining different (e.g., graphical) representations with ma-

thematical rigor of models

Evolution of different representations: refinements of previous mo-

dels or explicit revisions of models

Management of multi-model IS development: scheduling mecha-

nisms, rollback

Version handling for multi-model IS development: different versi-

ons

Explicit refinement and abstraction treatment: systems develop-

ment abstraction layers

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Layers of Models for IS Managing model suites by stratification

Collaboration speci-

fication layers

Infrastructure Collaboration

Application domain

layer

Application environment Collaboration policy, prin-

ciples, acts

Requirements layer System sketches, require-

ments, system decisions

Collaboration tasks, con-

tracts, style, pattern

Business user layer System view, parties, port-

folio

Collaboration stories

Conceptual layer Information system specifi-

cation, context support

3C-C schemata,

informational processes,

exchange frames

Logical layer Information system - logical

view

Collaboration supporting

system

Physical layer IS programs Collaboration programs

Deployment layer ... ...

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Model Suite: Constituents

• set of models M1, ....,Mn ,

• association or collaboration schema among the models,

• controllers that maintain consistency or coherence of the model

suite,

• application schemata for explicit maintenance and evolution of the

model suite, and

• tracers for the establishment of the coherence.

Coherence describes a fixed relationship between the models in a model

suite. only inductive languages with compositionality principle concentration on discrete domains

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

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Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Model Suite: LanguagesModel language L: signature S and a set of constructors C

ΣS,C well-formedness conditions

Model type TLS = (LS,ΣLS)language of the model andconstraints ΣLS ∈ L(ΣWellFormed

S )

Partial mappings Ri,j : LSi → LSj among LS1 , ...LSn

Model M: structM in LSthat obeys ΣLS ,

and set of constraints ΣM defined in the logics of this language.

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Model Suite: Model Association andContracting

Collaboration contract among models

Collaboration

• Communication is used in a variety of facets as an act or instance

of transmitting or a process by which information is exchanged

between models through a common system.

• Coordination expresses the act or action of coordinating the har-

monious functioning of models for effective results.

• Cooperation expresses the action of cooperating.

Collaboration style: supporting programs, data access pattern, style

of collaboration, coordination workflows

Collaboration pattern: supporting access and configuration, event

processing, synchronization, and parallel execution

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Model SuiteModel suite type ST = (TLS1

, ..., TLS ,ΣLS1 ,...,LSn)

model types TLSidefined on a set LSi , ...,LSn

ΣS1,...,Sn constraints

Model suite Son a model suite type ST

models (M1, ...,Mn) of type TLSithat obey ΣLS1 ,...,LSn

Contract on C:

• constraints ΣLS1∪ ... ∪ ΣLSn

∪ ΣLS1 ,...,LSn,

• description of the enforcement mechanisms for any operation that

can be used for modification of one model, and

• set of consistent evolution transformations.

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Model Suite: Synchronisation andCoherence

Explicit mapping among models

Mi Mi,to(j) Mj,from(i) Mj

extract ei,j transform ti,j load li,j- - -

Mi Mi,from(j) Mj,to(i) Mj

load lj,i transform tj,i extract ej,i

modeli modelj

ei,j

ej,ilj,i(tj,i(ej,i))

li,j(ti,j(ei,j))-ei,j

tj,i(ej,i)

ti,j(ei,j)

ej,i

ModelTransformer

-

Coordinationprofile

evolution-prone

completed to a model suite architecture

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Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Model Suite: Co-evolution

Databaseschema

Staticintegrity

constraints

Database structuremodelMstruct

Databasefunctionality

model

Dynamicintegrity

constraints

Database functionmodelMfunc

Contentmodel

Mcontent

Interactionmodel

Minteract

... model

Database support models

Information system modelMIS

M′struct M′

content

Mstruct Mcontent

put∗struct,content

put∗content,struct

-

?

changecontent

M′funct M′′

struct

Mfunct

put∗struct,funct

put∗funct,struct

-

changefunct

?M′′

content

put∗struct,content- M′′interact

put∗content,interact-

M′interact

put∗content,interact-

Minteract

put∗content,interact-

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Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Collaboration within model suites Binding, integration, and calibration of models

Structural and functional integration among layers with

the

• bindings for export and import interfaces of models

provisioning of data and schemata

• exchange and mapping facility

Coordination with model suites for consistency management

responsibilities, obligations, permissions and protection

Co-evolution of model suites with evolution choreography, con-

figuration, versioning, orchestration

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Collaboration of models Explicit and eager bindings for models in suites

Export/import interfaces S = (I,F ,ΣS) specifying

Infon models I = (V,M,ΣT ) specifyingthe content V based on media types (“what”),the collaboration manager M (“how”), andthe competence ΣT through a set of tasks (“for what”)

Collaboration characteristics F specifying the organization frame (“how”),the parties (“who”) and the context (“whereby”)

Quality of collaboration ΣS agreeing on the quality and motivation (“why”)

Exchange frame specifying

Architecture drafting the general engine (“where”)

Collaboration style drafting the flow (“when”)

Collaboration pattern describing the functionality (“how”, “whereby”)

as a generalization of distributed systems, communication systems,

groupware systems, and collaboration architectures

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Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Model change propagation in a model suite

Simple merge: M1 = M1,0 dM1,2, M2 = M2,0 dM1,2

with M1,0 gM1,2, M2,0 gM1,2

Complex collaboration among Mi = Mi,0 Mi,1 from Li

and Mj = Mj,0 Mj,1 from Lj

Mappings ti,j : Mi,1 7−→ Mj,1 tj,i : Mj,1 7−→ Mi,1

for which extensions of Si,j, Sj,i exist in Li and Lj

Mi Mi,1 Mj,1 Mj

extract ei,j transform ti,j load li,j- - -

puti,j := ei,j ti,j li,j

Mi and Mj are coexisting if puti,j(Mi) 4Mj and putj,i(Mj) 4Mi

constant complement ~(Mj, i) = Mj ej,i(Mj)

Mj = put∗i,j(Mi, ~(Mj, i))

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Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Hierarchical Layered Model SuitesTypical example for models at the same abstraction level

microDBS

mesoDBS

analysisDBS

presentationDBS

DBS(Sp,ΣSp ,

Op,ΣOp )

inject

insert--modifiable

injected

auxiliarydatabase

?injectedDBS

(Sc,ΣSc

Oc,ΣOc )

inject

insert--modifiable

injected

auxiliarydatabase

?injectedDBS

(Sr,ΣSr ,

Or,ΣOr )

inject

insert--modifiable

injected

auxiliarydatabase

?injectedDBS

(Sm,ΣSm ,

Om,ΣOm )

auxiliarydatabase

?injected

sensors,observations,

transaction data

storage, capturing,

historical integra-

tion, leverage, ar-

chiving

analysis, mining,

exploration, hypo-

theses generation

business sheets,

appendix for pu-

blication, web

presentation

explicit inheritance of underlying data

ownership principle

explicit explanation based on underlying data

agreed stratification of data and schemata

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Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

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Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Strictly vertically layered model suites Layers as a building block of multi-layered architectures

Architecture of a multi-layer model suite

Operators: Oi,1, ...

Data objects: ti,1, ...

Operators: Oi+1,1, ...

Data objects: ti+1,1, ...

Layer i “realises” -

Layer i+1 “uses”

+ Layer language

Oi+1,p(ti+1,q)

Oi,r(ti,1, ..., ti,k), ..., Oi,s(ti,1, ..., ti,m)

?

6 Y

The general transformer structure for transformation of data among layersLayer i+ 1

Transformation meta-data Rules

Layer i

Inject ControlTransformer

?6

-

?6

Abbildung 1: The general transformer structure for transformation of data among

layers

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Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Model suites at the same abstraction layer

The four dimensions of the collaboration space for model suites: Con-

tent dimension through data, foundation dimension through concepts,

motivation dimension through targets and goals, validation dimension

through hypotheses

Concept space

Data space

Hypothesis space

Target and goal space

Model suitecollaboration

Tasks, aimassociation

Services,culture, user context

Databasespartial integration

Media typesfunctionality, adaptation

Semantic theoriesontology

Pragmaticsgeneral culture

Assumptionsmodality

Probability spacedistribution

AttributesIndicatorsSchemataBehaviourSimilarity/Separation

AttributesData

CorrelationsProbability space

Metrics/Amalgamations

AlgorithmsQuality

MappingsSchemata

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Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Institutions and (co-)evolutions of models

concept

world W1

concept

world W2

e.g., concept realisation/representation

evolved concept

world W3

e.g. ASM

BPMN

e.g. BPMN

XPDL, BPEL,...

e.g. revised BPMN

adapted XPDL, BPEL,...

content objectso1 ∈ DB1

content objectso2 ∈ DB2

selection /restriction

content baseDB1

schemaS1

observations,scopes

languageL1

modelling =⇒

=⇒

=⇒

---category mapping

---language mapping

---compiled schema mapping

---ETL (info)morphism

signatureτ1

inducedselection/restriction

content baseDB2

schemaS2

languageL2

signatureτ2

inducedmodelling

inducedobservations,

scopes

evolved content objectso3 ∈ DB3

evolved content baseDB3

evolved schemaS3

evolved languageL3

evolved signatureτ3

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

j

j

j ?

?

?

?

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Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Model suites for OLTP / DW / Marts Handling abstraction

Portfolioof user groups

Cubefunctions

OLAP schemata

OLTP-DW/OLAPload

function

?

-

?

Family ofgrouping functions

Family oftransformations

Cube schema

OLTP-DW/OLAPtransformation

function

?

-

?

OLTP schema

Extended extraction schema

Parameterisedattributes

Aggregationfunctions

OLTP-DW/OLAPextractionfunction

?

?

-

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Model suites for streaming / microdata /mesodata / macrodata Handling abstraction

data stream profile

• characterising data such as precision, granularity and encoding of

the data,

• context association data such as spatial and temporal data for geo-

referencing etc.,

• quality data such as distribution of errors,

• docket data that characterise the data gathering and utilisation

process,

• restrictions for access, and

• privacy and security profiles specifying allowed tasks, forbidden ser-

vices, rights for access, contracts and consent applicable.

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Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Dimensions of Data Modelling: Profile andPortfolio, Abstraction and Extension, and

Quality of Data

-

6

Data profile and portfolio

Data quality improvement

Data aggregation, abstraction and enrichment

Application A Application B

micro-datamacro-data

annotated aggregated macro-datafounded annotated aggregated macro-data

Gossip/raw/sensor/source dataStaged/cleansed data with data profiles

Consolidated and transformed data with hocks for data change captureIntegratable data ready for on-demand use in federations

Coherent data enhanced by services for in-line delivery in enterprise data farms

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c⃝B. Thalheim

Principles of Multi-Layered Modelling

Downward-dependency principle: The main data dependency structure is top-

down. Objects at a higher level depend on objects at a lower level.

Upward-notification principle: Objects at a higher level act as subscribers to data-

base changes at lower level. They may decide whether they eagerly or lazily

enforce observed changes at lower level. Objects at lower level report however

their changes.

Neighbor-communication principle: Objects may exchange data only at the same

layer with other objects. The neighborhood may also require that neighboring

databases should be synchronised.

Explicit association principle: The data exchange between databases is explicitly

documented and recorded. Whenever a database at a higher level perceives

data from a lower level then this exchange is logged.

Cycle elimination principle: Cyclic data exchange between layers is broken based

on the log information.

Layer naming principle: Data belong to their level and can be identified at their

level.

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Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Structural and Functional Integration ofModels

Mappings and actual data mappings (synonyms, homonyms, model suite

hypernyms and hyponyms)

partiality of data mapping, abstractions

• Microdata as the starting point for collaboration

• Mesodata through abstractions, filtering, scoping, summarisation

• Macrodata for model injection

Handling missing, intentionally not available, not applicable, biased and low

quality data

Informorphism among different equivalent presentations

Function integration as generic functions depending on the model

Constructor integration depending on the data profile and on the task port-

folio

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c⃝B. Thalheim

Requirements for model suite handling• Explicit specification of model suite collaboration: Interdependencies among models must be

given in an explicit form. The consistency of models must be recursive.

• Integrated development of different models: Models are used to specify different views of the

same problem or application. They must be used consistently in an integrated form. Their

integration must be made explicit. Simultaneous updates of models must be allowed.

• Co-evolution of models: The model suite must allow data exchange between models. Changes

within one model must be propagated to all dependent models.

• Combining different representations with mathematical rigor of models: Each model must

have a well-defined semantics as well as a number of representations for display of model

content. The representation and the model must be tightly coupled.

• Evolution of different representations: Changes within any model, must either be refinements

of previous models or explicit revisions of such models. These changes must be enforced for

other representations as well whenever those are concerned too.

• Management of model suites: The propagation of changes must be supported by scheduling

mechanisms, e.g., ordering of propagation of model changes. The management must support

rollback to earlier versions of the model suite. The management should also allow model

change during propagation.

• Version handling for model suites: Model suites may have different versions.

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Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Modellierung mit vielen Modellen

O

Φ1(O)

Φ2(O)

...

Φm(O)

*

j

^

Ψ1(G) --

Ψ2(G) --

... --

Ψm(G) --

G1 Φ1(G)-

G2 Φ2(G)-

... ...-

Gm Φm(G)-

Konstruktion

Kommunikation

Dokumentation

Analyse

Hinzukommende Forderung: Modellkoharenz

O Φ(O)-

Ψ1(G) -Ψ2(G) -*

... -j

Ψm(G) -^

G1 Φ1(G)-

G2 Φ2(G)-

... ...-

Gm Φm(G)-

Verstehen

Optimierung

Beherrschung

Simulation

BindungBedingungen

Vertrag

6 6 6

Koordination von Modellen nach Separation nach Aspekten

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c⃝B. Thalheim

Tool Support for Model Suites

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Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Model Suite Realisability?!!: Life Cases

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Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Model Suite Realisability?!!: Life Cases

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c⃝B. Thalheim

Model Suite Realisability?!!: Life Cases

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Semiotics

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c⃝B. Thalheim

Choices for Specification: Model Pattern Depending on the style of development

Structure-oriented pattern such as• Compacting patterns• Typing patterns• Unfolding patterns• Union patterns

separationpattern

variationpattern

state transitionpattern

controlpattern

virtual machinepattern

conveniencepattern

IS rule pattern

Advantages

efficient development with controlled refinement, repeatability, robust-

ness, incrementality Disadvantages

restrictions in the development style, incrementality

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Responsibility Pattern

Timeframe

6

?

Responsibility

-requested by

responsible-

ResponsibilitytypeRegulations Party

type

6

Party(0,1)(0,n)

-requested by

responsible-

?

-for

Action

Knowledge/strategic level

Temporal/tactical level

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

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c⃝B. Thalheim

Evolution of Data

6

?

Observation⊕ -

R

-Measurement

*

R

Method ofmeasurement

Planning

State

Date

6

-Realstate

IDuration

State type

-Plannedstate

]

Planningof state

Comparisonoperator

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Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Planning and Variations

performingRelation to

timeInterested

party

Actionstate

6

?

-Action

LocationProposedaction

Implementedaction

]

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Semiotics

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c⃝B. Thalheim

Knowledge in the ModelThomas Kuhn: Neue Uberlegungen zum Begriff des Paradigma. (1974)

Bernd Mahr: Das Wissen im Modell.

disziplinare Matrix (zur Scharfung des Paradigmen-Begriffes) mit min-

destens drei Eigenschaften:

• ‘symbolische Verallgemeinerungen’

• ‘Referenz-Modelle’

Kuhn (1978), S. 393: “Modelle liefern der Gruppe bevorzugte Analogien oder, wenn sie von großer

Uberzeugungskraft getragen sind, eine Ontologie. Am einen Extrem sind sie heuristischer Natur: Der

Stromkreis laßt sich mit Nutzen als stationares hydrodynamisches System begreifen, oder ein Gas als

Menge winziger Billardkugeln in regloser Bewegung. Am anderen Extrem sind sie Gegenstande meta-

physischer Festlegungen: Die Warme eines Korpers ist die kinetische Energie seiner Teilchen, oder, noch

deutlicher metaphysisch, alle wahrnehmbaren Erscheinungen gehen auf die Bewegung und Wechselwirkung

qualitativ neutraler Atome im leeren Raum zuruck.”

und

• ‘Musterbeispiele’.

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Semiotics

Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Knowledge Versus Content, Concepts,Topics

Content space

Concept space

Information space

Topic space

Knowledgespace

Topicsontology

Annotation, linkingculture, context

Semantic theoriesontology

Pragmaticsgeneral culture

Databasesutilisation

Media typesfunctionality, adaptation

User profilesuser portfolio

Memescultural units

The four dimensions of the knowledge space:

Data dimension through content,

foundation dimension through concepts,

language dimension through topics,

user dimension through information

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c⃝B. Thalheim

Verdichtung von Konzeptfeldern zumModell

Das Begriff des Modelles ist einer der grundlegenden Begriffe fast jeder Wissenschaftsdisziplin. Er

wird jedoch in verschiedener Art, mit unterschiedlichem Zweck, mit verschiedenen Begriffsgerust

und mit verschiedener Grundlage verwendet. Ein Modell ist ein System, das als Reprasentant

eines komplizierten Originals auf Grund mit diesem gemeinsamer, fur eine bestimmte Aufgabe

wesentlicher Eigenschaften von einem dritten System unter Nutzung einer Theorie und mittels

einer Sprache benutzt, ausgewahlt oder geschaffen wird, um letzterem die Erfassung oder Be-

herrschung des Originals zu ermoglichen oder zu erleichtern, beziehungsweise um es zu ersetzen.

Es gibt mathematische Modelle, Modelle der Logik, Modelle der Wissenschaftstheorie, Modelle

in den Sozialwissenschaften, Modelle von Dingen, padagogische Modelle, Modelle der Informatik

usw.

Was kann nicht durch ein Konzeptfeld ausgedruckt werden?

• intext√

• context /

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c⃝B. Thalheim

Concept Frames, Conceptual Spaces andRefinement

Concept frames

Symbolic space Geometrical space

Context space

Refinement level

Generic element G (Initial algebra)

I

Instance element I1

Instance element I2

I

Blended element B (Final element)

own live in

owner resident

house

Conceptual space

own ride

owner passenger

boat

Conceptual space

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c⃝B. Thalheim

Typischerweise sind Konzeptsystemegefaltet

see ISTA’09 bzw. auch weitere Arbeiten der Arbeitsgruppe Seiendes - Beschreibendes - Bewertendes - Benutzendes

Konzepta priori

Benutzungs-konzept

Konzepta

posteriori

Bewertungs-konzept

sowie auch Zachman-Dimensionen

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Typischerweise sind Konzeptsystemegeschichtet

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Concept Topic

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c⃝B. Thalheim

(C++) Modern Notion of the Concept of

Concept1. Typicality of the feature: (typical, moderately typical, atypical, borderli-

ne)• necessary feature• sufficient feature (in relation to other features), commonality of features• measures of typicality, weights• goodness of prototypes

2. Relevance of a feature

3. Importance of a feature:• recognised• used• frequency of occurrence, number of individuals, effect of ideals

Constructing expressions: features with certain ordering

• hierarchical structuring• containment relations (concept contains concept/knowledge): is a,

has a component, contains another concept

driver of car is a person, car contains engine, car is red

G.L. Murphy, The big book of concepts. MIT press

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c⃝B. Thalheim

(C++) Views the Concept of Concept

• Prototype view: representation through best example or examples

with some summary representation, partially with special hint on importance

of special properties

prototype and computational explosion

Schema: KL-ONE-artig (frame(slot,filler ∈ Dom(slot)))• Exemplar view: concept of a person = collection of things a person remem-

bers

Characterisation through similarity relation with measures, weights, stimu-li for their acceptancemultiplicative rules for typicality

see also Concept lattice (Ganter/Wille)

• Knowledge view: concepts are the basic items of knowledge

assuming that concepts are consistent

coexistence and coevolution of concepts and knowledge

concepts learning through knowledge and concepts obtained before

build a language, a theory, a reasoning system

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c⃝B. Thalheim

(C++) Separation of Concerns Based on theSemiotic Triangle of Content, Concepts

and Topics

Semantics Pragmatics

Syntax

Content

Computation

Concept

Validation

Topic

Presentation

Presentation theory

Computation theory

Model theory

Infon

Semanticalunit

Asset

interpretation

foundation

-presentation

explanation

K

contentdelivery

U

annotation

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Concept Topic

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Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

(C++) Concepts with Definition Manyfold

Kindof Definition

DefinitionItem

Term Language

-DefinitionKind

Concept

(0,1)

(0,n)

Descriptor

6

DefinedThrough

ValidityRestriction

UsageTime

Preference

StructuralExpression

?

-SpecOrderedTree

-CommunityContext

UsageProfile

AcceptanceLevel

Community

-CharacterisedThrough

MetaInformation

SpecOrderedTree(StructuralExpression,TreeExpression(

(DefinitionItem, Modality(Sufficiency, Necessity), Fuzziness, Importance,Rigidity, Relevance, GraduationWithinExpression, Category)

))

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(C++) Example of a Mathematical Concept

Definition⟨Definition:⟩ A sequence of real (or complex) numbers is said to converge to a

real (or complex) number c if for every ϵ > 0 there is an integer nϵ > 0 such that

if j > nϵ then |aj − c| < ϵ. The number c is called the limit of the sequence and

we sometimes write aj −→ c.If a sequence does not converge, then we say that it diverges.

In other words, a sequence can be denoted by f(1), f(2), f(3), ..... Usually, we will denote such a

sequence by the symbol (aj)j , where aj = f(j).

⟨Sub-concept:⟩ Sequences that converge to zero are called null sequences.

⟨Annotation⟩: A sequence which converges.

⟨Prerequisite concept:⟩ A sequence of real numbers is a function f : N −→ R.⟨More specific prerequisites:⟩ monotone de/increasing sequences

For example, the sequence 1, 12 ,

12 ,

13 ,

14 ,

15 , ... is written as ( 1

n )n. Keep in mind that despite the strange

notation, a sequence can be thought of as an ordinary function. However, in many cases, that may not be the

most expedient way to look at the situation. It is often easier to simply look at a sequence as a ‘string’ of

numbers that may or may not exhibit a certain pattern.

⟨Context⟩: The limit of a sequence is one of the oldest concepts in mathematical analysis. It provides a rigorous

definition of the idea of a sequence converging towards a point called the limit.⟨Related concepts:⟩ A convergent sequence is bounded and the limit is unique. Cauchy sequences ....

Do not confuse this with the idea of a series defined by the result of summarising infinitely many numbers∑∞j=1 aj . Despite the fact that the common non-mathematical meaning of “sequence” and “series” is identical

there are separate definitions of convergence for sequences and series, and separate theories for these with some

important differences that you need to be aware of. An infinite series is an expression of the form∑n

j=1 aj ,

where (an) is a sequence.

limit inferior, limit superior

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c⃝B. Thalheim

(C++) Concept-Content-Topic Space

Kindof Definition

DefinitionItem

Term Language

-DefinitionKind

Concept

(0,1)

(0,n)

Descriptor

6

DefinedThrough

ValidityRestriction

UsageTime

PreferenceStructuralExpression

?

-SpecOrderedTree

-CommunityContext

UsageProfile

AcceptanceLevel

Community

-CharacterisedThrough

MetaInformation

6

?

-ApplicationContext

KindOfAssociation

ApplicationSchema

6

?

-SchemaContext Culture

Application

6

?

Extension/Foundation

Typicality

Content -AnnotatedThrough Topic

?

Explains/Depicted

*

In

TopicSpace/MapCommunity

6

SharedWithin

j

Ontology Language

6

?

UsedIn

AssociatedTo

AssociationType

R

UsedFor

ApplicationArea

-GivenByMediaObjectSuite

?

-SpecifiedBy

MediaType

?

SpecifiedOnTop

1* Database

SchemaYAuxiliarySchema

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Models Defined Through Concepts

Arts: working of plastic materials by hand to build up form

Mathematics: method of scientific investigation of systems

no necessity to construct an actual physical model of the system

mathematical model: a description of the system in some algorithmic language

divided into individual parts and the state of each part described by some

system of parameters

description of the relationships between the separate parts

Cybernetic systems: self-improvement, self-teaching and self-development

to model

• to plan or form after a pattern or shape

• to make into an organization (as an army, government, or parish)

• to produce a representation or simulation to model a problem

• to construct or fashion in imitation of a particular model

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Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

Content

Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

(C6) Specification of Concepts throughConcept Fields

Concept field

context [ ]

semantics

syntax

pragmatics

representation form

parameter*

icon, symbolconditions

rules

environmentassociatedconcepts

history

semanticalcases

applicationportfolio semantics

extension

constraints

optionality

null

default

valency

binding form

kernelsemantics

model world

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Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

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Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

(C6) Concepts Maps: Person and Address

Person(( characteristics, relation, context),

(ΣDeontTempPL/1Person , MPerson, Σ

EpistemLogikPerson ),

( enterpriseIS, taskActor))

τ( relation) = employeed·∪ partner

τ( characteristics) = name·∪ birthData

·∪ identData

·∪ gender

·∪ family

·∪ furtherCharact

·∪ profile

Examples of ΣDeontTempPL/1Person :

F(update(Person. birthData))

α“divorced′′( person) → ∃past y

(Association(Is.Partner. y,Of.Partner. person,Since,Till)

∧ from < todayAddress(( geographAddr, contactAddr, history),

(ΣPL/1Address, MAddress, Σ

QualityAddress),

( enterpriseIS, taskActor))

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Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

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Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

(C6) Example of a Concept Diagram:Person

kinddescription

property

[priority]

status

description

6

6

relation

is of

6

partner

sinceuntil

[comment]

PersonfirstNames title calledAsbirthData biometryDatagender family history

familyName calledAs

[passport] characteristics

?

-employee

intervalcharacteristics

abilitiesprofile

-profile

yearsInProfession

+

6

?educationprofile

CV

lastEntry

educationalinstitution

6

-certificateby

date

specialisation

topic

place

name

+

I

organi-sation

name

?

external internal

roletype

description

[comment]

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Content

Information

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(C6) Example: Concept of a Conference mapping daily life

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Concept Board as a Special Map: PanelExample

The panel panellist: provide & discuss

an interesting topic

panellist: talk about some-

thing and anything

participant: activelyparticipate, argument,adverse & contradict

(R,R)(win,win)(e.g. (3,3))

(S,T)(lose much, win much)

(e.g., (0,5))

participant: listen only,read emails,

prepare another paper, ...

(T,S)(win much, lose much)

(e.g. (5,0))

(P,P)(lose, lose)(e.g., (1,1))

non-participant: don’tattend, have some fun (?,?) (?,?)

T: Temptation to defect, R: Reward for mutual cooperation,

P: Punishment for mutual defection, S: Sucker’s payoff

T > R > P > S or better 2R > T +S otherwise better to be in the (T,S) or (S,T) mode

equilibrium: T + S = P +R

Panel options:

• talk, talk, talk, ..., some more questions?

• Octavian circle: live discussion with harsh punishment not to be in the cloud

• (talk; challenge)∗ as a small repetitive story patternwith incremental and creative co-evolution

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Concept ER Schema as a Special Map:Panel Example

Panel

6

?

uses

Story -within Scene

?

-acts

Θ

6

Θ := uses.Story 1within.Story

-Participant Attendee

Contributionplay

role

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General Concept ER Schema asSpecialisation

Panel

6

?

uses

Story -within Scene

?

-acts

Θ

6

Θ := uses.Story 1within.Story

-Participant Attendee

Contributionplay

role

Panel

6

?

uses

Octaviancircle

-within(1,1)

Scene

?

-acts

-OctavianParticipant Attendee

Contributionplay

role

Panel

6

?

uses

Fullydouble-active

panel

-within⊕

Oppositionscene

Requestedscene

6

?

-acts

-Activeparticipant Attendee

Contributionplay

role

Panel

6

?

uses

Classicalsemi-activepanel story

6

?

-within

Contribution

⊕ Questionscene

Attendee-‘Normal’Participant

Statement

scene

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(C1-6) Deficiencies of the ClassicalConcept of Concept

Classical concept understanding

(1) concepts are mentally represented through definitions

(2) objects either belong or do not belong to an extension of a concept

(3) there is no internal distinction between members of an occurrence of an

extension of the concept

Pitfalls

importance of things for conceptsimportance, necessity, sufficiency of of characteristicsfuzzy concepts beyond exact conceptsgraduation of properties of conceptsconcepts are culturally and group dependentthere are typical and atypical objects for a conceptconcepts are time, space, culture dependent

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Beschreibung von Konzepten durchKonzeptfelder

Konzeptfeld

Kontext[ ]

Semantik

Syntax

Pragmatik

Wortformen

Parameter*

Wort

BedingungenRegeln

UmfeldAssoziierteKonzepte

Historie

SemantischeFalle

Anwendungs-portfolio Erweiterungs-

semantik

Constraints

Optionalitat

Null

Default

Valenz

Bindungsform

Kern-semantik

Modellwelt

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Konzepte und Wissenschaftstheorie Wissenschaftstheorie nach Wolfgang Deppert

• wie wir Begriffe gebrauchen

• wozu sie zu gebrauchen sind, d. h.,

• wie mit ihnen hantiert wird und

• wie sie funktionieren

• verschiedenen Arten des Gebrauchs und der Funktion von Begriffen

# Benennung eines spezifischen Gebrauchs oder einer Funktion wird

im folgenden summarisch durch die Angabe von Merkmalen oder auch

von Kennzeichen

Verhaltnis der Begriffe untereinander

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Umgang mit Begriffen Wissenschaftstheorie nach Wolfgang Deppert

(1) Zusammenhangsformen der Begriffe: Begriffe stehen untereinander in gewissen Verhaltnissen

oder in bestimmten Beziehungen, die gesondert von den Funktionen der Begriffe behandelt

(2) Wirkung als die Funktion der Begriffe: Umgang mit Begriffen bewirkt etwas

# Begriffe sind diejenigen sprachlichen Elemente, mit denen wir je nach Hinsicht etwas

Allgemeines oder etwas Einzelnes beschreiben.

# relationale oder der rein begriffliche Bezug der Begriffe von existentiellem zu unterscheiden

# ellt in der Rege definitorische Zusammenhang zwischen Begriffen als eine einseitige

Abhangigkeitsbeziehung

(Das Definierte (das Definiendum) wird von den definierenden Bestandteilen (dem Definiens) abhangig gemacht wird und nicht

umgekehrt. Wenn eine Klasse von Begriffen auf diese Weise verbunden wird, dann sei dieses definitorische System von Begriffen

ein definitorisch-hierarchisches Begriffssystem genannt. Man kann auch von Begriffspyramiden sprechen, deren Begriffe definito-

risch auf undefinierte Grundbegriffe zuruckgefuhrt werden. Stellen wir hingegen begriffliche Beziehungen in Form wechselseitiger

Bedeutungsabhangigkeiten von Begriffen untereinander fest, so sei von ganzheitlichen Begriffssystemen.

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Gebrauch von Begriffen Wissenschaftstheorie nach Wolfgang Deppert

(1) Erstes Kennzeichen von Begriffen: Begriffe sind solche sprachlichen Bedeu-

tungstrager, die je nach Hinsicht entweder etwas Allgemeines oder etwas Ein-

zelnes bedeuten.

• Funktion der Begriffe: mit ihnen in bestimmten Existenzbereichen Klassen

oder Mengen von Gegenstanden, bilden und bezeichnen klassenbildend zu-

sammenfassen mit Begriffen Gegenstande

# extensionale Verstandnis der Begriffe

(2) ...

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Gebrauch von Begriffen Wissenschaftstheorie nach Wolfgang Deppert

(1) ...

(2) Zweites Kennzeichen von Begriffen: Existenzbereiche werden durch die Anwen-

dung von Begriffen strukturiert und unterschieden.

• strukturierendes Merkmal der Begriffe

• verbundene Funktion der Begriffe laßt sich nur erfullen, wenn die Begriffe

schon eine Bedeutung haben, bevor sie zur Klassenbildung benutzt werden

• Intension eines Begriffs: bestimmt die Absicht, den Sinn oder die Bedeutung

• Rudolf Carnap: Theorie der drei Begriffe aufzustellen ((1) klassifikatorische

oder qualitative, (2) komparative und (3) metrische oder quantitative Be-

griffe)

(3) ...

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Gebrauch von Begriffen Wissenschaftstheorie nach Wolfgang Deppert

(1) ...

(2) Drittes Kennzeichen von Begriffen: existentieller Bezug der Begriffe

Anwendungsfunktion der Begriffe bezieht Begriffe auf einen bestimmten Exi-

stenzbereich

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Existentieller, begrifflicher undanwendender Bezug Wissenschaftstheorie nach Wolfgang Deppert

• existentielle Bezug der Begriffe

• Funktion der Begriffe besteht in ihrer strukturgebenden Anwendung auf be-

stimmte Existenzbereiche.

• relationale oder der rein begriffliche Bezug der Begriffe

Beziehungen der Begriffe untereinander

• Definitorischer Zusammenhang zwischen Begriffen stellt in der Regel eine ein-

seitige Abhangigkeitsbeziehung.

definitorisch-hierarchisches Begriffssystem

Begriffspyramiden: Begriffe definitorisch auf undefinierte Grundbegriffe zuruckgefuhrt

ganzheitlichen Begriffssystemen: begriffliche Beziehungen in Form wechselseitiger Bedeu-

tungsabhangigkeiten von Begriffen untereinander

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Systembildendes Merkmal der Begriffe Wissenschaftstheorie nach Wolfgang Deppert

Drittes Kennzeichen von Begriffen:

Begriffe sind solche Bedeutungstrager, die untereinander in einseitiger oder in wech-

selseitiger Bedeutungsabhangigkeit stehen konnen.

Verwendung hierarchischer Begriffsysteme

Durch die wechselseitige oder gegenseitige Bedeutungsabhangigkeit kann es aber

ganzheitliche Begriffsysteme geben.

Begriffe sind sprachliche Bedeutungstrager, die das zweiseitige, das strukturie-rende und das systembildende Merkmal besitzen.stets an eine sprachliche Reprasentation gebunden

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Unterscheidung von existentiellem,begrifflichem und anwendendem oder

ergastischem Denken Wissenschaftstheorie nach Wolfgang Deppertdrei verschiedene Arten des Denkens

(1) Das Denken uber etwas in einer bestimmten Existenzform Gegebenes. Dieses Denken mag

das existentielle Denken genannt werden.20

(2) Das Denken in den rein begrifflichen Bezugen der Begriffe, indem Begriffe konstruiert oder

etwa in Definitionen miteinander kombiniert werden. Dieses Denken heißt das begriffliche

Denken.

(3) Das Denken, durch das begriffliche mit existentiellen Vorstellungen verbunden werden. Dies

kann dadurch geschehen, daß Existenzbereiche durch Begriffe bestimmt werden oder daß

Begriffe auf Inhalte dieser Existenzbereiche angewendet werden. Dieses verbindende Denken

mag als das anwendende oder auch als das ergastische Denken bezeichnet werden. Es ord-

net den vom existentiellen Denken gedachten Existenzbereichen Strukturen des begrifflichen

Denkens zu.

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Funktion 1: Begriffe als Werkzeuge desBeschreibens Wissenschaftstheorie nach Wolfgang Deppert

(1) was wir,

(2) womit wir und

(3) wie wir, d. h., mit welchen Werkzeugen wir etwas beschreiben(a) Das Denken uber das Existierende, uber das, was es gibt, was vorhanden ist und was wir beschreiben

wollen.

(b) Das Denken uber die Mittel und Moglichkeiten, etwas Existierendes zu beschreiben.

(4) weitere Dimensionen: wofur, wozu, weshalb, wann, wer, fur wen, ...

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Konsequenzen aus den definiertenMerkmalen der Begriffe Wissenschaftstheorie nach Wolfgang Deppert

(1) Innen- und Außenbetrachtungen (intext, context) und ganzheitliche und hier-

archische Begriffssysteme:

einschließlich: unbestimmte Innen- und Außenbetrachtungen

(2) Begrundungsendpunkte

ordnungstiftende Funktion fur die Existenzbereiche

Grenzbegriffe sind keine Begriffe

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Begriffliche Gliederungen in derAnwendung von Begriffen zum

Erkenntnisgewinn uber einen bestimmtenObjektbereich Wissenschaftstheorie nach Wolfgang Deppert

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Nutzung bei expliziter Berucksichtigungder Analogie der Modelle

Grad der strukturellen Analogie: Wie weitgehend wird Struktur abge-

bildet?

Grad der qualitativen Analogie: Wie weitgehend wird Beschaffenheit

abgebildet?

Grad der strukturellen Angleichung: Wie weitgehend wird Struktur

abgebildet unabhangig von Realisierung?

Grad der qualitativen Angleichung: Was wird codiert, was dagegen

nicht?

Grad der funktionalen Angleichung: Wie weitgehend werden Funk-

tioen abgebildet?

Grad der Kontrastierung: Was wird besonders betont?

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Modellierung bei Beachtung derBeschrankungen Beispiel der Mathematik

• Orientierung auf Gesetze mit Beschrankung durch Striktheit

• Typisierung ohne einzelne Individuen

• Orientierung auf Funktionsaspekt (auch Zeit funktional; Raum?)

• Abstraktion von Qualitat

• striktes Auswerungssystem (z.B. durch Einfuhrung von“wahr”)

• Adaquatheit von Modellen (Zweck, Absichten, Nutzen, ethische Fragen)

• Abstraktion von Wesens-, Sinn- und Zielfragen

Damit auch Verstehen der Grenzen der Modellierung:

• relative Grenzen: veranderlich im Kontext (Zeit, Raum, Einsatz, ..; Sprache,

Befahigung des Autors)

• absolute und unveranderliche Grenzen Damit: Erfassung der Kapazitat eines Modelles.

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Programm zur Grundlegung

Auswahl einer Logik zur Unterstutzung von Schlußweisen

Kontextfreiheit und Unabhangigkeit je nach Grundalphabet

(mit kanonischer Interpretation) und Signatur S = (P ,F , C)fur Aritatsfunktion ϵ mit freier Interpretation unter S-StrukturenA = (A,RA,FA, constA)

Definitorische Erweiterung als syntaktischer Zucker

Einschrankung auf objekt-relationale Strukturen ohne Ver-

lust der Ausdrucksstarke

Elementare Aquivalenz statt Isomorphie aufgrund der End-

lichkeitsforderung

Auszeichnung der Pradikatenlogik durch die Satze von Lind-

strom

Kontentfelder als parametrische Spezifikationen

Abbildung auf Contentwelt

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Auswahl einer Logik zur Unterstutzung von Schlußweisen

Probleme bei Integration von Konzepten mit PL/1• oft

”zu viele “ Informationen zu bestimmten Sachverhalten

• klassische Inkonsistenzen• trivialisierte Logik• nutzlose Informationen

Quasi-klassische Logik als Alternative je nach Version der Logik• ausgerichtet auf Schlußfolgerungen im Kontext von Inkonsistenzen• basiert auf Schlußfolgerungen von Formeln in CNF• erhalt naturliche Deduktionsregeln• abgeschwacht in der Verwendung der Regeln• (→ Parakonsistente Logik)Sei S eine Menge. Sei O eine Menge von Objekten definiert wie folgt, wobei

+α ein positives und −α ein negatives Objekt ist:

O = +α|α ∈ S ∪ −α|α ∈ SDann nennen wir jedes X ∈ ρ(O) ein Modell.

+α ∈ X: α erfullbar unter X −α ∈ X: ¬α erfullbar unter X

+α ∈ X: α nicht erfullbar unter X −α ∈ X: ¬α nicht erfullbar unter X

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The Notion of the Theory Different flavours of the notion of a theory

A theory is any systematic and coherent collection of ideas that relateto a specific subject.

• a coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation for

a class of phenomena;

• a proposed explanation whose status is still conjectural, in contrast to well-

established propositions that are regarded as reporting matters of actual fact;

• Mathematics: a body of principles, theorems, or the like, belonging to one

subject;

• the branch of a science or art that deals with its principles or methods, as

distinguished from its practice;

• a particular conception or view of something to be done or of the method of

doing it; a system of rules or principles;

• contemplation or speculation.

• guess or conjecture.

Dictionary.com/

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The Notion of the Theory Different flavours of the notion of a theoryA theory is any systematic and coherent collection of ideas that relate to a specific

subject.

• Thesaurus @ wordnet.com/:

(1) a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized

system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain

a specific set of phenomena;

(2) a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but

that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena;

(3) a belief that can guide behavior.

• Collins English Dictionary:

(1) a system of rules, procedures, and assumptions used to produce a result

(2) abstract knowledge or reasoning

(3) a speculative or conjectural view or idea

(4) an ideal or hypothetical situation (esp in the phrase in theory)

(5) a set of hypotheses related by logical or mathematical arguments to explain and

predict a wide variety of connected phenomena in general terms the theory of

relativity

(6) a nontechnical name for hypothesis.

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The Notion of the Theory• a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that

applies in a variety of ...• hypothesis: a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain

facts or phenomena;• a belief that can guide behavior;

wordnetweb.princeton.edu

• A hypothesis that has withstood extensive testing by a variety of methods, and in which a higher degree of certainty may

be placed. A theory is NEVER a fact, but instead is an attempt to explain one or more facts.blue.utb.edu/biology/

• a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena. In other words,

it is the general or abstract principles of a body of fact, a science.www.bioethismscience.org/

• The body of rules, ideas, principles, and techniques that applies to a particular subject.www.edgateway.net/

• is an explanation of some phenomenon.roanoke.edu/

• several related propositions that explain some domain of inquiry.oregonstate.edu/

• An explanation of a natural occurrence that is testable and capable of predicting future occurrences.spaceplace.nasa.gov/

• A set of propositions, assertions, and accepted facts that attempts to provide a plausible or rational explanation of cause-

and-effect (causal) relationships among a group of observed phenomenon.BusinessDictionary.com/

• In mathematical logic, a theory is a set of sentences in a formal language.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory (mathematical logic)

• A theory, in the general sense of the word, is an analytic structure designed to explain a set of observations.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory

• An unproven conjecture; An expectation of what should happen, barring unforeseen circumstances; (sciences) A coherent

statement or set of statements that attempts to explain observed phenomena; (sciences) A logical structure that enables

one to deduce the possible results of every experiment;en.wiktionary.org/wiki/theory

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Definition of a Concept Gathering Systems

C: set of concepts and available experience

D: set of domain knowledge

M: set of representable meta knowledge

G: set of learning goals

H: set of representable hypotheses

R = C ∪ D ∪M∪ G ∪H: set of representable knowledge and concepts

Concept generator: γ : C ×R → CLearning function λ : C ×R → HEvaluator: ν : C ×R → Q

Q - set of quality characteristics

Learning system (γ, λ, ν, C,R)

Concept sequence: C1, C2, ..., Cf with Ci ∈ CLearning sequence: R0, R1, R2, ..., Rf with Ri ∈ RR0 - initial knowledge ... Rf final knowledge

Background knowledge of the learner: B ⊆ D ∪M∪ Gactual available knowledge B ∪H′

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Auswahl einer Logik Wissensinseln

Beschriftete quasi-klassische Logik

• erlaubt eindeutige Identifikation jeder Information

• Beschriftungen von Folgerungen ergeben sich aus Vereinigung der Beschriftun-

gen der Voraussetzungen

• Auswirkungen jeder Information ablesbar

• keine Auswirkungen auf Semantik oder Beweistheorie der Logik

Sei S eine Menge von atomaren Symbolen, etwa ein Alphabet. Wenn i ⊆ S und α

eine Formel, dann ist i : α eine beschriftete Formel.

Beweistheorie als Gentzen-Kalkul fur beschriftete Formeln

CON(∆) = Γ ⊆ ∆|Γ ⊢Q i : ⊥

INC(∆) = Γ ⊆ ∆|Γ ⊢Q i : ⊥

MI(∆) = Γ|Γ ∈ INC(∆) und ∀Φ ∈ INC(∆) Φ ⊂ Γ

MC(∆) = Γ|Γ ∈ CON(∆) und ∀Φ ∈ CON(∆) Γ ⊂ Φ

FREE(∆) =∩

MC(∆) (= ∆−∪

MI(∆) )

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Kontextfreiheit und Unabhangigkeit Koinzidenz und Substituierbarkeit

Interpretation I: Abbildung auf S-StrukturenVariablenbelegung η : V ar → A

volle semantische Struktur A∗ = (A, (I, η))Modellbeziehung ModS(A∗, ϕ)

Kontextfreiheit (Koinzidenzlemma): Gegeben seien eine For-

mel ϕ von S, Signaturen S1 ⊇ S, S2 ⊇ S, StrukturenA1,A2, Inter-

pretationen I1, I2 mit I1|S = I2|S und Variablenbelegungen η1, η2mit η1|S = η2|S . Dann gilt ModS1(A∗

1, ϕ) gdw. ModS2(A∗2, ϕ)

Unabhangigkeit (Substitutionslemma): Es seien ϕ von S,A∗ eine S-Struktur, x1, ...., xn paarweise verschiedene Varia-

ble und t1, ...., tn beliebige S-Terme, deren Variable paar-

weise disjunkt sind und nicht in ϕ vorkommen. Dann

gilt V alA∗(Subst(t, (x1, t1), ..., (xn, tn))) = V alA∗(t), sowie

V alA∗(Subst(ϕ, (x1, t1), ..., (xn, tn))) = W gdw. V alA∗(ϕ) = W .

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Definitorische Erweiterung als Verallgemeinerung der Definitionstheorie der PL

S-Definition ∀v0...∀vn−1(P (v0, ..., vn−1) ↔ ϕ(v0, ..., vn−1)) mit Definiens ϕund Definiendum P (v0, ..., vn−1) fur neue Pradikatenvariable

S-Definition ∀v0...∀vn−1(f(v0, ..., vn−1) = vn ↔ ϕ(v0, ..., vn−1, vn))mit Definiensϕ und Definiendum f(v0, ..., vn−1) fur neue Funktionenvariablefalls Σ ⊢ ∀v0...∀vn−1∃!ϕ(v0, ..., vn−1)

S-Definition ∀v0(c = v0 ↔ ϕ(v0)) mit Definiens ϕ und Definiendum cfur neue Funktionenvariable falls Σ ⊢ ∃!ϕ(v0)

Es seien S1 und S Signaturen mit S1 ⊇ S, Σ eine Menge von S-Formeln und ∆

eine S-Definitionsmenge von S1 \ S bezuglich Σ.

Eindeutige Existenz von Definitionserweiterungen: Dann existiert fur

jede (volle) Struktur A, die S-Modell von Σ ist, genau eine (volle) S1-Struktur

A′, die S ′-Modell von ∆ ist und deren S-Redukt gerade A ist.

Eliminierbarkeits- und Nichtkreativitatstheorem: Dann existiert eine

Abbildung ∇, die fur beliebiges n ∈ ω einem ϕ ∈ LS′

n eine Formel ϕ∇ ∈LSn zuordnet, so daß fur alle vollen S-Strukturen A mit ModS(A,Σ) gilt

ModS′(A∆, ϕ) gdw. ModS(A, ϕ∇) und Σ ∪∆ ⊢ ϕ ↔ ϕ∇.

Galoiskorrespondenz zwischen Formelmengen und S-Strukturen

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Einschrankung auf objekt-relationaleStrukturen ohne Verlust der Ausdrucksstarke

A = (A, I) und A1 = (A, I1) fur Signaturen S1 und S mit S1 ⊆ SRedukt A1 von A: I1 = I|S1 (eindeutig bestimmt)

Expansion A von A1

Relativierungstheorem: Partialitat kann durch einstelliges Pradikatensymbol

definiert werden.

Relationalisierungstheorem: S sei eine Signatur und A eine voll S-Struktur.Sr sei eine der Menge S mittels einer geeigneten Relationalisierungsfunkti-

on zugeordnete relationale Signatur. Ar sei die A entsprechende relationale

Sr-Struktur. Dann gibt es zu jeder S-Formel ϕ, die hochstens n freie Varia-

ble v0, ..., vn−1 enthalt, eine Sr-Formel ϕr, die ebenfalls hochstens dies freien

Variablen enthalt, so daß fur jede volle S-Struktur A gilt ModS(A, ϕ) ↔ModSr (Ar, ϕr).

Damit Reduktion auf objekt-relationale Strukturen mit Elimination der Funktions-

variablen und insbesondere der Aggregationsfunktionen (z.B. fur abgeleitete Eigen-

schaften).

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Elementare Aquivalenz und IsomorphieIsomorphie A ≃ B zwischen S-Strukturen durch Bijektion der Tragermengen

Elementar aquivalente Strukturen A ≡ B falls fur alle FormelnModS(A, ϕ) ↔ ModS(B, ϕ) Aus Isomorphie folgt Aquivalenz

Semantische Theorie SemTh(A) = ϕ ∈ LS0 |ModS(A, ϕ)

Prapartieller Isomorphismus fur Teilmengen der Tragermengen

Isomorphielemma: Isomorphe Strukturen lassen sich durch Formeln der ersten

Stufe nicht unterscheiden.

Die Klasse B|B ≃ A ist fur unendliche Strukturen A so nicht darstellbar.

Semantische Theorien A ≡ B ↔ Mod(A, SemTh(B)) ↔Mod(B, SemTh(A))

Die Klasse B|B ≡ A ist darstellbar als Klasse aller Strukturen C mit

Mod(C,Σ) fur geeignetes Σ.Endlich isomorphe Strukturen sind isomorph, falls sie endlich sind.

Satz von Fraisse: S sein eine endliche Signatur und A und B seien S-Strukturen. Dann gilt A ≡ B gdw. A ≃e B.Ist S relational. Dann gibt es fur jedes n ∈ ω bis auf logische Aquivalenz

nur endlich viele Formeln, die hochstens v0, ...., vn−1 frei enthalten und deren

Quantorenrang ≤ n ist.

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Der Verband der Theorien innerhalb einer Sprache

TL(S) Menge aller Theorien Σ+ innerhalb einer Sprache L(S)T⊆L(S) Menge aller Theorien mit Sprache, die Teilsprache von L(S) ist

Halbordnung (T⊂L(S),⊆) ist ein vollstandiger Verband

Durchschnitt beliebig vieler Theorien ist wieder Theorie

T1 ∪ T2 ist Theorie gdw. T1 ⊆ T2 oder T1 ⊆ T2Halbordnung (TL(S),⊆) ist ein vollstandiger Verband

Distributivitat T1 ∩ (T2 d T3) = (T1 ∩ T2) d (T1 ∩ T3) auch fur Indexmengen

duales Distributivitatsgesetz gilt nicht i.a. sondern nur fur endliche Erzeugen-

denmengen Σ

kein komplimentarer Verband

Existenz einer Axiomatisierung gdw. Folgerungsoperator ist kompakt, refle-

xiv, monoton und abgeschlossen (4. Hauptsatz der Logik)

Sind zwei Folgerungsoperatoren , jeweils reflexiv, monoton, abgeschlossen,

kompakt, abgeschlossen bzgl. Generalisierung und invariant bzgl. Inferenzei-

genschaft (MP), und Deduktionseigenschaft (Aus α ∈ (Σ ∪ β) fur ge-

schlossenes β folgt (β → α) ∈ (Σ)) und es gilt ∅ = ∅ ,dann gilt Σ = Σ fur alle Σ (2. Hauptsatz der Logik)

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Knowledge = Content Chunks +Representation + Validation Different truth definitions

Material, logical, and normative connectives , e.g. implication

• ψ → ϕ means ϕ necessarily if ψ (strict, logical)

• ψ ⇒ ϕ means ‘It is the case that if ψ (can be

observed) then also ϕ.’ (material)

• ψ ⊃ ϕ means ‘In situations for which the-

re exists a dependence then ϕ follows from ψ

(norms) (counter-example-based)

ψ ϕ ψ → ϕ,

ψ ⇒ ϕ

ψ ⊃ ϕ

1 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

0 1 1 ??

0 0 1 ??

Generalisation operators e.g. (t,f)-quantifier Qt,f with validity

dependence of Qr,sα(x) in structure A such that

|o ∈ πx(dom(A)) | Iox(α) = 1| = t and

|o ∈ πx(dom(A)) | Iox(α) = 0| = f

classical ∀ ≡ Q∗,0, ∃ ≡ Qt,∗ for t ≥ 1, Majority ≡ Qn+k,n, k, n ∈ N+, k ≥ 1

Models for the knowledge operator KA for actors A

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Content

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Knowledge and Content Chunks

Content chunks supporting knowledge by associating know-

ledge items with chunks as samples, with hocks for memes, with

varying abstraction and condensation

Meme-based knowledge maps supporting users who already lear-

ned the specific basic knowledge items of the domain under concern

Dynamic extension of knowledge and content chunks

depending on renewal portfolio, priority of changes, and notificati-

on

Trackable content chunks with annotation (topics), explanation

(concepts, mini-concepts), with decomposition for reading, with

adaptation to users and their environments, with recharge

Supported functionality e.g. navigation, variety of links, search

and intelligent retrieval, intelligent extraction facilities, intelligent

narrowing, survey and summarisation, etc.

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Knowledge and Content Chunks

Content chunks supporting knowledge by associating know-

ledge items with chunks as samples, with hocks for memes, with

varying abstraction and condensation

Meme-based knowledge maps supporting users who already lear-

ned the specific basic knowledge items of the domain under concern

Dynamic extension of knowledge and content chunks

depending on renewal portfolio, priority of changes, and notificati-

on

Trackable content chunks with annotation (topics), explanation

(concepts, mini-concepts), with decomposition for reading, with

adaptation to users and their environments, with recharge

Supported functionality e.g. navigation, variety of links, search

and intelligent retrieval, intelligent extraction facilities, intelligent

narrowing, survey and summarisation, etc.

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Knowledge ChunkKnowledge pieces cannot be considered in an isolated form. They are composed.

Knowledge chunk C: a suite of knowledge pieces consisting of content,

concepts, topics and information.

Content chunk D = D1, ...,Dntypically given as a set of media objects

Concept chunk C = C1, ...,Cktypically given as a small ‘theory’

Topic chunk T = T1, ...,Tmtypically given as a map of associated topics

Associated by generalised mappings

interpretation: D → C (opposite to foundation)

explanation: T → C (opposite to presentation)

annotation: D → C (opposite to content delivery)

Information chunk of a user

for a given universe of contexts IA of an agent A

with corresponding associations (partial)

to content DA, concepts CA, topics TA of the user

May also be extended by the agent, ... context.

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Relations among Knowledge Chunks:Redundancy, Paraphrase, Entailment,

Contradiction, ...Redundancy based on data redundancy, derivation redundancy, and representation redundan-

cy. Allows lifting relations and content-based publish/subscribe is a communication abstrac-

tion.

Paraphrase through recomposition of a phrase, expression and embedding into a different

environment

Entailment based on the minimal inferential capacity: If A believes that Σ, and α is an obvious

consequence of Σ, then A believes that α.

Other properties known for epistemic reasoning such as consistency, conjunctive composition

and division.

Entailment is different from material implication and relates knowledge chunks by forward

propagation of truth and backward propagation of falsity.

Specific form: subsumption z |= X ⊔ Y (description logics) for terminology z. It forms

IsA-hierarchies.

Contradiction awareness

Compatibility based on entailment and consistency. Compatibility relation is used for entail-

ment and satisfiability.

Generalisations of linguistic relationships: Synonym, meronymy, homonymy, perspec-

tive and complementary antonyms, entailment(proper inclusion, backward presupposition,

cause, troponymy).

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Challenges

• Knowledge adaptation to user profiles, portfolio, to knowledge

demand

• Knowledge gathering on demand if not available

• Knowledge harmonisation for integrated delivery of

• Knowledge framing for economic delivery

• Knowledge can be based on content and concepts ???

• Meta-description of knowledge for delivery, gathering, stora-

ge

• Distributed knowledge of communities

• User characterisation for profile adaptation

• Life case capturing for portfolio adaptation

• Separation of concern for knowledge web systems

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The Big Achievements and Failures ofKnowledge Systems

• Explicit consideration of knowledge as an asset for our society.

Knowledge Management (KM) comprises a range of practices used in an organi-

sation to identify, create, represent, distribute and enable adoption of insights and

experiences. Such insights and experiences comprise knowledge, either embodied in

individuals or embedded in organisational processes or practice.

• Development of knowledge management systems mainly conside-

ring formula management, maintenance, playout, playin

It was and is a hype however.

• T.D. Wilson, 2002: Knowledge management (whatever it is) alsoshows signs of being offered as a Utopian ideal and the results arelikely to be similar.Happily, it is quite easy to distinguish between ’knowledge’ and ’information’ in such

a way as to remove ambiguity and, at the same time, demonstrate the fundamental

nonsense of ’knowledge management’.

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Knowledge Management CyclesInformation management cycle as the basis for knowledge ma-

nagementAcquire and capture e.g., get, create, import, observe, generalise, extract, abstract,

identify, create relations, obtain pattern, develop associations, verify

Refine by analysing, interpreting, reporting, editing, combining, decomposing and compo-

sing, indexing, linking, ...

Store knowledge chunks with metadata, build and sustain, forget and divest, establish,

update

Distribute and disseminate

Present for using

User learning cycle considering the knowledge of the userGet: seeking out information, e.g. tacit and explicit, being selective when faced with infor-

mation overload

Use: combine content in new and interesting ways to foster innovation in the organization

Learn: learning from experiences

Contribute: motivate employees to post what they have learned to a knowledge base,

e.g., link individual learning and knowledge to organizational memory

Assess: evaluation of intellectual capital, e.g., identify assets, metrics to assess them and

link these directly to business objectives

Build and Sustain: allocate resources to maintain knowledge base, e.g., contribute to

viability, competitiveness

Divest: should not keep assets that are no longer of any business value, e.g., transfer

outside the organization, apply and patent and spin off companies etc.

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Knowledge Codification and Modelling

• Represent knowledge in our minds by building mental models

• Model knowledge by assembling declarations and relational state-

ments into a coherent whole

• Document knowledge in books and manuals

• Encode knowledge into knowledge bases

• Organize new knowledge for specific uses, e.g., sequence for

diagnostics, help desk, FAQs

• Organize new knowledge according to an established framework

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Knowledge Sharing

• Based on sources: Remember knowledge and internalize it; cumulate know-

ledge in repositories (encode it); embed knowledge in repositories (within pro-

cedures); archive knowledge

• Pooling knowledge: Coordinating knowledge of collaborative teams; crea-

ting expert networks to identify who knows what; assembling knowledge –back-

ground references from libraries and other knowledge sources; accessing and

retrieving knowledge

• Use established knowledge to perform routine tasks, make standard products,

provide standard services; use general knowledge to survey exceptional situati-

ons, identify problem, consequences; use knowledge to describe situation and

scope problem; select relevant special knowledge to handle situation, identify

knowledge sources; observe and characterize the situation, collect and orga-

nize information; analyze situation, determine patterns, compare with others,

judge what needs to be done; synthesize alternative solutions, identify options,

create new solutions evaluate potential alternatives, appraise advantages and

disadvantages of each, determine risks and benefits of each; use knowledge to

decide what to do, which alternative to select; implement selected alternative

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Dynamic Associations: Content, Concepts,Topics with Varying Availability

Inhalt, Begriff, Beschreibung nach http://wortschatz.uni-leipzig.de/

Begriff

Inhalt

Beschreibung

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Extending Classical Logical KnowledgeRepresentation

Classical knowledge representation based on formulas or ex-

pressions

typical case for research in artificial intelligence; must however be

extended by meta-properties (importance, relevance, significance,

...)

Visual knowledge representation based on maps or graphs or

other visualisation means

Abstraction layer-based representation similar to data ware-

house approaches

Summarisation, cut-off, lead, header, teaser, scoping: for

simple capturing, linking

Non-classical reasoning: abductive, paraconsistent, qualitative,

approximative, ...

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Compare Visual Representation withTextual One

The database aims in supporting lecture and course scheduling within a university

application. A course is typically proposed. If the proposal becomes accepted then

the course is going to be planned. Typically planned course may be also held. The

course proposal, planning and organisation is bound to a semester. Some university

employees may be responsible for a course. Typically a course has one responsible

person. Responsibilities may vary by semesters. Courses are taught by professors.

Professors are specialisations of a person.

Courses may be given for various programs. The proposal also includes the assi-

gnment of a course kind. The course proposal typically also requests for a room

and for a time at which the course preferably could be given. Additionally time slots

may be in conflict with other proposals. Therefore, conflicting time slots are given

as well. The room and time preference may be overwritten during the planning

phase. The same opportunity exists for proposals for the kind of the course to be

given. If the time is assigned then typically a time slot is assigned. A course may

have several non-overlapping time slots.

The proposal for a course should be recorded. A person may act in the role of

somebody who inserted the course.

Finally, courses may also be held at a different location than originally planned.

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Compare Visual Representation withTextual One Is this better to read for users of ER diagrams?

Course Semester -Professor Person

Room

6

proposedCourse

Kind

6

Courseheld

[]

6

plannedCourse

[]

[]

Program

Time(Proposal,

SideCondition)

TimeFrame

Request

Proposal

Teacher

inserted

Responsible4Course

*1k

-

*

+

For more information: http://www.is.informatik.uni-kiel.de/∼thalheim/slides.htm

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Constraints for Knowledge

Entailment constraints based on internalised and externalised in-

clusion

e.g., inclusion or exclusion dependencies both at the external level as well for

the internal level

redundancy constraints for managed or at least controlled redundancy

Knowledge generating dependencies are typically reflected

through meta-properties

e.g., multi-valued and tuple-generating dependencies

Integration constraints e.g. functional dependencies

Identification constraints for identifying concept, content and to-

pic chunks within a given context

Abstraction constraints such as unique-name, identification,

unique-flavour assumptions

Explicit equivalence for paraphrase reconstruction

Localisation constraints for binding knowledge islands and sepa-

rating contradicting knowledge chunks (arbitrary agglutination is

senseless).

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Semiotics

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Extending Classical Logical KnowledgeRepresentation

Bounded rationality theory: The capacity of the human mind for formu-

lating and solving complex problems is very small. When confronted with a highly

complex world, the mind constructs a simple mental model of reality and tries to

work within that model.

Spiral of knowledge: Knowledge creation always begins with the individual.

The main issue is making personal knowledge available to others by socialisation,

externalisation, internalisation (novice .. master) and combination.

Well-founded multi-level organisation: For knowledge to be useful

and organized it must be organized, e.g., in networks. Typical points of scope are

completeness connectedness, congruency, and perspective and purpose.

Separation of concern depending on level of sharing:

Factual; conceptual (perspectives, concepts, gestalt); expecta-

tional (judgments, hypotheses, expectations); methodological

(reasoning, strategies, methods, techniques)

Shared context for knowledge diffusion: codified or uncodified; ab-

stract or concrete; undiffused or diffused

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Eigenschaften der Analogiebeziehunganaloges Schließen zwischen Original und Modell bzw. Modell und Rea-

lisierung bzw. ...

mit Schlußregeln der Form

t ≈α s , α β

β(t) := β(s)

fur s(ource), t(arget)t ≈α s , α(s)

⋄α(t)mit lifting-Beziehungen zwischen Original und Modell bzw. ...

z : L1 × C → L2

mit Kontext Cα in Kontext Ci

(α1, i1) . . . (αn, in)

(α, i)φ

(α1, i1) . . . (αn, in) fuhren zu (α, i) mit der Seitenbedingung φ

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Eigenschaften der Analogiebeziehung:Adaquatheit

Ahnlichkeit von Modell und Original je nach Zweck und Nutzung

mit expliziter Ahnlichkeitsrelation

Regelhaftigkeit fur den Gebrauch mit exakten Regeln im Rahmen

eines (wohlfundierten) Systems

mit entsprechenden (formalen) Systemen zur Ableitung

Fruchtbarkeit aufgrund von Potential zur Gewinnung moglichst vie-

ler Aussagen

Kapazitat des Modelles

Einfachheit durch Abstraktion, Verkurzung, Konzentration auf das

Wesentliche und Relevante

damit bessere Erklarung, einfachere Losung, einfache Realisierung,

...

Plausibles Schließen auf der Grundlage von Abduktion, von Induktion

von analogem / autoepistemischen / Default- / defeasible / nicht-monotonen ...

Schließens, von Schließen mit Gegenbeispielen

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Parametrisierung als Verallgemeinerung der Parametertheorie der ADT

Spezifikation gegeben durch Signatur S und Axiome Σ aus LSAxiome bei ADT’s i.a. Gleichungen uber Termen

Parametrische Spezifikation ParSpec P gegeben durch Paar von Spezifikationen

((SF ,ΣF ), (SB ,ΣB)) von formalen Parametern und Basisspezifikation mit einer

Einbettbarkeitsbeziehung β : SF → SB und ΣB |= β(ΣF ) d.h. Eigenschaften der

formalen Parameter gelten auch in Zielspezifikation

• Anwendung von einer Spezifikation P1 auf P2 ist gegeben als Pushout des

Morphismus α : SF1 → SB2

Apply(P1,P2, α) ist assoziativ;

umfaßt Call-by-value, Call-by-reference, Call-by-value-result, Call-by-name, ...

• Sichten in der klassischen Form und Reduktion

• Kombination zweier ParSpec: Vereinigung der Basisspez. und Uberlagerung

der Typkonstruktoren

• Klassische Operationen: Erweiterung bzw. Anreicherung von ParSpec

durch Sorten und Signatur bzw. nur Signatur; Umbenennung von Sorten

und Signatur

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Returning to the notion of a MODELThomas, 2005: Unterscheidung in allgemeiner Modellbegriff nach Stachowiak, axiomatischer Modell-

begriff, abbildungsorientierter Modellbegriff und konstruktionsorientierter Modellbegriff Ein Modell ist

eine durch einen Konstruktionsprozeß gestaltete, zweckrelevante Reprasentation eines Objekts.

Abts, Mulder 2004: Unter Modell wird hierbei die allgemeine, meist mathematische Beschreibung eines

betriebswirtschaftlichen Problems angesehen.

Alpar et al. 2002: Ein Modell ist das Ergebnis eines Konstruktionsprozesses, bei dem die Wahrnehmung

von Inhalten eines ausgewahlten Gegenstandes zweckorientiert reprasentiert wird.

Balzert 2001: Modellbegriff allgemein: Vereinfachte, auf ein bestimmtes Ziel hin ausgerichtete Darstel-

lung der Funktion eines Gegenstandes oder des Ablaufs eines Sachverhalts, die eine Untersuchung oder

Erforschung erleichtert oder erst moglich macht.

Becker 1995: Modelle konnen aufgefaßt werden als ein Abbild der Realwelt fur Zwecke eines Subjektes.

[...] Modelle werden [...] als Hilfsmittel zur Erklarung und Gestaltung realer Systeme eingesetzt.

Erkenntnisse uber Sachverhalte bei realen Problemen konnen mit Hilfe von Modellen aufgrund der

Ahnlichkeit gewonnen werden, die zwischen dem realen betrieblichen System und dem Modell als Abbild

dieses System bestehen.

Becker, Schutte 1997: Modelle stellen das immaterielle und abstrakte Abbild eines Realweltausschnitts

fur Zwecke eines Subjekts dar.

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Returning to the notion of a MODELBecker, Schutte 2004: Ein Modell ist die Reprasentation eines Objektsystems eines Originals fur Zwecke

eines Subjekts. Es ist das Ergebnis einer Konstruktion eines Subjekts des Modellierers, das fur eine

bestimmte Adressatengruppe Modellnutzer eine Reprasentation eines Originals zu einer Zeit als relevant

mit Hilfe einer Sprache deklariert. Ein Modell setzt sich somit aus der Konstruktion des Modellierers,

dem Modellnutzer, einem Original, der Zeit und einer Sprache zusammen.

Donath et al. 1999: Modelle dienen – in unserem Betrachtungsfeld – der Beschreibung und Gestaltung

von Geschaftsprozessen. Sie dienen der Untersuchung von Struktur- und Verhaltenseigenschaften

von Unternehmen oder Institutionen. Modelle dienen der vereinfachenden Abbildung eines realen

Systems oder Systemausschnitts, wobei trotz aller Vereinfachung Strukturgleichheit oder zumindest

Strukturahnlichkeit zwischen Wirklichkeit gefordert wird.

Erzen 2001: Modelle sind adaquate, vereinfachende bzw. idealisierende Abbilder der Realitat.

Ferstl, Sinz 2001: In informaler Definition ist ein Modell ein System, das ein anderes System zielorientiert

abbildet.

Hars 1994: Dabei ist Vorraussetzung, dass es eine Abbildungsbeziehung zwischen den Elementen des

Modellsystems und den Elementen des Objektsystems gibt, uber die ein Teil der im Objektsystem be-

schriebenen Sachverhalte auf das Modellsystem ubertragen werden kann und von dort auf weitere Sach-

verhalte im Objektsystem zuruckgeschlossen werden kann. Die dreistellige Beziehung zwischen einem

Objektssystem, einem Modellsystem und einem Zweck wird als Modell bezeichnet.

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Returning to the notion of a MODELFischer et al. 2002: In den einzelnen Fachdisziplinen wird der Ausdruck Modell mit wechselnder Bedeutung

verwandt. Haufig wird darunter eine maßstabliche Nachbildung der Oberflache eines Systems z. B. Modell

einer Dampflokomotive, Landschafts- oder Gebaudemodell oder ein Ideal- oder Durchschnittsbild z. B.

Modell in der Modebranche, Modell eines Studiums verstanden. Das nachgebildete System kann dabei

bereits existieren oder lediglich geplant sein.

Ein Modell stellt aber kein moglichst vollstandiges Abbild der Realitat dar. Das ware die Realitat, z. B. das

Hochregallager, das betrachtete Burogerat oder das zu entwerfende Auto selbst. Ein Modell enthalt zur

Reduktion von Aufwand und Komplexitat gemaß Modelldefinition und - zweck nur die zu untersuchenden

Gesichtspunkte. Damit sind immer der Modellzweck z. B. Darstellung des Verhaltens und die Grenzen der

Modellgultigkeit anzugeben.

Grochla et al. 1974: Jedes System kann als Abbild oder Vorbild – d. h. als ‘Modell’ – fur ein anderes System

verwendet werden, falls zwischen den betreffenden Systemen eine partielle oder totale Strukturgleichheit

nachweisbar ist. [...] Modelle sind also stets entweder real-konkrete oder formalkonzeptionelle Systeme,

die als Reprasentation real-konkreter oder formal-konzeptioneller Systeme verwendet werden.

Hansen, Neumann 2005: Ein Modell engl.: model ist eine Abstraktion des betrachteten Realitatsausschnitts.

Unter Modellierung engl.: modeling werden die Tatigkeiten verstanden, die zur Definition eines Modells

fuhren.

Holey, Welter, Wiedemann 2004: Das Ziel der Modellierung ist, die Ablaufe im Unternehmen so darzu-

stellen, daß sie durch informationstechnische Anwendungssysteme unterstutzt oder vollstandig in diesen

Systemen abgebildet werden konnen.

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Returning to the notion of a MODELHeinrich 2001: [...] ein Modell ist die Beschreibung einer vereinfachenden Abbildung daruber, wie ein

bestimmter Ausschnitt der Wirklichkeit tatsachlich aussieht.

Heinrich, Roithmayr 1998: Modell model Methodensystem

Im allg. S. jede vereinfachende Abbildung eines Ausschnitts der Wirklichkeit oder eines Vorbilds fur die

Wirklichkeit Beschreibungsmodell, wobei trotz aller Vereinfachung Strukturgleichheit oder zumindest

Strukturahnlichkeit zwischen Wirklichkeit und Abbildung bzw. Vorbild und Wirklichkeit gefordert wird.

Zwischen M. und Wirklichkeit besteht eine bestimmte Beziehung, die Modellrelation genannt wird. Von

bestimmten Merkmalen des M.s kann auf bestimmte Merkmale der Wirklichkeit geschlossen werden

und umgekehrt Isomorphierelation.

In der Betriebswirtschaftslehre wird zwischen Erklarungsmodell und Entscheidungsmodell unterschieden.

Erklarungsmodelle sind Theorieteile, Entscheidungsmodelle sind fur den Entscheidungstrager in der

Praxis entwickelte Hilfsmittel zur Ermittlung optimaler Alternativen.

In der Wirtschaftsinformatik ist im Zusammenhang mit Methodenbanksystemen ein M. eine Menge von

Methoden zum Problemlosen.

Jost 1993: Aus den zuvor angefuhrten Interpretationen wird deutlich, daß unter einem Modell eine u. a.

aus Komplexitatsgrunden vereinfachte Beschreibung eines Ausschnittes aus der Realitat verstanden wird.

Kruse 1996: In Anlehnung an Grochla wird unter einem Modell ein abstraktes, vereinfachendes Abbild

eines Systems verstanden, das zu einem bestimmten erkenntnistheoretischen oder gestaltungsspezifischen

Zweck entwickelt wurde.

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Returning to the notion of a MODELKaschek:

Kuhn 1999: Produktionsaufgaben und PPS-Aufgaben werden in einer gemeinsamen Modellwelt be-

schreiben. Die zur Erstellung von Modellen anzuwendende Modellierungsmethode muss uber Konstrukte

und Regeln verfugen, die es erlauben Produktionsaufgaben und PPS-Aufgaben in allen relevanten

Attributen und Auspragungen zu beschreiben.

Lang 1997: Nach Stachowiak stellt ein Modell eine Entitat mit folgenden mindestens funf Auspragungen

dar: ‘X ist Modell des Originals Y fur den Verwender K in der Zeitspanne t bezuglich der Intention Z’.

Nonnenmacher 1994: Ein Modell ist ein Objekt, das von einem Subjekt auf der Grundlage einer

Struktur-, Funktions- oder Verhaltensanalogie zu einem Original eingesetzt und genutzt wird, um

Aufgaben zu losen, deren Durchfuhrung am Original selbst nicht moglich oder zu aufwendig ist.

Rosemann 1996: Derartige abstrahierende, immaterielle Abbilder eines Ausschnitts der realen Strukturen

bzw. des realen Verhaltens fur Zwecke eines Subjekts werden als Modelle bezeichnet.

Scharl 1997: Das Definiendum ‘Modell’ [X] steht fur eine immaterielle Reprasentation [Y] innerhalb

einer bestimmten Zeitspanne [t] fur Zwecke eines Subjektes, im konkreten Fall die Erkenntnis- und

Gestaltungsziele [Z] des Autors [g].

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Returning to the notion of a MODELScheer 1990: Unter einer Methode wird ein Verfahren zur Losung von Problemen einer Klasse und unter

Modell die Abbildung eines realen Systems verstanden.

Schlagheck 2000: Ein Modell ist das Ergebnis einer Konstruktion eines Modellierers, der fur die Modell-

nutzer eine Reprasentation eines Originals [...] zu einer Zeit als relevant [. . . ] mit Hilfe einer Sprache

deklariert [...]. Ein Modell setzt sich somit aus der Konstruktion des Modellierers, dem Modellnutzer,

einem Original, der Zeit und einer Sprache zusammen.

Scholz-Reiter 1990: Ein Modell ist ein Objekt, das von einem Subjekt auf der Grundlage einer Struktur-,

Funktions-, oder Verhaltensanalogie zu einem Original eingesetzt und genutzt wird, um Aufgaben zu

losen, deren Durchfuhrung am Original selbst nicht moglich oder zu aufwendig ist [...].

Schutte 1998: Ein Modell ist das Ergebnis einer Konstruktion eines Modellierers, der fur Modellnutzer

eine Reprasentation eines Originals zu einer Zeit als relevant mit Hilfe einer Sprache deklariert [...]. Ein

Modell setzt sich somit aus der Konstruktion des Modellierers, dem Modellnutzer, einem Original, der

Zeit und einer Sprache zusammen.

Schwarze 2000: Ein Datenmodell ist ein realitatskonformes, widerspruchsfreies Abbild der zu einem

bestimmten Aufgaben- oder Anwendungsbereich gehorigen Daten, Datenstrukturen und der Beziehungen

zwischen den Daten.

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Returning to the notion of a MODELSchwarzer, Krcmar 2004: Aus diesen Uberlegungen wird deutlich, dass das “neue” Modellierungs-

verstandnis keineswegs den Gedanken des Modells als Abbild der Realitat aufgibt. Ganz im Sinne der

gestaltungsorientierten BWL tritt jedoch neben die Abbildung heutiger Realitat die Abbildung und

damit erste Vorstellung moglicher zukunftiger Realitaten.

Wie alle Modelle sind auch Modelle von Informationssystemen ISModelle Verkurzungen der Realitat, in-

dem sie die reichhaltigen und konkreten Realitaten in abstrakte Sprachen abbilden. Bei der Modellierung

ist somit festzulegen, hinsichtlich welcher Aspekte eine Abstraktion vorgenommen wird. Da die Auswahl

der Elemente und Beziehungen nicht abschließend begrundet werden kann, ist davon auszugehen, dass

sie durch eine subjektive Vorstellung von Relevanz getroffen wird.

Schwegmann 1999: Der Begriff ‘Modell’ wird definiert als ,das Ergebnis einer Konstruktion eines

Modellierers, der fur Modellnutzer Elemente eines Systems zu einer Zeit als relevant mit Hilfe einer

Sprache deklariert.

Simoneit 1998: Ein Modell ist eine vereinfachende und abstrahierende Darstellung eines Rea-

litatsausschnitts, anhand dessen die wichtigsten Eigenschaften eines Originals erkannt, verstanden und

analysiert werden konnen. Dieses darzustellende Original wird auch Diskursbereich oder Objektsystem

genannt und bezeichnet real existierende Gegenstande, Phanomene oder Systeme. Modelle ermoglichen

somit Erklarung, Gestaltung und Kommunikation uber reale Objekte, ohne daß diese physisch prasent

sein mussen: Ein Modell stellt eine empirische Hypothese als vereinfachte Reprasentation eines spezifi-

schen Realphanomens auf.

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Returning to the notion of a MODELSteinmuller 1981: Jedes Modell setzt also ein Subjekt voraus, das seinen Verwendungszweck vorgibt,

namlich einem bestimmten Verhalten jemandes zu dienen. Oder anders: ein Modell ist stets nur ein

‘Modell – wovon – fur wen – wofur’; Modelle sind Abbildungen von etwas fur jemand zu einem

Verhalten. Oder schließlich: Modelle sind subjektrelativ.

Vetschera 1995: Die dritte Sichtweise von Modellen als Problembeschreibungen stellt einen Mittelweg

zwischen beiden diesen Extremen dar. In dieser Sichtweise versteht man unter einem Modell die

hinreichend allgemeine, meist mathematisch formulierte Beschreibung eines Problems.[...] In dieser

Arbeit wird der dritten Sichtweise gefolgt, Modelle werden hier als allgemeine mathematische Problem-

beschreibungen definiert.

vom Brocke 2003a: Ein Modell ist die Verdichtung von Wahrnehmungen zu Inhalten eines Gegenstands,

[. . . ] um auf diese Weise einen spezifischen Zweck zu dienen. Die Gestaltung von Modellen erfolgt in

Konstruktionsprozessen.

Wenzel 2000: Ein Modell ist eine vereinfachte Nachbildung eines geplanten oder real existierenden Sy-

stems mit seinen Prozessen in einem anderen begrifflichen oder gegenstandlichen System. Es unterschei-

det sich hinsichtlich der untersuchungsrelevanten Eigenschaften nur innerhalb eines vom Untersuchungs-

ziel abhangigen Toleranzrahmens vom Vorbild.

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Returning to the notion of a MODELGrounding G: concepts, foundations, language as carrier, cargo

(Meta-)Basis B: basement, paradigms, theories; status in application;

context; paradigmatic evolution; abstraction, scale

Deployment D: goal, purpose, function; reason

Community of practice P: stakeholder with their roles and plays,

with their interests, portfolio and profiles

Context C: time, space, scope

Quality Q: correctness (...), generality (...), usefulness (...), compre-

hensibility (..., parsimony, ...), robustness, novelty (...)

Viability V : corroboration, coherence, falsifiability, stability, assuran-ce(restrictions, modality, confidence)

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Returning to the notion of a MODELGiven a collection of artifacts M∗,M1, ...,Mk, a community of

practice P (⊆ P), a grounding G (⊆ G), viability V (⊆ V), bases B (⊆ B),

context C (⊆ C), and deployment D (⊆ D).

The artifact M∗ is called a modelfor M1, ...,Mk by P for D with V

if is is appropriate with Qa ∪Qf ∪Qu and within C

based on B using G , i.e.,

• it is adequate (has potential for goals) [similar + regular + fruitful

+ simple] according to the relation between M∗ and M1, ...,Mk

at level of Qa for D with V within B and grounded by G,

• it is fit for D with Qf within C and compliant with G and B and

• it is useful for P within their D and at level of Qu.

Model suite: M∗1, ...,M∗

n instead of M∗

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...out of scope of the definition ...

to model as the construction process; artifact can be constructed

constructive models versus immaterial models versus virtual models versus imagina-

tions

recognition of a stakeholder

see however assessment as more objective element

homomorphic image as specific quality criterion

see however similarity as element of adequacy

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Comparing Our Notion to IS CoP Notions

Abts: betriebsw. Problem, math. Sprache, allgemeinAlpar: Wahrnehmung, Zweck, Reprasentation, KonstruktionBalzert: vereinfacht, Ziel, ErforschungBecker: Abbild, ZweckBecker, Schutte: Abbild, Original, Zweck, SubjektBecker, Schutte: Abbild, Zweck, Subjekt, Sprache, Zeit, KonstruktionDonath: Zweck, Original,HomomorphieErzen: Qualitat, adaquat, Abbild, OriginalFerstl: Abbild, zielorientiertFischer: Abbild, Verkurzung, ZweckGrochla: Abbild, Vorbild, Verkurzung, Zweck, HomomorphieHansen: Verkurzung, OriginalHars: Abbildung, Zweck, OriginalHeinrich: Abbild, Vereinfachung, ZweckHeinrich, Roihmayr: Abbild, Vorbild, HomomorphieHoley: Ablaufdarstellung, Vorbild fur SystemJost: Original, Abbild Nur einige Aspekte reflektiert. Konstruktion als das Modellieren -Herstellen.

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Comparing Our Notion to IS CoP Notions

Kaschek:Kruse: Abbild, Zweck, VerkurzungKuhn: Original, Abbild, SpracheLang: Original, Community, Kontext, ZweckMahr: Original, Community, Abbild, Cargo, SpracheNonnenmacher: Original, Abbild, ZweckRosemann: Abbild, Original, Zweck, CommunityScharl: Original, Abbild, Kontext, Zweck, CommunityScheer: Abbild, OriginalSchlagheck: Abbild, Original, Kontext, Sprache, KonstruktionScholz-Reiter: Abbild, Original, Zweck,HomomorphieSchutte: Abbild, Original, Zweck, Sprache, Qualitat, KonstruktionSchwarze: Abbild, Original, Zweck, QualitatSchwarzer: Abbild, Original, Verkurzung, subjektivSchwegmann: Abbild, Original, Qualitat, Sprache, KonstruktionSimoneit: Abbild, Original, Verkurzung, ZweckSteinmuller: Abbild, Original, Community, ZweckThomas: goal, representation, origin, KonstruktionVetschera: Problem, Beschreibung, Zweckvom Brocke: Verkurzung, Abbildung, Wahrnehmung, KonstruktionWenzel: Verkurzung, Toleranz (Qualitat) Nur einige Aspekte reflektiert. Konstruktion als das Modellieren - Herstellen.

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Relationship to Stachowiak and Extensions

Mapping property: one kind of model association

Truncation property: abstraction as some kind of association

Pragmatic property: goal, community, context (time)

Extension property: as specific partiality of mapping into instead surjective

Distortion property: as specific kind of mapping related to the goal

Idealisation property: as specific kind of mapping

Carrier property: grounding

Added value property: as one kind of combined quality

Purpose property: part of pragmatic property, more explicit Mapping-based models.

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Returning to the notion of a MODEL Language-based constructive models

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Parameters for being a modelkind of artifacts deployment CoP viability basis grounding quality context

model

M∗M1, ...,Mk D P V B G Q C

conceptual

DB mo-

del (DB

schema)

k=2: appli-

cation do-

main, reali-

sation

G+F:

construct-

ion of

augmented

reality

modeler,

implemen-

ter

∗ CS & IS

paradigms

concepts,

CM lan-

guages

similarity,

...

R-DBMS,

data,

current,

branch

chemical

model

... ... ... ∗ ... ... ... ...

physical

model as

special

theory

... ... ... ∗ ... ... ... ...

physical

model as

theory

substitute

... ... ... ∗ ... ... ... ...

physical

toy model

... ... ... ∗ ... ... ... ...

developmental

physical

model

... ... ... ∗ ... ... ... ...

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Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

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Stereotypes for Disciplines

kind of model M∗

artifacts M1, ...,Mk:

deployment D

CoP P:

viability V:

basis B:

grounding G:

quality Q:

context C:

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Stereotypes for Disciplines: InformationSystems

kind of model M∗

artifacts M1, ...,Mk:

deployment D

CoP P:

viability V:

basis B:

grounding G:

quality Q:

context C:

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Stereotypes for Disciplines: Programs

kind of model M∗

artifacts M1, ...,Mk:

deployment D

CoP P:

viability V:

basis B:

grounding G:

quality Q:

context C:

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Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

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c⃝B. Thalheim

Stereotypes for Disciplines

kind of model M∗

artifacts M1, ...,Mk:

deployment D

CoP P:

viability V:

basis B:

grounding G:

quality Q:

context C:

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Model suitePatternKnowledgeConceptsPhilosophyParadigmsFoundationsFinally

Concept Topic

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Information

c⃝B. Thalheim

Stereotypes for Disciplines

kind of model M∗

artifacts M1, ...,Mk:

deployment D

CoP P:

viability V:

basis B:

grounding G:

quality Q:

context C:

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Thank you!

[email protected]

Concept Topic

Content

Information

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Publications on Science and Art ofConceptual Modelling

• A. Dahanayake and B. Thalheim. Towards a framework for emergent modeling. In ER Work-

shops, volume 6413 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 128–137. Springer, 2010.

• A. Dahanayake and B. Thalheim. Enriching conceptual modelling practices through design

science. In BMMDS/EMMSAD, volume 81 of Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing,

497–510. Springer, 2011.

• B. Thalheim. Towards a theory of conceptual modelling. Journal of Universal Computer Science,

2010, 16, 20, 3102–3137.

• B. Thalheim. The theory of conceptual models, the theory of conceptual modelling and foun-

dations of conceptual modelling. In The Handbook of Conceptual Modeling: Its Usage and Its

Challenges, chapter 12, 543–578. Springer, Berlin, 2011.

• B. Thalheim. The science of conceptual modelling. In Proc. DEXA 2011, volume 6860 of LNCS,

12–26, Berlin, 2011. Springer.

• B. Thalheim. Integrity constraints in (conceptual) database models. In The Evolution of Con-

ceptual Modeling, volume 6520 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 42–67, Berlin, 2011.

Springer.

• B. Thalheim. The art of conceptual modelling. In Proc. EJC 2011, 203–222, Tallinn, 2011.

• B. Thalheim. Culture and art of conceptual modelling. Anwendungsorientierte Organisationsge-

staltung, 127–144. baar, Hamburg, 2011.

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Publications on Model Suites, Evolution,Migration

• A. Dahanayake and B. Thalheim. Co-evolution of (information) system models. In EMMSAD

2010, volume 50 of LNBIP, 314–326. Springer, 2010.

• A. Dahanayake and B. Thalheim. Towards a framework for emergent modeling. In ER Work-

shops, volume 6413 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 128–137. Springer, 2010.

• M. Klettke and B. Thalheim. Evolution and migration of information systems. In The Handbook

of Conceptual Modeling: Its Usage and Its Challenges, chapter 12, 381–420. Springer, Berlin,

2011.

• B. Neumayr and M. Schrefl und B. Thalheim. Modeling techniques for multi-level abstraction.

In The Evolution of Conceptual Modeling, volume 6520 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science,

68–92, Berlin, 2011. Springer.

• B. Thalheim. Model suites. In H. Jaakkola, editor, Selected Topics on Distributed Disaster

Management: Towards Collaborative Knowledge Clusters., 108 – 128. Tampere University Press,

Porin yksikko, 2008.

• B. Thalheim. The conceptual framework to multi-layered database modelling. In Proc. EJC,

118–138, Maribor, Slovenia, 2009.

• B. Thalheim. Model suites for multi-layered database modelling. In Information Modelling

and Knowledge Bases XXI, volume 206 of Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications,

116–134. IOS Press, 2010.

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Publications on Tool-Based Development• M. Albrecht, M. Altus, E. Buchholz, H. Cyriaks, A. Dusterhoft, J. Lewerenz, H. Mehlan, M. Steeg,

K.-D. Schewe, and B. Thalheim. RADD - Rapid application and database development. Rea-

dings - Main papers published in the RADD project. CAU Kiel, Department of Computer Science,

http://www.is.informatik.uni-kiel.de/∼thalheim/indeeerm.htm, 1998.• G. Fiedler, H. Jaakkola, T. Makinen, B. Thalheim, and T. Varkoi. Co-design of web information systems

supported by SPICE. Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases, XIX, 2009.• H. Jaakkola and B. Thalheim. A framework for high quality software design and development: A

systematic approach. IET Software, 2010. to appear.• H. Ma, K.-D.Schewe, B. Thalheim, and J. Zhao. View integration and cooperation in databases, data

warehouses and web information systems. Journal on Data Semantics, LNCS 3730, 213–249, 2005.• M. Steeg. RADD/raddstar - A rule-based database schema compiler, evaluator, and optimizer. PhD

thesis, BTU Cottbus, Computer Science Institute, Cottbus, October 2000.• B. Thalheim. Entity-relationship modeling – Foundations of database technology. Springer, Berlin,

2000.• B. Thalheim, K.-D. Schewe, and Hui Ma. Conceptual application domain modelling. In APCCM,

volume 96 of CRPIT, 49–57. Australian Computer Society, 2009.• B. Thalheim. Co-design of structuring, functionality, distribution, and interactivity of large information

systems. Technical Report 15/03, BTU Cottbus, Computer Science Institute, Cottbus, September 2003.

190pp.• B. Thalheim. Conceptual modeling in information systems engineering. In J.Krogstie and A. Lothe,

editors, Challenges to Conceptual Modelling, 59–74, Berlin, 2007. Springer.

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Publications on Pattern Development

• T. Feyer, K.-D. Schewe, and B. Thalheim. Conceptual design and development of information

services. In Proc. ER’98, LNCS 1507, Springer, 1998, 7–20. Springer, Berlin, 1998.

• T. Feyer and B. Thalheim. Many-dimensional schema modeling. In ADBIS 2002, LNCS 2435,

305–318. Springer, 2002.

• T. Feyer and B. Thalheim. A model for defining and composing interaction pattern. In EJC’2002,

volume Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XIV, 277–289, 2002.

• Hui Ma, K.-D. Schewe, and B. Thalheim. Modelling and maintenance of very large databa-

se schemata using meta-structures. In UNISCON, volume 20 of Lecture Notes in Business

Information Processing, 17–28. Springer, 2009.

• K.-D. Schewe and B. Thalheim. Development of collaboration frameworks for web informa-

tion systems. In IJCAI’07 (20th Int. Joint Conf on Artificial Intelligence), Section EMC’07

(Evolutionary models of collaboration), 27–32, Hyderabad, 2007.

• B. Thalheim. Many-dimensional database modeling on the basis of application frameworks.

Technical Report Preprint I-08-2000, Brandenburg University of Technology at Cottbus, Institute

of Computer Science, 2000.

• B. Thalheim. The person, organization, product, production, ordering, delivery, invoice, accoun-

ting, budgeting and human resources pattern in database design. Technical Report I-07-2000,

Computer Science Institute, Brandenburg University of Technology at Cottbus, 2000.

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Publications on Component Development

• A. Dusterhoft and B. Thalheim. Linguistic based search facilities in snowflake-like database schemes.

Data and Knowledge Engineering, 48:177–198, 2004.

• T. Feyer and B. Thalheim. Component-based interaction design. In EJC’2003, volume Information

Modelling and Knowledge Bases XV, 19 – 36, 2003.

• G. Fiedler and B. Thalheim. An approach to conceptual schema evolution. Technical report,

Christian-Albrechts-Universitat Kiel, 2007.

• K.-D. Schewe and B. Thalheim. Component-driven engineering of database applications. In Markus

Stumptner, Sven Hartmann, and Yasushi Kiyoki, editors, Third Asia-Pacific Conference on Concep-

tual Modelling (APCCM2006), volume 53 of CRPIT, 105–114, Hobart, Australia, 2006. ACS.

• P. Schmidt and B. Thalheim. Component-based modeling of huge databases. In ADBIS’2004,

LNCS 3255, 113–128, 2004.

• B. Thalheim. Component construction of database schemes. In Proc. ER’02, LNCS 2503, 20–34.

Springer, 2002.

• B. Thalheim. Component development and construction for database design. Data and Knowledge

Engineering, 54:77–95, 2005.

• B. Thalheim. Engineering database component ware. In TEAA’06 post proceedings, LNCS 4473,

1–15, Berlin, 2007. Springer.

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Publications on Genericity• A. Bienemann. A generative approach to functionality of interactive information systems. PhD

thesis, CAU Kiel, Dept. of Computer Science, 2008.

• A. Bienemann, K.-D. Schewe, and B. Thalheim. Towards a theory of genericity based on government

and binding. In Proc. ER’06, LNCS 4215, 311–324. Springer, 2006.

• A. Binemann-Zdanowicz, B. Thalheim, and B. Tschiedel. Storyboarding for adaptive content gene-

ration for e-learning web services. In Computer Science Report I-10/2003, Brandenburg University

of Technology at Cottbus, 2003.

• A. Binemann-Zdanowicz. Towards generative engineering of content-intensive applications. In Proc.

Principles of Software Engineering Conference (PRISE 2004), 41–49, 2004.

• M. Klettke. Reuse of database design decisions. In P. P. Chen, D. W. Embley, J. Kouloumdjian,

S. W. Liddle, and J. F. Roddick, editors, Proc. Advances in Conceptual Modeling, LNCS 1727,

213–224. Springer, Berlin, 1999.

• T. Moritz. Visuelle Gestaltungsraster interaktiver Informationssysteme als integrativer Bestandteil

des immersiven Bildraumes. PhD thesis, HFF Berlin-Babelsberg, 2006.

• B. Thalheim. The conceptual framework to multi-layered database modelling. In Proc. EJC, 118–

138, Maribor, Slovenia, 2009.

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Publications on Co-Design• Dusterhoft, A., Thalheim, B.: SiteLang: Conceptual Modelling of Internet Sites. Proc. ER’2001, LNCS 2224,

179 - 192. Application to webservices• Feyer, Th.; Thalheim, B.: E/R Based Scenario Modelling for Rapid Prototyping of Web Information Services.

Proc. WWWCM’99, 253 - 263. Application to webservices generation• G. Fiedler, H. Jaakkola, T. Makinen, B. Thalheim, and T. Varkoi. Co-design of web information systems

supported by SPICE. Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases, XX:123–138, 2009.

• Goldin, D., Srinivasa, S., Thalheim, B.: IS=DBS + Interaction: Towards principles of information system

design. Proc. ER 2000, LNCS 1920, 140 - 153. The theoretical foundation• Klettke, M.: Reuse of database design decisions. Proc. REIS’2000, LNCS 1727, 213-224. Reuse structures

and intelligently acquire integrity constraints• Lewerenz, J., Schewe, K.-D., Thalheim, B.: Modelling data warehouses and OLAP applications by means of

dialogue objects. Proc. ER’1999, LNCS 1728, 354-368. OLAP in a consistent, powerful and simple way• K.-D. Schewe and B. Thalheim. The co-design approach to web information systems development. International

Journal of Web Information Systems, 1(1):5–14, March 2005.

• Schewe, K.-D.; Thalheim, B.: Towards a theory of consistency enforcement. Acta Informatica, 36, 1999, 97-141.

Instead of falling into the traps of rule triggering systems• Steeg, M; Thalheim, B.: Conceptual Database Application Tuning. Proc. SCI’2000, 226-231. Tune instead of

normalize• Thalheim, B.: Entity-Relationship Modelling - Foundations of Database Technology. Springer, Berlin, 2000.

The HERM “bible”• Thalheim, B.: Logics and Database Modelling. Proc. ICLP ‘99, MIT Press, 6-21. The relationship to logics• Thalheim, B.: Codesign of database systems and interaction - Thin and consistent UML. Proc. OTS’2000,

1-17. Codesign - the ultimate basis for best practices UML

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Publications on Web IS Engineering• A. Binemann-Zdanowicz. Sitelang::edu - towards a context-driven e-learning content utilization model. In Proc.

SAC’2004 (ACM SIGAPP), Nicosia, Cyprus, March 2004, 924–928. ACM, 2004.• A. Dusterhoft and B. Thalheim. Linguistic based search facilities in snowflake-like database schemes. Data and

Knowledge Engineering, 48:177–198, 2004.• T. Feyer, K.-D. Schewe, and B. Thalheim. Conceptual design and development of information services. In Proc.

ER’98, LNCS 1507, Springer, 1998, 7–20. Springer, Berlin, 1998.• R. Kaschek, K.-D. Schewe, B. Thalheim, and Lei Zhang. Integrating context in conceptual modelling for web

information systems, web services, e-business, and the semantic web. In WES 2003, LNCS 3095, 77–88. Springer,

2003.• T. Moritz, R. Noack, K.-D. Schewe, and B. Thalheim. Intention-driven screenography. In Proceedings ISTA

2007, volume LNI 107, 128–139, 2007.• T. Moritz, K.-D. Schewe, and B. Thalheim. Strategic modelling of web information systems. International Journal

on Web Information Systems, 1(4):77–94, 2005.• K.-D. Schewe and B. Thalheim. Conceptual modelling of web information systems. Data and Knowledge

Engineering, 54:147–188, 2005.• K.-D. Schewe and B. Thalheim. Pragmatics of storyboarding for web information systems: Usage analysis. Int.

Journal Web and Grid Services, 3(2):128–169, 2007.• K.-D. Schewe and B. Thalheim. Personalisation of web information systems - a term rewriting approach. Data

and Knowledge Engineering, 62(1):101–117, 2007.• B. Thalheim. Readings in fundamentals of interaction in information systems. Reprint, BTU-Cottbus, acces-

sible through http://www.is.informatik.uni-kiel.de/∼thalheim, Collection of papers by C. Binder, W. Clauß, A.

Dusterhoft, T. Feyer, T. Gutacker, B. Heinze, J. Lewerenz, M. Roll, B. Schewe, K.-D. Schewe, K. Seelig, S.

Srinivasa, B. Thalheim, 2000.• B. Thalheim and A. Dusterhoft. Sitelang: Conceptual modeling of internet sites. In H. S. Kunii, S. Jajodia, and

A. Sølvberg, editors, ER, volume 2224 of LNCS, 179–192. Springer, 2001.

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Publications on Database Theory• E. Borger and B. Thalheim. A method for verifiable and validatable business process modeling.

In Software Engineering, volume 5316 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 59 – 115. Springer,

2008.

• D. Goldin, S. Srinivasa, and B. Thalheim. IS = DBS + interaction - towards principles of

information systems. In A. H. F. Laender, S. W. Liddle, and V. C. Storey, editors, ER, volume

1920 of LNCS, 140–153. Springer, 2000.

• H.-J. Lenz and B. Thalheim. A formal framework of aggregation for the OLAP-OLTP model.

Journal of Universal Computer Science, 15(1):273 – 303, 2009.

• K.-D. Schewe and B. Thalheim. Reasoning about web information systems using story algebra.

In ADBIS’2004, LNCS 3255, 54–66, 2004.

• K.-D. Schewe and B. Thalheim. Fundamental concepts of object oriented databases. Acta

Cybernetica, 11(4):49–81, 1993.

• K.-D. Schewe and B. Thalheim. Readings in object-oriented databases. Reprint, BTU-Cottbus,

accessible through http://www.is.informatik.uni-kiel.de/∼thalheim, Collection of papers by C.

Beeri, K.-D. Schewe, J.-W. Schmidt, D. Stemple, B. Thalheim, I. Wetzel, 1998.

• O. Seleznev and B. Thalheim. Average case analysis in database problems. Methodology and

Computing in Applied Probability, 48:177–198, 2003.

• B. Thalheim. Entity-relationship modeling – Foundations of database technology. Springer,

Berlin, 2000.

• B. Thalheim. Model suites. In 2nd International Workshop on Knowledge Cluster Systems,

20–40. IOS Press, 2008.

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