The Scientific Revolution

Before 1500►Where did ppl get their info about the

world? Ancient Greek /Roman philosophers/authors

The Bible

►What helped disseminate that info? Printing press Church Schools/Universities Ren/Ref/Exploration

Medieval Views

• The Geocentric Theory (Earth-centered)• Aristotle’s theory• planets revolved around immovable Earth• God placed Earth in center of universe

• Few people questioned these ideas Why?

Ptolemy

Until mid-1500sPtolemy’s theory

Evidence to support Aristotle’s ideasEarth was center of universe

This theory matched the teachings of the Church.

Causes of the Sci. Rev.

► Medieval Universities

► The It. Ren. Renewed emphasis on mathematics Ren. – patronage

► Navigational problems of long sea voyages

► Better scientific instruments

Scientific Awakening

►Merged sci. & tech Use of mathematics Experimentation

►Sci. separated from church philosophy Basic ancient truths were questioned Focus on physics, not ethics

New Views• The Heliocentric Theory (Sun-

centered)• Copernicus’ theory

• Planets revolved around sun• 1st new scientific theory in nearly 2,000 yrs• Others built on this idea

• This angered church leaders. • Why?

Copernicus (1543)

Nicolaus Copernicus

Heliocentricsun-centered, model of

the universe.

Aim to glorify God

Tycho Brahe (Late 1500s)

Tycho Brahe used observation Provided mountains of

evidence to support Copernicus’ theory. Could not mathematically

support it

Bridge b/w geo & helio

Johannes Kepler (Early 1600s)

Johannes KeplerUsed Mathematics to support

Brahe’s observationseach planet moved around the sun

in an elliptical orbit

Galileo Galilei (Early 1600s)

Galileo Galilei Early user of the experimental

methodbuilt a telescope and studied the heavens

His discoveries using the telescope Moon had rough, uneven surface Sun has dark spots

Galileo Galilei vs. the Church

Confirmed heliocentric model caused an uproar

Galileo’s findings scared the church. Why? Pope summoned him to Rome for trial

Under threat of torture Read a confession Admitted ideas of Copernicus were

false.

Sentenced to house arrest & silence

1992 –Catholic Church accepted his beliefs

Isaac Newton (Late 1600s)

► Argues for a universe governed by natural laws Law of Inertia

► Something in motion tends to stay in motion

Law of Gravity► Things tend to fall downward

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Scientific Advances

Janssen invented the microscope

Leeuwenhoek used microscope to see cells & microorganisms.

Fahrenheit/Celsius used thermometers to measure temperature

Torricelli used the barometer to measure atmospheric pressure to predict the weather

Vesalius published the first accurate study of human anatomy.

Descartes is the father of analytical geometry . Believed everything had to be proved by math. “I think, therefore I am.”

Bacon is the father of the Scientific Method

The 1500s & 1600s saw breakthroughs in many branches of science.

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Consequences of the Sci. Rev.

► Rise of the “Scientific Community”

► The modern scientific method

► A universe ordered according to natural laws

ENLIGHTENMENT

Knowing others is wisdom, knowing yourself is Enlightenment.

Lao Tzu

Connections

Sci. Rev.

showed the power/success of human reason

People apply human reason to natural laws (laws that govern human nature)

led to - revolution in thinking = Enlightenment

Newton Last of the great figures of

the Sci. Rev. Or 1st in the Enlightenment

Newton’s laws were starting point for investigating everything in nature Used reason to solve

problems: social political economic

The Philosophes

Philosophes: lovers of wisdom Concentrated on:

Welfare of society Freedom of individual Happiness of humanity

Used reason to make reforms to government, law & society

Completely different ideas than the Absolute rulers of the time.

Think critically: HOW? Be able to give examples.

Philosophes’ Ideas

Nature Took Newton and other scientists’ ideas of natural

laws and applied them to social interaction economics and government.

Laissez faire & balance of powers

Reason Move toward liberty & away from intolerance &

prejudice

Other ideas Happiness:

Lived by nature’s laws, you would find happiness. No need to wait for happiness - heaven

Live in happiness, not misery!

Progress: Belief society & humankind could be perfected Using science

Liberty: Believed that society could be set free. Liberty is necessary to be happy

Voltaire Criticized Fr. gov’t,

laws, and Christianity Was locked in the Bastille

(French jail) & was exiled

Most famous writing: Candide, Satire – use of wit and sarcasm to

criticize Prejudice Inequality injustice Gov. & laws basically everything he

didn’t like

Hobbes vs Locke

Read: “Political ideas grew from conflict”

Fill in the chart below

Be ready to fill in the chart on the board

Hobbes & Locke Chart Key

(do on the board)

Question: Did the English people have the right to rebel

against Charles I (1642) & James II (1688)? Thomas Hobbes

Wrote Leviathan (“sea monster”) Wrote it 2 years after Charles I was beheaded Horrors of Civil War shaped his beliefs

John Locke Wrote Treatises of Government Wrote it 2 years after The Glorious Revolution

Hobbes vs Locke

Right of Rebellion People - no right to

rebel against their govt.

Human Nature Humans are wicked

so they must be protected

Naturally cruel, selfish

If not controlled = fight & steal

Right of Rebellion People oppressed

by their govt. every right to rebel

Human Nature Humans are

reasonable so they can make good decisions about how to govern

Free will Obedience because

it is right not out of fear

Hobbes vs Locke

Role of Government Govts. protect ppl

from their own wickedness & selfishness

Role of Monarch One ruler should

have absolute power to keep society from falling into disorder

Role of Government Govts. protect 3 basic

rights Life, liberty & property

Role of Monarch The ruler has a duty

to protect these basic rights

Hobbes – Social Contract

Agreement B/w the leader & his people Give up rights for

Protection Organized society

How does this apply to governments today Give up taxes and freedom For security

Montesquieu (1689-1755)

The Best government:► Separate the powers of the Govt.

►ensured freedom & liberty.►Legislative: make laws►Executive: enforce laws►Judicial: interpret laws

► Politically balanced

►Checks & balances: (each branch serves as a check on the other branches)

►“Power should be a check to power”

Rousseau (1712-1778)► Individual Freedom

►People are naturally good►innocence was corrupted by

the evils of society

► “Men are born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”

► The Social Contract, 1762.►Agreement among free individuals►Hobbes: society & government

► The best government►Formed by the people►Consent of the governed

►Direct democracy

Beccaria

Italian Philosophe

Laws exist to preserve order NOT to avenge crimes

Criticized abuses of justice Accused should have

Speedy trial Punishment should fit the crime Never torture

Mary Wollstonecraft

Philosophes challenged assumptions But: Traditional view toward women Education: teach how to be wife &

mother

Wollstonecraft Increased Rights for Women Education for Women = Men Women Should enter male-dominated

fields Politics & medicine

Questions What is government supposed to ensure? What are the 3 branches of govt & what

do each do? Rousseau believed people were naturally

what? What did Rousseau write and his idea of

the best form of government? Beccaria believed laws existed for what

purpose and if you were in trouble with the law, what 3 things should you get?

What did Wollstonecraft fight for?

To Do: Write these questions down, write your answer to each question and be ready to discuss tomorrow

Security vs. Freedom Are you willing to give up any Freedoms in exchange for

better protection from terrorism?

The police believe a person has brought a gun to school. Would you allow the police to search your school bag & lockers?

A person prints information out at the library on bomb making. What should the librarian do?

Several Mid. Eastern males are boarding a plane at O’Hare airport. Should they have to go through extra security?

Salons Wealthy wmn held mtgs

in their homes Philosophes discussed

ideas

Marie-Therese Geoffrin Was a “patron” to the

thinkers

So why are they important? Gave Enlightenment

thinkers a place to share ideas

Provided Enlightenment thinkers w/support

Denis Diderot (1713-1784)

► All things must be examined, debated, investigated w/o exception & w/o regard for anyone’s feelings.

► We will speak against senseless laws until they are reformed.

Diderot’s Encyclopédie

Created 28 vol. Encyclopedia Gathered articles on human

knowledge Articles by thinkers of the

day against slavery urged for education for all praised freedom of expression

Widely denounced by govts & church

Despotism

Form of govt by which a single entity rules w/ absolute & unlimited power

Many philosophes believed best govt was: Monarchy Respected people’s rights

Try to convince rulers to rule justly

Enlightened Despots

Enlightened Despots Embraced new ideas Made reforms

True Reformers? Just wanted their countries to be stronger

Montesquieu & Despotism

The diff. b/w monarchy & despotism:

Monarchy - a single person governs by fixed and established laws

Despot - governs by his own will

Enlightened Despots

Fredrick the Great - Ruled Prussia

Committed to reform Religious freedom Reduced censorship Increased education Abolished torture “the first servant of the state

Changes only went so far Serfdom wrong But didn’t end it Needed support of the nobles

Catherine the Great - Ruled Russia

Formed commission to review laws

Religious toleration Abolishing torture Abolishing capital

punishment

Changes only went so far

Commission accomplished none of the goals

Did nothing to change life of peasants

After a revolt – she gave noble absolute power over them

The Legacy of the Enlightenment?

1.Belief in Progress Opened door for growth in sci.

New discoveries

Confidence that humans could solve social probs

2.More secular society (non-religious) Openly question church

Promote tolerance of all religions

The Legacy of the Enlightenment?3. Importance of the individual

Use own ability to reason to judge right & wrong

Turn away from the church Art, literature, & music offered new

expressions & sounds: Beethoven, Mozart, Haydn

YouTube - Beethoven Symphony No.9

YouTube - Bach, Toccata and Fugue in D minor, organ4. Revolutions democratic revs begun in America in

1776 & in Paris in the late 1780s