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The Second World War: Background

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WHO: Axis:

Germany Japan Italy

Allies: Great Britain

(England) France Russia USA (China)

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Axis Rally in Tokyo

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WHAT: Truly Global and Industrialized WAR

Three Stages: 1939-1941--Initital Push, Battle of Britain 1941-1943--Invasion of Russia, Pearl Harbor,

Direction of War Changes 1943-1945--Battles of Midway, Stalingrad, D-Day

(June 6, 1944) Allies surge toward Victory. Finally, 1945--Russians take Berlin, U.S. conducts

nuclear attack on Japan. War ends.

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WHERE: Practically Everywhere

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WHEN:

Officially, 1939-1945 However, Japan began its war in China in 1931.

This is often forgotten.

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HOW:

“Revisionists:” especially in Germany wished to revise post-World War I peace treaties (especially the …?)

Fascist and/or Militaristic leaders took over governments in Italy, Germany and Japan

Allies initially follow policy of appeasement This fails to soothe the new fascist powers, and

instead emboldens them War erupts 1939, global by 1941, over 1945

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Japan’s War in China

Conquest of Chinese Manchuria 1931-1932 Full-scale invasion in 1937 The Rape of Nanjing

Arial bombing of urban center 400,000 Chinese used for bayonet practice, massacred 7,000 women raped 1/3 of all homes destroyed

If you are sensitive you may not want to look at the next slides.

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Nanjing Massacre

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Nanjing Massacre

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Italian Aggression Benito Mussolini

invades Ethiopia with overpowering force 2,000 Italian troops

killed, 275,000 Ethiopians killed

Also takes Libya, Albania

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Germany Adolf Hitler (1889-

1945) withdraws from League of Nations

Remilitarizes Germany Anschluss (“Union”)

with Austria, 1938 Pressure on Sudetenland

(Czechoslovakia)

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Munich Conference (1938) Italy, France, Great Britain,

Germany meet Allies follow policy of

appeasement Hitler promises to halt

expansion British Prime Minister Neville

Chamberlain (1869-1940) promises “peace for our time”

Hitler signs secret Russian-German Treaty of Non-Aggression (August 1939)

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Invasion of Poland and France September 1, 1939

Blitzkrieg: “lightning war” strategy Air forces soften up

target, armored divisions rush in

German U-boats (submarines) patrol Atlantic, threaten British shipping (just like during…?)

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The Fall of France

1940: Germany occupies Denmark, Norway, Belgium, France

Hitler forces French to sign armistice agreement in same railroad car used for the armistice imposed on Germany in 1918

Once again--dissatisfaction with Treaty of Versailles and need for revenge.

How it played out…

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The Battle of Britain Air war conducted by the

German Luftwaffe (Air Force)

40,000 British civilians killed in urban bombing raids Especially London

Royal Air Force prevents Germans from invading

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Operation Barbarossa Lebensraum (“living space”) June 22, 1941 Hitler double-

crosses Stalin and invades USSR

Stalin caught off-guard, rapid advance

But severe winter, long supply lines weakened German efforts

Turning point: Battle of Stalingrad (ends February 1943)

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High tide of Axis expansion in Europe and North Africa

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US Involvement in WWII before Pearl Harbor

US initiates “cash and carry” and “lend-lease” programs: US lends war goods to Allies with free shipping, leases naval bases in return

US freezes Japanese assets in US US places embargo on oil

shipments to Japan Japanese Defense Minister Tojo

Hideki (1884-1948) plans for war with US

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Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) FDR: “A date which will live in infamy” Destroyed US Navy in the Pacific—not Aircraft

Carriers Hitler, Mussolini declare war on the US on

December 11 US joins Great Britain and the USSR

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The Attack on Pearl Harbor

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Japanese Victories and Sphere of Control

Japan dominates south-east Asia, Pacific islands

Establishes “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”World War II in Asia and the Pacific

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Defeat of the Axis Powers Key factors: Russia &

USA had more personnel reserves (more people) & industrial capacity (more resources) than Axis

US joining the war turned the tide Shipbuilding,

automotive production especially important

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Allied Victory in Europe

Red Army (USSR) gains offensive after Stalingrad (February 1943)

British, US forces attack in North Africa, Italy D-Day: June 6, 1944, British and US forces land in

France (we will view this on Friday) US, Britain bomb German cities (firebombing)

Dresden, February 1945: 135,000 Germans killed in shelters 30 April 1945 Hitler commits suicide, 8 May Germany

surrenders

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The Firebombing of Dresden

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Turning the Tide in the Pacific US code breaking operation Magic discovers

Japanese plans Battle of Midway (4 June 1942)

US takes the offensive, engages in island-hopping strategy

Iwo Jima and Okinawa Japanese kamikaze suicide bombers Savage two-month battle for Okinawa (Highly

recommended: Letters From Iwo Jima)

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Japanese Surrender US firebombs Tokyo, March

1945 100,000 killed 25% of buildings destroyed

Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, August 6th and 9th, 1945

Emperor Hirohito (1901-1989) surrenders unconditionally September 2, 1945

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Hiroshima after the Bomb

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Deaths During World War II (millions)

20

154

2

6

0.4

0.3

6 USSRChinaGermanyJapanPolesBritainUSJews

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Women and the War

WAVES (Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service)

US, Great Britain bar women from serving in combat units

Soviet, Chinese forces include women fighters Women very active in resistance movements

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Women’s Roles

Women occupy jobs of men away at war Also take on “head of household” duties Temporary: men returning from war displace

women Yet lasting impact on women’s movement

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“Comfort Women”

Asian women forced into prostitution by Japanese forces

20/30 men per day, in war zones “Comfort Houses,” “Consolation Centers”

Killed when infected with venereal disease Large-scale massacres at end of war to hide

crimes Social ostracism for survivors

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Deaths During World War II (millions)

20

154

2

6

0.4

0.3

6 USSRChinaGermanyJapanPolesBritainUSJews

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Origins of the Cold War

US, USSR, Great Britain unnatural allies during World War II Tensions submerged until close of war

Yalta and Potsdam Conferences (1945) Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt Decided on USSR declaration of war vs. Japan, setting up of

International Military Tribunal Free elections for Eastern Europe

Stalin arranges pro-communist governments in Eastern European countries

1946: “Iron Curtain” descends

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The Truman Doctrine (1947)

World divided into free and enslaved states US to support all movements for democracy “containment” of Communism NATO and the Warsaw Pact established

Militarization of Cold War

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The Marshall Plan

Named for George C. Marshall (1880-1989), US Secretary of State

Proposed in 1947, $13 billion to reconstruct western Europe

USSR establishes Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 1949

The United Nations formed (1945) to resolve international disputes