THE SHIFT AND EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION … · Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest . and its translation . Full of Moon in The Midwest. B. Focus of The Study This research

THE SHIFT AND EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION

FROM INDONESIAN NOUN PHRASES IN THE POEM PANTUN TERANG

BULAN DI MIDWEST BY TAUFIK ISMAIL

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)

Siti Aisyah

1110026000058

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITY FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2015

ABSTRACT

Siti Aisyah, NIM: 10026000058, The Shift and Equivalence in The English

Translation From Indonesian Noun Phrases in The Poem ‘Pantun Terang Bulan di

Midwest’ By Taufik Ismail. A Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and

Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, 2015.

In This research, the writer focuses on translation study that is the translation shift and

equivalence in the poem „Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest’. The aims of this research

are to describe the types of shift translation that occur in the poem and to describe the

result of equivalence both of source and target language. The writer uses qualitative

descriptive method in order to reach the objectives of the research. She is collecting,

classifying, and analyzing the data.

The results of this research are: first, all of types of translation shift based on

Catford‟s theory are used in translating the poem. They are structure shift, intra-

system shift, unit shift, and class shift. Second, the most translation shift occur is

structure shift. Third, formal and dynamic equivalence was analyzed based on Nida‟s

theory. Fourth, based on analyzing the data, it can be concluded that shift can be

defined as problem solving to minimize the inevitable loss of meaning when

rendering a text from one language into another language. Also, the equivalence is

not similar. Form and meaning are frequently not fully equivalent, but forms may

change but meaning must not change.

Key Word: Shift, Equivalence, Noun Phrases

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APPROVEMENT

THE SHIFT AND EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH

TRANSLATION FROM INDONESIAN NOUN PHRASES IN THE

POEM Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest BY TAUFIK ISMAIL

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanity Faculty

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Degree of Strata 1

SITI AISYAH

NIM.1110026000058

Approved by

Advisor 1 Advisor 2

Dr. Frans Sayogie, S.H,.M.H.,M.Pd. Atik Yuliani, MA TESOL.

NIP.19700310 200003 1 002

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

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STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2015

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of

my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the

award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher

learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Jakarta, March 2015

The Writer

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In The Name Of Allah, the Most Gracious, And the Most Merciful

First of all, there is no word better than praises be to Allah, who always gives the

writer much of strength and His amazing guidance so, the writer able to accomplish

all the processes of this thesis. Peace and salutation forever be given to our prophet

Muhammad SAW as the greatest prophet for Muslims.

Secondly, the writer would like to express her greatest honor to her family,

especially her Parents, Mrs. Fauziyah Hanim, S.kom and Mr. Wahyudi Suherman

S.H who has been fulfilling the writer‟s needs and always supports in many aspects,

may Allah always bless you. The most thanks is addressed to her greatest honor and

thankful to her advisors, Dr. Frans Sayogie, S.H,.M.H.,M.Pd and Mrs. Atik Yuliani,

MA TESOL, who had been fully guiding, support, and encourage the writer very

well in making this thesis from the beginning until the ending. The writer will never

forget about all of their kindness until the end of time.

Furthermore, the writer would like to express her honor to those who have

helped her in finishing this thesis, they are:

1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, MA, as the Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty,

State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta.

2. Drs. Asep Saepuddin, M.Pd, as the Head of English Letters Department.

3. Elve Oktaviyani, M.Hum, as the Secretary of English Letters Department.

4. All the staffs of English Letters Department.

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5. All the Lectures who had been taught her in English Letters Department from

the first semester until he accomplished the study.

6. Dyan Agustina, Deri Indriya Shanti, Fadilah Mahmuda, Saidah Turahmah,

Meyriska, Riyan Fahlepi, Liyon Akbar, Fahmi Fahrurroji, Aida Soraya, Arin

Dwi tahira, Nur Alfy Ilmi, and Khuzaimah for sharing and supporting me.

7. Adea Fitriana, for striving together to graduation list.

8. Friends of KKN Aksi who supports her, Anjar Ningtias, Shelly Novianita and

Reza Nugraha for sharing and supporting me.

9. Mr. Duha Hadiyansyah that give some advices and support her thesis.

Jakarta, March 2015

The Writer

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TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ i

APPROVEMENT ................................................................................................. ii

LEGALIZATION ................................................................................................ iii

DECLARATION .................................................................................................. iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... v

TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................... vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 1

A. Background of the Study ........................................................................ 1

B. Focus of The Study ................................................................................ 3

C. Research Question .................................................................................. 3

D. Significance of the study ........................................................................ 3

E. Research Methodology........................................................................... 4

1. The Objectives of Research ....................................................... 4

2. The Method of Research ........................................................... 4

3. The Instrument of the Research ................................................. 4

4. The Unit of Analysis .................................................................. 5

5. The Technique of Data Analysis ................................................ 5

CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK ................................................ 6

A. Previous Researches ............................................................................... 6

B. The Concept of Translation Shift and Equivalence of Noun Phrase ..... 8

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CHAPTER III DATA ANALYSIS ..................................................................... 21

A. The Data Description ........................................................................... 21

B. The Data Analysis ................................................................................ 22

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ..................................... 31

A. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 31

B. Suggestion ............................................................................................ 31

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 34

APPENDICCES ................................................................................................... 36

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

Poem is a unique literature work. The words are expression of soul from a

poet. In poem, we can find a noun phrase. If noun phrase translated from source

language into target language, the translation shift could be occurred for achieve

the meaning equivalence. Such in a poem Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest and

its translation Full of Moon in The Midwest.

Noun phrase consists of group of words that ends with a noun. It can contain

determiners (the, a, this), adjectives, adverbs and nouns1. In Indonesian and

English, structures of noun phrase are different. As we know that noun phrase

exist in every sentence of language, especially in Indonesian and English as the

source and target language of this research. Many students are still confused in

differentiating the word order in head words of the Indonesian and English noun

phrase. It is because the Indonesian and English head words are not the same. In

Indonesian noun phrases, the head word is head – initial position, while in

English the head word is head – final position. Therefore, the core of the phrase is

head word, which is used to determine the meaning and the word class2.

In translating noun phrase from Indonesian into English case, a translator

usually has a difficult in determining structure of noun phrase in target language

1 Marcella Frank, Modern Englis.2000, (New Jersey: Prentice Hall,inc.) p.53

2 Diani Mahasari, Ni Ketut. 2012. The X-bar Theory Used in Analysing The Translation Shift of

TheEnglish Noun Phrases Into Indonesian with Reference to “The Twilight: New Moon. Denpasar:

Udayana University. www.pps.unud.ac.id accessed on January 25, 201. p.4

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http://www.pps.unud.ac.id/

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because of the different structure between both languages. When translated in one

language, translator should follow the rules and the principle from a language that

translated. In generally, translator should learn all of text before translated. After

geting the common idea, translator could divide it into certain parts and try to

analyze it with divide into: word, phrase, clause, sentences, and paragraph.

Equivalent in structure of language is a similarity derives study structure of

syntax in two different languages. Structure of syntaxes in every language is

content from every formation of word even sentences in formation of class of

word or its sentences.

In equivalence and shift, the meaning is more important than the form.

Besides, equivalence focuses to cases when language describes the same situation

by different structure. As Vinay and Dalbenet states that equivalence refers to

cases where languages describe the same situation by the different stylistic or

structuran means3. Whereas when the form in source language has a new form or

different form from the target language, it is called shifts.

Like a source of data usually finded a noun phrases. In poem that unique, we

can find a noun phrases. There is translation shift in translating noun phrases in a

poem. These translation shifts occur to get the appropriate meaning. If these shifts

not occur so the result of translation poem will be awkward. Therefore, researcher

wants to research types of translation shift of noun phrase and its equivalence in

3 JP. Vinay and Darbelnet J. comparative stylistic of Rench and English: a Methodology for

Translation. 1995. (Philadelpia: John Benjamins),

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the poem Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest and its translation Full of Moon in The

Midwest.

B. Focus of The Study

This research is focused on finding the types of shifts and the equivalence in

the result noun phrase translation from the Indonesian noun phrase from the

Indonesian into English in poems; Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest, by Taufik

Ismail was translated into English by John H. McGlynn.

C. Research Question

Based on the focus of study above, this research questions can be formulated

as follows:

1. What types of shift of noun phrase translation in Pantun Terang Bulan di

Midwest poem?

2. How is the equivalence in the result of noun phrase translation?

D. Significances of The Study

The research will be benefit in enriching the studies in translation Indonesian

into English, in particular enriching translation shift of noun phrase and

equivalent of translation from Indonesian language into English language in the

poetry translation. The research also can be a first description to a deeper research

for the next researcher.

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E. Research Methodology

1. The Objective of the Research

Based on formulation of the problem, this research aims:

1. To analyze the types of shift translation in the English translation from the

Indonesian noun phrase.

2. To analyze the result of equivalence in the English translation from the


2. Method of Research

This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. It means that all

the data in this research are in the form of sentences and words, not in the

form in numbers. The writer identify the data of noun phrase, describe the

noun phrase that find in the Indonesian and English poem, analyzes types of

shift and the result of equivalence in the English translation from the


3. The Instrument of the Research

The main research instrument in this research is the writer to get more

data she needs by reading and understanding the poem of both source

language and target language. The writer also is supported by other

instruments, such as: journal, internet, poem, and reliable dictionaries in the

way analyzing, classifying and concluding the findings in this research.

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4. The Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis in this research is a poem by Taufik Ismail:

Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest from Sajak Ladang Jagung book, published

in 1971 and its translation Full of Moon in the Midwest by John H. McGlynn,

from On Foreign Shores: American Images in Indonesian Poetry book,

published in 1990.

5. Technique of Data Analysis

In this research, the writer analyzes the data using descriptive analysis

technique. The steps of analysis as follows:

a. Reading the poem Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest and Full of Moon

in the Midwest repeatedly to find the noun phrase. Giving the notation

of the noun phrase in the poem of Indonesian verse and English verse.

b. Collecting the data of noun phrase that is found in poem of Indonesian

and English versions.

c. Classifying the noun phrase which is found in the poem of Indonesian

and English versions.

d. Analyzing the type of shift in the English translation from the

Indonesian noun phrase to get the result of its.

e. Analyzing the result of translation equivalence in the English

translation from the Indonesian noun phrase.

f. Making the conclusion of this research and giving the suggestion.

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CHAPTER II

CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION SHIFT AND EQUIVALENCE OF

NOUN PHRASE

A. Previous Studies

There are some researches related to this topic of study which also

discussed about shift which occur in the translations studies. Therefore we

need to do the literature review in order to know how the other researchers

analyze the topic, so that we can avoid the possibility of duplication. There are

thesis and journals related to this topic are reviewed.

Monireh Akbari in the international journal of linguistics entitled

“Structural Shifts in Translation of Children's Literature.” The researcher's

intention was to focus upon the types of "structural shifts" in literary

translation from English into Persian and their significant role in

Compensation and Explicitation of meaning. The main objective of this

research was to see whether and how translators incorporate structural shifts

into their schedule, what kinds of structural Shift are made and what kinds of

structural shift are more frequently used in literary translation. The second

objective of the research was to examine whether structural shifts help the

literary translators to better transfer the meaning.4

Dr. Seyed Mohammad Hosseini-Maasoum and Azadeh Shahbaiki, in the

academic journal of Interdisciplinary Studies entitled “Translation Shifts in the

Persian Translation of a Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens”. This study

4

Monireh Akbari. 2012. Structural Shifts in Translation of Children's Literature.

international Journal of Linguistics. Iran: Islamic Azad University

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intends to find the realization of Catford‟s shifts in the Persian translation of

Charles Dickens‟ “A Tale of Two Cities” by Ebrahim Younesi. The aim of

this study is to find which types of shifts the translator uses, to compare the SL

and the TL versions, and to investigate how faithful the translator is to the

original text. Furthermore, it intends to find the problems translators face

during the translation process. This paper analyses different kinds of category

shifts which Catford divides into four subgroups: structure shifts, class shifts,

unit shifts and intra-system shifts in translation. To this end, forty sentences of

the first six chapters of the novel were selected randomly and compared with

their corresponding parts in the Persian translation. This study shows that

among forty sentences that include forty-three shifts, unit shift is the most

frequent type of shift. 37.5% of shifts are unit shifts, 30% class shifts, 12.5%

structure shifts and 27.5% intra system shifts. It also shows that shifts are

inevitable in some places in the translation process and this is because of

different natures of languages and variations that exist among them, so the

translator is forced to deviate from the source text.5

Parlindungan Pardede. Penerjemahan Tiga Puisi Taufik Ismail ke dalam

Bahasa Inggris. Jakarta: Univaersutas Kristen. One of the corpus in this thesis

is my corpus. It is “Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest”. This thesis compare the

result of analysis three poems of Taufik Ismail as source language text with

the result of translation in Englis target language to know the aspects that

makes its target language accepted as the good translation. The Aspects are

5 Seyed Mohammad Hosseini-Maasoum and Azadeh Shahbaiki. 2013. Translation Shifts in

the Persian Translation of a Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. Academic Journal of

Interdisciplinary Studies. Iran: MCSER-CEMAS-Sapienza University of Rome.

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comparing meaning, comparing esthetics value, and comparing the structure

and expressive value.

This paper has different focus among those researches. It brings into a

theory of shifting and equivalence in translation. The writer analyzes the type

of shifting that occur in translation and their result of equivalence.

B. The Shift of Translation

The term shift is used in the literature to refer to change which occur may

occur in the process of translation. Based on Oxford Advance Leaner‟s

Dictionary, “Shift is change position or place substation of one thing to

another”6. Catford gives the idea on shift, namely “The change of formal

structure of the source language into the target language.”7 Meanwhile, Vinay

and Dalbernet state shift as transposition. According to Vinay and Dalbernet,

“transposition is interchange of parts of speech that don‟t affect the meaning, a

noun phrase for a verb phrase.” Furthermore, Newmark refer that “shift is a

translation procedure invoving a change in the grammar in source language to

target language.”8

Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that shift in

translation is step in the process of doing translation. It is change the part of

6Hornby A.S, Oxford Advanced learner’s Dictionary of Current English (New York:

Oxford University Press, 2000) p. 406 7 J.C. Catford, 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. (London: Oxford University

Press.), p. 73 8 Peter Newmark, 1988. A Textbook of Translation, (London: Prentice Hall International

(UK) Ltd,), p. 85

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speech, structure or system language from source language to target language

without affecting the meaning.

1. The Translation Shift

Every translator has an obligation to transfer all the messages from

source language to target language without changes the meaning.

Translator should determine the form and content of the source language

text with form that appropriate in target language text. Translator usually

finds the difficulties in getting the same equivalent and appropriate form in

target language, because “language has its own genius and possesses

certain distinctive characteristics that give it a special character, such as a

word-building capacities, unique patterns of phrase order, technique for

linking clause into sentences, etc.”9 In this case, translator has to know the

structure of the translation in appropriate with rules and grammar of the

target language. Translator sometimes makes some replacements or shifts

to establish translation equivalence between different language systems..

According to Catford, translation shift mean departures from

formal correspondence in the process of going from the Source Language

to the Target Language. There are two kinds of translation shifts, level

shift and category shift10

.

9 Nida, E. A.1975. Language Structure and Translation. (California. Standford University

Press.), 10

Ibid, p.45

10

Level shift is meant that a source language item at one linguistic

level has a target language translation equivalent at a different level11

.

Level shifts as a shift from grammatical unit in source language to a

lexical unit in target language. For example12

:

SL : Roni has completed an assignment

TL : Roni telah mengumpulkan tugas

From the example above, there is a shift from grammar to lexis in

which the patterns which is in English if has contiguous with past

participle of complete, then it indicates that the act of completing has

begun before the time of speaking and the effect of the action still resumes

at the time of speaking. The form has + past participle (grammar) in

English is translated into telah (lexis) in Indonesian language. There is a

shift in rank of grammatical unit into lexical unit.

Meanwhile, category shift is departure from formal correspondence

in translation. Catford referfs uses unbounded and rank-unbound

translation term. The unbounded translation means that translation

equivalent may occur in appropriate rank such as morpheme, word, phrase,

clause, and sentence. The while, rank-unbound translation refers to cases

where equivalence is intentionally limited to ranks below the sentence13

.

Category shift is subdivided into four kinds. They are structure shift,

class shift, unit shift, and intra system shift.

11

J.C. Catford, 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. (London: Oxford University

Press.), p. 73 12

Rochaya Machali, 2009. Pedoman bagi Penerjemah, (Bandung: PT Mizan Pustaka.) p.

96 13

Ibid. p. 75-76

11

a. Structure Shift

Structure shift is the most frequent category shifts at all ranks in

translation. It is enclose a change in grammatical structure between source

language into target language14

.

Example15

:

SL : new shirt

TL : baju baru

From the example, the noun phrase new shirt in the source

language text is constructed of modifier (new) + head (shirt), meanwhile in

the target language it becomes baju baru which is constructed of head

(baju) + modifier (baru).

b. Class Shift

Class shift occurs when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a

member of a different class from the original item16

.

Example17

:

SL : medical student

TL : mahasiswa kedokteran

In this example, medical in the source language is an adjective is

shifted into pendidikan which is in the target language is noun.

14

Ibid, p. 77 15

Siti Muhtalifah. 2011. An Analysis of English-Indonesian Translation Shift in the Hannah

Banana Short Stroty By Ribut Wahyudi. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta 16

Ibid, p. 78 17

Ibid, p.79

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c. Unit Shift

Unit shift involves change in rank. It departs from formal

correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in

the SL is the unit at a different rank in the TL18

.

Example19

: a phrase into a clause.

SL : Hari Jum‟at adalah hari baik.

TL : Friday is a good day.

For the example, there is alteration of rank from phrase to be word.

d. Intra-System Shift

Catford said that intra-system shift occur because there is internal

system between source language and target language based on their

regulation of language constitution20

.

SL : Many books

TL : Banyak buku

Books in the source language is a plural form. It is translated into

buku in the target language in a singular form.

According to Newmark a shift called as transposition which

involves a change in the grammar from source language to the target

language. There are four types of transposition21

:

18


Press.) p. 79 19


Banana Short Stroty By Ribut Wahyudi. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta 20

Ibid, p. 80.

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1. The First Type

This type is an obligatory transposition or automatic shift. It is

caused by the grammatical structure of a language22

. So it offers the

translator no choice and must make the equivalence in the target language.

This type category divided into two kinds:

a. Plural in source language changes become singular in target language, for

example: a pair of shorts is translated into sebuah celana pendek23

.

b. Adjective + noun in source language changes become noun + adjective in

target language, for example: good news is translated into berita bagus.

2. The Second Type

The shift needful when grammatical structure in source language does

not exist in the target language24

. There are three kinds of this type.

a. In Indonesian language, the object is in front of the sentence, but there

is no in English grammatical structure.

For example: buku itu harus kita bawa25

is translated becomes we

must bring the book.

b. In Indonesian language, the adjective is in front of the sentence, and

then followed by the subject, but there is no in English grammatical

structure.

21

Peter Newmark, 1988. A Textbook of Translation, (London: Prentice Hall International

(UK) Ltd,), p. 85-87 22

Frans sayogie, 2009. Teori & Praktek Penerjemahan Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa

Indonesia. Tangerang: Pustaka Anak Negeri, p.70 23

Ibid, p.71 24

Ibid, p.72 25

Rochaya Machali, 2009. Pedoman bagi Penerjemah, (Bandung: PT Mizan Pustaka) p. 95

14

For example: malu aku is translated becomes I’m shy

c. In Indonesian language, the verbal is in front of the sentence, but it is

not unusual in English, except the imperative sentence.

For example: its usage has been approved26

is translated becomes

telah disahkan penggunaannya.

3. The Third Type

It is the shift grammatically possible but may not accord with natural

usage in the target language.27

There are four kinds of this category:

a. Noun or noun phrase in source language becomes verb in target

language.

For example28

:

SL: We must all responsible for the existence of the earth.

TL: Kita semua bertanggung jawab menjaga bumi.

b. Noun phrase + adjective form verb intransitive in source language

becomes noun + clause in target language.

For example29

:

SL: Thinking person

TL: Orang yang berfikir

c. Adjective + noun or noun phrase in source language becomes noun +

noun in target language.

26

Ibid, p. 96 27


(UK) Ltd,) p. 86 28

Machali, 2009. Pedoman bagi Penerjemah, (Bandung: PT Mizan Pustaka.) p. 96 29

Ibid. p. 97

15

For example30

:

SL: Medical student

TL: Mahasiswa kedokteran

4. The Fourth Type

It is the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical

structure. It has textual function such as, -lah, -pun in the target language

and also the unit (rank) shift as termed by Catford is the kind of this

shift.31

For example:

SL: He is very pleasant, but his wife is arrogant.

TL: Dia sangat baik (sekali), tetapi istrinya sangat sombong.

Another example:

SL: Amenity

TL: Tata karma

Both Catford and Newmark have their own opinion about shift.

Catford‟s theory has large shift coverage in translation. He explains shift

from the smallest unit into text, whereas Newmark only focuses on

grammatical structure.

30


Banana Short Stroty By Ribut Wahyudi. (UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta) p. 50 31


(UK) Ltd,), p. 87

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C. Noun Phrase

Noun phrase can be identified by the determiners the, a, and an. Noun

phrase consist of four constituents, that is, the head, the determiner, pre-

modifier, and post-modifier. In a sentence, a noun phrase can function as

subject, object, and complement. The noun phrase is essential part of every

sentence. Noun phrase is constructed from words a noun and a phrase. Some

of experts give the similar definition of noun phrase. Brown & Miller state

that noun phrases is Noun phrases are traditionally thought of as consisting

minimally of a head noun, together with any number of noun phrases

modifier, they are determiners, quantifiers and quantifiers phrases, adjective

and adjectives phrases, noun and noun phrases, ad position and ad position

phrases and clause.32

According to Baker, “Noun phrase consist of a noun or pronoun with

modifiers, including pronouns, adjectives, other phrases and clause.”33

From definitions above it can be conclude that noun phrase comes from

group of words, which consist of head (noun or pronoun) with their modifiers.

A noun phrase can act as a subject in a sentence function (e.g. The child read

the book), as the object of a verb (e.g. The child read the book), as the object

complement of a verb (e.g. John bought a cake), or as the object of a

preposition (e.g. Jill is swimming in the pool).

32

Ni Ketut Diani Mahasari, 2012. The X-bar Theory Used in Analysing The

Translation Shift of TheEnglish Noun Phrases Into Indonesian with Reference to

“The Twilight: New Moon. (Denpasar: Udayana University.), p.19-20 33

Peter S. baker, 2007. Introduction to Old English (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.,),

17

D. Equivalence in Translation

The main purpose of translation is delivering the meaning of text which

achieves equivalence. In relation to equivalence in translation, Vinay and

Darbelnet state, “Equivalent refers to cases where languages describe the same

situation by different stylistic or structural means”.34

Catford wrote texts in

different languages can be equivalent with different degrees (fully or partially

equivalent). In respect of different levels of presentation (equivalent in respect

of context, of semantics, grammar, of lexis, ect), and at different ranks (word-

for-word, phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence).35

Furthermore, Baker used the notion of equivalence for the sake of

convenience. Thus equivalence is variously regarded as a necessary condition

for translations, an obstacle to a progress to translation studies or useful

category for describing translation.36

1. Types of equivalence

There are some concepts of equivalence in translation with different

approaches from scholars. Nida and Taber state that the best translation

does not sound like translation37

. Nida is much more interested in the

message of the text or, in its semanctic quality38

a. Nida divided equivalence into formal equivalence and dynamic

equivalence.

34

J.P. Vinay and Darbelnet. 1995. Comparative stylistics of French and an English: A

Methodology for Translation.. (Amsterdam/Philadephi: John Benjamins Publishing Company.), 35


Press.), p.27 36

Mona Baker. 1997. In other words: a Coursebook on Translation. (London: Routledge,), 37

Eugene A. Nida and Taber C.R. 1982. The theory and Practice of Translation. (.Leiden:

E.J. Brill.), p.12 38

Vanessa Leonardi, 2000.”Equivalence in Translation Between Myth and Realty” in

Translation Theory. http://accurapid.com/journal/14equiv.htm accessed 02 Feb,2015

http://accurapid.com/journal/14equiv.htm

18

1. Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both

form and content. One is concerned that the message in the

receptor language should match as closely as possible the different

elements in the source language.

2. Dynamic equivalent is the relation between receptor and message

should substantially the same as that which existed between

original receptor and the message.39

There are some types of equivalence according to experts:

b. Popovic as cited in Bassnett the classification of equivalence.

According to him, there are four types equivalence as follow40

:

1. Linguistic equivalence, where there is homogeneity on the

linguistic level both source language and target language texts, i.e.

word for word translation.

2. Paradigmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence of „the

elements of a paradigmatic expressive axis‟, i.e. elements of

grammar.

3. Stylistic (translational) equivalence, where there is „functional

equivalence of elements in both original and translation aiming at

an expressive identity with an invariant of identical meaning.

4. Textual (syntagmatic) equivalence, where there is equivalence

structuring of a text, i.e. equivalence of form and shape.

39

Jeremy Munday. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application.

(London and New York: Routledge), p. 41 40

Susan Bassnett. 1998. Translation Studies: revisited edition. (London: Routledge), p. 32

19

c. According to Catford‟s model of equivalence41

:

1. Formal correspondence is any target language category (unit, class,

element of structure, etc) which can be said occupy as nearly as

possible the “same” place in the “economy in the target language as

the given source language category occupies in the source language.

For example: translating a noun by a noun.

2. Textual equivalence is any target language text or portion of text which

is observed on a particular occasion to be the equivalent of a given

source language text or portion of text. for example: translating

adjective by adjective phrase.

41


Press.), p. 27

20

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDING

A. Data Description

As the writer mention about chapter 1, this study focuses on analysis

types of shift translation of noun phrase and result of equivalence in English

translation from the Indonesian noun phrase.

In the data description, the writer finds the type of shift of the source

language into target language in translating a noun phrase of Pantun Terang

Bulan di Midwest and its translation Full of Moon in the Midwest and its

result of equivalence.

Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest poem is a descriptive poem that reveals

amazement of poet toward the natural beauty Midwest, America. When the

reader read this poem, the reader like faced to a riveting landscape painting.

Everywhere the eyes see, that look is natural charm which is sprinkled

moonlight. The poem begins with the picture of full of moon that sheds rosy

light. Illuminated by the moon, The Mississippi clearly visible includes the

wide and the water which is murky. When switch off the stare, visible the

overlay of cornfield, swamps, hills, smoke, lakes, grouse and hillside that a

lot of pines. The beautiful panorama accompanied by nature music produce

by roll likes thunder, the hum of insects and wind gusts which eventually

turned into drizzle.42

42

Taufiq Ismail. 1971. SAJAK LADANG JAGUNG. (Bandung: Masa Baru.) p. 23

21

B. Data Analysis

In the data analysis, the writer gets the noun phrases in the source language

text from Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest poem and its translation. Then, the

writer analyzes the process of shift translation and analyzes the equivalence of

noun phrase both of them.

The data are presented both in source language text and the target language

text. The data are analyzed based on the theory of Catford about shift and

Nida‟s theory about equivalence.

Datum 1

SL: Sebuah bulan sempurna (line 1)

TL: A perfect moon (line 1)

According to the datum 1 above, it can be seen that the shift in translation

namely the structure shift occurs in this data. Although the noun phrase in the

source language text is also translated into noun phrase, shift in translation can

be shown by the translation of bulan sempurna into perfect moon. The phrase

is shifted from head (noun, bulan) + modifier (adjective, sempurna) into

modifier (adjective, kotor) + head (noun, moon). Catford‟s called it is structure

shift43

. This structure shift occurs due to the different linguistic system

between Indonesian and English, in which Indonesian uses the form of head +

modifier, meanwhile English uses the form of modifier + head. Then, SL noun

phrase sebuah bulan sempurna is translated into TL noun phrase a perfect

43


Press), p. 77

22

moon. Here, prefix se- as ‘one’ of the markers of the Indonesian singular noun

and the word „buah‟ is a noun as classifier a fruit or another thing outside the

human being. Bulan translated into moon and sempurna translated into

perfect. It is indicated that TL has the same word order and meaning with

SL44

. So, this type equivalence is formal equivalence.

Datum 2

SL: Sungai Mississippi (line 5)

TL: The Mississippi (line 5)

From the datum 2 above, we know that the noun phrase in the source

language text has the constitution of noun (sungai) + noun (mississippi).

Meanwhile in the target language, it is translated into noun phrase which has

the constitution of determiner (the) + noun (mississippi). This noun phrase in

the source language text is also translated into noun phrase in the target

language text. However, the shift occurs in this translation, in which the noun

sungai in the source language is translated into mississippi. There is one

Mississippi in the America. Mississippi is the river in America. There is

internal system between source language and target language based on their

regulation of language constitution. Catford mention it is as intra-system

shift45

. Then, SL and TL has same word order. It means that the form and the

meaning are the same46

.

44

Jermmy Munday. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application.

(London and New York:Routledge), p. 42 45

J.C. Catford, op. cit.. p.80 46

Jermmy Munday. Op. cit. p. 42

23

Datum 3

SL: Bunyi-bunyi sepi (line 7)

TL: Sounds of silence (line 7)

The datum 3 above shows that the noun phrase bunyi-bunyi sepi in the

source language text has the constitution of noun (bunyi-bunyi) + determiner

(adjective, sepi). Meanwhile the target language which is a noun phrase has

the constitution of noun (sounds) + preposition (of) + adjective (silence). It

can be said that there is an occurrence of translation shift in this data in which

the word of‟ in the target language is appeared. This type of shift is namely

structure shift according to the theory proposed by Catford47

. Then, SL noun

phrase bunyi-bunyi sepi is translated into TL noun phrase sounds of silent.

Actually, there is yang in the bunyi-bunyi sepi that translated to be sounds of

silent, but author not use yang in his words. It is not change the meaning. So,

increasing of is precise. It is indicated that TL has the same word order and

meaning with SL48


Datum 4

SL: Awan gemuruh (line 8)

TL: Roll like thunder (line 8)

We can see that the English noun phrase awan gemuruh in the source

language text has the constitution of noun (awan) + adjective (gemuruh). This

Indonesian noun phrase is translated into noun phrase (roll like thunder)

47


Press), p. 77 48

Jermmy Munday,op. cit. p.42

24

which has the constitution of noun (roll) + noun phrase (like thunder). Then

the noun phrase (like thunder) is constituted out of the adjective (like) + noun

(thunder). There is translation shift occurs. According to the theory of Catford,

this type of shift is called the structure shift which occurs due to the different

linguistic system between English and Indonesian, in which occur disappear

of adjective (like) from source language to target language. Actually, it can be

add “seperti” in the “awan gemuruh” to be “awan seperti gemuruh”. So, “roll

like thunder” is formal equivalence.

Datum 5

SL: Ladang-ladang jagung (line 9)

TL: Fields of corn (line 9)

The datum 5 above shows that the noun phrase ladang-ladang jagung in

the source language text has the constitution of noun (ladang-ladang) + noun

(jagung). Meanwhile the target language which is a noun phrase has the

constitution of noun (fields) + preposition (of) + noun (corn). It can be said

that there is an occurrence of translation shift in this data in which the word of‟

in the target language is appeared. If SL translated into field corn it would be

more confuse. This type of shift is namely structure shift according to the

theory proposed by Catford49

. Then, SL noun phrase ladalng-ladang jagung is

translated into TL noun phrase fields of corn. ladang-ladang is plural form

translated into fields, it is plural form too. jagung and corn are both the same

49


Press), p.77

25

meaning. It can be seen that TL has the same word order and meaning with

SL50


Datum 6

SL: Rawa-rawa dukana (line 10)

TL: Sensual swamps (line 10)

According to the datum 6 above, it can be seen that the shift in translation

namely the structure shift occurs in this data. Although the noun phrase in the

source language text is also translated into noun phrase, shift in translation can

be shown by the translation of rawa-rawa dukana into swamps. The phrase is

shifted from head (noun, rawa-rawa) + modifier (adjective, dukana) into

modifier (adjective, sensual) + head (noun, swamps). This structure shift

occurs due to the different linguistic system between Indonesian and

English51

, in which Indonesian uses the form of head + modifier, meanwhile

English uses the form of modifier + head. Then, SL noun phrase rawa-rawa

dukana is translated into TL noun phrase sensual swamps. rawa-rawa

translated into swamps which are both of them are plural form. Then, dukana

is strong lust, it have same meaning with sensual52

. So, It can be seen that TL

has the same word order and meaning with SL53

. So, this type equivalence is

formal equivalence.

50


(London and New York:Routledge), p.42 51

J.C. Catford,, op.cit. p.77 52

Tim Penyusun Kamus Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengexmbangan Bahsa. 1998. Kamus Besar

Bahasa Indonesia. (Jakarta: Balai Pustaka), p.215 53


(London and New York:Routledge), p.42

26

Datum 7

SL: Cuaca musim gugur (line 13)

TL: in the auntumn air (line 13)

The datum 7 above shows that the noun phrases cuaca musim gugur in

the source language text has the constitution of noun (cuaca) + (musimgugur).

The target language has the constitution of preposition (in) + (the auntumn

air). We can see that musim gugur in SL translated to auntumn. There is

alteration of rank from phrase to be word. According to the Catford, this

namely unit shift54

. Unit shift occurs due to the different linguistic system

between Indonesian and English. Then, SL noun phrase cuaca musim gugur is

translated into TL noun phrase in the auntumn air. There is increment the

word in and the in TL that not found in the SL. But TL has the same word

order and meaning with SL. So, this is formal equivalence.

Datum 8

SL: Asap yang hancur (line 15)

TL: Smoke transforms (line 15)

From the datum 8 above, we know that the noun phrase in the source

language text has the constitution of noun (asap) + prep. (yang) + adj

(hancur). Meanwhile in the target language, it is translated into sentence which

has the constitution of noun (smoke) + verb (transfroms). This noun phrase in

the source language text is translated into sentence in the target language text.

54


Press), p.77

27

The shift occurs in this translation, in which the noun hancur in the source

language is translated into verb transform. This type of shift is class shift

according to the theory proposed by Catford55

. Class shift occurs when the

translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the

original item. Then, SL noun phrase asap yang hancur is translated into TL

senctence smoke transforms. They have same meaning but different form56

.

So, this type equivalence is dynamic equivalence.

Datum 9

SL: Danau yang di sana (line 17)

TL: On the lake beyond (line 17)

The datum 9 above shows that the noun phrases danau yang disana in the

source language text has the constitution of noun (a) + preposition (yang) +

pronoun/noun (di sana). The target language has the constitution of

preposition (on) + noun phrase (the lake) + N (beyond). We can see that

preposition in the SL changes to the end of phrase in TL. There are different

structure between SL and TL. According to the Catford, this namely structure

shift57

. Structure shift occurs due to the different linguistic system between

Indonesian and English. Then, SL noun phrase danau yang di sana is

translated into TL noun phrase on the lake beyond. There is different position

of preposition in the SL di sana and on in TL. It‟s occurring because there is

55

J.C. Catford, op. cit. p.90 56




Press), p.77

28

different linguistic system between Indonesian and English. However, form

and meaning between SL and TL did not change. The form and meaning in SL

and TL are the same58

. So, this is formal equivalence.

Datum 10

SL: Seribu burung belibis (line 18)

TL: a thousand ducks (line 18)

From the datum 10 above, we know that the NP in the source language

text has the constitution of determiner (seribu) + noun (burung) + noun

(belibis). The NP is also translated into NP in the target language which is

constituted out of the determiner (a) + noun (thousands) + noun (ducks). This

translation shows that there is the occurrence of

translation shift in this data in which burung belibis in the source language

text which is

in single form is translated into ducks in the target language text which is in

plural form. Such kind of shift is namely intra – systems shift according to the

theory of Catford59

. This shift in translation occurs because in Indonesian as

the target language, we cannot put the translation into seribu burung-burung

belibis since the linguistic system of Indonesian noun phrases does not use the

same system as in English. Then, SL noun phrase seribu burung belibis is

translated into TL noun phrase a thousand ducks. Here, prefix se- as „one‟ of

58




Press), p.88

29

the marker of the Indonesian singular noun and the „ribu‟ is a noun as unit of

multiple number of thousand. Based on the text above, it can be seen that in

the TL burung belibis translated into ducks. It is appropriate translation,

because belibis is small wild duck in An Indonesian English Dictionary60

. So

SL and TL have same word order, it is formal equivalence.

Data 11

SL: Lereng pohon pina (line 19)

TL: The hillside pines (line 19)

From the datum 10 above, we know that the NP in the source language

text has the constitution of noun (lereng) + noun (pohon) + noun (pina). The

NP is also translated into NP in the target language which is constituted out of

the determiner (the) + noun (hillside) + noun (pines). This translation shows

that there is the occurrence of translation shift in this data in which pohon pina

in the source language text which is in single form is translated into pines in

the target language text which is in plural form. Such kind of shift is namely

intra – systems shift according to the theory of Catford61

. This shift in

translation occurs because the linguistic system of Indonesian noun phrases

does not use the same system as in English. Then, SL noun phrase lereng

pohon pina is translated into TL noun phrase the hillside pines. In KBBI pina

60

John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, 1980. An Indonesian~English Dictionary. (Jakarta:

PT. Gramedia. New York: Cornell University Press-Ithaca), p.46 61

J.C. Catford, op. cit. p.88

30

is shrub that spread62

. In the TL translate into pines. So, this type equivalence

is dynamic equivalence.

62

Tim Penyusun Kamus Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. 1998. Kamus Besar

Bahasa Indonesia. (Jakarta: Balai Pustaka), p.684

31

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusion

The writer concludes that shift should be considered as the consequence of

the translator effort to establish translation naturalness between two different

languages, SL and TL. In this explanation, shift can be defined as problem

solving to minimize the inevitable loss of meaning when rendering a text from

one language into another language. In this research, all of types of translation

shift based on Catford‟s theory are used in translating the poem, except level

shift.

The writer also concludes that the equivalence is not similar. Form and

meaning are frequently not fully equivalent, but forms may change but

meaning must not change. Dynamic equivalence, although the form is

different, but one thing is important, which is the meaning is the same. There

are formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence as the result of equivalence

in this research.

B. Suggestion

A translator should be aware of the complexity and faithfulness in

translating and perpetuating the meaning of the message in the source

language which is translated into the target language. In this case, it is also

advised for the translator to understand the meaning of the noun phrase in the

source language and able to translate it into the target language in the proper

32

translation. A translator also needs to widen the knowledge about every term

in the source language and target language.

33

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

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Bassnett, Susan. 1998. Translation Studies: revisited edition. London: Routledge

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Jakarta: PT. Gramedia. New York: Cornell University Press-Ithaca.

Frank, Marcella. 2000. Modern English. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Frans sayogie, 2009. Teori & Praktek Penerjemahan Bahasa Inggris ke dalam

Bahasa Indonesia. Tangerang: Pustaka Anak Negeri,

Hornby A.S. 2000. Oxford Advanced learner‟s Dictionary of Current English

(New York: Oxford University Press)

Ismail, Taufiq. 1971. SAJAK LADANG JAGUNG. Bandung: Masa Baru

J.C. Catford, 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. London: Oxford

University Press.

Machali, Rochaya. 2009. Pedoman bagi Penerjemah, Bandung: PT Mizan

Pustaka.

McGlynn , John H.. 1990. On Foreign Shores: American Images in Indonesian

Poetry. Jakarta: The Lontar Foundation

Muhtalifah, Siti 2011. Analysis of English-Indonesian Translation Shift in the

Hannah Banana Short Story By Ribut Wahyudi. UIN Syarif

Hidayatullah Jakarta.

Munday, Jeremmy. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and

Application. London and New York:Routledge

Newmark, Peter, 1988. A Textbook of Translation, London: Prentice Hall

International (UK) Ltd.

34

Tim Penyusun Kamus Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengexmbangan Bahsa. 1998.

Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.

Vinay, JP. and J., Darbelnet. 1995. Comparative Stylistic of Rench and English: a

Methodology for Translation. Philadelpia: John Benjamins

Journals

Dr. Seyed Mohammad Hosseini-Maasoum and Azadeh Shahbaiki. 2013.

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https://parlindunganpardede.wordpress.com/

35

APPENDIX

All data of shift of noun phrase and equivalence in the Pantun Terang

Bulan di Midwest.

No.

Source Language

Target Language

Type of Shift and

Equivalence

1. Sebuah bulan sempurna

(line 1)

A perfect moon

(line 1)

Structure Shift and

Formal

Equivalence

2. Sungai Mississippi

(line 5)

The Mississippi

(line 5)

Intra-System Shift

and Formal

Equivalence

3. Bunyi-bunyi sepi

(line 7)

Sounds of silence

(line 7)

Structure Shift and

Formal

Equivalence

4. Awan gemuruh

(line 8)

Roll like thunder

(line 8)

Structure Shift and

Dynamic

Equivalence

5. Ladang-ladang jagung

(line 9)

Fields of corn

(line 9)

Structure shift and

Formal

Equivalence

6. Rawa-rawa dukana

(line 10)

Sensual swamps

(line 10)

Structure Shift and

Formal

36

Equivalence

7. Cuaca musim gugur

(line 13)

in the autumn air

(line 13)

Unit Shift and

Formal

Equivalence

8. Asap yang hancur

(line 15)

Smoke transform

(line 15)

Class Shift and

Dynamic

Equivalence

9. Danau yang di sana

(line 17)

On the lake beyond

(line 17)

Structure Shift and

Dynamic

Equivalence

10. Seribu burung belibis

(line 18)

a thousand ducks

(line 18)

Intra-System Shift

and Formal

Equivalence

11. Lereng pohon pina

(line 19)

The hillside pines

(line 19)

Intra-System Shift

and Dynamic

Equivalence

Documents

THE SHIFT AND EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION … · Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest . and its translation . Full of Moon in The Midwest. B. Focus of The Study This research