The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

By Kevin Beneduce and Taylor By Kevin Beneduce and Taylor GoldmanGoldman

General Overview of BonesGeneral Overview of Bones

206 bones in our body (most humans are born 206 bones in our body (most humans are born with around 300 total bones in the body but most with around 300 total bones in the body but most of them fuse together during growth)of them fuse together during growth)

Most bones begin as hyaline cartilage and Most bones begin as hyaline cartilage and harden over timeharden over time

Bones support our bodyBones support our body

Protect our organsProtect our organs

Provide attachment points for muscles, tendons Provide attachment points for muscles, tendons and ligamentsand ligaments

General Overview cont’dGeneral Overview cont’d

Store nutrients such as Phosphorus and Store nutrients such as Phosphorus and CalciumCalcium

Adult bones are made of 60 % calcium Adult bones are made of 60 % calcium compound and 40 % collagen compound and 40 % collagen

Bone marrow produces blood cellsBone marrow produces blood cells

The skeleton controls and directs internal The skeleton controls and directs internal pressurepressure

See page one of reference sheetSee page one of reference sheet

Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton

Comprised of bones that make up our skull, Comprised of bones that make up our skull, vertebral column, the ribs and the sternumvertebral column, the ribs and the sternum

Support and protect organs that allow us to hear, Support and protect organs that allow us to hear, taste and smelltaste and smell

33 stacked vertebrae encase the spinal cord33 stacked vertebrae encase the spinal cord

7 disks that protect the cervical vertebrae7 disks that protect the cervical vertebrae

24 ribs, sometimes people are born with an extra 24 ribs, sometimes people are born with an extra set of ribsset of ribs

See page two of reference sheet See page two of reference sheet

Appendicular skeletonsAppendicular skeletons

Consists of about 126 bonesConsists of about 126 bonesThe appendicular bones primarily include the The appendicular bones primarily include the pectoral girdles, the upper limbs, the lower limbs pectoral girdles, the upper limbs, the lower limbs and the pelvic girdleand the pelvic girdlePectoral girdle- Two shoulder blades (scapulae) Pectoral girdle- Two shoulder blades (scapulae) and two collar bones (clavicles)and two collar bones (clavicles)Pelvic girdle- two hip bones which are each Pelvic girdle- two hip bones which are each comprised of three fused bones (ilium ischium comprised of three fused bones (ilium ischium pubis)pubis)Upper and lower limbs- see reference sheetUpper and lower limbs- see reference sheet

Long BoneLong Bone

Any bone that is significantly longer than it Any bone that is significantly longer than it is wideis wideEx- Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Humerus, Ex- Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna and the phalanges Radius, Ulna and the phalanges Long bones have a compact hard outside Long bones have a compact hard outside with a spongy bone marrow filled insidewith a spongy bone marrow filled insideBone marrow is responsible for the Bone marrow is responsible for the creation of Erythrocytes (red blood cells), creation of Erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and plateletsleukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets

Joint ArticulationJoint ArticulationAny place where two bones meet and movement Any place where two bones meet and movement occurs occurs Gliding - one bony surface glides on another

without angular or rotatory movement. Angular - occurs only between long bones,

increasing or decreasing the angle between the bones.

Circumduction - occurs in joints composed of the head of a bone and an articular cavity, the long bone

describing a series of circles, the whole forming a cone.

Rotation - a bone moves about a central axis without moving from this axis.

OsteoperosisOsteoperosis

Bone mineral density is reducedBone mineral density is reducedBone microstructure is disruptedBone microstructure is disruptedAbundance and diversity of non-Abundance and diversity of non-collogenous proteins are alteredcollogenous proteins are alteredMost prevalent in post-menopausal Most prevalent in post-menopausal women (due to estrogen deficiencies)women (due to estrogen deficiencies)There are no specific symptoms but bone There are no specific symptoms but bone fractures and breaks are much more likely fractures and breaks are much more likely to occurto occur

Osteoporosis cont’dOsteoporosis cont’d

Calcium, Vitamin D and Bisphosphonates Calcium, Vitamin D and Bisphosphonates can be taken as supplements, both for can be taken as supplements, both for prevention and aidprevention and aidFall prevention is necessary because Fall prevention is necessary because bones are fractured and broken more bones are fractured and broken more easily then normaleasily then normal10 million people are affected by this 10 million people are affected by this disease in the U.S.disease in the U.S.8 million are women, 2 million are men8 million are women, 2 million are men

RicketsRickets

The softening of bonesThe softening of bonesRickets is most common in childrenRickets is most common in childrenUsually caused by a vitamin D or calcium Usually caused by a vitamin D or calcium deficiencies (due to malnutrition)deficiencies (due to malnutrition)Bowed legs, “knock-knees”, spinal, cranial and Bowed legs, “knock-knees”, spinal, cranial and pelvic deformities are commonpelvic deformities are commonTreatments- intake of HGH (human growth Treatments- intake of HGH (human growth hormone), phosphates and vitamin D. Exposure hormone), phosphates and vitamin D. Exposure to ultraviolet B light (sunshine when the sun is to ultraviolet B light (sunshine when the sun is highest in the sky), cod liver oil, halibut-liver oil, highest in the sky), cod liver oil, halibut-liver oil, and viosterol are all natural sources of vitamin D.and viosterol are all natural sources of vitamin D.

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Fibrodysplasia Ossificans ProgressivaProgressiva

Extremely rare bone disease (only affects about Extremely rare bone disease (only affects about 2500 people and only 600 of them are known)2500 people and only 600 of them are known)

FOP is when bones continues to grow in places FOP is when bones continues to grow in places it shouldn’t ie. on muscles or in jointsit shouldn’t ie. on muscles or in joints

Causes swelling, intense pain and lack of Causes swelling, intense pain and lack of movementmovement

FOP is believed to be a genetic disorder FOP is believed to be a genetic disorder (nucleotide substitution) (nucleotide substitution)