inner planets, part two the outer planets, while part three covers the exploration of our own planet from space as well as asteroids, the Sun and other galaxies. The book contains some excellent colour photos taken from various spacecraft.

Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance by Donald MacKenzie (MIT Press, London, 1991,464 pp, £19.95) The author of this book challenges both the assumption that missile accuracy is a natu- ral or inevitable consequence of technolo- gical change and that the USA and the USSR have ever accepted the idea of de- terrence as it is understood by the public. After tracing the sociological history of nuclear missile guidance through inter-

views with technologists, navy and air force officers and defence specialists, he demon- strates in what sense it is possible to 'unin- vent" the bomb.

Space Business Indicators (US Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, 1990, 35 PP) Prepared by the Office of Business Analy- sis, Economics and Statistics Administra- tion, this is a tabular guide to the commer- cial space activities and revenues of US and international firms and organizations.

Space in the 21st Century by Lewis (Col- umbia University Press, New York, 1990, 234 pp, $34.50) A history of the USA's achievements in space thus far, which examines the techni-

Publications~Books

cal and political hurdles that have been overcome and looks forward to future acti- vities.

Space: The Next 100 Years by Nicholas Booth (Mitchell Beazley, London, 1990, 128 pp, £12.99) Basing his forecasts on what has already been achieved and with a weather eye on the mistaken predictions of the past, this richly illustrated book's author discusses likely progress and events in space over the next century. From already planned ex- ploratory missions, he moves to launcher developments and the possibility of hyper- sonic flight, before moving further ahead to discuss planetary colonization and terra- forming.

Books

Set to become the standard reference THE SOVIET COSMONAUT TEAM

Vol 1 : Background Sections; Vol 2: Cosmonaut Biographies

by Gordon R. Hooper

GRH Publications, Lowestoft, UK, 1990, £17.90 as a set

In the early 1970s when Wes te rn observers started to study the Soviet space programme in detail one of the first areas to come under scrutiny was the composi t ion of the cosmonaut team. It was realized that men who had not f lown in space had 'dis- appeared" from the official record and it became a detective exercise to dis- cover details of the missing men.

Gordon H o o p e r was one of the first people to compile meaningful biogra- phies of the cosmonauts which went beyond the official stories as published in the Sov ie t med ia . His p o t t e d biographies were originally published in Spaceflight (by the British Inter- planetary Society) and were collected t o g e t h e r in a p r iva te ly pub l i shed volume in 1977. In 1986 he published the first edition of The Soviet Cosmo- naut Team in a single volume, and

immediate ly it became the standard reference book on the subject.

The new two-volume work is an extension of the 1986 publication and it includes much information which was unknown before the advent of glasnost.

Vol 1 provides an introduction to the cosmonaut team, not only listing the cosmonauts in order of flight and ( including unflown cosmonauts) in their selection groups but also analys- ing the more uncertain aspects of the Soviet crewing philosophy. Starting with the original assignment in the Vostok programme, we read about cancelled Voskhod missions from the mid-1960s, the manned lunar prog- ramme training groups from the turn of the decade through to the Salyut and the latest Mir space station crews.

In addition to the reviews of mission assignments we read about the train- ing facilities, the control centres and the c o s m o d r o m e which have sup- ported the manned programme. This first volume provides an excellent in- t roduction to the Soviet selection and training procedures for cosmonauts and also for the foreign guest and commerc i a l cosmonau t s who have flown aboard Soviet spacecraft.

There are few errors in this volume, and the only area where the book has been over taken by Soviet revelat ions has been in connect ion with the man- ned lunar programme. While the plans to send men around the Moon using a str ipped-down Soyuz (tested in un- manned mode as Zond 4-8) are accur- ately recorded, we now know that US speculations - repeated in this book - that the crew for the lunar landing mission would be launched separately from the lunar booster are incorrect: the crew would always have been launched atop the N-1 lunar booster. However , this is a technical point, and Hooper ' s work does not at tempt to be technical in nature.

Whilst Vol 1 can be read from cover to cover at leisure to obtain a coherent story of Soviet manned space exploits, the same cannot be said for Vol 2: but, then again, Vol 2 is not meant to be used that way.

This volume provides a biographical encyclopedia of all the cosmonauts and cosmonaut t rainees who were known to the time that the book went to press. Where possible a photograph of each person is included, together with all of the biographical detail and crew assignments that could realisti- cally be included in a work of this size. As many volumes have been pub- lished by the U S S R on Gagarin alone, some things have to be left out!

SPACE POLICY May 1991 169

Books

W h e r e a p p r o p r i a t e , c r o s s - references to more detailed discus- sions in Vol 1 are provided within the cosmonaut biographies. Where state- ments are made which the author con- siders to be speculative he clearly shows this by including them in italics. It is therefore easy for the reader to tell which information is known from Soviet sources and which is not. This is particularly important in the cases of the cosmonaut teams and crew assign- ments because these have been the subject of much unfounded specu- lation and rumour in the past, and - unlike Hooper - many writers have felt that by simply repeating such specu la t ions and rumours often enough they become facts.

A purist might argue with the inclu- sion of the guest cosmonauts in the alphabetical biographies of the Soviet

cosmonaut team, but this is a minor quibble.

The policy of glasnost means that any volume dealing with the cosmo- nauts will always be out of date, and indeed Hooper only just manages to include the mid-1990 revelations deal- ing with the military pilot cosmonaut selections which appeared in the Soviet aerospace press.

As the two volumes stand Gordon Hooper has to be congratulated on a job well done in his researches into the vagaries of the Soviet cosmonaut team. These two volumes well deserve to become the standard reference books on the subject - until he pub- lishes the next edition.

Phil Clark Space Consultant

Heston, UK

A handbook for WARC 92 INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

by Milton L. Smith

Kluwer, Norwell, MA, 1991, 246 pp, $89

When Arthur C. Clarke first concep- tualized the applications of com- munications satellites in geosynchro- nous orbit, few experts could have anticipated the vast and complex in- ternational regulatory infrastructure that would emerge to deal with this new space-based technology. Clarke himself never predicted that satellite services would amount to a $6 billion annual global market in his lifetime, and during the time he contemplated patenting the geosynchronous con- cept, he never foresaw that the satel- lite legal and regulatory business would rapidly reach hundreds of mil- lions of dollars annually.

Dr Milton Smith, the legal adviser for the US 1988 World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC) delega- tion, has assembled a comprehensive

assessment of the international regula- tory environment for communications satellites. His book starts out by pro- viding the reader with an overview of the orbit/spectrum resource and the fundamentals of satellite technology. After highlighting international satel- lite institutions, Dr Smith provides a useful section on the many confer- ences - which he traces back to 1927 - that served as a prologue to Space WARC 1988.

Dr Smith provides one of the few clear treatments on the controversial issues involving 'equitable access' and satellite communications. Despite the definitional problem associated with this notion, he quite correctly argues that 'equitable does not mean equal'. The clamour for equitable access by developing countries became both the distinction and the downfall of the 1985 session of the Space WARC. Providing shape and substance to no- tions of equitable access involved an intense and proflific 'cram session' be- tween Space WARC 1 and Space WARC 2, which Dr Smith illuminates clearly and revealingly.

In analysing the results of the second session of the 1988 WARC Dr Smith skillfully and efficiently covers an enormous amount of regulatory territory, discussing everything from the complex allotment plan to the issues of High Definition Television (HDTV). The book enables the read- er to understand the results of WARC 88 and to understand how and why these results were achieved. The second session, he argues, ~reached a successful conclusion and accom- plished a t remendous amount of work'. Dr Smith goes on to note: 'one area that was not adequately addres- sed at the conference is the problems t h a t wi l l be e n c o u n t e r e d by multiservice/multiband satellites'.

As the satellite industry moves to- wards WARC 1992, Dr Smith's words appear prophet ic . Not only will WARC 92 be forced to contend with the issues that confront low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite systems, the end- less grab for frequency and spectrum resources (which in 1992 will feature an interesting tug-of-war between mobile and other service providers), but, as he mentions, there will inevit- ably be discussion and debate on the definitional problems between fixed and mobile services.

Dr Smith's book is an excellent handbook not only for participants of WARC 92, but for the academic and legal communities as well. In fact, it offers a lucid analysis of the rela- tionship between space law and satel- lite communications. It is a handbook for those participants, particularly newcomers, who are interested in de- veloping a framework for, and under- standing of, what has transpired in early WARCs. While the book does not offer a road map for 1992, it does offer a single integrated background that serves as a convenient reference. If the reader wants to know what will happen at the next WARC to a speci- fic frequency, such as the controver- sial 11 GHz, he or she will have to do as Dr Smith did - make a pilgrimage to the ITU in 1992!

Michael Potter Icomnet

1920 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20036, USA

170 SPACE POLICY May 1991