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THE SPIRIT OF REFORM,1828-1845
Chapter 8
Chapter 8 Section 1
Jacksonian America
How Democratic was Andrew Jackson?
Read pages 266 – 269, “A New Era in Politics” through “The Nullification Crisis”
Follow direction on your handout
How Democratic was Andrew Jackson?
1. Read Andrew Jackson: Indian Removal handout and answer questions.
2. Read pages 269 – 271, “Policies Toward Native Americans” through “Jackson Battles the National Bank”.
3. Place any actions, decisions, or legislation by Andrew Jackson on your Democratic line continuum.
4. When you have finished your line, each individual will answer the Central Question How Democratic was Andrew Jackson for him or herself using evidence to support your claim.
Jacksonian America
1. Answer the Central Question How Democratic was Andrew Jackson in a well developed essay (more than 8 sentences) using evidence to support your opinion.
2. Read page 271 – 272 “A New Party Emerges”.1. Compare and contrast the newly formed Whig party
with Jackson’s Democrats.2. Summarize the presidency of Martin Van Buren,
William Henry Harrison and John Tyler.
3. Read Ch. 8 Sec. 21. Complete Ch. 8 Sec. 2 Guided Reading handout
questions and answers Do not write on handout!!!
Bell Ringer
Federalism – political system in which power is shared between the federal and state governments.
Which came first, the Union or states?
A New Era in Politics
States expand voting rights 1.1 million vote in 1828 election; up from
355,000 in 1824 election. The “People’s President” Believed the majority should rule in a
democracy and that ordinary citizens should play a more prominent role in government.
Supported the spoils system, the practice of appointing people to government jobs on the basis of party loyalty.
The Nullification Crisis
South Carolina Existing tariffs caused prices for
consumer goods to skyrocket. As the economy worsened for S.C., the
federal government levied another tariff in 1828. Tariff of Abominations
S.C. responded to this tariff by threatening to secede, or withdraw, from the Union.
The Nullification Crisis
Vice President John C. Calhoun proposed nullification. States can make laws not valid.
Is the Union a creation of the states or does the Union preserve liberty of the states? Robert Hayne (SC) and Daniel Webster (MA)
debate nullification. What should Jackson do?
The Nullification Crisis
Jackson Defends the Union Tariff of 1832 South Carolina Ordinance declares tariffs
of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional. 1833, Congress passes the Force Bill,
authorizing the president to use the military to enforce acts of Congress.
Henry Clay proposes compromise.
How Democratic was Andrew Jackson?
Policies Towards Native Americans
Policies Towards Native Americans
Indian Removal Act (1830) Many Native Americans gave in and began
relocating to the Great Plains. But not the Cherokee Worcester v. Georgia (1832) “Marshall has made his decision, now let him
enforce it.” A. Jackson Trail of Tears
Forced removal of Native Americans from their homes.
Resulted in the deaths of more than 4,000 Native Americans.
Jackson Battles the National Bank
Jackson believed the National Bank was a monopoly and benefited the wealthy. McCulloch v. Maryland
1832, Jackson’s opponents passed a bill that would extend the Bank’s charter 20 years. Jackson vetoed it. “It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too
often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes.” Jackson’s Bank Veto Message to Congress
Removed the government deposits and put them in state banks, thus ending the Bank of the United States.
A New Party Emerges
Whig Party Advocated a larger federal government,
industrial and commercial development, and a centralized economy.
Martin Van Buren
The Presidency of Martin Van Buren
Democrat – New York First president born as an American
citizen. Panic of 1837
618 banks closed causing an economic depression.
Favored slavery in the South but resisted its extension into the territories.
Inherited Jackson’s costly Seminole War.
William Henry Harrison
“Tippecanoe” and Tyler Too Whig – Virginia Defeated Van Buren in the 1840 election. Died in office one month after taking the
oath of office.
John Tyler
Whig - Virginia “His Accidency” Sided with the Democrats on many key
issues. Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
Est. the border between the United States and Canada.
First U.S. trade mission to China. Expanded the Monroe Doctrine to include
Hawaii. Annexed Texas
Chapter 8 Section 2
A Changing Culture
Movements in
American Culture in the Mid-1800s
Nativism
Revivalism
Transcendentalism
Romanticism
The New Wave of Immigrants The arrival of newcomers led to feelings of
nativism, or hostility toward foreigners. Potato famine in Ireland brought nearly 2
million Became farmers or servants
1.5 million German immigrants settled in the Midwest. Became farmers or went into business
The anti-Catholic American Party, nicknamed the Know-Nothings formed.
A Religious Revival
Charles Grandison Finney A religious revival movement known as the
Second Great Awakening led to new religious groups. Ex. Unitarians and Universalists
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) Founded by Joseph Smith in New York (1830) After being persecuted, Smith and his followers
settle in Illinois. After Smith is murdered, Brigham Young leads the
Mormons to the Utah territory.
A Literary Renaissance
American writers emerge Romanticism – feelings over reason
James Fenimore Cooper, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe
Transcendentalism – urged people to overcome the limits of their mind and embrace the beauty of the universe. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margret Fuller, Henry
David Thoreau Rise of Penny Papers made news widely
available for all.
Chapter 8 Section 3
Reforming Society
The Reform Spirit
The reform movement stemmed from religious revival and the desire to create benevolent societies. Lyman Beecher Believed citizenry more than its government
should lead the way in creating a better society. The Temperance Movement
Alcohol was viewed as the greatest social vice Temperance- moderation in the consumption of
alcohol. American Temperance Union
Pushed for laws to prohibit the sale of liquor.
The Reform Spirit
Prison Reforms Dorothea Dix Built new facilities, rehabilitated prisoners, designed rigid
forms of discipline so that prisoners could achieve penitence.
Educational Reform Horace Mann pressed for more public education. A nation without education _______________ Made school mandatory and the study of reading,
writing, and arithmetic. Women’s Education
Taught cooking, etiquette, and the usual subjects. Elizabeth Blackwell became the first woman to earn a
medical degree.
Reviewing Information
Question #1 How did the Second Great Awakening
affect the reform movements of the mid 1800s?
The Early Women’s Movement “True Womanhood”
The idea that women can receive fulfillment at home raising and developing their children’s character.
Partners to their husband Women Seek Greater Rights
Seneca Falls Convention Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton Gathering of women reformers Beginning of women’s suffrage
Reviewing Information
Question #2 What events of the mid 1800s sparked
the first women’s movement?
Critical Writing
Think of reforms that you believe are needed today in the United States. Write a letter to your state legislator expressing why these reforms are needed. Give examples of problems in your community as evidence.
Reforming Society Activity
Instructions: Create an informative pamphlet that identifies each of the reform movements discussed in section 3, pg. 278-282.
Who is the pamphlet for? The pamphlet should be created with someone of the mid-1800s who is wanting to get involved in a reform movement in mind.
Must include: Reform Mission Statement Goals of the movement Illustration Accomplishments of the movement
Getting Started…Do Now!
Critical Thinking: Are there some situations in which breaking the law is an acceptable protest.
Chapter 8 Section 4
The Abolitionists Movement
Early Opposition to Slavery
The growing movement to end slavery divided North and South.
Gradualism-belief that slavery had to be ended gradually. 3 Step process:
Colonization American Colonization Society founded to
help move African Americans back to Africa. Estimated 12,000 African Americans moved
to Africa between 1821-1860.
The New Abolitionists
Abolition- immediate freeing of enslaved African Americans without gradual measures or compensation to former slaveholders.
William Lloyd Garrison Stirs a New Movement Founded the antislavery newspaper, Liberator Believed the only option was emancipation, or
the freeing of all enslaved people. Founded the American Antislavery Society
(1833)
The New Abolitionists
Other Abolitionists at Work Many women spoke out against slavery. Prudence Crandall and Lucretia Mott
African American Abolitionists Frederick Douglass
“I appear before the immense assembly this evening as a thief and a robber. I stole this head, these limbs, this body from my master, and ran off with them.”
North Star Sojourner Truth
The Response to Abolitionism
The Response to Abolitionism Reaction in the North:
While most opposed slavery, many feared the fallout abolition might create
Reaction in the South: Southern life remained mostly agricultural. Uprisings led by enslaved African
Americans. Demanded the suppression of the Abolition
movement as a condition of remaining in the union.
Chapter 8 Study Guide
Pg. 290 Reviewing Key Terms (1 – 14)
Don’t simply define, state its relevance to this chapter
Reviewing Key Facts (15 – 20) Identify
Jacksonian America
Examples of a more democratic political system:
Causes of the Nullification Crisis:
Reaction to the Nullification Crisis:
Cause and Effect of Worcester v. Georgia: Jackson and the National Bank:
Jacksonian America
A Changing Culture
New Wave of
Immigrants
Immigrants from Ireland
and Germany settle in
Industrialized cities.
Religious Revivalis
m
Joseph Smith and the
Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter Day Saints
A Literary Renaissa
nce
American Writers Emerge:
Reforming Society
Reform Spirit
Causes:
Reform Movements:
Effects:
The Early Women's
Movement
Causes:
What was "True Womanhood"?
Seneca Falls Convetion:
The Abolitionist Movement
Why was the Abolitionist Movement so divisive?
Compare and Contrast the early proposals to end slavery...Gradualism and Colonization.
How did the Abolitionists movement gain ground?
How did Northerners and Southerners view Abolition?
