The spread of popular uprisings in 1848:Governments were overthrown from Paris to

Bucharest

Feb 22: ParisFeb 27: Baden

(Offenburg Program)

Mar 13: Vienna

Mar 15: Budapest

Mar 18: BerlinMar 18: MilanMar 19:

MunichJune 9:

Bucharest

“The First Victims of the Revolution:

Scene Outside the Landhaus in Vienna, March

13, 1848”(5 demonstrators

were killed)

“A Cavalry Attack at the Municipal Armory,” March 13, 1848

“The Fall of Metternich on the Evening of March 13, 1848”

“The National Guard of the Suburb of Döbling,” Vienna, 1848

J.C. Schoeller, “Caricature of Metternich’s Flight,” 1848

Barricade fighting on the Breite Strasse

in Berlin, March 18, 1848

Two teen-aged apprentice

locksmiths defend a barricade against

royal troops, Berlin, March 18, 1848

Berliners celebrate on the barricades on the evening of March 18, 1848 (royal palace in background)

The royal palace “Unter den Linden” is

declared “National Property,” and the

“Freedom Fighters” of Berlin are buried with honors on March 22

TWO SUCCESSFUL BANKERS LED PRUSSIA’S“LIBERAL” GOVERNMENT IN 1848

Ludolf Camphausen from Cologne:Prime Minister,

March-June 1848

David Hansemann

from Aachen: Finance Minister, March-

September 1848

They opposed calls to revive the guilds or impose price controls. They sought to protect private property and avoid war with Russia and Denmark.

“You Can Recognize Them by Their Hats,” (Berlin, May 1848)

“Aristocrats–Constitutionals–Democrats–Republicans—Anarchists”

Ceremonial opening of the

National Assembly in

St. Paul’s Church,

Frankfurt a.M., May 18, 1848.

“The National Assembly in St. Paul’s Church” (for Engels a body of “liberal attorneys and doctrinaire professors”)

The Second Wartburg Festival, June 1848:These students believed that a new age had dawned of Freiheit and Einheit , liberty and

national unity.

It also adopted a “German War Flag,” merging the flag of the Burschenschaften with the

Habsburg Eagle.The delegates were deeply

divided between grossdeutsch and kleindeutsch.

The Frankfurt Assembly elected Archduke Johann of Austria

“Imperial Regent” in June

The Czech FRANCIS PALACKY (1798-1876) refuses to join the German National Assembly, 11 April

1848

“The object of your assembly is to establish a federation of the German nation in place of the existing federation of princes, to guide the German nation to real unity…. Although I respect such effort…, I cannot participate in it in any manner whatsoever. I am not a German---at least I do not feel myself to be one. I am a Czech of Slavonic blood, and with all the little I possess and all the little I can do, I have devoted myself for all time to the service of my nation. That nation is a small one, it is true, but from time immemorial it has been a nation of itself and based upon its own strength. Its rulers were from olden times members of the federation of German princes [the Holy Roman Empire], but the nation never regarded itself as pertaining to the German nation.”