The Square Deal• Roosevelt’s agenda for the country – “a Square

Deal for all” involved progressive legislation:control corporationsconsumer protectionconservation of natural resources

• In 1902 Roosevelt ordered the break up of the massive Northern Securities Company and in 1904 he was supported by the Supreme Court which ordered the company dissolved

• When coal miners in Pennsylvania went on strike in 1902 Roosevelt called both sides to a conference at the White House

• Roosevelt was not going to let the coal shortage affect the country

• The mine owners refused to talk to the unions – a move which only angered the president

• Nothing was decided at the meeting so Roosevelt threatened to take over the mines and run them with the army

• It is questionable if Roosevelt had the authority to use the army, but the threat was more than enough to break the impasse

• The strike ended later that year

Muckrakers• Exposing social problems became a common

practice after the turn of the century especially in magazines like Collier’s and Cosmopolitan

• These writers were dubbed muckrakers• Despite criticism from the White House the sale

of books and magazines that exposed filth, crime, and corruption boomed

• In 1902 a reporter, Lincoln Steffens wrote in McClure’s about the seedy connections between big business and local government in “The Shame of the Cities”

• The majority of Progressive were middle-class people who felt stuck between the rich and the poor

• They represented all political affiliations and all regions of the country

• One of their first moves was to take the political power away from the party bosses

• They demanded voter referendums so legislation could be passed without input from the often-corrupt legislatures

• The Seventeenth Amendment (1913) established direct elections for the Senate to eliminate the influence of big business

Robert La Follette• A leading figure in the Progressive movement

was Robert La Follette of Wisconsin• As governor La Follette had made the state a

‘laboratory of reform” • He took on the lumber and railroad companies

and created the “Wisconsin Idea”• His main aim was to create a government of

experts who would then run the state based on progressive principles

Regulating Industry• The Interstate Commerce Commission (1887)

had proved inadequate to regulate the railroads• Equally the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) did

little to stop the power of the major industries• Roosevelt created the Department of Commerce

in 1903, which was authorized to investigate businesses which involved interstate commerce

• In 1903 the Elkins Act imposed fines on railroads that gave and offered rebates and special deals

• The Hepburn Act of 1906 removed the free passes

Conservation• In 1881 Congress created the Division of Forestry

as part of the Department of agriculture• Roosevelt appointed Gifford Pinchot as forestry

chief• To help protect the environment and maintain

the forests Roosevelt added fifty wildlife refuges and five national parks

• Roosevelt vehemently opposed industrialists who wanted to strip the country of natural resources

Upton Sinclair• In 1906 Upton Sinclair published The Jungle

which exposed the atrocious problems faced by the workers and the unsanitary conditions in the plants

• When Roosevelt read the book he was sickened and appointed a special commission to investigate the meatpacking plants

• In 1906 he passed the Meat Inspection Act, which required meat that was shipped over state line to be inspected before shipping

• The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was to prevent mislabeling of foods and drugs

Panic of 1907• As Roosevelt called for more legislation against

big business so he became less desirable as a presidential candidate for the Republicans

• In 1907 an economic crisis hit Wall Street as banks closed and people defaulted on their loans

• The crisis was blamed on Roosevelt who had interfered with the workings of Wall Street

• In return Roosevelt blamed wealthy individuals who, he said, had manipulated the situation

• Thankfully the crisis was short but it did allow some fiscal reform

• The crisis made everyone aware that money needed to be available to prevent future panics

• In 1908 Congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act, which gave the national banks the power to issue emergency currency

The Election of 1908• Roosevelt probably would have won in 1908 if he

had chosen to run, but he had promised in 1904 to step aside

• Roosevelt selected William Howard Taft as his successor, confident in the fact that Taft would simply continue his agenda

• The Democrats nominated the twice-beaten William Jennings Bryan

• Both men tried to persuade the public that they were progressives

• The Socialist picked Eugene V. Debs who came third but gained nearly half a million votes

Young TeddyChildhood

struggles Teddy’s

illnesses

Teenager Teddy Works hard in his

father’s home gym Overcomes

illnesses through the strength of his will

TR: The AthleteHarvard

yearsSculling and

boxing

Roosevelt at HarvardRoosevelt’s

“classroom”

education

Early Adult Years 1881 – Climbing the

Matterhorn

Death of mother and wife

Retreat to the Badlands

Life in the Badlands Learned lessons in the

Badlands “Took the snob out of me” Love of the open land Shaped future policies

TR’s Life with Edith Marriage to Edith Tales of Teddy

Roosevelt and his six children (only five in this picture because Quentin is not yet born)

Early Career

President of the NYC Board of Police Commissioners

Already a “mover and a shaker” and a friend of the common man

Rough Riders Roosevelt as

part of this volunteer regiment

Victory at San Juan Hill

Medal of Honor

McKinley/Roosevelt Ticket

Roosevelt’s progressive campaign style

Powerful speeches

Roosevelt Becomes President Assassination of

McKinley A “visible

president”

Origin of “Teddy Bear” The famous

bear hunt in 1902

Berryman’s political cartoon

Early Presidential Years Family picture at

Sagamore Hill in Oyster Bay on Long Island, New York

Stories of Roosevelt’s enjoyment of his children

President Roosevelt in the White House

1903

The Bully PulpitHow things

“ought to be”A bully pulpit

speech in Evanston, Illinois

Roosevelt as Conservationist National Parks,

National Forests, game and bird preserves, and other federal reservations

230,000,000 acres

President Theodore Roosevelt at Yosemite in 1903.

Roosevelt and National Parks"Leave it as it is.

You can not improve on it. The ages have been at work on it, and man can only mar it."

Panama Canal: Roosevelt’s Most Famous Foreign Policy Initiative

Here TR inspects the canal construction in Panama in 1906.

The Square DealA fair shake for allPure Food and Drug Act of

1906 Meat Inspection Act of 1906

Attack on Laissez Faire

Work to curb the power of trusts "within reasonable limits"

Roosevelt the “Trust Buster”

Big Stick Diplomacy

A favorite proverb, "Speak softly and carry a big stick. . . . "

What do you think this means?

TR Saves FootballMeeting of the Big ThreeAmerican Football Rules

Committee was formed Rules to make the game less

dangerous

Presidential Firsts First to invite an African American to a

White House dinner First to have Secret Service protection First to win Nobel Peace Prize for his work

towards ending the Russo-Japanese War First to take trip outside the United States

More Presidential Firsts First to give an open invitation to the

press First to be submerged in a

submarine, to own a car, to have a telephone in his home, and to be allowed to operate the light switches in the White House

Roosevelt Hand Picks Taft Theodore

Roosevelt with incoming President William Howard Taft on Taft's inauguration day in 1909

Roosevelt Loses to Wilson The “Progressive Bull

Moose” loses in 1912 Life goes on Theodore Roosevelt

at the wedding of his daughter Ethel to Richard Derby.

An Older Theodore Roosevelt Agony over the

death of Quentin in World War I

"Grandfather" Roosevelt hugs baby granddaughter Edith Roosevelt Derby, 1918.

• most of these cartoons showed Teddy attacking some foe with this physical ability