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The Tissue Level of
Organization
Chapter 4
Tissues of the Body: An Introduction TissuesHistology
4 basic types of tissues 1. Neural 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Epithelial
Epithelial Tissue Includes
epitheliaglands
5 important characteristics 1. Cellularity2. Polarity3. Attachment4. Avascularity5. Regeneration
Functions of Epithelial Tissue 1. Provide Physical
Protection 2. Control Permeability 3. Provide Sensation 4. Produce Specialized
Secretions
Specializations of Epithelial Tissue Movement of fluid over the
epithelial surface (protection or lubrication).
Movement of fluid through the epithelium (permeability).
Production of secretions (protection or chemical messengers)
Maintaining the Integrity of Epithelia Intercellular Connections
Tight junctionsGap junctionsDesmosomes
Maintaining the Integrity of EpitheliaIntercellular ConnectionsAttachment to the Basal LaminaLamina lucidaLamina densa
Maintaining the Integrity of EpitheliaIntercellular ConnectionsAttachment to the Basal Lamina
Maintenance and Repair
Classification of Epithelia 1. Squamous Epithelia2. Cuboidal Epithelia3. Columnar Epithelia4. Transitional epithelia 5. Glandular Epithelia
Classification of Epithelia 1. Squamous Epithelia2. Cuboidal Epithelia3. Columnar Epithelia4. Transitional epithelia 5. Glandular Epithelia
3 methods of glandular secretion 1. Merocrine 2. Apocrine 3. Holocrine
Exocrine glands 3 types of secretions
1. Serous glands 2. Mucous glands 3. Mixed exocrine glands
Exocrine glands Also be classified by
structure 1. multicellular 2. unicellular
Three characteristics of multicellular exocrine glands 1. Structure of the duct2. relationship between
ducts and glandular areas
3. Shape of secretory portion of the gland
Connective Tissues Three basic
characteristics1. Specialized cells2. Extracellular protein fibers3. A fluid, extracellular
ground substance
Specialized functions of connective tissues Structural frameworkTransporting fluids and dissolved
materialsProtecting delicate organsSupporting, surrounding and
connecting other tissuesStoring lipidsDefense against invading
microorganisms
Classification of Connective Tissues Connective tissue proper
loose connective tissue dense connective tissue
Fluid connective tissues blood lymph
Supportive connective tissues cartilagebone
8 basic types in connective tissue proper1. Fibroblasts2. Macrophages 3. Adipocytes 4. Mesenchymal
cells
5. Microphages 6. Mast cells7. Lymphocytes
8. Melanocytes
3 types of fibers 1. Collagen 2. Elastic 3. Reticular
Loose connective tissues 3 types
1. reticular2. adipose3. areolar
Dense connective tissues Second type of
connective tissue proper 3 kinds of dense
connective tissue 1. Dense regular 2. Dense irregular 3. Elastic
Fluid Connective Tissues Blood
3 types of formed elements
1.erythrocytes2.leukocytes3.Platelets
Lymph
Supportive Connective Tissues Cartilage
Cartilage grows by 2 mechanismsInterstitial Appositional
3 major types of cartilage 1. Hyaline 2. Elastic 3. Fibrocartilage
Supportive Connective Tissues Cartilage Bone
Membranes Four types of
membranes1. Mucous 2. Serous 3. Cutaneous 4. Synovial
The Connective Tissue Framework of the Body Superficial fascia Deep fascia Subserous fascia
Muscle Tissue 1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth
Neural Tissue 2 kinds of neural cells
NeuronsNeuroglia
Neurons are made up of 3 parts 1. Cell 2. Dendrites 3. Axon
Tissue Injuries and Repair Inflammation
process of inflammation occurs in several stages
Regeneration
Aging and Tissue Structure Speed and effectiveness of tissue repairs decreases as people age
Aging and Cancer Incidence Rates increase with age1 in 4 people #2 cause of death