The Triumphof IndustryChapter 4Technology & Industrial GrowthSection 1Thomas Edisons bright ideasPeter Loader @ TLT1 of 103An important Thursday He noticed that Tom's forehead was unusuallywide and his head wasbigger than normal. He made no secret of his belief that Toms brains were scrambled!Thomas Edison was born on Thursday February the 11th, 1847 in the town of Milan, Ohio.When Thomas was seven his teacher finally lost his patience with his constant questions.

2 of 10Peter Loader @ TLT4What do you do when you get home from school?3 of 10Peter Loader @ TLT5

Edisons first important invention wasthe phonograph. A machine that could record and reproduce sound.

But his greatest success was the development of the electric light.

So when you turn on the light and listen to music think of Thomas Edison. Maybe you turn the lights on and play Eminem!

4 of 10Peter Loader @ TLT

Music6Peter Loader @ TLT7 of 10The first movie star

While working on the phonograph, Thomas began working on a device that, "does for the eye what the phonograph does for the ear", this was to become motion pictures.

Thomas first demonstrated motion pictures in 1891, and began making "movies" two years later.

7Early Edison MoviesEdison loved Hip HopSTEELTaking an invention and turning it into an industry Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie became the King of Steel, producing the majority of Americas steel.

Andrew CarnegieAndrew CarnegieThis is how he did it.Examples: railroads, skyscrapers, nails, pinsThe Steel Industry1850s The Bessemer Process allowed steel to be produced cheaply. Therefore, the steel industry grew rapidly.

Henry Bessemer

Bessemer converterAt Station Square12Steel ProductionRaw MaterialsExample: Iron Ore

MeltingHot air is pumped into a furnace, melting iron at 1600 degrees Celsius.(2,912 degrees F)

RefiningImpurities are removed and alloys are added from the molten metalthrough the use of a ladle.

CastingThe liquid steel is cast intobillets and slabs.

RollingThe billets and slabs areheated and rolled into finished products.

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Caption reads: "Forty-Millionaire Carnegie in his Great Double Role. As the tight-fisted employer he reduces wages that he may play philanthropist and give away libraries, etc.Andrew Carnegie in his Great Double RoleThis cartoon originally appeared in the July 9, 1892 edition of The Saturday Globe, a pro-union weekly out of Utica, New York. Making SteelBill Nye the science guy ; )Railroads and Industry

Railroad growthRapid Growth- Once the gauge, or width, of tracks was standardized, railroads formed a network, or system of connected lines.Growth of Railroads

Top: Railroads in 1890Right: Railroads in 1918

- The railroads opened up the country to settlement and growth. Effects on Industry:- The railroad industry created thousands of new jobs.Examples: steelworkers, lumberjacks, miners, railroad workers

Anti-railroad propaganda- This forced many small railroad companies out of business.Abuses:- Railroad companies offered rebates, or discounts, in order to keep or win customers.- In order to end competition and keep prices high, railroad companies agreed to divide up business in an area and set high prices. This was known as pooling.

- Cornelius Vanderbilt was one of the richest men in America, and the most powerful railroad baron.

Cornelius Vanderbilt- Railroad companies began to consolidate, or combine, in order to compete with large companies, such as Cornelius Vanderbilts.- Large companies bought smaller ones or forced them out of business.

Cornelius Vanderbilt and James Fisk are shown in a race for control of New York's rails. Vanderbilt unsuccessfully tried to take over the Erie R.R. by buying out its stock. The Rise of Big BusinessSection 2

Corporations- A new business modelOld school- Family owned businessNew school- Corporation only risk to inventors is what they invested

Vertical and Horizontal IntegrationVertical-buy every aspect of making a carHorizontal-Buy every company thatmakes cars25Mass ProductionThe development of Mass Production allowed business to produce goods quickly and inexpensively.

Mass Production often relied on machinery taking the place of hand tools Old School ProductionHand MadeNew School-Mass ProductionAssembly LineMass Production-Lucy StyleSweetLabor UnionsWorkers fight to end exploitation.30The Rise of Labor Unions1st were called trade unionsBegan as a way to provide help in bad timesGoals:shortened workdayshigher wagesbetter working conditionsEnd child labor

Tools of the Union:Collective Bargaining: negotiations between representatives of labor and management to reach agreement on wages, benefits and conditionsArbitration: allowing outside referee to decide issues between sidesStrike: refusal to work until demands are met

Labor Unrest: 1870-1900Labor Unions . . . .Key Organizations:Knights of Labor:Opened membership to all workersAdvocated 8 hr. day/ equal pay for equal workPreferred arbitration to strikesUnder Terence Powderly, expanded membership in 1880s

Terence Powderly

Workers OrganizeKnights of Labor formed in 1869 as the first labor union in the nation.

Goal #1:Shorter work dayGoal #2:End child laborGoal #3:Equal pay for menand womenAmerican Federation of Labor:A craft union led by Samuel GompersAdvocated collective bargaining with threat of strikesFocused on better pay and benefitsMore associated with violence

Samuel Gompers

AF of L Goals

Catered to the skilled worker.Represented workers in matters of national legislation.Maintained a national strike fund.Evangelized the cause of unionism.Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.Mediated disputes between management and labor.Pushed for closed shops.American Railway Union:

Founded by Eugene V. DebsIncluded skilled and unskilled workersLed way to the foundation of the American Socialist PartyWon successful strike in 1894/ then fadedEugene V. Debs

Some Strikes Turned Violent:Haymarket Square: 1886- confrontation between striking workers and police resulted in several deathsHomestead Strike: 1892- steel workers against Carnegie fought hired thugs Pullman Strike: 1894- Debs workers were attacked by strike breakers resulting in President Cleveland sending out troops

Sketch of tension leading to violence during the Pullman StrikeHaymarket RiotDemonstration in 1886 for an eight-hour workdaystrikes in many citiesAt Chicago factory, police broke up a fight between strikers and scabs (workers who replace striking workers)several workers killedLed to a protest rallyin Chicagos HaymarketSquarebomb thrown atpolice, several killedAmerican public begins to associates unions with violence & radical ideas

Homestead Strike: 1892Andrew Carnegies partner Henry Frick attempted to cut workers wages at Carnegie Steel:Union at plant in Homestead, PA called a strike Frick used the Pinkertons (a private police force known for their ability to break strikes)led to shootout with strikersFollowing a failed assassination attempt of Frick by radicalunion called off the strikeHomestead StrikeAndrew Carnegie and the Homestead Strike History.com VideoThe Corporate Bully-Boys: PinkertonAgents

Pullman Strike: 1894Railway workers strike that spread nation-wideEugene V. Debs called for a boycott of Pullman cars after company refused to bargain with workersMarked a shift in the federal governments involvement with labor employer relations: federal troops were sent in to end the strike

A CompanyTown:Pullman, IL

Pullman Cars

A Pullman porterThe Pullman Strike of 1894

Management vs. LaborTools of ManagementTools of LaborscabsP. R. campaignPinkertonslockoutblacklistingyellow-dog contractscourt injunctionsopen shopboycottssympathy demonstrationsinformational picketingclosed shopsorganized strikeswildcat strikesGains of Unionism:

Limited work hoursRegulated work conditionsPreserved rights to collective bargainRise of violence led public to distrust unions and fear threat of communism (Red Scare)