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The True Challenges & Risks of Biogas and its
Utilization Options in Thailand
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2
Biogas Production Plants
Landfill Gas Recovery
Biogas Engine Generators
Biogas Purification
Biomass Fired Heat and Power Plants
Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Plants
Waste Heat Recovery Systems
Technologies
3
Farm Waste
Agri-Industrial Waste (Starch, Palm Oil,
Sugar,….)
Landfill Gas
Ethanol WW from Molasses and cassava
Napier Grass (NEW and Special)
Seafood Industry
Tropical Fruit Processing
Slaughterhouse Waste
OFMSW
General Food and Beverage Industry
Typical Applications for Biogas in Thailand
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Wastewater
Inlet
Treated Wastewater
Biogas
How it works
Biogas Production Technology
• Technical solutions do exist for all organic
substrates to produce Biogas.
• Many reactor types are available, mesophilic
or thermophilic.
• High tech and high performance solutions.
• Low tech and low performance solutions. 5
Biomethanation Reactors (1)
• Various pre- and post- treatments are
available and must be carefully
engineered and selected.
6
Biomethanation Reactors
Medium/High Loading
Rate:
beet sugar, starch,
brewery, soft drinks.
Juices, fruit & veg.
processing, potato &
corn processing,
slaughterhouse,
rendering, cheese
processing.
Low/Medium Loading
Rate
fermentation (alcohol,
baker’s yeast, citric acid),
fish and meat processing,
slaughterhouse,
rendering, dairy industry.
High Loading Rate - Tower
Different Reactors (1)
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High FOG: Fermentation
Fish & Meat,
Slaughter-
houses,
Rendering,
Cheese
Processing.
Oil & Toxicity
Proof: Petrochemical
Applications,
Sludge &
Slurries: Molasses
distilleries
Sludges,
pulps
Alternative
Reactor: Covered
lagoon,
Molasses
distilleries,
Pulp & Paper
Industry, and
many more
applications
where space is
available
Different Reactors (2)
Material for reactor tanks:
new options for Thailand
round bolted steel tanks, pre coated
inside/outside
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Biogas Utilization
Inground or covered lagoon reactors are very
common here in Thailand.
Where space does not matter, where
feedstocks are unstable and undefined!
or even for post treatment, probably a realistic
solution.
10
Biogas Utilization
11
Biogas Production
12
100% bunker oil
replacement +
2.6 MW electricity
generation
100% bunker oil
replacement.
Examples of Biogas Projects in Thailand
13
Selected References
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15
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• The biogas can be utilized in many ways
depending on the thermal or electricity
energy requirements of your factory such as
fuel replacement for boiler, electricity
generation etc. Thanks to Thailand‟s
“adder” system you are motivated to sell to
the grid. You might also want to produce
CBG (compressed biogas) for use as
vehicle fuel
17
Biogas Utilization
• The estimation of the biogas production rate and
methane gas content is the first step in the biogas
utilization plan.
• The major factors are biodegradable COD load and
flow rate of the wastewater.
• These factors are related to the raw material, the
capacity of the plant, and the production process.
18
Biogas Production and Methane Gas Estimation
• How do I design the size of the plant,
considering unstable feedstock supply
patterns?
• Do I go for maximum and invest in a plant
which is then for certain periods too big and
underutilized?
• Or do I go for small and bypass the
substrate/water for too long periods?
19
Wastewater Treatment Concerns (2)
• How do I get my wastewater or solids to the
reactor?
• What space do I need?
• Did I consider also biogas treatment for its
intended purpose, i.e. power generation /
boiler?
• Do I need scrubbing (H2S..), drying?
• How far do I have to transport the gas?
20
Wastewater Treatment Concerns (3)
• How do I optimize my revenue from the
biogas plant?
• Do I give preference to the power generators?
The remaining gas to the boiler? Do I sell my
power to the grid?
• Do I replace other fossil fuels such as bunker
oil? Where is the break-even?
21
Investment and Financial Concern (1)
• Have I explored all financial initiatives
available to support the implementation of the
project?
• Is my project generating carbon credits? Is it
worth to follow all the CDM procedures?
• Shall I invest myself or look for BOO/BOT
partners?
22
Investment and Financial Concern (2)
Biogas
Oil/ coal replacement
Electricity generation
Possibilities of Biogas Utilization
Compressed Biogas
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• Still: Biogas you do not buy thru a pipeline or from a
tank or storage „on call‟ like other fuels but is the
result of a biological process, which may bear
unpredictable issues. The dependence to biogas
must be well considered in terms of down stream
processes, not only from smooth process flow but
also commercial considerations must be applied!
• …and above all: SAFETY!
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Consideration about the Biogas
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Boilers
Dual fuel
burner
systems
Oil/ coal replacement
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Biogas scrubber
Biogas blower
Electricity Generation
Biogas drier
CHP Plant
• Only methane in the biogas is a source of
energy.
• Some other compositions are not utilized for
the energy production such as carbon dioxide,
oxygen, hydrogen sulfide gas, small particle
(dust), and moisture.
• Biogas cleaning may be required.
• Hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) or moisture can
damage the biogas utilizing equipment.
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Biogas Cleaning (1)
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H2S Scrubbers
• Biogas contains H2S, a very corrosive gas
which is unwanted at the down stream
equipment such as engines, biogas purifiers
but also in (SOx) emmissions.
• Bioscrubbers are here the optimal solution.
• Corrosive to metal part of the equipment.
• H2S gas production based on the raw materials:
– Ethanol from molasses: commonly 20-30,000 ppm
– Cassava Starch: 3,000 ppm
• The maximum limit of H2S:
– Electricity generator:200 ppm. (or lower)
– Burner and boiler: 2,000 – 5,000 ppm.
– (better none or low, also for emission reasons)
29
Biogas Cleaning (2)
Hydrogen Sulfide gas (H2S)
• Scrubbing/Sweetening:
H2S gas and dust removal.
• Dryer/Demister:
H2O content removal.
30
Biogas Cleaning Techniques
BioGasclean Asia
Biological H2S removal
Peter Thygesen, BioGasclean Asia
Renewable Energy Asia, Bitec
Bangkok, June, 2013
BioGasclean A/S Denmark, Head office
BioGasclean Asia Co.,Ltd, Thailand
• Leaders in biological removal of H2S from biogas.
• Have worked on most known substrates and engines.
• Have installations in about 30 countries.
• Have more than 110 installations with an installed
generating capacity of over 280 MW
Basic Value-chain on a Biogas plant
1.
Biogas
Generation:
• Conversion of
COD to Biogas
2.
Gas Treatment:
H2S removal
Drying
Pressure
adjustment
3.
Energy & Power
generation
Gas Engine
Boiler
Each step is equally important and need to operate with
high reliability to create revenue on the plant
Key points in reliable H2S removal
• Proper knowhow in design and dimensioning
• Materials in the right quality for high corrosive
environment.
• Integration of the system on the biogas plant
• Advances Process control
• Safety considerations
• Operation and Maintenance
• After Sales Service
PTU
Tan
k
MUW tanks
Circulating
pump
Air
Blower
Effluent
Pump
Gutter Auto Drain
P/V valve
Effluent
Storage
tank
High
level Low
level
Gas inlet
Gas outlet
O2
SO42
-
MgSO4,
CaSO4 MgSO4,
CaSO4
Spray system
• Air injection
• Effluent water adding
• Pre-treatment(MUW)
Bio scrubber
principle
BiogasCleaner FRP tank
Thailand
Capacity: 700 Nm3/h. 3.000 ppm H2S => 100 ppm
Cassava WWTP
BiogasCleaner 3 FRP tanks Denmark, Design Capacity: 3,600m3/h – 3,000ppm
PTU in FRP housing
BiogasCleaner built on-site Thailand
Design Capacity: 1.670 Nm3/h, 30.000 ppm H2S => 100 ppm
Sugar cane molasses ethanol WWTP
Cost for H2S removal
Example1: 3,000 ppm H2S (Cassava and POME)
• Treatment cost per 1,000 m3 = 70 THB
• Cost per MW electrical produced = 34 THB
Example 2: 20,000 ppm H2S (Molasses based Ethanol)
• Treatment cost per 1,000 m3 = 465 THB
• Cost per MW electrical produced = 225 THB.
• Average Selling price for 1 MW in Thailand = 3,100 THB
Budget conditions: Plant life 15 years; 8,000 h operation/y,
Maintenance & QSR cleaning,
3 MW installation with 1,600 m3 /h capacity.
References No. Country No. Power MW
1 Thailand 35 110
2 Denmark 10 25
3 Malaysia 8 20
4 U.S.A. 8 20
5 Guatemala 4 6
6 India 6 9
7 Indonesia 6 11
8 Canada 5 18
9 Turkey 3 5
10
to
16
Argentina/China/Mexico/Morocco/Pakistan/
Israel/ South Africa (2 INSTALLATIONS EACH)
14 27
17
to
29
Australia/Brazil/Colombia/Cambodia/Finland
Italy/Lithuania/Netherland/New Zealand
Poland/UK/Vietnam/Laos (1 INSTALLATION EACH)
13 34
TOTAL 112 285
Asia
www.biogasclean.com
Thank You
43
Biogas upgrading technology
44
Biogas related to industries
Industries Process Basic nutrient for the anaerobic
fermentation
Methane /
CO2 ratio
Agriculture sector,
breweries,destilleries
Mono
fermentation
Vegetable-based material (corn
silage, spent hops, spent grain,
etc.)
55% / 45%
Cattle farms CO-
fermentation
Manure (cow, pig, chicken) with
vegetable-based material 55% / 45%
Compost-processing
industry VFG Vegetable-based material
55% / 45%
70% / 30%
Potable water companies,
water authorities, STP,\
industrial wastewater
treatment Systems
Water
treatment
Semi-solid organic residues from
water and solids
(sludge)
65% / 35%
45
Biogas Upgrading
Biogas
55% CH4
45% CO2
Pentair Haffmans upgrade installation
Bio-methane
Green
CO2
• Membrane and CO2 recovery technology
• In summary 100 % CH4 is turned into bio methane
• No CO2 is wasted extra source of income
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Biogas Upgrading
Membrane
Unit CO2
Recovery
Biomethane
(Green Gas)
CO2
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Wastewater Treatment plant – Process Diagram
Biogas Upgrading Installation – Mass Balance
Biogas
250 Nm3/h
(55% CH4 – 45% CO2)
Bio-methane
153 Nm3/h
1.3 m Nm3/y
H2S
removal
Gaseous CO2
Membrane Unit
CO2 Recovery System
Gaseous CO2
(10 CH4 – 90 % CO2)
(50% CH4 – 50% CO2)
175 kg/h CO 2
1,600 tons/y CO 2
Biogas Upgrading Installation 250 m3/h Beverwijk
Plant Capacity 250 Nm3 per hour
Biogas source Wastewater treatment plant
Methane / CO2 Ratio 55 % CH4 / 45 % CO2
Pressure 8 bar
Biomethane produced 1,280,000 Nm3 / year
CO2 Recovered 1,600 ton / year
CO2 used for pH correction of water coming from
wastewater treatment plant
Methane Loss None
Injection into grid According to Dutch Specifications
Biogas Upgrading Installation 450 m3/h Well
Plant Capacity 450 Nm3 per hour
Biogas source Vegetable-based material
(Compost-processing industry)
Methane / CO2 Ratio 55 % CH4 / 45 % CO2
Pressure 8 bar
Biomethane produced 2,200,000 Nm3 / year
CO2 Recovered 2,520 ton / year
CO2 used for Greenhouse / Cooling agent / Dry-ice
Methane Loss None
Injection into grid According to Dutch Specifications
51
Biogas Upgrading Installation 350 m3/h Witteveen
Plant Capacity 350 Nm3 per hour
Biogas source Vegetable-based material (corn
silage,spent hops, spent grain,
etc.) (Mono-Digestion)
Methane / CO2 Ratio 55 % CH4 / 45 % CO2
Pressure 8 bar
Biomethane produced 1,600,000 Nm3 / year
CO2 Recovered 2.240 ton / year
Methane Loss None
Injection into grid According to Dutch Specifications
Siloxane Removal Systems
Siloxane Removal Systems
• Investment and Finance.
• As all biological processes it seems that
banks and fund managers have endless
questions and doubts and ask for guarantees.
• Since feedstock for the plants is readily
available there should be no doubt that today
technologies as offered by us are reliable
systems, well proven etc.
Investment and Financial Concern (4)
Thank You
RETECH ENERGY CO., LTD. 2/22 Iyara Tower 6th and 7 th Floor
Chan Road, Soi 2 Kwaeng Thungwatdorn, Khet Sathorn
Bangkok 10120 , Thailand
Tel . +66-2-678 8921-2 , +66-81-862 6871 Fax . +66-2-678 8920
[email protected] w w w . r e t e c h - e n e r g y . c o m
