THE THE TWENTIETH TWENTIETH CENTURYCENTURY

H/O

THE PROGRESSIVE

ERA AND WORLD WAR I (1900-1920)

Two handoutsTwo handouts

Populists' successes in Populists' successes in both local and both local and national elections national elections encouraged others to encouraged others to seek seek change through change through political actionpolitical action

Progressives came to dominate

Poor farmers’ daily struggle to make a living made political activity difficult, so …

Progressives achieved greater success in part because theirs was an urban, middle-class urban, middle-class movementmovement

Started with more economic and political clout than the Populists

Progressives could devote more time to the causes

Progressives were Northern and middle class, so the Progressive movement did not intensify regional and class differences

Roots of Progressivism lay in the growing number of associations and organizations

National Woman Suffrage Association, the American Bar Association, and the National Municipal League are some of the many groups

e.g.

Members were educated and middle class further boost from a group of journalists dubbed "muckrakers"

Revealed widespread corruption in urban management

Progressives achieved great successes

Du Bois headed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

After a lifelong struggle, Du Bois abandoned the United States and moved to Africa

Robert LaFollette led the way for many Progressives

Most prominent Progressive: Theodore Roosevelt

Presidents Taft and Wilson continued to promote Progressive ideals

Progressivism lasted until the end of World War I

War had torn apart the Progressive coalition; pacifist Progressives opposed the war while others supported it

Red Scare, heightened by the Russian Revolution further split the Progressive coalition by dividing the leftists from the moderates

achieved many of its goals

Progressive movement was brought to an end, at least in part, by its own success.

FOREIGN POLICY AND U.S. ENTRY

INTO WORLD WAR I

Roosevelt was an even more devout imperialist than McKinley had been

strong-armed Cuba into accepting the Platt Amendment

Roosevelt's actions were equally interventionist throughout Central America

Country set its sights on building a canal through the Central American isthmus

American foreign policy continued to adhere to the Monroe Doctrine

Wilson won the election of 1912, a three way race in which the third party candidate, Theodore Roosevelt, outpolled Taft, the Republican incumbent

When war broke out in Europe in August 1914, Wilson immediately declared the U.S. policy of neutrality H/O

WW IWW I

Owing to America's close relationship with England and relatively distant relationship with Germany and Austria-Hungary a number of Wilson's advisors openly favored the Allies

England's superior navy allowed it to impose a blockade on shipments headed for Germany (namely, American shipments).

The British government confiscated American ships. They then paid for the cargo, reducing the pressure that American merchants would otherwise have put on the U.S. government to take action

Germany attempted to counter the blockade with submarines

When the Germans attacked civilian ships, it was usually because those ships were carrying military supplies

German submarines sank the passenger ship Lusitania in 1915

In 1916, while Wilson was campaigning for reelection on the slogan "He kept us out of war," Germany sank another passenger liner

Popular support for entry into war was beginning to grow. H/O

Home FrontHome Front

1917 the British intercepted a telegram from German Foreign Minister Zimmerman

Telegram convinced many Americans that Germany was trying to take over the world

WORLD WAR I AND ITS

AFTERMATH

Government's power expanded greatly

Government took control of the telephone, telegraph, and rail industries

Curtailed individual civil

liberties

Still sizable opposition to U.S. involvement

Espionage Act in 1917 and the Sedition Act in 1918

Americans began to fear a Communist takeover

Radical labor unions, such as the International Workers International Workers of the Worldof the World, were branded enemies of the state

Unions lost power

Eugene Debs, the Socialist leader, was also imprisoned for criticizing the war.

Federal Bureau of Investigation, was created to prevent radicals from taking over

Palmer Raids in early 1920: the government abandoned all pretext of respecting civil liberties as its agents raided union halls, pool halls, social clubs, and residences to arrest 4,000 suspected radicals

Committee on Public Information created the image of the Germans as cold-blooded, baby-killing, power-hungry Huns

Americans rejected all things German; for example, they changed the name of sauerkraut to "liberty cabbage."

New opportunities for women

Southern blacks, realizing that wartime manufacturing was creating jobs in the North, migrated to the big cities

H/OWinning the peace handout

Two years after America's entry, the Germans were ready to negotiate a peace treaty

Wilson wanted the war treaty to be guided by his Fourteen Points

The European Allies wanted a peace settlement that punished Germany

The Senate rejected the treaty and American participation in the League of Nations

America was receding into a period of isolationism

The The Roaring Roaring TwentiesTwenties

coincided with the "return to return to normalcynormalcy" promised in the 1920 election by Warren G. Harding

Normalcy in Normalcy in business meant a business meant a laissez-fairelaissez-faire attitude attitude pro-business pro-business attitude attitude

(1)passing the Fordney-(1)passing the Fordney-McCumber Tariff, (2) in McCumber Tariff, (2) in promoting foreign trade promoting foreign trade through through providing huge providing huge loansloans to the postwar to the postwar Allied Allied governmentsgovernments who returned who returned the favor by buying U.S.-the favor by buying U.S.-produced goods and produced goods and foodstuffs, and (3) by foodstuffs, and (3) by cracking down on strikescracking down on strikes

Once the war was over, Once the war was over, farmers were left with surplus farmers were left with surplus goodsgoods

… … lobbied for the federal lobbied for the federal government to buy the government to buy the excess excess

Coolidge vetoed the bill twiceCoolidge vetoed the bill twice

1929, 1929, CongressCongress established established the Farm Boardthe Farm Board to buy to buy surpluses and maintain surpluses and maintain prices, but farmers prices, but farmers continued to grow as much continued to grow as much as they wantedas they wanted

Harding administration is Harding administration is remembered for its remembered for its scandalsscandals Teapot Dome Teapot Dome ScandalScandal reserve land with rich oil reserve land with rich oil deposits had been set aside deposits had been set aside under the jurisdiction of the under the jurisdiction of the Navy Department Navy Department

… … involved a involved a member of member of Harding's cabinet, Harding's cabinet, two oil speculators, two oil speculators, and large bribes to and large bribes to open the reserve open the reserve for drilling.for drilling.

Twenties was also Twenties was also known as the known as the Jazz AgeJazz Age

The The Great MigrationGreat Migration had transformed parts had transformed parts of some Northern of some Northern cities into all-black cities into all-black neighborhoodsneighborhoods

flowering of African-flowering of African-American culture called American culture called the the Harlem RenaissanceHarlem Renaissance Harlem attracted African-Harlem attracted African-American writers, artists, American writers, artists, and musicians from and musicians from around the nation to what around the nation to what was known as the was known as the New New Negro Movement.Negro Movement.

Henry Ford perfected the assembly Henry Ford perfected the assembly line and mass production, which line and mass production, which lowered the cost of automobileslowered the cost of automobiles

allowed those who worked allowed those who worked in the cities to move farther in the cities to move farther away from city centers, away from city centers, thus giving birth to the thus giving birth to the suburbssuburbs

radio followed automobiles in radio followed automobiles in changing the nation's culturechanging the nation's culture

As more houses gained As more houses gained access to electric power, access to electric power, household appliance household appliance sales boomed sales boomed

advertising advertising industry grew industry grew up during the up during the decade decade

Temperance Movement Temperance Movement

By 1917, two thirds of By 1917, two thirds of the states had passed the states had passed laws prohibiting the laws prohibiting the consumption of alcoholconsumption of alcohol

With the entrance of With the entrance of the United States the United States into World War I into World War I prohibitionist forces prohibitionist forces cloaked themselvescloaked themselves in the in the mantle of mantle of patriotismpatriotism

(1) prohibition would shift (1) prohibition would shift thousands of tons of grain thousands of tons of grain from liquor manufacture from liquor manufacture to war uses; (2) alcoholism to war uses; (2) alcoholism led to drunkenness, and a led to drunkenness, and a drunken man was of no drunken man was of no use to the war effort; use to the war effort;

and (3) most breweries and (3) most breweries and whiskey distilleries and whiskey distilleries were owned by were owned by Germans. In 1917, Germans. In 1917, Congress passed the Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment, Eighteenth Amendment, and the states ratified it and the states ratified it by 1919.by 1919.

The large-scale The large-scale manufacture and manufacture and smuggling of alcohol smuggling of alcohol became the business of became the business of organized crimeorganized crime

Prohibition was Prohibition was repealed in 1933.repealed in 1933.

red scarered scare at the end of war at the end of war also resulted in legislation also resulted in legislation restricting immigrationrestricting immigration

1921, the 1921, the Immigration Immigration Restriction ActRestriction Act was was passed and in 1924, passed and in 1924, the the National Origins National Origins ActAct

aimed at aimed at restricting restricting immigrants from immigrants from southern and southern and central Europe and central Europe and AsiaAsia

resurgence of the Ku resurgence of the Ku Klux KlanKlux Klan

Anti-Catholic Anti-Catholic sentiment was a factor sentiment was a factor in the 1928 election in the 1928 election

Al Smith lost.Al Smith lost.

Smith had other liabilities. Smith had other liabilities. He was a product of the He was a product of the New York City machineNew York City machine

Hoover ran on his record Hoover ran on his record of public service and on of public service and on Republican prosperityRepublican prosperity

THE GREAT THE GREAT DEPRESSIONDEPRESSION

Check your notes Check your notes for handout re. for handout re. The Great The Great Depression and Depression and new dealnew deal

Herbert Hoover took Herbert Hoover took office in 1928office in 1928

Lots Lots of speculationof speculation in the stock in the stock market. But that market. But that was just one of a was just one of a number of number of problems.problems.

Among the weaknesses Among the weaknesses in the U.S. economy in the U.S. economy

(1) the amount of stock (1) the amount of stock being bought on being bought on margin;margin; (2) depressed (2) depressed agricultural prices agricultural prices

(3) the unequal (3) the unequal distribution of wealthdistribution of wealth

5 percent5 percent of the of the population provided population provided the nation's invest the nation's invest ment capital and the ment capital and the majority of its majority of its purchasing powerpurchasing power

(4) the tax policies that (4) the tax policies that contributed to the contributed to the unequal distribution of unequal distribution of wealth; wealth;

(5) the expansion of (5) the expansion of businesses businesses

(6) easy-to-get (6) easy-to-get installment credit installment credit

(7) the size and (7) the size and influence on influence on segments of the segments of the economy of holding economy of holding companiescompanies

(8) the weakness of the (8) the weakness of the banking system because of banking system because of many small and many small and mismanaged banksmismanaged banks

(9) high tariffs that (9) high tariffs that closed off foreign closed off foreign markets markets

(10) the Allies' (10) the Allies' insistence on insistence on collecting war debts collecting war debts that depressed that depressed foreign trade, foreign trade, especially for U.S. especially for U.S. foodstuffsfoodstuffs

OverproductionOverproduction and and underconsumptionunderconsumption joined to create joined to create financial problems for financial problems for businesses that now businesses that now found themselves with found themselves with surplus inventory and surplus inventory and their own loans to meet.their own loans to meet.

By the fall of 1929, more By the fall of 1929, more than $7 billion had been than $7 billion had been borrowed to buy stocks on borrowed to buy stocks on marginmargin

many stocks were many stocks were hugely overvaluedhugely overvalued

Professional Professional speculators speculators began to cash began to cash out of the out of the market in market in SeptemberSeptember

After the CrashAfter the Crashmany stocks were worthlessmany stocks were worthless

People lost their life savingsPeople lost their life savings

Banks foreclosed on Banks foreclosed on loans and mortgagesloans and mortgages

When their When their borrowers could not borrowers could not repay their loans, the repay their loans, the banks went underbanks went under

Businesses went Businesses went bankrupt as inventories bankrupt as inventories piled up piled up

Hoover believed Hoover believed the Depression the Depression would be short-would be short-livedlived

He authorized the funding He authorized the funding of the Home Loan Bank of the Home Loan Bank Act and the Reconstruction Act and the Reconstruction Finance CorporationFinance Corporation

Hoover believedHoover believed … …

(1)helping the unemployed was (1)helping the unemployed was the responsibility of churches, the responsibility of churches, private agencies, and local and private agencies, and local and state governmentsstate governments

(2) that giving a handout to the (2) that giving a handout to the unemployed would destroy unemployed would destroy their self-respect and their self-respect and individual initiativeindividual initiative

(3) that a federal relief (3) that a federal relief program would bankrupt the program would bankrupt the nationnation (4) that a federal relief program (4) that a federal relief program would dangerously enlarge the would dangerously enlarge the power of the federal power of the federal government and create a government and create a bloated bureaucracybloated bureaucracy

Farmers organized Farmers organized farm farm committeescommittees to prevent to prevent creditors from creditors from foreclosing on their foreclosing on their neighborsneighbors 1932, some 1932, some twenty thousandtwenty thousand unemployed unemployed veteransveterans descended descended on Washington, D.C., demanding on Washington, D.C., demanding payment of bonus not due until payment of bonus not due until 19451945

Hoover dispatched the capital Hoover dispatched the capital police to remove the veteranspolice to remove the veterans Shots were firedShots were fired

General Douglas MacArthur,General Douglas MacArthur, who had been told to stand who had been told to stand ready in case of trouble, ready in case of trouble, ordered troops and tanks into ordered troops and tanks into the fraythe fray

KEY PEOPLEKEY PEOPLE and termsand terms

Romare Romare Bearden, Bearden, Sargent Sargent Johnson, Johnson, Augusta SavageAugusta Savage

expatriates, "lost expatriates, "lost generation," generation," alienation, Ernest alienation, Ernest Heminway, F. Scott Heminway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Fitzgerald, Gertrude SteinStein

Billie Holiday, Billie Holiday, Duke Ellington, Duke Ellington, Jelly Roll Morton, Jelly Roll Morton, Bessie Smith, Bessie Smith, William Grant William Grant StillStill

Langston Langston Hughes, Hughes, Countee Cullen, Countee Cullen, Zora Neale Zora Neale Hurston, James Hurston, James Weldon JohnsonWeldon Johnson

Andrew MellonAndrew Mellon, , cut excess profits cut excess profits tax, tax the poor tax, tax the poor rather than the rather than the rich to stimulate rich to stimulate investmentinvestment

KEY TERMS/IDEASKEY TERMS/IDEAS

anti-Semitism,anti-Semitism,consumer culture: consumer culture: the automobile, the automobile, radio, movies, radio, movies, sportssports

Sacco-Vanzetti case,Sacco-Vanzetti case, Scopes trial, Scopes trial, evolution, evolution, William William Jennings BryanJennings Bryan, , religious religious fundamentalismfundamentalism

H/OHandout for the Great Handout for the Great Depression and New Depression and New DealDeal

THE NEW DEALTHE NEW DEAL

"The only thing we have "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself-to fear is fear itself-nameless, unreasoning, nameless, unreasoning, unjustified fear." unjustified fear."

Roosevelt summoned an Roosevelt summoned an emergency session of Congress emergency session of Congress

The period that The period that followed is often called followed is often called the First Hundred Days the First Hundred Days

It was during this time It was during this time that the government that the government implemented most of the implemented most of the major programs associated major programs associated with the with the First New DealFirst New Deal Consult your text and notes for Consult your text and notes for program detailsprogram details

The First New Deal was an The First New Deal was an immediate successimmediate success

In the midterm elections of In the midterm elections of 1934, the 1934, the Democrats Democrats increased their majoritiesincreased their majorities in in both houses.both houses.

Emergency Banking Emergency Banking Relief Bill Relief Bill fireside chats fireside chats

American banks, once American banks, once on the verge of ruin, on the verge of ruin, were again healthy were again healthy

Banking Act of 1933, Banking Act of 1933, which created the which created the Federal Deposit Federal Deposit Insurance Insurance CorporationCorporation (FDIC) (FDIC)

Agricultural Adjustment ActAgricultural Adjustment Act

Paid farmers to cut productionPaid farmers to cut production

Farm Credit ActFarm Credit Act

Provided loansProvided loans

New Deal programs New Deal programs established established government control government control over industryover industry

National Industrial National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)Recovery Act (NIRA)

consolidated businesses and consolidated businesses and coordinated their activities coordinated their activities

Public Works Public Works Administration (PWA)Administration (PWA)

created jobs building roads, created jobs building roads, sewers, public housing sewers, public housing unitsunits, etc., etc.

Civilian Conservation Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Corps (CCC)

provided grants to the provided grants to the states to manage their own states to manage their own PWA-like projectsPWA-like projects

Tennessee Valley Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)Authority (TVA)

provided energy to the provided energy to the Tennessee Valley regionTennessee Valley region

Conservatives opposed the Conservatives opposed the higher tax rates that the higher tax rates that the New Deal New Deal

disliked the increase in disliked the increase in government power over government power over businessbusiness

deficit spending was deficit spending was also anathema to also anathema to conservativesconservatives

Leftists complained that the Leftists complained that the AAA policy of paying AAA policy of paying farmers not to grow was farmers not to grow was immoraimmorall

felt that government felt that government policy toward businesses policy toward businesses was too favorablewas too favorable

the left blamed the left blamed corporate greed corporate greed for the for the DepressionDepression

Socialists and the Socialists and the Communist Party of Communist Party of America were gaining America were gaining popularity popularity

Called for Called for the the nationalization of nationalization of businessbusiness

1935, the Supreme 1935, the Supreme Court started to Court started to dismantle some of the dismantle some of the programs programs

declared the NIRA illegaldeclared the NIRA illegal

invalidated the AAA invalidated the AAA Roosevelt responded Roosevelt responded with a package of with a package of legislation called the legislation called the Second New DealSecond New Deal

H/O

THE SECOND THE SECOND NEW DEALNEW DEAL

You should have a You should have a handouthandout

created the Works Progress created the Works Progress Administration (WPA) Administration (WPA)

broadened the powers of broadened the powers of the NLRBthe NLRB

created the Social created the Social Security AdministrationSecurity Administration

ROOSEVELT'S ROOSEVELT'S TROUBLED TROUBLED SECOND TERMSECOND TERM

Consult your Consult your “alphabet soup” “alphabet soup” worksheetworksheet

FOREIGN POLICY FOREIGN POLICY LEADING UP TO LEADING UP TO WORLD WAR IIWORLD WAR II

After After World War I, World War I, American foreign policy American foreign policy objectives aimed objectives aimed primarily at promoting primarily at promoting and maintaining peaceand maintaining peace

Washington Conference Washington Conference (1921-22) gathered eight (1921-22) gathered eight of the world's great of the world's great powers; the resulting powers; the resulting treaty set limits on treaty set limits on stockpiling armaments stockpiling armaments

1928, 62 nations 1928, 62 nations signed the signed the Kellogg-Briand Kellogg-Briand PactPact

In Latin America, the U.S. tried In Latin America, the U.S. tried in the 1920s to back away from in the 1920s to back away from its previous interventionist its previous interventionist policy and replace it with the policy and replace it with the Good Neighbor policyGood Neighbor policy

the United States the United States continued to actively continued to actively promote its interests in promote its interests in Latin America, often Latin America, often to the detriment of to the detriment of those who lived therethose who lived there

U.S. mainly achieved its U.S. mainly achieved its foreign policy objectives foreign policy objectives through economic coercion through economic coercion and support of pro-and support of pro-American leaders (some of American leaders (some of whom were corrupt and whom were corrupt and brutal). brutal).

H/O Consult your Consult your handout re. the handout re. the

drift toward drift toward WWIIWWII