The U.S. Civil War Blue vs. Gray North vs. South in 1861 North South Advantages ? Disadvantages Rating the North and the South Resources: North and South Overview of the Norths Civil War Strategy:
Anaconda Plan Northern Strategy Expected a short war
GOAL: To re-unite the Union Winfield Scott proposes a plan Anaconda Plan Economic Starvation Blockade the South Divide the Confederacy Control the Mississippi River Capture the Capital Richmond, VA Southern Strategy Win by not losing
* Fight a defensive war avoid major battles * Extend the war to gain support of European nations (France & Great Britain) who depend on King Cotton * Strong military leaders give the South a chance The Union & Confederacy in 1861 George McClellan, Again!
Lincolns Generals Winfield Scott Joseph Hooker Ulysses S. Grant Irwin McDowell George McClellan George Meade Ambrose Burnside George McClellan, Again! McClellan: I Can Do It All! The Leader of the Confederacy
Pres. Jefferson Davis Nathan Bedford Forrest
The Confederate Generals Stonewall Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee Americans Expect a Short War
Bull Run Bull Runfirst battle, near Washington, D.C.; Confederate victory This battle shows both sides that the war will not be short. Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall Jackson for firm stand in battle Britain Remains Neutral
Britain Pursues Its Own Interests Britain has cotton inventory, new sources; does not need South Needs Northern wheat, corn; chooses neutrality The Trent Affair Confederate diplomats travel on Trent to get British, French support U.S. Navy arrests them; Lincoln frees them, averts war with Britain Almost brings Britain into the war. The War for the Capitols
On to Richmond McClellan waits to attack Confederate capital, Richmond; drills troops for 5 months Spring 1862, Robert E. Lee takes command of Southern army Lee, McClellan fight Seven Days Battle; Union leaves Richmond area Lee shows the advantage of military leadership for the Confederacy. The confederacy in the east is very successful, even though they are outnumber, and outmatched The War for the Capitols
Antietam Lee wins the Second Battle of Bull Run; marches into Maryland !!!!! Lee, McClellan clash at Antietambloodiest single-day battle in American History!!!!!!! Battle a standoff; Confederates retreat; McClellan does not pursue Lincoln fires McClellan Battle of Antietam Bloodiest Single Day of the War
September 17, 1862 23,000 casualties What is the message of this sculpture? The Republican Party Opposes Slavery
Many Northerners who opposed slavery joined the Republican Party. Abolitionists wanted to end ALL slavery. However, not all Northern whites agreed. The majority of Northern whites were prejudiced against African Americans (free/slave). BUTthe majority of Northern whites did NOT want slavery to spread westward into new territories. Emancipation in 1863 The Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation
By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln makes slavery the focus of the war. Terms of the Proclamation: 1)frees slaves in the Confederate states 2)does NOT apply to areas occupied by the Union or states where slavery is permitted in the Union (such as the border states of Missouri and Kentucky) 3) Discourages Britain from supporting/joining the Confederacy Both Sides Face Political Problems
Dealing with Dissent Lincoln suspends habeas corpus: order to bring accused to court, explain charges (Copperheads anti-war N Democrats among those arrested) Seizes telegraph offices to prevent subversion Confederate President Davis denounces Lincolns action Then suspends habeas corpus in South also Lincolns action in dramatically expanding presidential powers to meet a crisis in wartime emergency powers sets precedent for future presidents Both Sides Face Political Problems
Conscription Casualties, desertions lead to conscriptiondraft to serve in army Both armies allow draftees to hire substitutes to serve for them Planters with more than 20 slaves exempted 90% eligible Southerners serve; 92% Northern soldiers volunteer Draft Riots White workers fear Southern blacks will come North, compete for jobs Angry at having to free slaves, mobs rampage through New York City Also rioted because the rich did not have to fight. (Substitutes) Buy Your Way Out of Military Service
Bottom Rail on Top Disc 3 The War Affects Regional Economies
FOOD SHORTAGES in the South Food shortages from lost manpower, Northern occupation, loss of slaves Blockade creates other shortages; some Confederates trade with enemy ECONOMY BOOM in the North Industries that supply army boom; some contractors cheat and profit Wages do not keep up with prices; workers standard of living drops Women replace men on farms, city jobs, government jobs Congress establishes first income tax on earnings to pay for war Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
More soldiers died from Dysentery (diarrhea) than were killed in battle Lived in unsanitary camp conditions (epidemics easily spread) wash hands 1/day, bathe 1/week 75% of surgeries were amputations (saw often used on 1 person after another w/o sanitizing) - fingers the most amputated body part Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
Prisons Andersonvilleworst Confederate prison (in Georgia) Conditions so bad that Major (warden) Henry Wirz is tried, convicted, hanged for war crimes from Andersonville no shelter, sanitation, little food 1/3 of prisoners die Northern prisons more space, food, shelter Vicksburg Under Siege Grant Wins at Vicksburg
Confederate Vicksburg prevents Union from controlling Mississippi Spring 1863, Union destroys MS rail lines, sacks Jackson Grant begins siege in May Starving Confederates surrender on July 4 Confederacy completely divided Armies Clash at Gettysburg
Prelude to Gettysburg In May 1863, South defeats North at Chancellorsville Stonewall Jackson mistakenly shot by own troops dies 8 days later of pneumonia Armies Clash at Gettysburg
Three-day battle at Gettysburg devastates/cripples the South 1)Union (Meade) and Confederate (Lee) 2)vicious artillery fire 3)on 3rd day, Lee retreats and Meade stays behind Staggering losses on both sides This is the turning point in the war 51,000 casualties at Gettysburg
(killed, wounded, captured, and missing) Mary was hysterical that Taddie was ill in bed and Abraham was thinking of going to Gettysburg.
Lincolns valet died from scarlet fever after returning from Gettysburg. Lincoln himself was ill and was quarantined for nearly 3 weeks upon returning. ...his public duties are so pressing...
The White House Transcontinental railroad issues... Sensitive diplomatic affairs... Preparation of message to Congress... Key elections in Maryland... Visits from state government officials... Public order in Louisiana... Developing Reconstruction plans... ...his public duties are so pressing... Gen. Meade at the Rappahannock... Selecting commanders for USCT... Efforts to invade Texas... Dispute with Gen. Rosencrans... Gen. Burnsides retreat to Knoxville... Gen. Sherman on the march... Attempted retaking of Ft. Sumter... Gen. Grant ready to attack Chattanooga... The War Department The War Department Fewer than 300 words Only 9 sentences Less than 3 minutes The Gettysburg Address
The Memorial Ceremony November 1863, ceremony held to dedicate cemetery in Gettysburg and honors dead soldiers Edward Everett, noted speaker, gives flowery two-hour speech Lincolns two-minute Gettysburg Address asserts unity of U.S. Speech calls for living to dedicate selves to preserving the Union and freedom The Confederacy Wears Down
Grant and Lee in Virginia Grants strategy: 1)immobilize Lee in Virginia while Sherman raids Georgia 2)May 1864-April 1865, Grant and Lee fight many battles -heavy losses on both sides -North can replace soldiers South cannot! The Confederacy Wears Down
Confederate Morale South unable to attack; hopes to get armistice Civilian morale plummets Discord in government Grant Appoints Sherman March 1864, Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union armies Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman commander of Mississippi division [West] Grant, Sherman believe in total war to destroy Souths will to fight The Confederacy Wears Down
Shermans March to the Sea Sept, 1864: 1)Sherman takes Atlanta -not much of a fight, Atlanta mostly vacant 2)Sherman cuts wide path (60 miles) of destruction across Georgia towards Savannah 3)By December, takes Savannah and moves up to SC -even more destruction in SC Shermans March to the Sea through Georgia, 1864
Uncle Billy 1864 Election Pres. Lincoln (R) George McClellan (D) Key Players Ulysses S. Grant - NORTH Robert E. Lee - SOUTH
Fought in the war with Mexico Started Civil War as a volunteer Lincoln promotes him Becomes eighteenth president Aristocrat father served under George Washington Believed slavery was evil Loyal to his beloved Virginia Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865 Casualties on Both Sides Why was the Civil War so deadly?
Considered the 1st Modern War New Weapons Long-range artillery Accurate rifles Old tactics Fighting in straight lines Attacking in close formation Medical Procedures Little knowledge of bacteria and infection Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars The Costs of the War Costs of the War
1)Hundreds of thousands dead, wounded; lives disrupted Union troops killed 360,000 Confederate troops killed 260,000 2) Financially, war costs the government an estimated $3.3 billion The War Changes Lives New Birth of Freedom
1)1865:13th Amendment abolishes slavery in all states Civilians Follow New Paths 1)Some soldiers stay in army, others are civilians, many go west DVD 5, episode 9.2 Fords Theater (April 14, 1865) The Assassin John Wilkes Booth The Assassination WANTED!!! Now He Belongs to the Ages! THE EXECUTION