The Use of Calcareous Materials in the Vernacular Architecture of Iran, Password Protect the Environment

Esmaeil Zarghami 1, Ali Khaki 2, Saeed Azemati 3 and Ehsun Ghasemi4+ 1,2 (Assisstant Prof. ,Architectural Department of srttu)

3 (M.s. Student, Architectural Department of srttu) 4 (B.s, Civil enginiring of azad university-tehran markaz branch)

Abstract. Materials used in traditional and local architecture in Iran derived from their deployment environment and are provided the necessary compatibility with the environment. Therefore, the use of such materials in buildings, on the one hand reduce the natural resources use and other energy resources saving during the production process materials, traditional buildings and the construction and maintenance stages of protection and restoration of such buildings will provide .Indeed, the absorption of CO2 by lime is one of the main approaches of this article that by itself would be help to reduce the greenhouse gases. This article is thoroughly compatible encoding used traditional materials in Iran, the vernacular architecture of limestone and lime-based mortar, including the cheap materials, easy collection, availability, and would reveal durable building. Thus, in this research, with study on the related experiences of others and the results of mechanical tests on clay soil mixed with lime and analysis of the mentioned results; technical, economic or executable practice of using lime in the construction of new buildings and even local Iran has been approved. Patterns can be as a result from getting the technical message predecessors and taking advantage of new technologies associated with new products industries causing lime to make optimal rate consumption of natural resources and energy saving. Then we are able to material produced reversible resorting in nature unlike cement industry, even with the capture carbon dioxide from industrial production of construction can the greenhouse effect of air pollution in the environment and to reduce the damaging effects of acid rain as well as related We prevent.

Keywords: iranian vernacular Architecture, lime materials, greenhouse effect, acid rain, materials and energy saving, environmental protection.

1. Introduction and the Integral Use of Lime Mortar In the industrial production of lime, in order to release water and carbon dioxide, the lime stone should

be heated at a temperature between 950-600C. However, for the industrial production of cement a temperature in the range of 1100-1400 C would be required. On the other hand, unlike lime the production of cement consumes 1.5-2 times more fuel energy and an excessive increase of pollution would be resulted in the environment. Nevertheless, the early strength of concrete which is made with industrial cement would seemingly be adequate during 28 days, yet the late strength of concrete or other materials which are made with lime stone would be durable within 48 days. Also in terms of stability and sustainability of ancient and monumental buildings this phenomenon has been apparent during these years’ cause of the stable apparent quality and the transparency of the surfaces in proportion to new industrial buildings.

In this regard we could easily discern the stability of many Iranian monumental buildings against earthquake, the corrosive influence of water, coastal floods, moisture and extreme heat. In other words, the need of refinement and clearance of veneer dirt on new building has encouraged humanity to invent self cleaning materials in help of lime materials and nanotechnology to resolve the industrial problems of buildings.

+ Corresponding author. E-mail address: Ghassemi.ehsun@gmail.com.

2012 IACSIT Coimbatore Conferences

IPCSIT vol. 28 (2012) © (2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore

213

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215

Relationship between the number of CBR Relationship between the number of CBR dry lime and lime added in the concrete dry lime and lime added in the concrete

Relationship between the number of CBR Relationship between the number of CBR dry lime and lime added in the concrete dry lime and lime added in the concrete

Fig. 4: Results of tests conducted on concrete samples of limestone, quicklime added to the CBRvalues for both dry and wet, is shown in Figure 1 to 4

The best way to improve the mechanical properties of loose fine grained soils, using lime mortar to the concrete are combined with the soil. It also loosened the soil bearing capacity, as materials will reduce administrative costs. Best of mixing lime to mix concrete mixtures composed of gravel, sand, clay and soil above the 20% has been detected. Saturation and flooding, but the early compressive strength of test samples; they have shown good performance [5].

The use of carbon black and silica sand in the fine grained wind blown lime mortars lime or hydrated lime mortars can improve the initial strength during the short period of 28 days instead of 60 days to help. The lime mortar with silica soot pozzolanic while simultaneously increasing the solid volume and reduce the permeability of the body are affected, in contrast to the initial resistance and durability are upstream [6].

The research regarding the concrete style of calcareous sponge, which is specified using a scale based on each of the components of this material, gauge mode, the mixing method and the expected properties of fresh and hardened concrete, calcareous sponge,such as quality, economical, Compatible entrainment mechanism of the chemical aspects with other components of mortar, reliability and durability properties of concrete engineering practices such as foam manufacturing, mixing, transporting, pumping and final payments are observable and measurable brought [7].

3. Rationalization and Interpretation of the Results and Benefits of Lime Mortars During the past fifty years in Iran the usage and utilization of sand lime brick has maintained its

valuation and resistance in comparison with other new building materials and products. Furthermore, this subject matter could illustrate the amount of indigenousness capability of Iran in the realm of construction and lime products such as Shaft and Sarooj mortars. Thus, the ability of being pioneered in the field of standardization and the development of technical knowledge in new compound material or lime based

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mixture would be feasible. Based upon the matters discussed monumental buildings in the world and Iran are mainly from lime based mortars made of indigenous material belonged to the area which the buildings are built. Moreover, the maximum heating point in reaching the glass phase in theses materials is between 900-950 Celsius degree. Indeed, this matter by itself would give the ability to recycle theses materials to the lap of nature inasmuch as for the exploitation of metals and the production of cement, ceramic and glazed ceramic the temperature that would be required would exceed the precedent temperature. Hence, the consumption of fuel and energy for the provision of this temperature would be increased 1.5-2 times more than the traditional building materials.

On the other hand what is certain is that the more we consume energy, the more we will produce carbon dioxide. This issue by itself would cause an increase in the green house gases on the earth and would case a warmer environment. However, although the production of lime would require a consumption of energy and would produce carbon dioxide according to the following chemical equation, yet we know that this process could be recycled.

oHCaCoKcaloHCaCoCaoCaCo CooHKcalC2322

753&9003

22 275)()44(%)56(% +⎯⎯→⎯+⎯⎯→⎯↑+⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎯o

Therefore, the values of (co2) produced in the lime manufacturing process, after the water absorption phase, would again be converted to limestone in the carbon dioxide absorption phase in order to make them harder and convert them to a durable and environmental friendly rock.

4. Conclusion The discussion and interpretation of the information provided can be concluded that the principle of

protecting the natural environment, reduce consumption of industrial materials poses costs, reduce administrative costs and more easy than the preparation and production of building materials, use of lime Building materials will be very useful as a complement. The building material, especially for the reversible reduction of greenhouse effect resulting from the production of industrial materials and prevent large increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide in Earth's environment, as well as we learn from our traditional buildings. Therefore, decoding the ultimate goals of such constructions in order to protect the more stable endemic nature around. Research results on the other hand, argued that using only 50% of similar amounts of energy in the natural environment in a factory production line limestone building products cheaper and more resistant and durable can be made.

The final conclusion that the ancestors of this land code of engineering heritage in building the ancient Iranian lasting, economical, high performance, environmental and ecological use of materials containing lime is being made.

5. Reference [1] Stefanidou Maria, “Methods for porosity measurement in lime-based mortars”, 2010.

[2] Shiqun Li, Jishan Hu, Lui Biao, Xinguo Li, “Study on the weathering resistance of fly ash–lime compacts”, 2004.

[3] Ayatollahi Majid reza, “Estimating a mixed mode failure of cement mortar strength of fine-grain", Eighth International Congress on Civil Engineering”, 2009.

[4] Malek pour mohamad reza, Tofigh Mohamad Mohsen “Determine the optimum percentage of lime and clay in the limestone rock of the type of concrete used for laboratory studies and artificial neural networks ", Fourth National Congress of Civil Engineering”, 2008.

[5] Malek pour mohamad reza, Tofigh Mohamad Mohsen “Laboratory study of loose fine-grained soils amended with lime stone columns of concrete", Third National Congress of Civil Engineering”, 2006.

[6] S.A. Barbhuiya, J.K. Gbagbo, M.I. Russell, P.A.M. Basheer , “Properties of fly ash concrete modified with hydrated lime and silica fume”, 2009.

[7] K. Ramamurthy, E.K. Kunhanandan Nambiar, G. Indu Siva Ranjani, “A classification of studies on properties of foam concrete”, 2009.

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