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The Working Cell: Energy From The Working Cell: Energy From FoodFood
Chapter 7Chapter 7
Obtaining FoodObtaining Food
All organisms need food for energy.All organisms need food for energy.
AutotrophAutotroph- Makes its own food - Makes its own food ((photosynthesisphotosynthesis); ); producersproducers– Plants, algaePlants, algae
HeterotrophHeterotroph- Cannot make own food; - Cannot make own food; consumersconsumers– AnimalsAnimals– Must eat producers or other consumersMust eat producers or other consumers
How do heterotrophs get energy How do heterotrophs get energy from food?from food?
Through Through Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration– Makes energy for the cell by breaking Makes energy for the cell by breaking
down glucosedown glucose– Uses oxygen to do this (why we need to Uses oxygen to do this (why we need to
breathe!) breathe!) – Energy is in the form of Energy is in the form of ATPATP
Food Stores EnergyFood Stores EnergyEnergyEnergy =The ability =The ability to perform work.to perform work.
2 forms:2 forms:– Kinetic Energy-Kinetic Energy- energy energy
of motionof motionThermal energy-Thermal energy- random molecular random molecular motion (heat)motion (heat)
– Potential Energy-Potential Energy- energy that is storedenergy that is stored
Chemical Energy-Chemical Energy- ready ready to do work; due to to do work; due to arrangement of atomsarrangement of atoms
Calories: Units of EnergyCalories: Units of Energy
CalorieCalorie- amount of energy required - amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.water by 1 degree Celsius.– Tiny numberTiny number (too tiny to measure energy in (too tiny to measure energy in
food)food)
Energy in food is expressed in Energy in food is expressed in kilocalorieskilocalories– 1 kcal = 1000 cal1 kcal = 1000 cal
Measuring the Energy Content of a Measuring the Energy Content of a PeanutPeanut
Burning peanut converts its stored Burning peanut converts its stored chemical energy into thermal energy, chemical energy into thermal energy, releasing heatreleasing heat
Measure increase in water temp– Measure increase in water temp– calculate # of calories in a peanutcalculate # of calories in a peanut
1 peanut has 5000 calories (5 kcal) 1 peanut has 5000 calories (5 kcal)
____ °C x ____ mL = ____ cal/ 1000 = ____ °C x ____ mL = ____ cal/ 1000 = ___ kcal___ kcal
Do Cells “Burn” our food?Do Cells “Burn” our food?
No!!No!!
Use enzymes to break down organic Use enzymes to break down organic molecules through cellular molecules through cellular respiration, thus releasing energy.respiration, thus releasing energy.
Online ActivitiesOnline Activities
www.phsuccessnet.comwww.phsuccessnet.com
Complete online activities 7.1, 7.2, Complete online activities 7.1, 7.2, and ch. 7 prelab questions and ch. 7 prelab questions
Lab: Food as FuelLab: Food as FuelCalorimeter: Measures calorie content in Calorimeter: Measures calorie content in foodfood
We will be burning food to measure their We will be burning food to measure their calorie content. calorie content.
Remember: 1000 cal = 1 kcalRemember: 1000 cal = 1 kcal
Remember: Remember: CalorieCalorie- amount of energy - amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
AnimationAnimation
Lab: Food as FuelLab: Food as Fuel
The longer something burns, the The longer something burns, the more energy (kcal) it has.more energy (kcal) it has.– Proteins/ carbs 4 kcal/gProteins/ carbs 4 kcal/g– Fats 9 kcal/g Fats 9 kcal/g
ATPATP
Adenosine Tri-PhosphateAdenosine Tri-Phosphate
Stores energyStores energy
Provides energy for chemical Provides energy for chemical reactions.reactions.
The ATP CycleThe ATP Cycle
ATP is continuously converted to ADP ATP is continuously converted to ADP as your cells do work.as your cells do work.
ATP is “recyclable” ATP is “recyclable”
Energy that makes this happen is Energy that makes this happen is from foodfrom food
Mighty MitochondriaMighty MitochondriaMitochondria Mitochondria makes energy!makes energy!
Site of cellular Site of cellular respiration in a cellrespiration in a cell
Cristae (folds) & Cristae (folds) & matrix (thick fluid)matrix (thick fluid)
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
Converts energy in food to energy in Converts energy in food to energy in ATPATP
glucose+ oxygen glucose+ oxygen carbon dioxide carbon dioxide + water + energy+ water + energy
CC66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 6CO 6CO2 2 + 6H+ 6H22O + O + 38ATP38ATP
Try This…Try This…
The atoms in cellular respiration are The atoms in cellular respiration are merely rearranged by breaking the merely rearranged by breaking the bonds.bonds.
Using the molecular model kits, Using the molecular model kits, model the process of cellular model the process of cellular respiration. respiration.
CC66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + O + 38ATP38ATP
ReviewReview
6 H6 H22OO
Subscript: # of atoms
Coefficient: # of molecules
CC66HH1212OO6 6 + 6O + 6O22 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + 36ATPO + 36ATP
Lab ReviewLab Review
Lab- we burned food to release Lab- we burned food to release energy (different from our bodies… energy (different from our bodies… we use we use enzymesenzymes to do this) to do this)
The more fat, the longer it burned The more fat, the longer it burned (what is this telling us?)(what is this telling us?)
What is a calorie? A kilocalorie? What is a calorie? A kilocalorie?
CR ReviewCR Review
Cellular Respiration is making energy Cellular Respiration is making energy (in the form of ATP) from glucose.(in the form of ATP) from glucose.
CR takes place in the mitochondria of CR takes place in the mitochondria of cells (“mighty mitochondria”)cells (“mighty mitochondria”)
Activity with ball-and-stick models Activity with ball-and-stick models shows that atoms are neither created shows that atoms are neither created nor destroyed in CR, just rearranged nor destroyed in CR, just rearranged to release energy.to release energy.
glucose+ oxygen glucose+ oxygen carbon dioxide carbon dioxide + water + energy+ water + energy
CC66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 6CO 6CO2 2 + 6H+ 6H22O + O + 38ATP38ATP
Three Stages of CRThree Stages of CR
1) Glycolysis (in CYTOPLASM of cell)1) Glycolysis (in CYTOPLASM of cell)
2) Krebs Cycle (in MITOCHONDRIA 2) Krebs Cycle (in MITOCHONDRIA CRISTAE)CRISTAE)
3) Electron Transport Chain (in 3) Electron Transport Chain (in MITOCHONDRIA MATRIX)MITOCHONDRIA MATRIX)
GlycolysisGlycolysis
Glucose Pyruvic Acid + 2 ATP Glucose Pyruvic Acid + 2 ATP
2 ATP used to make this happen 2 ATP used to make this happen
Oxygen is NOT needed (anaerobic) Oxygen is NOT needed (anaerobic)
Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle
Cristae of mitochondriaCristae of mitochondria
Pyruvic Acid carbonic acid + Pyruvic Acid carbonic acid + CO2 + 2 ATPCO2 + 2 ATP
Needs Oxygen!Needs Oxygen!
Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain
Matrix of mitochondriaMatrix of mitochondria
Most of the energy is made here!Most of the energy is made here!
Carbonic acid + O2 H2O + 34 Carbonic acid + O2 H2O + 34 ATPATP
Needs Oxygen!Needs Oxygen!
Is it possible to make ATP without Is it possible to make ATP without oxygen??oxygen??
Fermentation in Human Muscle Fermentation in Human Muscle CellsCells
Long Distance Running– muscles Long Distance Running– muscles regenerate ATP through CRregenerate ATP through CR
Sprint– lungs/blood can’t supply Sprint– lungs/blood can’t supply oxygen fast enough to make enough oxygen fast enough to make enough ATP!ATP!
How does this happen?? How does this happen?? FERMENTATION- makes ATP without FERMENTATION- makes ATP without using oxygenusing oxygen
Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation
Occurs in muscle cellsOccurs in muscle cells
But only small amts of ATP madeBut only small amts of ATP made
Glycolysis still occursGlycolysis still occurs– Glucose Pyruvic Acid + 2 ATPGlucose Pyruvic Acid + 2 ATP
Pyruvic acid CO2 + Lactic acidPyruvic acid CO2 + Lactic acid
Lactic Acid is what makes your Lactic Acid is what makes your muscles sore after a lot of hard muscles sore after a lot of hard exercise!exercise!
TrainingTraining
Improves ATP productionImproves ATP production
Weight lifting & sprinting = increase Weight lifting & sprinting = increase glycogen & lactic acid toleranceglycogen & lactic acid tolerance
Long-distance running= increase Long-distance running= increase mitochondria & oxygen delivery to mitochondria & oxygen delivery to cellscells
Alcoholic FermentationAlcoholic Fermentation
No oxygen present in yeast cell No oxygen present in yeast cell environmentenvironment
Ethyl alcohol produced instead of Ethyl alcohol produced instead of lactic acidlactic acid
Pyruvic acid CO2 + ethyl alcoholPyruvic acid CO2 + ethyl alcohol
Cellular Respiration LabCellular Respiration Lab
Cell Respiration- converting the Cell Respiration- converting the chemical energy of organic chemical energy of organic molecules into a form immediately molecules into a form immediately usable by organismsusable by organisms
What is this chemical energy called?What is this chemical energy called?
What is the usable form called?What is the usable form called?
Cellular Respiration LabCellular Respiration Lab
All organisms, including plants and All organisms, including plants and animals break down glucose for animals break down glucose for energy using oxygen. energy using oxygen.
Peas undergo CR during germination. Peas undergo CR during germination.
Germination of PeasGermination of Peas
What does germination mean?What does germination mean?
Cellular Respiration LabCellular Respiration Lab
Today, you will be using the COToday, you will be using the CO22 gas gas sensor to measure the rate of CR in sensor to measure the rate of CR in germinating and ungerminating germinating and ungerminating peas.peas.
Lab ProcedureLab Procedure
Do you expect the carbon dioxide Do you expect the carbon dioxide levels to increase or decrease?levels to increase or decrease?
Will the rates be the same in the Will the rates be the same in the germinating and ungerminating germinating and ungerminating peas?peas?
1 ATP1 ATP
Organisms that make their own food Organisms that make their own food are called ______________.are called ______________.
1 ATP1 ATP
Organisms that cannot make their Organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain energy own food and must obtain energy from the foods they eat are called from the foods they eat are called _______________._______________.
2 ATPs2 ATPs
Cell respiration uses oxygen to Cell respiration uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy stored convert the chemical energy stored in organic molecules into _________.in organic molecules into _________.
3 ATPs3 ATPs
Energy is released from ATP when a Energy is released from ATP when a ____________ is released.____________ is released.
4 ATPs4 ATPs
What is the chemical equation for What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?cellular respiration?
Hint:Hint:Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide +
water + energywater + energy
2 ATPs2 ATPs
How many total ATPs are made as a How many total ATPs are made as a result of cellular respiration?result of cellular respiration?
3 ATPs3 ATPs
What is the What is the net gainnet gain of ATPs as a of ATPs as a result of glycolysis?result of glycolysis?
3 ATPs3 ATPs
List the steps of cellular respiration in List the steps of cellular respiration in order.order.
3 ATP3 ATP
The Krebs cycle starts with The Krebs cycle starts with _____________ and yields carbon _____________ and yields carbon dioxide.dioxide.
2 ATP2 ATP
What process is used to make bread What process is used to make bread rise?rise?
1 ATP1 ATP
Is cellular respiration aerobic or Is cellular respiration aerobic or anaerobic?anaerobic?
1 ATP1 ATP
Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic?Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic?
2 ATP2 ATP
Where does lactic acid fermentation Where does lactic acid fermentation take place?take place?
2 ATPs2 ATPs
Where in the cell does glycolysis take Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?place?
2 ATPs2 ATPs
Where in the cell does the Krebs Where in the cell does the Krebs cycle take place?cycle take place?
2 ATPs2 ATPs
Where in the cell does the electron Where in the cell does the electron transport chain take place?transport chain take place?
3 ATPs3 ATPs
Without oxygen, a cell can make only Without oxygen, a cell can make only _______ ATPs from each glucose _______ ATPs from each glucose molecule.molecule.
3 ATPs3 ATPs
Glysolysis converts glucose into 2 Glysolysis converts glucose into 2 molecules of _____________.molecules of _____________.
4 ATPs4 ATPs
What is the difference between What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?kinetic and potential energy?
4 ATPs4 ATPs
What is the definition of a calorie?What is the definition of a calorie?
1 ATP1 ATP
# 4 is the __________ of the # 4 is the __________ of the mitochondria.mitochondria.
3 ATPs3 ATPs
The device used to measure the The device used to measure the amount of calories in a piece of amount of calories in a piece of popcorn is called a __________.popcorn is called a __________.
2 ATPs2 ATPs
There are __________ calories in a There are __________ calories in a kilocalorie.kilocalorie.
2 ATPs2 ATPs
What is the function of ATP?What is the function of ATP?
4 ATPs4 ATPs
What does ATP stand for?What does ATP stand for?
3 ATPs3 ATPs
Most energy made from cellular Most energy made from cellular respiration comes from this stage.respiration comes from this stage.
2 ATPs2 ATPs
What makes your muscles sore after What makes your muscles sore after hard exercise?hard exercise?