THEORIES IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. Theories… what are they good for? Understanding Generalization A basis for decision making Predicting future events

THEORIES IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Theories… what are they good for?

Understanding Generalization A basis for decision making Predicting future events Define the next questions to ask

Theories

Good theory criteria: Logically Emperically sound Clear, testable and parsimonious Cover a reasonably large area of science

and should integrate previous research

Theories of Human Development

A developmental theory is a systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older.

Nature versus Nurture

The questions: Which?

Behaviorist How?

Pscychoanalytic How much?

Developmentalist/Developmental Contextualism


Psychoanalytic Theory A theory of human development irrational, unconscious drives and motives

underlie human behavior. often originating in childhood Psychoanalytic theory originated with

Sigmund Freud (1856– 1939)

Psychoanalytic Theory- Freud Libido Personality has 3 parts that change over

time: Id Ego Superego

Psychoanalytic-Freud

Defense Mechanisms Repression Reaction Formation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzYZ_sMW6Eo&feature=relmfu

Projection Regression Fixation



© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

Psychoanalytic-Freud

Optimum development Emphasis on the formative role of the

early experience

What do you think? How important are the first 5 or 6 years in shaping our personality?

Psychoanalytic - Erikson

A student of Freud’s Followed Freud’s stage theory Development = Inner instincts X

Cultural/social demands Throughout the lifespan Development occurs as individuals

resolve 8 crises

Psychoanalytic- Erikson

8 crisis: Trust V. Mistrust Autonomy v. shame and doubt Initiative v. guilt Industry v. inferiority Identity v. role confusion Intimacy v. isolation Generation v. stagnation Integrity v. despair


Behaviorism Observable behavior Conditioning

The Elements of Classical Conditioning

Unconditioned stimulus (US) and unconditioned response (UR) Naturally occurring stimulus (US) evokes a

naturally occurring response (UR) Neutral stimulus (NS) Pairing neutral and unconditioned stimuli

NS and US presented together NS becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS)

that produces a conditioned response (CR)


Operant conditioning - B.F. Skinner (1904–1990)

Desired outcomes = more likely to repeat

Undesired outcomes = less likely to repeat

Positive and Negative Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement Behavior leads to addition of something

pleasant Negative reinforcement

Behavior is rewarded by the removal of something unpleasant

Negative reinforcement is not punishment “Negative” means removing something Remember that reinforcement increases

behavior

Positive and Negative Punishment

Punishment is an unpleasant consequence that leads to a decrease in behavior

Positive punishment Addition of something unpleasant that

decreases behavior Negative punishment

Removal of something pleasant that decreases behavior

Theories of Human DevelopmentSocial Learning Theory - Albert Bandura

(b. 1925) An extension of behaviorism that

emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior.

Modeling- people learn by observing other people and then copying them.

Self-efficacy- (how effective people think they are when it comes to changing themselves or altering their social context.

Social Learning Theory and Cognition

Four steps to modeling Attention Retention Reproduction of behavior Motivation

Theories of Human DevelopmentCognitive Theory Thoughts and expectations profoundly

affect action. Focuses on changes in how people think

over time. Jean Piaget (1896–1980)


Cognitive TheoriesJean Piaget

Stages of Cognitive Development

1.Sensorimotor Stage 2.Preoperational Stage3.Concrete Operational Stage4.Formal Operational Stage

Theories of Human Development Assimilation, in which new experiences

are interpreted to fit into, or assimilate with, old ideas

Accommodation, in which old ideas are restructured to include, or accommodate, new experiences

Theories of Human DevelopmentSystems Theory

Change in one part of a person, family, or society affects every aspect of development

Ecological systems approach- Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005)

The person should be considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute a life.


Five Components of Bronfenbrenner’s System

microsystems (elements of the person’s immediate surroundings, such as family and peer group)

exosystems (local institutions such as school and church)

macrosystems (the larger social setting, including cultural values, economic policies, and political processes)


chronosystem (literally, “time system”), which affects the other three systems

mesosystem, consisting of the connections among the other systems


Bioecological TheoryUrie Bronfenbrenner

Explains development in terms of relationships between people and their environments

Contexts Macrosystem Exosystem Microsystem Mesosystem Biological Context


Comparing Theories

Documents

THEORIES IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. Theories… what are they good for? Understanding Generalization A basis for decision making Predicting future events