Theories & Models for Public Intervention

HSC 489

Why theory? Why models?

Provides a foundation

Saves time & effort

Furthers the profession

Strengthens future efforts

Remember this? : Theory versus Model

A theory is… Summary of formal

or informal observations presented in a systematic way

Helps to explain, predict, describe, or manage behavior

developed over time

A model is… based on a theory A how to A framework

(guidelines) for intervention

The Parts of A Theory

Concepts – the primary elements of the theory

Constructs – a concept developed or adopted for use in a particular theory

Variables – operational forms of constructs (determine how a construct will be measured)

Some Useful Theories/Models

Stimulus Response Theory Social Cognitive Theory Theory of Reasoned Action Theory of Planned Behavior Health Belief Model Transtheoretical Model (SofC)

Stimulus Response Theory

Based on (classical & instrumental) Conditioning

Learning results from events (reinforcements) Consequences of behavior Reinforcement (Negative and Positive)

or

Punishment (Negative and Positive)

Social Cognitive Theory: Efficacy + Outcome Expectations

Efficacy Expectations: Self-efficacy Believe you can! It’s not self-esteem It’s task-specific Developed through

shaping

Outcome Expectations: Believe it will make a

difference! Reciprocal

determinism: person, behavior, environment

Locus of control: internal vs. external

Individuals become more self-efficacious in 4 ways:

Thru performance accomplishments Thru vicarious experience A result of verbal persuasion Thru emotional arousal arousal

Three More Theories/Models: In A Nutshell...

Theory of Planned Behavior•attitude toward beh.•subjective norm•Intention•perceived behavioral control

= behavior

Theory of Reasoned ActionShort Version of TPB

Health Belief Model

Perceived threat =perceived susceptibility + perceived severity

Perceived barriers

Transtheoretical Model

Stages of Change Theory• Precontemplation• Contemplation• Preparation• Action• Maintenance

Decisional Balance

Self-Efficacy

Processes of Change

What was that?! Stimulus Response T.

Social Cognitive T.

T. of Reasoned Action

T. of Planned Behavior

Health Belief M.

Transtheoretical M.

Use micro & macro

Avoid scare tactics

Avoid mandates

Foster ownership

Build incentives, attach to rewards

Shape behaviors

Use social support

Intervention Ideas

Resources

Theory at a Glance: A Guide for Health Promotion Practice (NIH pub)

http://cancer.gov/cancerinformation/theory-at-a-glance