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Thermodynamics
Carnot Joule
Lord Kelvin Clausius
Josiah Willard Gibbs
Gases
Liquids
Solids
Systems to Be Considered Currently
Phase Equilibria
Chemical Equilibria
Electrochemical Systems
Colligative Properties
Systems to be Considered
Must Be in an Equilibrium State
No Flow or Turbulence
No Thermal Gradients
Independent of History
Droplets - Surface AreaBands - Length
Pizoelectrics - Electric Fields
Atmosphere - Gravitational Fields
Superconductors - Magnetic Fields
Systems that Could be Considered, but …..
Simple System
Macroscopically homogeneous, isotropic, uncharged, and chemically inert, that [is] sufficiently large that surface effects can be neglected, and that are not acted upon byelectric, magnetic or gravitational fields.
Herbert B. Callen
State Variable - Pressure
Barometer
Manometer
Evangelista Torricelli
State Variable - Volume
State Variable - Amount
Standard Kilogram
State Variable - TemperatureDaniel Gabriel Fahrenheit Three Fixed Points
• Brine Solution 0oF• Ice-Point 32oF• Body Temp 96oF
Anders Celsius Two Fixed Points• Ice Point 100oC• Boiling Point 0oC
Why a Limited Number of Variables?
Equations of StateIt is customarily assumed that an Equation of State can alwaysbe written in a form involving only intensive quantities …
Arthur W. Adamson
The state of a substance in thermal equilibrium can be fixed byspecifying any two of the three variables, pressure, molar volume and temperature.
g(P, Vm, T) = 0
Walter J. Moore
Such relationships, expressing intensive parameters in termsof the independent extensive parameters, are called equations of state.
Knowledge of a single equation of state does not constitute completeKnowledge of the thermodynamic properties of a system. We shallSee, subsequently, that knowledge of all the equations of state of a systemIs [now] thermodynamically complete.
Herbert B. Callen