CHAPTER 1THE PROBLEMIntroductionIn this generation, a lot of
poor people believe that life happenstothembyfateandtheyalways
giveexcusesandblameonthecircumstances and focus on obstacles. Among
of the poor people arejust dreaming about their dreams and just
think about how good it isgoing to be if they are rich, but they
will never do anything about theirdreams. And most of them
associate with the same people with thesame level in the society.
Poverty is every body`s problem. In every success received bya part
of the society, the other part of course experience poverty.
hemeaning of it must be thought to the concerned for them to
provideand contribute a solution to the uneven part of survival. In
the worldtoday, it is a blessing if one does not often bothered by
the problemlike this. he people who suffer poverty are mostly the
unemployedpeople, the elderly, the uneducated and the working poor.
hey mayexperience lack of income, work, goods and help from
thegovernment. !ome of them may have jobs but still the earnings is
notenough to sustain the needs for the whole family to a certain
period oftime. Poverty also causes malnutrition in some parts of
the country" italso affects the development of the future of our
country. hey cannotthink of ways on how to improve their lives and
country when theyhave to think of where they can get their daily
needs.he #Ps programis currently being implemented by the$epartment
of !ocial %elfare and $evelopment &$!%$'. It is aconditional
cash transfer program known as PantawidPamilyang PilipinoProgram
Ps' that had started in ())* inspired by the successes
ofsimilarprograms in +atin American countries such as ,olsa -amilia
in,ra.il, -amilias en Accion in/olombia and 0P0123I$A$4! in
5exico&$efensor, ()6)'. 5exico 0P0123I$A$4!,apart from
education
andhealthcashgrantsareaccompaniedbycashtransfersforfoodandfarewithclearlywhilein,ra.il,
,olsa-amiliaisapart of alargereconomic and socialprotection !cheme
compose of 7complementaryaction and services to poor families.
Among the significantcomplementary activities are employment
creation, provisionof income8generating activities,and impairment
of housing conditions&,riones, ()6)'. he #Ps is more than a
welfare program"it addressesthe structural ine9uities in society
and promotes human capitaldevelopment of the poor, thus, breaking
the intergenerational cycle ofpoverty. he conditions attached to
the grantsre9uire parents toundergo trainings on responsible
parenthood, have their childrenundergohealth checkups and ensure
school attendance &$efensor,()6)'.0ne of the conditions under
the said program before the beneficiaries will receive their // is
the -amily $evelopment !ession &-$!'. It aims to widen the
knowledge and boost the skills of parents and help them to
understand and meet the health and education conditions of the
program. he -$! is being done by the #P:s workers through
homevisits, the use of modules on modular sessions guide for
parents, family drug prevention program, parent effectiveness
service and empowerment and reaffirmation of paternal abilities. he
role of the parents in helping their children attain their health
and educational growth is very important, the mothers or the heads
of households are re9uired to attend the -$! at least once a month.
he term Information, 4ducation and /ommunication &I4/'
!trategies pertains to a comprehensive programming intervention
which is an important part of a development program of a country,
which aims to achieve behaviour;attitude changes in selected
audiences. Informationpertains to the generation and dissemination
of general and technical information, facts and issues in order to
create awareness among policy makers and the general public about
significant developments inthe situation and policies of a country.
4ducation is the process of facilitating learning in order for the
audience to be able to make rational and informed decisions, and be
able to influence their behaviour in the long run. /ommunication is
a planned process which is aimed at motivating people to adapt new
attitudes or behaviour or to make use of availableservices. It is
based on people:s concerns, needs, beliefs and practices.An I4/
intervention should involve the active participation of its target
audience and implement channels, methods, and techni9ues that are
known to their perspective. 0ne way of evaluating the success of
the said program and the I4/ !trategy applied during the -$! is by
assessing whether there has been a change in behaviour among its
beneficiaries before and after they became part of the program.
/ommunication plays a vital role in promoting behaviour change and
development. $evelopment efforts like the Pantawid Pamilyang
PilipinoProgram P:s' should be grounded on the confidence that the
people has the capability to see what needs to be done and what
they can do to be able to participate actively in their respective
communities. InthePhilippinegovernment:sversionof theconditional
cashtransfer in the provision in cash grants for education and
healthactivities, poor families need to comply with a set of
/onditionality:ssuch as ensuring school attendance of children,
regular visit to healthcenters for immuni.ation preventivehealth
checkups andmaternalcare and the programlasts for < years
household8beneficiaries&,riones, ()6('. hese programs are an
important relief inmeasure because many poor -ilipinos are
desperate to survive thesetrying times and it seems that #Ps is
like a magic bullet for povertyreduction. It was designed to
address issues on maternal mortality andchild mortality, and as
well as keep children in school for five years butthese vulnerable
groups like senior citi.ens, chronically sick anddisabilities
people. !ome of the beneficiaries are not contented in
thecashgrantsthat theyreceivedeventhoughitrevealsthat mostofthem
expressed gratitude that with the cash grants, the health
andeducationstatusof their familieswereimproving, thus,
theyneedjobs. hisprogramwassupportedbythelocal government
inthecontribution to the Pantawid Pamilya. hey said that they
willcontinually work to find ways on how they can improve the
programand they will provide tighter mechanisms to get views
andrecommendations on the program.In regard with this situation and
wondering about the problem.%e, as theresearcher conductedthis
studyinorder togiveandexpand our ideas and knowledge in this matter
of the effects of #ps toits beneficiaries in barangay %est =eneral
!antos /ity.Statement of the problem!pecifically, it seeks answers
to the following 9uestions6. %hat is the profile of the
beneficiaries in terms of>6.6 gender6.( age6.? grade6.# otal
number of class attendance(. %hat is the socio8economic status of
the beneficiaries>(.6 main source of livelihood of the
parents(.( monthly income of the parents?. Is there a difference
between the average of the classattendance among pupils who are #Ps
recipient and nonrecipient>#. Is there a difference between the
academic performance ofthe pupils who are recipient of #Ps program
and not recipient ofthe program>Sinificance of the !tud"he
result of this study shall provide benefits to the following@ To
the #P$! Beneficiarie!.he findings of the study shall help them in
being more open8minded on adapting a new behaviour or practice that
is presented to them during the -$!. As it will help them better
improve their relationship not only with their families but also in
their community. To the #P$! %or&er!'he findings stated in this
study shall serve as aguide for them to be able to know the areas
for improvement on their modules. It will also help them determine
another way to motivate thebeneficiaries to participate well during
the -$! and be able to encourage them to apply what they have
learned.To the (S%(.his study may serve as a basis for them to use
or improve the Information, 4ducation, and /ommunication &I4/'
!trategy in their programs which concerns social issues or
responsible parenting. To the )uture Re!earcher!. his study may
give them additional information and may also serve as a basis
shall they conduct a similar or related study on the I4/
!trategy.To the *ational +o,ernment-Local +o,ernment .nit! 'his
studymay give them an idea on how effective their programs are in
helping the poor people. It will make them see that there is a need
to do awaywith welfare8approach and incentive8based programs such
as the #P:s as it does not really provide long8term development for
its beneficiaries.To the (e,elopment Communicator!.his study may
serve as a basis for future development communicators for their
dissemination of information as to how effective are the programs
of the government like the #P:s. It shall also help them in
encouraging the concerned institutions not to advocate and support
welfare8approach programs. To the (e,elopment %or&er!' his
study may serve as a basis for future developments practitioners in
conducting projects or programs like -amily $evelopment !essions.
It can add to their knowledge as to how they could motivate the
people to involve themselves in the process of achieving the
objective of the program. To the IEC Prorammer!. he result of this
study may serve as a tool for them to do profiling of their target
audiences before developinga new development project or program.
hey must take into consideration the cultural identity of the
people who are to benefit from the said program. Scope and
delimitationhisstudyfocusedonheI4/!trategiesof the-amily$evelopment
!essionandthe,ehaviour /hangeof the#P:s,eneficiaries.It looked
initially into the I4/!trategy used in the -amily$evelopment
!essions &-$!'. !econd, is how the beneficiaries:behaviour
andbelief affect thewaytheyperceivethe-$!.hird, is how these I4/
!trategies motivated them to adapt newbehaviours or make use of the
services provided by the #P:s.he respondents of the above mentioned
study are thebeneficiaries of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino
Program P:s' in,arangay %est, =eneral !antos /ity. Chapter IIRe,ie/
of related literature and !tudie!Related
literatureAnextensivebodyof literaturethat evaluated//programsfound
that participation in such brings positive effects on families:
useof education and health services while concurrently reducing
povertyandchildlabor.he%orld,ank, after reviewingseveral
evaluationstudies,was able to concludethat //s have improved the
livesofpoor people. ransfers generally have been well targeted
toward poorhouseholds, raisedconsumptionlevels, and reduced poverty
by asubstantial amount in some countries. hese rigorous
impactevaluations have successfully convinced political leaders in
+atinAmerica, Africa, Asia, and the 5iddle 4ast to invest in //
programsand investigate how they can be made more effective. In a
number ofcountries, thoseimpact studies havealsopersuadedtheir
politicalleadershipthat whenoutcomes areuncertainandbudgets
limited,randomassignment to treatment andcontrol among eligible
poorhouseholds is a more transparent and fairer selection procedure
thanpolitical handpicking.Aowever, the %orld ,ank panel of experts
reviewed the existingevidenceof thereal impactsof
//programsin())Bfoundsomemixedresults. %hiletheprograms
helpedreduceextremepovertyrates, the increase in schoolattendance
did not necessarily result inbetter learning outcomes, nor did
improved utili.ation of public healthservices translate into better
health.he analysis of /haudhury and0kamura &()6(' on // and
school enrollment in the Philippines foundan almost B percent
increase in the enrollment among the youngercohort aged B86(
&as of ()66' who were eligible for grants under theprogram
throughout ())* and ()66.he programwas able to help address the
education gapbetween beneficiary and non8beneficiary households in
a short amountof time. Aowever, no statistically significant impact
was found for theolder cohort of children aged 6?86C &as of
()66', most of whom wereno longer eligible for grants due to the
age limit &6# years' set by theprogram.
heresearcherssuggestedthat additional measures&e.g.,raising the
age limit, increasing the grant amount for older children,parallel
supply8side interventions in the education sector' are re9uiredto
improve educational outcomes for older children. /ontinuing
policydebates concerning design of anti8poverty programs in both
developedand developing countries fre9uently include the 9uestion
of whether ornot transfers should be conditioned on
schoolenrollment or medicalcheckups of children. he conditionality
of transfers raises enforcementproblems &i.e., verifying that
re9uiredconditions are being met',aswell as administrative problems
of coordinating schooling, medical andanti8poverty programs. hese
would be justified only if there were substantial benefits
ofretainingthese conditionalities. Det, thereappears to beno
cleardemonstration of the nature of these benefits, either
theoretically orempirically &5ookherjee and 1ay ())*'.
Amongliteratureonthedeterminantsof participationinanti8poverty
programs, most empirical works analy.es the linearrelationship
between // program participation and household incomeas a
first8stage regression strategy to estimate impactson outcomesusing
the propensity score models of /haudhury and 0kamura
&()6(',,erhman et al.&())
