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Trng i hc Bch Khoa H NiKhoa cng ngh Ha du ti : Tm hiu thit b chng ct du th.Nhm I

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni B mn Cng ngh Hu C- Ha DuNhm I ti : Tm hiu thit b chng ct du thGVHD : TS. o Quc TyNi dungPhn1 Tng quanPhn 2 Cc qu trnh chng ctPhn 3 Cc thit b chng ctPHN I :TNG QUANVai tr thit b chng ct Nguyn liu du th

Sn phm ca qu trnh chng ct Nguyn l

VAI TR THIT B CHNG CTThit b chng ct gi mt vai tr quan trng trong cng nghip ch bin du khHu ht cc qu trnh phn tch hn hp lng ng nht ra thnh cc phn on trong cc qu trnh cng ngh u s dng phng php chng ct.

NGUYN LIU DU TH1.2.1. Tnh cht ho lThnh phnT trngung cong chng ctPhn onHm lng lu hunh

NGUYN LIU DU THThnh phnCc hp cht ny ch yu l s kt hp gia hydro v nguyn t cacbon hnh thnh cc cu t gi l hydrocacbon t dng n gin nh kh metan (CH4) n cc dng phc tp nh C85H60 .NGUYN LIU DU THT trngT trng ca du l khi lng ca du so vi khi lng ca nc cng mt th tch v nhit xc nh.Do vy t trng s c gi tr ng bng khi lng ring khi coi khi lng ring ca nc 4oC bng 1 .Du th cng nh tc c t trng thp, cng mang c tnh du paraphinic, ng thi t l cc phn on nng s t. Ngc li, du cng nng tc t trng cao, du th cng mang c tnh du aromatic hoc naphantenic, cc phn on nng s chim t l cao

NGUYN LIU DU THng cong chng ctng cong chng ct biu th mi quan h gia nhit v phn trm th tch (hoc khi lng) du th bay hi (tch lu).

NGUYN LIU DU THPhn onMt nhm cc hp cht phc v cho mt mc ch s dng no c gi l mt phn on (hay cn gi l khong ct).

NGUYN LIU DU THHm lng lu hunhHm lng lu hunh trong du th rt khc nhau gia cc loi du. Hm lng lu hunh trong du th ln lm gim gi tr ca du do phi u t cho qu trnh ch bin nhiu hn (ch yu l cc phn xng x l) v vn bo v mi trng gp phi nhiu kh khn khi m bo hm lng cc hp cht lu hunh c hi trong kh thiNGUYN LIU DU THThnh phn ho hc v phn loi du m Thnh phn HydrocacbonThnh phn phi hydrocacbon

Thnh phn Hidrocacbon:Nhm ParafinsNhm Naphthenes (Cycloparafins)

Aromactics:

Thnh phn phi hydrocacbonCc hp cht lu hunh

Cc cht cha ni-t

Thnh phn phi hydrocacbonCc cht cha -xy

Cc dng hp cht khc nh : nc,kim loi nng ()

Sn phm ca qu trnh chng ct du thPhn on kh Phn on xngPhn on kerosenePhn on dieselPhn on cn gudron

NGUYN L

1.4.1. Cc khi nim im ct L cc nhit m ti cc sn phm chng ct c phn chia ra thnh cc phn on khc nhau Trn thc t hiu qu qu trnh phn tch khng phi lc no cng t ng theo l thuyt, v vy m im si cui ca phn on nh hn v im si u ca phn on nng k tip c th khng trng nhau.Mt s khi nimKhong chng ln gia hai phn on phn nh hiu qu ca qu trnh chng ct:

Mt s khi nimXc nh im ctXc nh im ct ca cc phn on l vic lm ht sc quan trng ca nh thit k. im ct c nh hng ln ti hiu sut thu hi v cht lng ca cc phn on. Ty theo tnh cht ca du, mc ch ca nh my (cc sn phm cn sn xut, cc loi sn phm cn u tin, cht lng sn phm yu cu) m xc nh im ct cc phn on chng ct cho ph hp Nguyn l qu trnh chng ct du

Nguyn l phn tch cc cu t c nhit si khc nhau

Mt s nguyn tc c bn trong chng ct du m:- p sut nh hng ti nhit si ca cc cu t, p sut cng cao nhit si ca cc cu t cng cao.- Trong cng iu kin cng ngh nh nhau, nu p sut thp tng ln th cc sn phm ca qu trnh chng ct s nh hn.- Nu nhit nguyn liu vo qu thp th lng cu t bay hi a tip liu s thp v phn khng bay hi s chy xung phn chng ca thp.- Nu nhit y thp qu thp, sn phm y s nh v nhiu hn.

Mt s nguyn tc c bn trong chng ct du m

Nu nhit nh thp qu cao th sn phm nh s cng nng hn v do vy lng sn phm cng nhiu Hi do h thng gia nhit y ng vai tr quan trng trong vic sc cc cu t nh cha trong pha lng cc a bay hi. Gim nhit gia nhit y s lm gim lng hi trong thp v gim nhit ca thp.Tng lng hi lu s lm tng lng cht lng trong cc a. Kt qu l nhit nh thp s gim i, sn phm nh s nh hn. Tuy nhin, nh hng ca dng hi lu chm hn.

Phn 2. Cc qu trnh chng ct in hnh

Chng ct kh quyn

Chng ct chn khngCc qu trnh chng ct khcChng ct kh quyn

Chng l phng php tch hn hp cht lng (cng nh cc hn hp kh ho lng) thnh nhng cu t ring bit, da trn bay hi khc nhau ca cc cu t trong hn hp Mc ch ca phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn l phn tch du th thnh cc phn on theo cc ng dng tng ng :Kh ho lng (LPG), phn on naphtha (mt s phn xng chng ct du th c thit k tch phn on ny thnh hai phn on ring naphtha nng v naphtha nh), phn on kerosene, phn on diesel nh (LGO), phn on diesel nng (HGO) v cn chng ct (residue)Chng ct kh quyn

Mt s s chng ctChng ct du th p sut kh quyn vi mt thp chng ct chnh.S Chng ct AD vi bay hi hai ln

Chng ct du th p sut kh quyn vi mt thp chng ct chnh Vi du m cha lng kh ho tan thp (0,5 1,2%), tr lng xng thp (12 15% phn on c nhit si nh hn 1800C) v hiu sut cc phn on cho ti 3500C khng ln hn 45% th thun tin nht v cng ph hp hn c .u im : gim nhit bc hi, nhit t nng du trong l, p dng trong diu kin thc t chng ct du. Thit b loi ny c cu tao n gin, gn, t tn km.Nhc im : i vi loi du cha nhiu phn on nh, nhiu tp cht lu hunh, nc th gp nhiu kh khn khi p dng loi hnh chng ct ny, p sut trong thit b ln, v vy cn phi c bn ln, tn nhin liu, t tin, cu to thit b phc tp trnh gy n do p sut cao.

S Chng ct AD vi bay hi hai ln

Vi du m cha nhiu phn nh, tim lng sn phm trng cao (50 65%), cha nhiu khi ho tan (>1,2%), cha nhiu phn on xng (20 30%) th nn chn s chng ct AD vi bay hi hai ln.u im : gim c p sut trong thp th hai n p sut 0,l4 0,16 MPa v nhn c t du th lng sn phm trng nhiu hn. Mt khc nhng hp cht gy n mn, nh hp cht lu hunh v hydrocacbon nh loi ra thp th nht nn trong thp th hai khng cn phi thit k bng vt liu t tin c bn cao v khng b n mn c cho php vic un du vi h s trao i nhit ln, gim bt ng k cng sut cn thitNhc im: Phi un nng du trong l vi nhit cao hn t 5 100C so vi s khc

Thp chng ct chnh

Thp chng ct chnh l thit b quan trng nht ca phn xng chng ct du th, c nhim v phn chia du th thnh cc phn on khc nhau theo mc ch s dng. Thp chng ct chnh c th l kiu thp a hoc thp kiu m, tuy nhin s thp dng kiu a chim t l ln hnCu to ca 1 thp chng ct : 40-55 a chng ct , c chia thnh hai phn: on chng v on luynS thp chng ct :

34Chng ct chn khng

Gii thiu chungVi a s cc loi du th cn ny khng th a thng ti phn xng cracking c m cn phi tch bt cc phn on khng ph hp cho qu trnh cracking. tch tip cc phn on ny cn phi c thc hin nhit tng i cao. Khi thc hin chng ct nhit cao s xy ra hin tng cracking nhit to ra cc sn phm khng mong mun. iu ny khng ch lm nh hng ti hot ng ca thit b m cn nh hng ti hiu sut thu hi sn phm chung ca nh my. khc phc vn ny, ngi ta tin hnh chng ct cn du th p sut thp (p sut chn khng), khi nhit si ca cc cu t s gim xung nh cc phn on tch ra d dng nhit thp khng xy ra qu trnh crackingChng ct chn khng

Mc chph thuc vo nhit m cn ph thuc vo thi gian nhit Hn hp trong du th thng khng bn, d b phn hy nhit cao, bn nhit ca cu t khng ch S phn hy s lm xu i tnh cht ca sn phm v nguy him cho qu trnh chng ct v n to ra cc hp cht gy n mn. V vy ta tin hnh chng ct chn khng s m bo cho hiu qu tch su hn phn on du nhn .Chng ct chn khng

c im ca thp chng ct chn khngTrong thp chn khng cn to iu kin ct c nhiu nht v phn hy t nht v vy s dng thit b to chn khng c c p sut chn khng thp nht trong hGim thi gian lu ca mazut trong l nung v gim tr lc nn s dng l nung hai chiu, a hi nc vo ng xon ca l, gim thiu khong cch gia ca nhp liu vo thp v ca ra khi l nung, tng ng knh ng dn nguyn liu, gim thiu cc ch un gc, dng ch S.ng knh ca cc thp ny ln hn nhiu so vi thp ct kh quyn (8 12 m)Chng ct chn khng

Cc sn phm thu dc khi chng ct du th trong chn khngCh bin mazut trong chn khng thu c cc distilat du nhn c nhit si, nht v cc tnh cht khc khc nhau, cn ca qu trnh ny l semigudron hoc gudron cc s chng ct chn khng c chia thnh nhm nhin liu v du nhn.Trong nhm s nhin liu t mazut thu phn on rng c nhit si n 5500oC gi l gasoil chn khng, l nguyn liu cho cracking xc tc hoc hydrocracking.Hin nay trong cc nh my c 2 loi s : chng ct bay hi 1 bc tt c cc phn on v phn tch n trong 1 thp chn khng v chng ct mazut bay hi hai bc v phn tch phn on chng ct trong 2 thp chn khng.

Chng ct chn khngCu to v nguyn l hot ng ca cc thit b chnhThp chng ct chn khng thng s dng l thp dng m gim ti a tn tht p sut.Kch thc, cu to cc vng ca thp l khc nhau m bo hot ng thp bnh thng ng thi tit kim chi ph ch toS nguyn l hot ng v cu to thp chng ct chn khng

40

41Cc thit b to chn khng

Thit b ngng t b mtHn hp hi nc, hydrosunfua v kh phn hy i ra t thp chng trc tin i vo khng gian gia cc ngthit b ngng t b mt dng c nh

Trong s d chng ct chn khng cng sut cao chn khng trong thp chng c to ra bng thit b ngng t b mt v bm phun vi thit b ngng t b mt trung gian. Hn hp hi nc, hydrosunfua v kh phn hy i ra t thp chng trc tin i vo khng gian gia cc ng thit b ngng t b mt dng c nh, kt cu ca chng c trnh by trong hnh42Cc thit b to chn khng

My bm chn khng:1 - V TB, 2 - ng ht3 - ng y, 4 Cnh qut

Khi bnh xe quay nhanh nc (cht lng) vng vo thnh, to thnh vng nc cn bng. Gia cc gu v vng ny di tc dng ca lc tm sai ca bnh xe to thnh cc c th tch khng ng u- di l ln, trn - nh. Khi piston hot ng nc c lp y. na vng quay u ca van cc to ln v cc khe ny kh c ht43Thit b ngng t kh p

Thit b ngng t kh p gm ng 3 c chiu cao 12m, trong cc dng kh v nc chuyn ng gp nhau; hi van thy lc chy vo b cha hoc thi vo knc ngng t v cng vi nc qua ca nh. Van thu lc c to thnh nh sau kh khng ngng t c ht bng my: ui ca ng 3 ngp trong lp nc trong b 4. Khng kh v bm chn khng hoc bm tia ncBm phun tia

Hi hot ng phun ra t vi phun 1 vi tc siu mBung ht 2 din ra s ht kh khng ngng t v cun chng vo ng tht Bung trn 3 trn hon ton hi vi kh. Bung trn 3 kt thc bng hng hnh tr.

H thit b ngng t kh p - bm phun

H bm phun - thit b ngng t kh p

Cc qu trnh chng ct khc.

Ngoi hai qu trnh chng ct du th p sut kh quyn v p sut chn khng, cng nghip ch bin du kh cn s dng thp chng ct phn tch cc phn on nhiu giai on ch bin tip theo nh : qu trnh cracking , qu trnh x l hydro, qu trnh reforming.

PHN 3. HOT NG CA THIT B CHNG CT

THP ATHP M Thp a

Cu to chung Nguyn l

Nguyn l qu trnh chuyn khi trong thp a

Qu trnh chuyn khi trn cc a

Cu to cc chi tit bn trong thp

Cu to cc dng a

Thp a lThp a chpThp a van

a l

a l

u im : Cu to n ginNh hn cc a khcR tinNhc im :Vn xy ra hin tng pha lng chy trc tip qua cc l trn a lm tc nghn dng hi hoc lm gim lu lng hi t di i ln dn n lm gim hiu qu hot ng ca thp, gim hiu sut ca qu trnh.

a chp

a chp

a chp

u im :Khong ng dng rng ri t chng ct du th ti cc phn on khc.C kh nng hot ng n nh vi cc thay i ca lu lng dng lng/hi trong thp.Nhc im :Cu to phc tp nhiu chi tit nng n.Ga thnh cao hn cc a khc

a van

Kt cu tng th ca a van lp t trong thp chng ct :

a van

a van

Van trng thi ng Van trng thi m mt phn

Van trng thi m hon ton

a vanThp hot ng tng i n nh hn ch hin tng lng ko theo dng hi do tc qu ln hoc hin tng sc thp.C kh nng hot ng khong rng ch hot ng ca thpNng lng dng hi i qua van c s dng mt cch c hiu qu ci thin qu trnh tip xc lng-hi.Tr lc cc b do cc van gy ra cho dng chy pha lng trn a khng qu ln, hiu qu lm vic ca cc vng trong a ng uKiu a ny c kt cu vng chc, nh v khng t.Thit k v vn hnh loi a ny n gin

a van

Dng a c bit (Ballast v Flexi)

a vanC th cho php tng lu lng dng kh v hi trong thp ti 20-30%.Vi kt cu c bit, a chng luyn dng ny cho php thp hot ng rt n nh, thm ch lu lng dng kh/hi thpTn tht p sut l rt nh, do vy, tng tn tht p sut trong thp nh ph hp vi qu trnh chng ct chn khng.C th hot ng thch hp vi cng sut cao hn nhiu so vi a van;C kh nng phn tch cc cu t tt nh to iu kin chuyn khi tt v s hot ng n nh.Hiu qu hot ng cao cng sut thp m bo gim thiu ti a lng sn phm khng t cht lng trong giai on khi ng thp.

a van linh ng cao cho php hot ng trong khong rng cng sut ch bin vi tiu th nng lung mc ti thiu.Hot ng vi hiu sut cao ngay c iu kin 5-10% di gii hn thp bt u xy ra hin tng sc, nh vy m c th tng cng sut hiu dng ca thp, cho php tn dng mt cch hiu qu thp chng ct v cc thit b ph.Hiu sut hot ng cao iu kin cng sut trung bnh cho php ci thin uc cht lng sn phm, gim c t l hi lu v do cho php gim c nng lng, ph tr tiu th hoc gim c s lng a trong thp.Thit k c kh ca cc phn tai, chn mc (b phn nh hng cho b phn chuyn ng ca van) gn nh loi b hon ton hin tng kt ca b phn chuyn ng. Thi gian ngng thp gim ng k do kh nng thu hi cht lng nhanh.

ng chy truyn v cc s kt cu a chng

Mt s cch b tr a chng ct

Cu to v hnh dng mt s loi ng chy truyn

Thp m

Cu to mt s b phnm c kt cum xp hn nm c kt cu

Cu trc hnh hc gm nhiu tm rt mng (thng l tm kim loi) c dp nhn, sp xp theo trt t song song nhau vi kch thc v hnh dng ph hp vi kch thc v hnh dng ca thp chng ct. Cc lp m ny c xp vo trong thp, cc lp k tip nhau c chiu nghing vi nhau 90oC. Cc lp m xp trong thp chim ti 60-70% th tch ca thp, phn khng gian cn li l dnh cho b tr cc chi tit khc nh h thng thu gom v ti phn phi cht lng, h thng phn phi lng, b phn phn tch pha (lng ko theo hi)

m c kt cu

m c kt cu

m c kt cuu im :Ci thin nhiu v tr tip xc gia hai lp trnh hin tng tn tr cht lng b mt tip xcgim c tn tht p sut cc b ca pha hi ti im tip xc nh tng c cng sut ca thpNhc im : Kh gia cng lp ghp, ch to Phm vi ng dng : Qu trnh chng ct chn khng Qa trnh chng p sut thp

m ri (xp hn n)Lp m trong thp c hnh thnh nh xp ngu nhin cc phn t m ri khng theo mt quy lut nht nhm ri c th c ch to t nhiu vt liu khc nhau nh gm s, kim loi v cht do.m lm bng s

m lm bng kim loi

m lm bng cht do

Nhn xt

Cc m truyn thng thng c ch to t gm s, cc loi m th h mi thng c ch to t kim loi v cht do. Cc loi m truyn thng thng dy trong khi cc m th h mi thng mng hn, b mt ring (din tch mt m trn mt n v th tch thp) ln nh gim c kch thc thp tng hiu sut qu trnh chng ct v gim c khi lng thp mt cch ng k. Cc m truyn thng ch to t gm rt nhy cm i vi mi trng c kim v axit HF. Trong khi m kim loi th kh nng thm t b mt m vi mt s cht lng km v kh nng b n mn cao. m ch to bng cht do nh hn d lp t, tn tht p sut trn mt bc chuyn khi l thuyt thp, gi thnh thp, khng lo ngi v hin tng n mn m. Tuy nhin, m cht do li gp vn thm t nh m kim loi v c bit kh nng chu nhit caoB phn phn phi cht lngCc nghin cu ch ra rng: cht lng v hi phn b khng u trong thp m (thm ch c vng b kh) lm nh hng ln n hiu qu lm vic ca thp. S lng a tng ng thc t (bc chuyn khi tng ng) ca thp m s gim t l thun vi hiu qu phn phi lng trong thp.

B phn phn phi cht lngHin tng phn b cht lng khng u trong thp ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: kt cu ca m, kch thc ca thp, hiu qu lm vic ca b phn phi,Trong thp m, mi mt tng m (gm nhiu lp m) u c mt h thng phn phi lng pha trn. Ty thuc vo c im thit k v khong cch cn thit pha hi tch khi lp m m h thng ny c lp t trong khong t 0- 200mm so vi mt trn ca lp m.B phn phn phi cht lngMt h thng phn phi lng tt phi t c cc yu cu sau:-Cht lng phn phi ng nht;-Hot ng c trong khong cng sut thp thch hp;-Lm tn tht p sut pha hi nh;-C kh nng chng li hin tng tc nghn v ng cn;-Thi gian lu cht lng thp;-Phi hp c tnh nng ti phn phi cht lng cho cc m tip theo.

B phn phn phi cht lngThc t cc nh bn quyn ch t ti mt gii hn mang tnh kh thi hn da trn cc tiu ch:Cc u phn phi cht lng c phn b theo mt s ng nht;Cc u phn phi phi m bo hot ng lin tcCc u phn phi phi c t ti mt v tr thch so vi v thp;Hn ch ti a s khc bit lu lng gia cc u phn phi

Mt s dng h thng phn phi ang s dng trong thc t

Mt s dng h thng phn phi ang s dng trong thc t

B phn thu gom cht lng H thng thu gom cht lng dng a H thng thu gom cht lng dng hnh mng H thng thu gom cht lng dng Cheron

H thng thu gom cht lng dng a

H thng thu gom cht lng dng aThng dng thu gom v rt mt phn hay ton b cht lng ra pha ngoi thp.Thch hp nht cho vic thu v cp lng cho mt h thng ti phn phi lng hay mt a pha di. Dng thu gom lng ny c thit k rt linh ng ty thuc vo yu cu ng dng c th. C th p dng cho mi kch thc thp chng ctTh tch cht lng thu gom ln c th lp t mt ng ng chy truyn.

H thng thu gom cht lng dng hnh mng

H thng thu gom cht lng dng hnh mngThng c s dng thu mt phn hay ton b cht lng ra ngoi. Loi thu gom ny c s dng thch hp trong mi trng lm vic m vn gin n nhit l vn gy kh khn cho vic s dng cc dng thu gom cht lng khc. H thng ny thng c p dng cho cc thp c ng knh ln hn 1000mm vi mt s c tnh k thut ch yu: din tch thong (cho hi i) chim khong 25-40%. H thng thu gom cht lng dng Chevron

H thng thu gom cht lng dng ChevronS dng thu gom cht lng v rt ra ngoi hoc ti phn phi li lp m tip theo. Loi ny thng c la chn cho h thng thu gom cht lng gia cc lp m do tn tht pha hi qua h thng thu gom ny thp. Ngoi ra dng thu gom cht lng ny cng c s dng ti v tr tip nguyn liu do nguyn liu a vo thp c th ha ln vi pha lng thu gom vnh khuyn ca h thng thu gom m khng cn mt ng ng dn nguyn liu ring. Kt cu mB phn m phi c kh nng gi c lp m di iu kin hot ng ca thp khng b nh hng bi hnh dng, kch thc ca m, nhit thit k, chiu dy lp m, lng cht lng lu gi, vt liu ch to, n mn cho php, cc ti trng ph khc trn lp m v tnh trng khng n nh ca thp.Phi c t l din tch t do ln cho php khng khng hn ch cc dng chuyn ng ngc chiu ca lng t trn xung, hi t di i ln nhm gim thiu tn tht p sut cc b.

Kt cu m

Np gi mi vi m c kt cu: Np gi m c s dng khi lp m c kh nng b x dch v tr khi gp nhng bin ng bt thng v ch hot ng ca thp. Vi cc thp hot ng vi tn tht p sut thp, t l sc thp thp v khng d xy ra hin tng sung p trong thp th khng cn thit phi lp t np gi m. i vi thp m c kt cu th yu cu v np gi m khng qu kht khe, v vy, trong mt s trng hp, b phn phn phi v m pha trn kim lun vai tr ca np gi cho lp m tip theo..

Np gi mi vi m ri: Np gi m lun c yu cu s dng i vi loi m ri trong iu kin d xy ra hin tng to lp tng si pha trn cng ca lp m do tc dng hi trong thp to ra. i vi dng m ri khi xy ra hin tng bt thng hoc thp b sc th tn tht p sut s tng ln nhanh chng khng th kim sot c, khi hin tng to lp tng si trn nh lp m thng xy ra. Diu kin to lp tng si trn pha nh m l rt kh tnh ton v d on v vy gii php d phng tt nht l lp t mt b phn hn ch hin tng nyCc np gi m ny, ty theo ng dng c th m c th c gn cng vo thn thp hoc di chuyn t do trn b mt m.Loi c kt cu nh hnh 3.2.2.9A c thit k cho cc thp c ng knh ln khng xy ra nhiu cc hin tng sc thp hoc khng mt n v ch cng ngh. Thng thng, kiu m ny c thit k tch hp vi b phn phi, phn m pha di, cn phn phn phi lng c gn pha trn nh tit kim c khng gian v vt liu ch to. Np gi m c kt cu hnh xng c ph hp vi tt c kch thc ca thp, hn ch ti a nh hng ti cc dng lng hi trong thp. Dng np gi ny c thit k i km vi cc loi m c kt cu dng tm mng hoc li kim loi. Cng c th lp t tch hp dng np gi m ny vi h thng phn phi