Thinking

Cognition• Another term for thinking, knowing

and remembering

Maybe by studying the way we think, we can eventually think better.

Does the way we think really matter?

Concepts• A mental grouping

of similar objects, events, ideas or people.

• Concepts are similar to Piaget’s idea of….

In order to think about the world, we form……..

SchemasThese animals all look different, but they fall under our concept of “dogs”.

Prototypes

• A mental image or best example of a category.

We base our concepts on ….

•If a new object is similar to our prototype, we are better able to recognize it.

If this was my prototype of a man; then what are you?

How do we solve problems?

Trial and Error

Algorithms• A methodical, logical

rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

What are the benefits and detriments of algorithms?

Heuristics

• A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently.

•A short cut (that can be prone to errors).

Who would you trust to baby-sit your child?

Your answer is based on your heuristic of their appearances.

Insight

• A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.

• AHA! moment

•No real strategy involved

Obstacles to problem solving

Confirmation Bias• A tendency to

search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.

For example, if you believe that during a full moon there is an increase in admissions to the emergency room where you work, you will take notice of admissions during a full moon, but be inattentive to the moon when admissions occur during other nights of the month.

Match Problem

Can you arrange these six matches into four equilateral triangles?

Match Problem

Fixation• The inability to

see a problem from a new perspective.

Mental Set

•A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially if it has worked in the past.

•May or may not be a good thing.

Functional Fixedness

• The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions.

What are some things I can do with this quarter (other than spend it)?

Types of Heuristics(That often lead to errors)

Representativeness Heuristic

• A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype.

• Can cause us to ignore important information.

Below is Linda. She loves books and hates loud noises. Is Linda a librarian or a beautician?

Chances are, she is a beautician!!!

Availability Heuristic

• Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory.

•If it comes to mind easily (maybe a vivid event) we presume it is common.

Although diseases kill many more people than accidents, it has been shown that people will judge accidents and diseases to be equally fatal. This is because accidents are more dramatic and are often written up in the paper or seen on the news on t.v., and are more available in memory than diseases.

Overconfidence• The tendency to

be more confident than correct.

• To overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments.

Considering “overconfidence” who you want to risk 1 million dollars on an audience poll?

Framing

• The way an issued is posed.

• It can have drastic effects on your decisions and judgments.

How do you think framing will play a part in this years election?

Belief Bias

1. Democrats support free speech

• The tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning.

• Sometimes making invalid conclusions valid or vice versa.

2.Dictators are not Democrats.

Conclusion: Dictators do not support free speech.

Belief Perseverance

•Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

• “the reason people fight on campus”

Language and Thought

Its all about communication!!!

Language

• Our spoken written or gestured words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning.

Believe it or not, this communication is a form of language!!!

Phonemes

• In a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

• Chug has three phonemes, ch, u, g.

How many phonemes does platypus have?

Morphemes

• In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning.

• Can be a word or part of a word (prefix or suffix).

Grammar

• A system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate and understand others.

Semantics

• The set of rules by which we derive meaning in a language.

• Adding ed at the end of words means past tense.

The Chinese languages do not have expansive semantic rules. They usually have totally different symbols for different tenses.

Syntax

• The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.

• In English, adjectives come before nouns, but not in Spanish!!

Is this the White House or the House White?

Language development

• How many words do you think you know now?

Probably around 80,000.

After age 1 you average about 13 words a day.

Language Development

• Babbling Stage: starting at 3-4 months, the infant makes spontaneous sounds. Not limited to the phonemes of the infant’s household language.

•One-word stage: 1-2 years old, uses one word to communicate big meanings.

•Two word stage: at age 2, uses two words to communicate meanings- called telegraphic speech.

Language Development

Holophrase:A single word used to express

complex meaningsEx: “Mama” can mean“Come here, mama.”“There goes mama.”“You are my mama.”

Language DevelopmentAges 2 and 3:• Sentences include missing words.• Combine phrases and clauses into

complex sentences•Overregularization: grammatical

rules (past tense and plurals)• I goed, sitted, seed

Language DevelopmentThird year:Who, what, when, where, how questions

emergeAge 4:Asking questions, take turns talking,

lengthy conversationsAge 6:10, 000 wordsAge 7-9:Words have more than one meaning

•Brain damaged: from abuse or birth?

•Rapidly learning language–then hit a wall.

•Could not determine if language can be learned after puberty because of brain damage.

Genie

•Learned social norms.

•As of a few months ago: still cannot speak.

Andrei

How do we explain language development?

Skinner

• Skinner thought that we can explain language development through social learning theory (which is?). The young boy imitates

his dad, then gets a reward.

ChomskyInborn Universal Grammar

• We acquire language too quickly for it to be learned.

• We have this “learning box” inside our heads that enable us to learn any human language.

Does language influence our thinking?

Whorf’s Linguistic Relativity• The idea that

language determines the way we think (not vice versa).

•The Hopi tribe has no past tense in their language, so Whorf says they rarely think of the past.

Do people that speak more than one language think differently

depending on their language at that time?

Thinking without Language• We can think in words.

• But more often we think in mental pictures.

In 1977, Reggie Jackson hit 3 HR’s against the Dodgers. He has stated that before each at bat, he visualizes crushing a home run. Do you think visualization helps?

Do Animals think?

Kohler’s Chimpanzees• Kohler

exhibited that Chimps can problem solve.

Honeybees seem to communicate

Apes and Signing

Thought(proposition)

Sentence

Clauses

Phrases

Words (morphemes)

Sounds (phonemes)

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