Three Worlds MeetU.S. HistoryC. Corning 2011

What was the first settlement in the territory of the United

States?

Native Americans – crossing Bering Straits over 30,000 years ago

Caparra, Puerto Rico – 1508 (Spanish)

Charlesfort, Parris Island, South Carolina – 1562 (French)

Pensacola– 1559 / St. Augustine* (FL) –1565 (Spanish)

Roanoke – 1586 (English)

Jamestown *- 1607 (British)

Plymouth Colony –1620 (British)

* Permanent settlements

American Indigenous Societies

Textbook pages 8 – 13 (map)

This period of history called “Pre-colonization” – how does that title reflect a European bias?

Movement of people over the Bering Straits about 20,000 years ago

About 5,000 to 10,000 years ago, agriculture revolution in Central Mexico

Mixture of nomadic and agrarian cultures.

Empires of Middle and South America

Mayan Empire – Guatemala and Yucatan Penisula (250 – 900 CE)

Aztec Empire – Valley of Mexico (1200s – early 1500s)

Inca Empire – 2,500 miles down western coast of South America (1200s – early 1500s)

North American Cultures (pg 11)

Southwest Native Groups – agriculture in the arid deserts (Anasazi, later Pueblo and Hopi)

California/Northwest groups/Subarctic

Plains Natives – later pushed from the edges into the middle

East of Mississippi River (from Great Lakes to Gulf of Mexico) – Eastern Woodlands Iroquois, Mixture of agriculture and hunting/gathering societies

Not large empires like those of Central and South America

West African Societies

Why West Africa?

Portuguese start exploration for trading ports in mid 1400s – possibly based on reports by earlier Egyptian/Phoenician sailors/traders

Three West African kingdoms: Songhai (Mail and Ghana), Benin and Kongo (Angola) Map of Africa

Use of slave labor: not born into slavery, nor necessary a lifetime sentence, usually due to wars or debts Slavery could be released due to end of term, adoption

or marriage into the tribe.

Europe

Why tell Europe’s part of the story last?

What does Eurocentric mean? How does it influence our understanding of other cultures? Our history?

Choice of terms: contact, exploration, encounter, exploitation, discovery, conquest

Why Europeans exploring the Americas? Why not the other way around? Review thesis of “Guns, Germs and Steel” Guns Germs and Steel - summary

Why Europe

1. Advances in military technology – around 1400 European leaders started an arms race.

Bigger guns, mounted on ships, siege warfare

2. Expanded use of social technology – bureaucracy, double-entry bookkeeping, mechanical printing.

3. Ideological development: amassing wealth and dominating other people came to be seen as a positive value.

4. The nature of European Christianity – believed in a transportable, proselytizing religion that offered a rationale for conquest.

5. Europe’s recent success in taking over island societies: Malta, Sardinia, Canary Islands – route to wealth.

Early European Contact

Vikings (from Greenland and maybe Iceland) – 1000 – 1350, Labrador, Newfoundland (Canada)

European fishing ships – chasing cod across the Atlantic ocean, used northern east coast to dry fish, gather food, wood and water.

Map of North America

Review: Motives, Process and Legacy

Motives: Military strength/strategic position Land for settlement Missionaries – conversion to Christianity Spreading of European Civilization Belief in European cultural/racial superiority Control over raw materials/precious

metals/potential markets Profit for private business owners/forced labor National rivalry/patriotism

Process

Warfare/weapons of industrialization

Transportation/communication inventions

Divide and conquer (and rule)

Alliance with local powers

Economic reorganization to meet the needs of the “mother” country

Direct rule / indirect rule

Creation of an educated elite to help govern colony

Forced labor

Westernization/assimilation influences

Legacy

Indigenous people lost their land to the colonizers

Colonies often became dependent on a single cash crop

Infrastructure build to support retrieval of raw materials/transportation

Indigenous manufacturing activities within colony end

Improvements in schools, hospitals, sanitation

Cultural changes – language, customs, religion, food, music

Increase in racism - locals begin to believe in European superiority

Migration

Rebellions and resistance

Increased conflict = instable societies

Rise of nationalism in colonies

National borders redrawn without consideration of geographic or ethnic issues

The Christopher Columbus Story

Not really sure where he was born

Also most people, especially sailors and educated people, knew that the world was round!

He was looking for a new route to Asia – Portugal had “blocked” the one around Africa.

April 3, 1492 – Columbus sailed the ocean blue Many myths about the journey, sighting land What we do know is that he landed on October 12, 1492 on an

island he called San Salvador - Native people called Arawaks Map of the Caribbean

God, Gold and Glory

Columbus Day (October) – why do we “celebrate” this day? What is the significance?

Columbus Experiences

Four trips in total – kept logs for each – looking for gold and taking possession all the land he saw (for Spain) Logs Referred to natives as los indios Map of Columbus' Four Voyages

1492 – Hispaniola, also made landfall at Bahamas and “sighted” Cuba Contact between Columbus and Taino (video on blog) First settlement at Navidad on Hispaniola

1493 – he returned to begin building a Spanish colony – soldiers, priests, and hidalgos

1498 – failure – many complaints

1502 – shipwrecked and a ruined man

Building a Spanish Empire Spanish Conquistadors

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) – why only Spain and Portugal?

Aztecs – Hernan Cortes (1519 – 1521) and La Malinche (see video) – pg 37

Incas – Francisco Pizzaro – Conquest of 1532 (3rd attempt) – “Guns, Germs and Steel” video

Southwest Exploration – Map / Interactive Map 1492 - 1700 1528 – Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, landed on Tampa Bay

FL and traveled to Mexico City (1537) 1540 – Francisco de Coronado – Arizona, New Mexico, Texas,

Oklahoma and Kansas 1598 – capital of New Mexico established 25 miles north of

Santa Fe (1610)

Building a Spanish Empire

Florida – fountain of youth?, gold, slaves and land 1513 – Juan Ponce de Leon – Coast of FL 1539 – Hernando De Soto 1565 – Menendez de Aviles, founding of St. Augustine

(to ward off the French at Ft. Caroline, Jacksonville, FL 1564 – haven for French Hugenots)

1763 – British, 1783 - Spanish, 1819 - U.S. (Adams-Onis Treaty – give up claims on Texas)

Initially two Vice-royalties: New Spain (capital in Mexico City) and Peru Later divided into additional viceroyalties

Map Spanish American Colonial Empire

Process/Legacy of Spanish Colonization of Caribbean

Use the textbook pgs 27 – 29, 36 – 41 and the “Conquest and Colonization” packet to look for examples of “process” and “legacy”. Resources on blog: suggested (plus others)

“1491 and 1493 – How Columbus Shaped a World to Be”

Columbus’ Log “Columbus and the Taino” video

Reaction to the Spanish “process” de las Casas, Native resistance

Why "America"? Why not “Columbia”?

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals and diseases between the Western Hemisphere and the Eastern Hemisphere.

Textbook map – pg 29 / Columbian Exchange Map

Food quiz How many came from the “New World”?