CHNG 1 : TIU CHUN V TRNH BY BN V K THUTM C CH - YU CU Sau khi hc xong phn ny, sinh vin c kh nng : * Bit cc tiu chun nh kh giy, khung tn, kiu ch , t l, ng nt thit lp bn v k thut ng tiu chun. * Ghi kch thc trn bn v k thut ng quy nh. * Vn dng mt s k hiu quy c biu din ng v nhanh cc vt th. NI DUNG (2 tit ) 1.1. Khi nim v tiu chun 1.2. Kh giy v- Dung c v 1.2.1. Kh giy v 1.2.2. Dng c v 1.3. T l 1.3.1. nh ngha 1.3.2. Cc t l 1.3.3. K hiu 1.4. Nt v 1.4.1. Cc loi nt v 1.4.2. Kch thc nt v 1.4.3. V cc nt 1.5. Ch vit 1.5.1. Kch thc 1.5.2. Cc kiu ch vit 1.5.3. Ch ci Latinh 1.6. Ghi kch thc 1.6.1. Quy nh chung 1.6.2. Cc thnh phn ca kch thc

5

CHNG1 : TIU CHUN V TRNH BY BN V K THUT1.1.KHI NIM V TIU CHUN Bn v k thut l mt phng tin thng tin k thut dng trong mi lnh vc k thut, l cng c ch yu ca ngi cn b k thut din t thit k v ng thi cng l ti liu k thut c bn dng ch o sn xut v gia cng. Bn v k thut c thnh lp theo cc quy tc thng nht ca Tiu chun Vit Nam hoc Tiu chun Quc t. Cc tiu chun Vit Nam l nhng vn bn k thut do U ban Khoa hc k thut Nh nc trc y, nay l B Khoa hc v Cng ngh ban hnh. Tng cc Tiu chun, o lng v Cht lng l c quan Nh nc trc tip ch o cng tc tiu chun ha nc ta, l t chc quc gia v tiu chun ha. Nm 1977 nc ta l thnh vin ca T chc Tiu chun ha Quc t ISO (International Organization for Standadization). Mc ch ca ISO l pht trin cng tc tiu chun ha trn phm vi ton th gii, nhm n gin ha v vic trao i hng ha, m rng quan h hp tc gia cc quc gia trong lnh vc khoa hc, k thut v cng ngh. Hin nay ISO ban hnh hn 500.000 tiu chun, trong c hng trm tiu chun v bn v k thut. Vic p dng cc tiu chun nhm mc ch thc y tin b k thut, nng cao nng sut lao ng, ci tin cht lng sn phm...Ngoi ra, vic p dng cc tiu chun cn lm thay i l li lm vic cho ph hp vi nn sn xut ln cng nghip ha, hin i ha. 1.2. KH GIY V. DNG C V 1.2.1. Kh giy v : TCVN 7285 : 2003 tng ng ISO 5457 : 1999. Tiu chun ny quy nh kh giy v cch trnh by t giy v. 1.2.1.1. Kh giy dy ISO-A Kh giy c xc nh bng cc kch thc mp ngoi ca bn v (Hnh 1.1) Kh giy bao gm cc kh chnh v cc kh ph. - Kh chnh gm c kh c kch thc l 1189x841 vi din tch bng 1m 2 v cc kh giy khc c chia ra t kh giy ny (Hnh 1.2). - Cc kh giy tiu chun u ng dng nhau vi t s ng dng l 2 = 1,41 (kch thc cnh di chia cho kch thc cnh ngn).22 841 11 11 297 Hnh 1-1 594 1189 Hnh 1-2 12 24

Khung te n Me ngoa p i

6

420 210

K hiu v kch thc cc kh giy chnh (kh giy dy ISO-A) nh sau ( Bng 1.1): Bng 1.1. Kh giy dy ISO-A K hiu kh giy Kch thc cc cnh kh giy tnh bng mm Tn gi tng ng 1.2.1.2. Kh giy ko di Ngoi cc kh giy chnh ra, cho php dng cc kh ph. Cc kh ph l cc kh giy ko di c to thnh bng cch ko di mt cnh ngn ca kh giy ca dy ISO-A n mt di bng bi s cnh ngn ca kh giy c bn chn ( Bng 8.2), kh ph c dng trong trng hp khi cn thit, tuy nhin khng khuyn khch dng cc kh giy ko di. Bng1.2. Kh giy ph K hiu kh giy A3 x 3 A3 x 4 Kch thc cc cnh kh giy 420x891 420 x1189 tnh bng mm 1.2.1.3. Cc phn t trnh by Mi bn v phi c khung v, khung tn ring. Ni dung v kch thc ca khung v v khung tn ca bn v c quy nh nh sau : a) Khung bn v Khung bn v c v bng nt lin m, k cch cc mp kh giy 5mm (hnh 1.3a), khi cn ng thnh tp, cnh tri ca khung bn v c k cch mp tri ca kh giy mt khong bng 25mm (hnh 1.3b).Kho y gia 5 5 5

44 1189x841 A0

24 594x841 A1

22 594x420 A2

12 297x420 A3

11 297x210 A4

A4 x 3 297x630

A4 x 4 297x841

A5 x 3 210x444

A5 x 4 210x592

Khung te n

Khung ba ve n

5

a) b) Hnh 1.37

b) Khung tn ( Hnh 1.4): Khung tn phi b tr ngay gc phi pha di bn v (Khung tn ca mi bn v phi t sao cho cc ch ghi trong khung tn c u hng ln trn hay hng sang tri i vi bn v ). Kch thc v ni dung ca khung tn c quy nh nh sau:

Hnh 1.4 1 : u bi tp hay tn gi chi tit 2: Vt liu ca chi tit 3 : T l 4 : K hiu bn v 5 : H v tn ngi v 6 : Ngy v 7 : Ch k ca ngi kim tra 8 : Ngy kim tra 9 : Tn trng, khoa, lp 1.2.2. Dng c v 1.2.2.1. Vn v ( Hnh 1.5 ) Vn v thng lm bng g mm, phng, nhn. Mp tri ca vn v dng trt thc T nn c bo tht nhn. Khi v phi gi gn vn v sch s, khng xy xc.

Hnh 1.6 Hnh 1.5 1.2.2.2.Thc ch T Thc ch T gm c thn ngang v u thc, ch yu dng v cc ng nm ngang( Hnh 1.6 ).

8

Khi v cn gi u thc p st mp tri vn v trt thc dc theo mp tri vn v n v tr nht nh (hnh 1.7). Tay cm bt di chuyn dc theo mp trn thn ngang v ng nm ngang. Cn gi gn thc khng b cong vnh. 1.2.2.3. ke

Hnh 1.7

ke lm bng cht do hoc g mng, thng gm b hai chic: mt chic hnh tam gic vung cn (c gc 450), chic kia hnh na tam gic u (c gc 300 v 600) (hnh 1.8). ke phi hp vi thc ch T vch cc ng thng ng, cc ng xin 0 45 , 300, 600 (hnh 1.9).

Hnh 1.8

Hnh 1.9 1.2.2.4. Compa v: Compa v dng v cc ng trn, b phn compa c th c thm mt s ph kin nh: u cm inh, u cm bt (ch hoc mc), cn niKhi v cn gi cho u kim v u bt vung gc vi mt giy v. 1.2.2.5. Compa o: Compa o dng ly di on thng. iu chnh hai u kim ca compa o n hai im mt ca on thng cn ly. Sau a compa n v tr cn v bng cch n hai u kim xung mt giy. 1.2.2.6. Thc cong (Hnh 1.10 )

9

Thc cong dng v cc ng cong c bn knh cong thay i. Khi v, trc ht phi xc nh c mt s im thuc ng cong ni chng li bng tay. Sau t thc cong c on cong trng vi ng cong v bng tay v tng on mt sao cho ng cong v ra chnh xc. Hnh 1.10 1.2.2.7. Bt ch Bt ch en dng v c nhiu loi, bt ch cng k hiu bng ch H, nt ch mm k hiu bng ch B. Chng c xp theo cng gim dn sang mm tng dn t tri sang phi ( Hnh 1.11)

3H

2H

H

F

HB

B

2B

3B

Hnh 1.11 Thng dng loi bt ch H, 2H k nt mnh v HB,B k cc nt m hoc vit ch. Bt ch c vt nhn hay vt theo hnh li c. Li ch t trong v g hoc v cng nh bt ch my v bt ch kim. 1.3. T L - T l bn v l t s gia kch thc o c trn hnh biu din vi kch thc tng ng o trn vt th. C 3 loi t l: T l thu nh, t l nguyn hnh, t l phng to. Bng 1.3 T l thu nh 1:2 ; 1:2,5 ; 1:4 ; 1:5 ; 1:10 ; 1:15 ; 1:20 ; 1:25 ; 1:40 ; 1:50 ; 1:75 ; 1:100 ; 1:200; 1: 400; 1:500 ; 1:800; 1: 1000

T l nguyn hnh 1:1 T l phng to 2:1 ; 2,5:1 ; 4:1 ; 5:1 ; 10:1 ; 20:1 ; 40:1 ; 50:1 ; 100:1 Khi cn biu din cng trnh ln, cho php dng t l 1:2000 1:50000 - Tr s kch thc trn hnh biu din ch gi tr thc ca kch thc vt th, n khng ph thuc vo t l ca hnh biu din ( Hnh 1.12) .

14 20 20 14 20 14 26 (a) 9 26 (b) 26 (c) c) T l phng

Hnh1.12

a) T l thu nh

b) T l nguyn hnh

9

to

10

9

- K hiu t l c ghi dnh ring trong khung tn ca bn v v vit theo kiu:1:1; 1:2; 2:1; v.v.Ngoi ra, trong mi trng hp khc phi ghi theo kiu : TL 1:1; TL 1:2; TL 2:1; V.V 1.4. NT V TCVN 8-20 : 2002 (ISO 128-20 :1996) Bn v k thut Nguyn tc chung v biu din . Phn 20 : Quy c c bn v nt v, thit lp cc loi nt v, tn gi, hnh dng ca chng v cc quy tc v nt v trn bn v k thut. TCVN 8-24 : 2002 (ISO 128-24 : 1999) Bn v k thut Nguyn tc chung v biu din . Phn 24 : Nt v trn bn v c kh quy nh quy tc chung v quy c c bn ca cc loi nt v trn bn v c kh ( bng 1.4). 1.4.1. Cc loi nt v Mt s loi nt v v p dngca chng c trnh by trong bng 1.4 v hnh 1.13. Bng 1.4 Tn gi Hnh dng Cng dng 1. Nt lin m (nt - Cnh thy, ng bao c bn) thy (A1) - ng nh ren thy (A2) 2.Nt lin mnh - Giao tuyn tng tng (B1) - ng kch thc (B2) - ng ging (B3) - ng dn v ng ch dn. - ng gch gch mt ct (B4) - ng bao mt ct chp (B5) - ng tm ngn - ng chn ren thy (B6) 3. Nt t m Khu vc cho php cn x l b mt. 4. Nt t mnh - Cnh khut (D) - ng bao khut (F1) 5. Nt ln sng ng biu din gii hn ca hnh chiu hoc hnh ct (C1). 6. Nt gch chm - ng tm (G1) mnh - ng trc i xng (G2) - Vng trn chia ca bnh rng. - Vng trn i qua tm cc l phn b u 7. Nt gch chm - Khu vc cn x l b mt11

m 8. Nt ct 9. Nt gch di hai chm mnh

10. Nt dch dc

- ng biu din v tr vt ca mt phng ct. - ng bao ca chi tit lin k - V tr ti hn ca chi tit chuyn ng (K2). - ng trng tm - ng bao ban u trc khi to hnh - Cc chi tit t trc mt phng ct ng biu din gii hn ca hnh chiu hoc hnh ct

Hnh 1.13 1.4.2. Kch thc nt v 1.4.2.1. Chiu rng nt v - Chiu rng d ca tt c cc loi nt v ph thuc vo loi nt v v kch thc ca bn v. Dy chiu rng nt v ly t l 1 : 2 (1 : 1,4) lm c s : - Dy chiu rng nt v nh sau : 0,13; 0,18; 0,25; 0,35; 0,5; 0,7; 1; 1,4 v 2mm

12

- Chiu rng cc nt rt m, m v mnh ly theo t l 4 : 2 : 1. - Trn bn v c kh thng dng hai loi nt mnh v m vi t l gia hai chiu rng nt mnh v m l 1 : 2. u tin nhm nt v 0,25 : 0,5 v 0,35 : 0,7. 1.4.2.2. Chiu di cc phn t ca nt v12d

Khi lp bn v bng tay, chiu di cc phn t ca nt v thng ly theo chiu rng (d) ca nt nh sau (Hnh 1.14) - Cc chm 0,5d - Cc khe h 3d - Cc gch 12d - Cc gch di 24d

3d 12d 24d 12d 10d 3d 6d 6d

Hnh 1.14 1.4.3. V cc nt

24d Ca pha t a neve c n cu t

- Khong cch nh nht gia hai ng song song phi ln hn hai ln chiu rng ca cc nt lin m v khng c nh hn 0,7mm. - Khi c nhiu nt v trng nhau th phi v theo th t u tin nh sau : 1) Nt lin m (ng bao thy,...) 2) Nt t (ng bao khut,...) 3) Nt gch di chm mnh (ng tm, ng trc,...) 4) Nt gch di hai chm mnh (ng trng tm) 5) Nt lin mnh (ng kch thc, ...) - Trong mi trng hp, tm ng trn c xc nh bng giao im ca hai on gch thuc nt gch chm mnh ca hai ng tm ( hnh1.15). - Nt t nm trn ng ko di ca nt lin th ch ni tip h, cc trng hp khc, cc ng nt ct nhau cn v chm vo nhau ( hnh 1.16 ). - Cc nt gch chm mnh hoc nt gch hai chm mnh phi bt u v kt thc bng on gch lin mnh v vt qua ng bao mt on 3 5 mm (hnh 1.16).

Hnh 1.15

Hnh1.16

13

- i vi ng trn nh cho php v ng tm bng nt lin mnh (hnh 1.15). - ng dn t mt phn t no c v bng nt lin mnh v tn cng bng mt du chm en nu im u ca ng dn nm bn trong ng bao ca vt th (hnh 1.17); bng mt mi tn nu im u ca ng dn nm trn ng bao ca vt th (hnh 1.18) ; khng c du g c nu im u ca ng dn nm v tr ca ng kch thc (hnh 1.19).

Hnh 1.18

Hnh 1.17 Hnh1.19 1.5. CH VIT Theo TCVN 7284-0 : 2003 (ISO 3098-0 : 1997 Ti liu k thut ca sn phm - Ch vit Phn 0 : yu cu chung, quy nh cc yu cu chung i vi ch vit gm ch, s dng trn cc bn v v ti liu k thut nh sau : 1.5.1. Kch thc - Kh ch: (h) l gi tr c xc nh bng chiu cao ca ch hoa tnh bng mm, c cc kh ch sau : 2,5; 3,5; 5; 7; 10; 14; 20; 28;40 (mm) Chiu rng ca nt ch (d) ph thuc vo kiu ch v chiu cao ca ch. - Cc thng s ca ch :xem qui nh trong (hnh 8.20) v ( bng 8.5 )

Hnh 1.20

14

Thng s ch vit Chiu cao ch hoa Chiu cao ch thng Khong cch gia cc ch Bc nh nht ca cc dng Khong cch gia cc t Chiu rng nt ch Vng ghi du (cho ch hoa)

K hiu h c a b e d f

Bng 1.5 Kch thc tng i Kiu A Kiu B (14/14)h (10/10)h (10/14)h (7/10)h (2/14)h (2/10)h (22/14)h (17/10)h (6/14)h (6/10)h (1/14)h (1/10)h (5/14)h (4/10)h

1.5.2. Cc kiu ch vit C cc kiu ch sau: - Kiu A ng v kiu A nghing 750 vi d=1/14h - Kiu B ng v kiu B nghing 750 vi d=1/10h - u tin s dng kiu ch B ng 1.5.3. Ch ci Latinh - Cch vit ch ng theo kiu A ( H.1.21) v kiu B ( Hnh 1.22)4/ 1 4h

H

HHnh 1.2215

1 1 4/ 4h

22/ 1 4h

4/ 1 0h 3/ 1 0h 1 1 0/ 0h 1 1 7/ 0h

Hnh 1.21

- Kiu ch B ng ( hnh 1.23) v kiu ch B nghing (hnh 1.24)

4/ 1 4h

ABC EFG IJKLM D H N O RSTU XYZ PQ VW abcdefghijklm nop qrstuvw xyzHnh 1.23

ABC EFG IJ KLM D H N O RSTUVW PQ XYZ abcdefghijklm nop qrstuvw xyzHn h 1.24. Kiu ch B nghing16

- Ch s: Kiu ch B nghing v khng nghing

1 234567890 1 234567890 I III IV VI VIII IX I III IV VI VIII IXHnh 1.25 1.6. GHI KCH THC 1.6.1. Quy nh chung - Cc kch thc ghi trn bn v ch ln tht ca vt th c biu din. C s xc nh ln v v tr tng i gia cc phn t c biu din l cc kch thc, cc kch thc khng ph thuc vo t l hnh biu din. - Mi kch thc ch c ghi mt ln trn bn v, tr trng hp cn thit khc. - Dng milimt lm n v o kch thc di v sai lnh gii hn. Trn bn v khng cn ghi n v o. - Trng hp dng n v di khc nh centimt, mt th n v o c ghi ngay sau ch s kch thc hoc trong phn ch thch ca bn v. - Dng , pht, giy lm n v o gc v sai lch gii hn ca n. - Khng ghi kch thc di dng phn s tr cc kch thc di theo h Anh. n v o di theo h Anh l inch. K hiu : 1 inch=1"; 1"=25,4mm. 1.6.2. Cc thnh phn ca kch thc 1.6.2.1. ng kch thc : l on thng c v song song vi on thng cn ghi kch thc (Hnh g kch th n c 82 1.26) Hnh 1.26g kch th n c 15

17 35 Hnh a Hnh b

17

- ng kch thc v bng nt lin mnh, hai u c mi tn. - Khng dng bt k ng no ca hnh v thay th ng kch thc (khng dng ng tm, ng trc hay ng bao). - ng kch thc ca di cung trn l cung trn ng tm (hnh 1.27a), ng kch thc ca gc l cung trn c tm nh gc (hnh 1.27b). a) Hnh 1.27 b)

1.6.2.2. ng ging ( Hnh 1.28): - ng ging c k vung gc vi on c ghi kch thc. ng ging c k bng nt lin mnh v c ko di qu v tr ca ng kch thc mt on ngn (khong t 2 n 5mm). - ng ging v cho gc phi qua hng tm cung.82

15

25 g giog n n

g giog n n 17 35 Hnh a Hnh b

Hnh 1.28 - Khi cn, ng ging c k xin gc (hnh 1.29a). ch c cung ln, ng ging c k t giao im ca hai ng bao ni tip vi cung ln (hnh 1.29b )

a)Hnh 8.18

b) Hnh 1.29

18

- C th dng ng tm, ng trc hay ng bao thay cho ng ging. ( Hnh 1.30)

Hnh 1.30 1.6.2.3. Mi tn - Mi tn c v u mt ng kch thc. ln ca mi tn ly theo chiu rng nt m ca bn v ( Hnh 1.31). - Nu khng ch v th mi tn c v pha ngoi ng kch thc (Hnh 1.32a) v cho php thay mi tn bng mt chm (Hnh 1.32b) hoc mt gch xin (Hnh 1.32c).

Hnh 1.31

Hnh 1.32 1.6.2.4. Ch s kch thc Dng kh ch t 2,5mm tr ln ghi ch s kch thc. Ch s kch thc c t v tr nh sau: - khong gia v pha trn ng kch thc, ring ng kch thc trong vng nghing 300 so vi ng trc th con s kch thc c vit trn gi nm ngang (hnh 1.33).

19

Hnh 1.33 - trnh cc ch s sp theo hng dc, nn t cc ch s sole nhau v hai pha ca ng kch thc (hnh 1.34)7771

9 15 20 25

64

54

Hnh 1.34 Trong trng hp khng ch, ch s c vit trn on ko di ca ng kch thc v thng vit v pha bn phi ca ng ny. (Hnh 1.35).18 156

30

18

18

18

18

186 (H4)

1818

18

Hnh 1.35

Hnh 1.36

+ Hng ch s kch thc di, theo hng nghing ca ng kch thc(Hnh 1.36)(H5)

20

+ Hng ch s kch thc gc c ghi nh hnh ( Hnh 1.37)60 30

60 30 60

60

60

60 30

3060 60

60 (H6)

60

Hnh 1.37 LU : 1.Khng cho php bt k ng nt no ca bn v k chng ln con s kch thc, trong trng hp cc ng nt c v ngt on. (Hnh 1.38a) 2.Nu ng kch thc thng ng, u con s kch thc hng sang tri (H 8.38b) 3. i vi ng kch thc nghing so vi ng thng nm ngang ca bn v, con s kch thc c ghi sao cho: nu ta quay ng kch thc v con s kch thc mt gc nh hn 900 n v tr ng kch thc nm ngang th u con s kch thc hng ln trn. (Hnh 8.38c)

b) c) Hnh 8.38 MT S K HIU QUI C: 1. ng knh: Trong mi trng hp, trc con s kch thc ca ng knh ghi k hiu (hnh 8.39). 2. Bn knh: Trong mi trng hp, trc con s kch thc ca bn knh ghi k hiu R (Ch hoa), ng kch thc k qua tm (hnh 1.40a). - Cc ng kch thc ca cc cung trn ng tm khng c nm trn cng mt ng thng (hnh 1.40b).

a)

21

Hnh 1.39 - i vi cc cung trn c kch thc qu ln, cho php t tm gn cung trn v ng kch thc k gp khc (hnh 1.40c).

Hnh 1.40

Ca 36 u0 3

R13

R9

H10

H11 H12

Hnh 1.41 3. Hnh cu: Trc con s kch thc ng knh hay bn knh ca hnh cu ghi ch "cu" v du hay R. (hnh 1.41) . 4. Phn bit phn mt phng vi mt cong: dng nt lin mnh gch cho phn mt phng ( Hnh 1.42a). 5. Hnh vung: Trc con s kch thc cnh hnh vung ghi du (Hnh 1.42b).

22

a) Hnh 1.42 b) 6. di cung trn, : Pha trc con s kch thc di cung trn ghi du , ng kch thc l cung trn ng tm, ng ging k song song vi ng phn gic ca gc chn cung (H1.43).

Hnh 1.43 CU HI 1) Dng c v thng dng gm nhng dng c g? 2) Cch s dng thc ch T v ke nh th no? 3) Trnh by cch dng compa v v compa o 4) V sao bn v k thut phi lp theo Tiu chun Quc gia hay Tiu chun Quc t ? 5) Cc kh giy dy ISO-A c c im g ? 6) T l l g? K hiu ca t l nh th no ? 7) M t hnh dng v p dng ca mt s nt v ch yu ? 8) Kch thc gm nhng thnh phn no ? 9) Ch s kch thc c ghi nh th no trn bn v ? BI TP V khung bn v v khung tn trn giy A4 nm ngang ( cha 25 mm ng tp ), ghi cc ni dung sau y vo khung tn : + Ngi v , kim tra : ch thng, nghing, cao 3,5 mm + Cc (5),(6),(7),(8) : ch thng, nghing, cao 3,5 mm + ( 3) ghi T l 1:1 : ch thng, nghing, cao 3,5 mm + ( 4) ghi BV-01 : ch in hoa , nghing cao 3,5 mm + (1) ghi V HNH HC : ch in hoa, nghing cao 7 mm + (9) ghi TRNG CCN TUY HA KHOA : . . . . . . LP : . . . . . . . . . . + ( 2 ) : trng

23

24