T.II da biblia da biblia_rogava.pdf · wyaroTmcodneobiT bazas warmoadgens Zveli da axali aRTqmis sakiTxavebi, amasTan apokrifebi, rogorc xalxuri, ise beWduri xasiaTisa. naSromis mecnieruli

TamTa rogava

Teimuraz meore da biblia

warmodgenilia doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

ivnisi, 2009 weli

saavtoro ufleba©2009~ TamTa rogava,2009~

2

S e s a v a l i

bagratovanTa aTaswlovanma samefo dinastiam arsebobis manZilze

araerTi niWieri Semoqmedi warmoSva. Rirs Tavmowoneba Cveni mefe-

poetebiT, romlebic sapasuxismgeblo saxelmwifoebrivi tvirTis

gverdiT xarks uxdidnen poezias da sulis salbuneblad iRvwodnen, or

bomons emsaxurebodnen, Tanac orives Tanabrad. Tumca, SesaZloa, maTgan

zogierTs muzam madli uxvad uboZa, miuxedavad `sityvamcirobisa~,

TiToeulis naazrevi TavisTavad sainteresoa.

qarTvel bagratovanTa kaxeTis Stos warmomadgeneli, XVIII saukunis

cnobili qarTveli xelisufali, Teimuraz meore, kalmosan mefeTa

ricxvs ganekuTvneba. igi xmalSemarTuli ibrZoda mTeli cxovreba,

paralelurad ki mniSvnelovan poetur nimuSebs qmnida. moRvaweoba

poetisa epoqaluri cvlilebebiT aRiniSna. qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianeba da

mefis qristianuli wesiT kurTxeva misi zeobisas moxerxda.

orTodoqs qristians ar gamoparvia is zneobrivi krizisi, romelic

fexs ikidebda Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. amitomac, mis poetur

qmnilebebSi ZiriTadi aqcenti didaqtikur-moralur, eTikur sakiTxebze

keTdeba.

mefe-poetis literaturuli memkvidreoba Tematikis

mravalferovnebiT, TxzulebaTa maRalmxatvruli RirebulebiT, Tu

azris universalurobiT ar gamoirCeva, Tumca Sinagani simarTliT

Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi mwerlis individualuri xelwera Cans.

Teimuraz meoris erT-erT pirvel Semfaseblad anton kaTalikosi

gvevlineba. Mman poetis Semoqmedebis swored didaqtikuri motivi gaxaza:

,,Teimurazca, keTilmsaxuri mefe,

keTil-Suenier SairTa hmoqmedebdis:

qcevani mefeT, anu mTavarT, anu sxuaT

an nadirobis, anu asparezobis

SairTa Sina Seawyuna Suenierad~ (801) [4, 281].

Mmefis poeturi qmnilebebi sxvadasxva dros araerTxel ganxilula.

Pmecnierebi ikvleven misi Semoqmedebis calkeul aspeqtebs. Tumca,

3

monografiuli Sroma Teimuraz meoris literaturul memkvidreobaze

dRemde ar arsebobs. Aaseve, gamoukvlevelia misi religiuri Tematikis

Semcveli Txzulebebi.

Temis aqtualoba winamdebare naSromis Tema aqtualuria im

TvalsazrisiT, rom samecniero literaturaSi Teimuraz meoris

Semoqmedebis bibliasTan mimarTebis kvlevis pirvel mcdelobas

warmoadgens.

Kkvlevis obieqti poetis religiuri Sexedulebebi naTlad ikveTeba

Semdeg nawarmoebebSi: `dRisa da Ramis gabaaseba~, `qeba srisa~,

ànbanTqeba III~, ,ànbanTqeba IV~, `ganzraxvani da vedrebani~.

veyrdnobiT ra poetis umTavres Txzuleba `dRisa da Ramis

gabaasebas~, vcdilobT warmovaCinoT `saRvTo sjulis~ sakiTxavebTan

Teimuraz meoris mimarTebis problema. poemis paralelurad vaanalizebT,

aseve, religiuri Tematikis Semcvel anbanTqebebs, romlebic faqtiurad,

mcireodeni Camatebebis garda, imave istorias Seicaven, rasac poemis

pirveli nawili.

kvlevis mizani da amocanebi sadisertacio naSromis mizania

Seswavla imisa, Tu ra adgili uWiravs bibliur siuJetebsa da motivebs

Teimuraz meoris `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~; Ddadgenil iqnes poetis

mimarTeba bibliasTan. gamoikveTos yoveli moxmobili pasaJis epoqis

moTxovnebis Sesabamisi aqtualoba. ganxilul iqnes mwerlis Semoqmedeba

`saRvTo weriliT~ Zalumad nakveb patristikul, himnografiul, Tu Sua

saukuneebis sasuliero da saero literaturasTan saTanado

paralelebis miTiTebiT. ganisazRvros Teimuraz meoris mokrZalebuli

Rvawli, aRorZinebis xanis SemoqmedTa gverdiT, eris moralur-zneobrivi

srulyofis saqmeSi.

`dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis~ calkeuli aspeqtebis warmoCenisas Cven

winaSe dgas Semdegi amocana:

a) ra mimarTebaa Teimuraz meoris Zeglsa da biblias Soris;

b) ramdenad misdevs bibliis teqsts avtori;

g) gvxvdeba Tu ara Camatebebi sxva sakiTxavebidan;

4

d) ramdenadaa Sesisxlxorcebuli poemaSi calkeuli bibliuri

siuJeti;

e) ra cvlilebebs ganicdis TxzulebaSi bibliis garkveuli

Tavebis teqsti;

v) ra aris saerTo bibliasa da Teimuraz meoris nawarmoebs

Soris;

z) ra inovacias vxvdebiT bibliis perifrazirebisas.

T) gamoikveTa Tu ara `saRvTo sjulTan~ Teimuraz meoris

SemoqmedebiTi mimarTebis aspeqtebi.

kvlevis meTodologiuri safuZveli sadisertacio naSromi

dafuZnebulia Semdeg samecniero principebze: literaturul, istoriul-

qronologiur, struqturul-funqcionalur, sistemursa da SefasebiTze.

naSromis specifikidan gamomdinare, Cven avirCieT kvlevis sxvadasxva

meTodologiuri gza: filologiuri, istoriul-qronologiuri,

istoriul-sistemuri. umTavresad Sedarebisa da zogadsamecniero

dakvirvebis meTodebi gamoviyeneT.

naSromis wyaroTmcodneobiTi baza winamdebare naSromis

wyaroTmcodneobiT bazas warmoadgens Zveli da axali aRTqmis

sakiTxavebi, amasTan apokrifebi, rogorc xalxuri, ise beWduri

xasiaTisa.

naSromis mecnieruli siaxle Zveli qarTuli mwerloba imTaviTve

iyo mecnierTa kvlevis sagani. Sesabamisad, oTxive periodi safuZvlianad

aris Seswavlili. Tumca, sabWoTa epoqis mkvlevrebi mweralTa

Semoqmedebis calkeuli aspeqtebis damuSavebas iZulebiT aridebdnen

Tavs. mecnierebi himnografTa, hagiografTa, klasikuri da aRorZinebis

xanis mweralTa literaturuli memkvidreobis gaanalizebisas garkveul

wnexs ganicdidnen. amitomac, bevri mwerlis srulyofilad wakiTxva

mxolod uaxloes warsulSi moxerxda. zogi maTganis Semoqmedeba dRemde

Seuswavlelia. zemoxsenebuli mizezebis gamo ganuxilveli rCeboda

Teimuraz meoris religiuri Sexedulebebic. misTvis, iseve rogorc Sua

saukuneebis avtorTa absoluturi umravlesobisTvis, kulturul-

5

literaturuli tradiciebia amosavali, romlis orientirs, uwinaresad,

warmoadgenda biblia.

Cveni mizani iyo Segvevso is xarvezi, rac samecniero literaturaSi

gvxvdeba Teimuraz meoris religiuri Tematikis Semcveli nawarmoebebis

Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. naSromSi pirvelad daisva sakiTxi poetis

Semoqmedebis bibliuri motivebis epoqis moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT

gaanalizebisa. aseve, bibliis teqstze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebis

teqstologiuri ganxilvisa da gadasinjvisa.

Teimuraz meoris daintereseba bibliuri TematikiT gapirobebulia

erTi saerTo ideiT, man rwmenaSeryeul qarTvelebs savaldebulo-

samoZRvro Txzuleba Seuqmna da amiT scada gamoexata sakuTari

moqalaqeobrivi vali. `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis~ ideuri Canafiqri

saTauriT ar ganisazRvreba. dRe-Ramis `ganwvalva~ da umjobes-

udaresobis dasadgenad gamarTuli kamaTi erTgvari literaturuli

xerxia mxolod, romelic dogmatis, qristianuli mrwamsisa da WeSmariti

qarTvelis Tvisebebis saxelmZRvanelo debulebebis Camoyalibebis

saSualebad aris gamoyenebuli.

naSromSi poemis naTlisa da bnelis simboluri datvirTvis sakiTxi

axleburad daisva. vTvliT, poemis naTeli da bneli fizikuri naTeli da

bnelia, Tumca rig SemTxvevaSi scildeba maT materialuri saburveli da

saxe-simbolod aRiqmeba, Tan orive saxeSi ufali igulisxmeba. amdenad,

orive saxe RvTis katafatikur-apofatikur atributs warmoadgens.

naTlisa da bnelis antinomia poemaSi, qristianul mwerlobaSi

arsebuli zogadi kanonzomierebisgan gansxvavebiT, unda gavigoT

rogorc ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego debulebis tolfardoba.

naSromis mecnieruli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba naSromis

mecnieruli Rirebuleba mdgomareobs SemdegSi: aq pirvelad aris

mcdeloba poetis Semoqmedebis erTi Seuswavleli aspeqtis

monografiulad kvlevisa. igi daxmarebas gauwevs Zveli qarTuli

literaturis istoriiT dainteresebul pirebs, aseve, specialistebs,

student-axalgazrdobas.

6

Tavi pirveli

Teimuraz meore qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi

§1 `dRisa da Ramis gabaaseba~ - Teimuraz meoris umTavresi

namuSevari

XX saukunis cnobili irlandieli mwerali jeims joisi werda:

,,me imdeni enigma da Tavsatexi gamocana Sevitane ,,uliseSi”, rom

profesorebi saukuneebs moandomeben imaze kamaTs, Tu ras vgulisxmobdi,

es ki erTaderTi saSualebaa, kacma ukvdaveba gainaRdoso~ [138, XLIV]. 1

marTlac, mwerlis genialuroba sityvis Tavisebur konstruqciebad

gardaqmnasa da mkiTxvelTadmi individualuri xelweriT miwodebaSi

vlindeba. isic uTqvamT, namdvili kalmosani isaa, vinc gaiZulebs ara

ikiTxo, aramed ifiqroo. Ddidi mwerlis naazrevi swored fiqris,

gansjis da azrTa sxvadasxvaobis sagani xdeba. Lliteraturis istoriaSi

kuTvnili adgili xvdeba xolme uflisgan xeldasxmul Semoqmeds.

mkiTxvelic imis mixedviT afasebs mwerals, Tu ramdenad Rrma da

kontrapunqtulia misi xedva.

bunebrivia, literaturis kritikosebiLSesabamisad gamoarCeven da

saTanado adgils arguneben xolme WeSmarit kalmosnebs. Tumca, maTve

ekuTvniT prerogativa, aRnusxon da kritikulad Seafason mwerlis

literaturuli memkvidreoba, ganurCevlad metnaklebi brwyinvalebisa.

mefe-poeti Teimuraz meore, SesaZloa, Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi naRvawiT

qarTuli sityvis didostatebs ver utoldeba, magram rogorc

originaluri xelweris poeti, interess iwvevs.

mefis TxzulebebiT daintereseba, rogorc Cans, mis TanamedroveTa

Sorisac sakmaod didi yofila. Aamaze migvaniSnebs is nusxebi, romlebic

avtoris poemisa Tu calkeuli leqsebis xelnawerebs Seicaven.

Teimuraz meoris Txzulebebis sruli krebulis gamomcemels, g.

jakobias marto `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis~ teqstis dadgenisas 40-mde

1 SeniSvna. citata damowmebulia n. yiasaSvilis mier Targmnil da gamocemul j.

joisis roman ùliseze~ darTuli winasityvaobidan.

7

xelnaweriT usargeblia. 1 unda aRiniSnos, rom ramdenime xelnawerSi

gadamnusxavebi cdiloben avtoris naazrevis Sefasebas. sailustraciod

oriode nimuSs davimowmebT. 1766 wels gadaweril xelnawerSi (gadamweri

sionis dekanozi nikolozi) ,,dRisa da Ramis gabaasebas” win uZRvis 4

striqoniani leqsi, romelic Teimuraz meoris poeturi Semoqmedebis

analizs warmoadgens (,,mefisa sibrZniT naSromma usityvna brZenni

misrisa...~). 2 grigol qorqiSvili mis mier 1870 wels quTaisSi

gamocemuli teqstis winasityvaobaSi (sxvaTa Soris es teqsti poema

,,dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis” pirveli beWduri redaqciaa) mwerlis

Semoqmedebis swor Sefasebas gvaZlevs (am minawerze qvemoT sagangebod

SevCerdebiT _ T. r). 3

sxvadasxva dros araerTi mkvlevari Sexebia Teimuraz meoris

Semoqmedebas. Mmis ama Tu im nawarmoebze arsebuli werilebi gabneulia

qarTul periodikasa Tu calkeul mecnierul gamocemebSi.

mwerlis Txzulebebis ganxilvisas saerTo miniSneba, romelic

TiTqmis yvela mkvlevarTan gvxvdeba, aris is, rom mefe-poeti ,,marTlis

Tqmis” principis erTgul damcvelad da arCilis literaturuli skolis

Rirseul warmomadgenlad aris miCneuli. gamokveTen, aseve, poetis

Semoqmedebis Janrobriv Taviseburebebs, folklorul Tu eTnografiul

xasiaTs, xelovnurad miCqmalulia poetis msoflmxedvelobis zogierTi

sakiTxi, an kidev, piriqiT, uaryofiTad aris Sefasebuli. garkveuli

poziciidan xazi esmeba Semoqmedis did interess religiisa da

sasuliero Temebisadmi.

metnaklebi sisruliT Teimuraz meoris TiTqmis yvela nawarmoebi

aris ganxiluli qarTul literaturul kritikaSi. Tumca, unda iTqvas,

rom mkvlevrebi gansakuTrebiT mainc `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebas~

aanalizeben da es bunebrivicaa, radgan igi poetis erT-erTi umTavresi

nawarmoebia.

1 ix. Gg. jakobia, teqstisaTvis, wignSi: Teimuraz meore, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli,

Tb., 1939w., gv. XIX 2 ix. qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, t. III. Tb., 1943, gv. 138 3 ix. `sarke TqmulTa~, gr. qorqiSvilis redaqciiT, quT. 1870, gv.6

8

sanam Txzulebis garSemo arsebul Sexedulebebs SevexebodeT,

saWirod vTvliT, mokled CamovayaliboT nawarmoebis struqtura.

poema sasuliero da saero nawilisgan Sedgeba. Sesabamisad, erTSi

bibliuri siuJetebi Tu msoflio saeklesio krebebis aqtebia galeqsili,

meoreSi ki QqarTvelTa yofis fotografiulad asaxvis mcdelobaa,

raSic aSkarad igrZnoba realisturi nakadi Suasaukuneobrivi gagebiT.

metad sainteresoa poemis gawyobis forma. Mmas Janrobrivad

gabaasebas miakuTvneben. Ees Janri sparseTidan Semovida CvenSi da didi

popularobiT sargeblobda, gansakuTrebiT aRorZinebis xanis poetebSi.

Teimuraz meoris ,,dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi” saRvTo istoriis

calkeuli epizodebia galeqsili. samarTlebrivi normebi Tu

eTnografiuli masalebi garkveuli formiT aris mowodebuli, kerZod,

dRisa da Ramis poziciidan. Txzulebas siuJeturad swored maTi kamaTi

kravs. dRe ixsenebs da iSveliebs im mniSvnelovan movlenebsa Tu

faqtebs, romlebic dRisiT momxdara, Rame ki, Tavis mxriv, uxmobs Ramis

scenebs bibliidan Tu, Cveulebriv, yoveldRiuri yofa-cxovrebidan.

cxadia, upiratesoba erT-erTs ekuTvnis, magram es erTi SexedviT ar Cans.

orive myarad dgas sakuTar poziciaze, avtoriseuli remarkac ar

gvxvdeba arsad da, amdenad, msajulad poetis gamoyvana SeuZlebelia,

daskvnebi Tavad mkiTxvelma unda gamoitanos.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Ggabaasebis Janris tipur nawarmoebad

miiCneven poemas mkvlevrebi: ,,Txzulebas gabaasebis damaxasiaTebeli

TiTqmis yvela niSani aqvs: nawarmoebSi erTmaneTs ekamaTeba ori,

erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego Tvisebebisa da Sexedulebebis mqone mxare.

TiToeuli maTgani cdilobs mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebas da Tavisi

upiratesobis damtkicebas. Aavtoric, gabaasebis tradiciis mixedviT,

neitralitetis dacvas cdilobs” [118,139] _ vkiTxulobT b. qiqoZis

naSromSi.

mkvlevrebs sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva rakursiT ganuxilavT

nawarmoebi (e. lorTqifaniZe didaqtikur motivs exeba; T. begiaSvili

istoriul-eTnografiul WrilSi ganixilavs; v. sidamoniZe sportul

TamaSebs axasiaTebs; l. menabde feodaluri sazogadoebis zeda fenis

9

wes-Cveulebebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas; b. qiqoZe Janrobrivad amuSavebs

Txzulebas; al. baramiZe sinaTlis apologiad miiCnevs poemas; S.

CijavaZem Txzulebis xelnawerTa nusxebi Seapirispira redaqtoris, g.

jakobias mier dadgenil teqstTan da daurTo teqstologiuri

SeniSvnebi; n. sozanaSvilis mxridan iyo mcdeloba Txzulebis

folkloruli wyaroebis Ziebisa), magram monografiuli Sroma am

nawarmoebisa Tu zogadad Teimuraz meoris literaturuli

memkvidreobis Sesaxeb dRemde ar arsebobs. pirvelad j. afciaurma Seqmna

publicisturi romani Teimurazis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebaze. igi

mxatvrulad acocxlebs im epoqas, romelSic cxovrobda avtori,

prozauli saxiT, analizis TanxlebiT, mogviTxrobs poemis siuJetebs.

Sesabamisad, erTxel ukve galeqsili bibliis xelaxal ,,Targmanebas”

viRebT. xSirad TviTonac urTavs epizodebs sakuTari fantaziiT.

marTalia, publicisturi romani interesiT ikiTxeba, magram kvleva-

Ziebisas dasayrden masalad ver gamodgeba.

samecniero literaturaSi araerTgvarovani mosazrebebia

gamoTqmuli nawarmoebis daweris TariRze, mis sisruleze, Txzulebis

avtorze, Tu saTaurze, aqcenti keTdeba literaturul paralelebzec.

§2 literaturuli paraleli

XI saukunis spars poets, asadi tusels ekuTvnis msgavsi saTauris

Txzuleba. k. kekeliZis, l. menabdis, b. qiqoZis miniSnebiT, amiT

odnavadac ar adgeba Crdili Txzulebis originalobas. 1K

b. qiqoZes TxzulebaTa identurobis dasadgenad specialuri kvleva-

Zieba Cautarebia, ris safuZvelzec askvnis: `vfiqrobT, am ori Txzulebis

Sedareba kidev ufro adasturebs im faqts, rom Zveli qarTuli

literatura Tavisi JanrebiT, motivebiTa da literaturuli formebiT

ar Seqmnila ucxo, kerZod, iranuli literaturis gavleniT, piriqiT,

1 ix. a) l. menabde, Teimuraz meore, wignSi: qarTuli literaturis istoria, t.II, Tb.,

1966, gv. 625

b) k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t.I I, Tb., 1958, gv. 609

g) b. qiqoZe, Teimuraz meore, wignSi: gabaaseba Zvel qarTul literaturaSi, baT.,

1952, gv. 145

10

Cveni Zveli literaturis Casaxva da aRorZineba uSualod

dakavSirebulia Cveni qveynis imdroindel socialur-politikur da

kulturul viTarebasTan. is uaRresad erovnuli xasiaTisaa da

amsaxvelia qarTveli xalxis cxovrebis damaxasiaTebeli

Taviseburebebisa~ [118,145].

k. kekeliZis sityvebiT, `TxzulebaSi sxva avtoris gavlena ar

SeiniSneba, xolo ,,dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis" mibaZviT ki XIX saukuneSi

d. bagrations dauweria ,,Ramis alersi~ ~ [69,610].

§3 Txzulebis ori saxelwodeba

poemis xelnawerebs vrceli saTauri aqvs, romlebSic `dRisa da

Ramis gabaasebis~ garda, poemis saxelwodebad `sarke TqmulTac~

moixsenieba. mecnierTa nawili fiqrobs, rom meore saTauri

gadamnusxavTa Serqmeulia, Txzulebis didaqtikuri Tu moraluri

daniSnulebis gaTvaliswinebiT.1

al. cagareli aRwers ra Teimuraz batoniSvilis wignTsacavs,

axsenebs Teimuraz meoris nawarmoebs: ,,wigni-sarke Tqmuli~, stixebad,

romelsaca Sina moixseniebian mravalni saRTis-metyveloni sityvani da

saufloTa dResaswaulTa da wmidaTani, anbanT-qebani da sxvadasxva

gvarni leqsni mravalni amis wignsa Sina, da saeronica, qarTulni

zneobani da salaRobelni, qmnili s-d saqarTvelos mefisa Teimuraz

meorisa mier, saxelad ,,sarkeTqmuli” daurqmevia~ [143,154].

,,saxelad ,,sarkeTqmuli” daurqmevia~ gvafiqrebinebs, rom al.

cagareli orive saTaurs avtors miakuTvnebs.

zemoT ukve vaxseneT Txzulebis pirveli beWduri gamocema, romlis

winasityvaobaSic gamomcemeli poetis Semoqmedebis Sefasebas gvaZlevs:

,,man gamoxata qarTvelTa zneni da Cveulebani

1 ix. a) k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. II, Tb., 1981, gv. 609

b) l. menabde, Teimuraz meore wignSi: XVII-XVIII ss. qarTuli literatura, Tb., 1997,

gv. 188

11

saRmrTo, saero yoveli, aqamomde Tqmulebani.

leqsad da tkbilad gamosTqva, hyo sworad SeTanxmebani.

amisaTvis mis mwerlobas misca sarkis wodebani” [23, 6].

marTebulad uTiTebs gr. qorqiSvili, rom poetma ,,hyo sworad

SeTanxmebani~ da `gamoxata... saRmrTo, saero yoveli, aqamomde

Tqmulebani~. bunebrivia, saero cxovrebis aRnusxvisa Tu saeklesio

Temebis fotografiuli sizustiT gadmotanis Semdeg Txzulebas

realisturad aRwerili ambis funqcia mieniWa. gamomcemeli àqamomde

TqmulebanSi~ bibliur siuJetebs, aseve qarTuli zne-Cveulebebis

Semcvel Txzulebebs gulisxmobs. amdenad, ,,sarke TqmulTa~ iSifreba

rogorc adre naTqvamis anarekli. leqsis bolo taepSi gatarebuli

azri, ar gamoricxavs imas, rom aq TviT poets Tvlides am meore

saxelwodebis avtoradac, radganac garkveviT uTiTebs ,,amisaTvis mis

mwerlobas misca sarkis wodebani”-o.

amdenad, motanili magaliTebi gvaZlevs safuZvels, vifiqroT, rom

ar iyo gamoricxuli Tavidanve orive saxelwodeba hqonoda Txzulebas.

§4 `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis~ epilogi rogorc Txzulebis

daTariRebis wyaro

k. kekeliZes raki eWvi Seaqvs poemis vrceli saTauris

originalurobaSi, aq dacul TariRebsac kvlevisTvis arasaimedod

miiCnevs. igi Tvlis, rom isini, rogorc SemdgomSi darTuli,

zedmiwevniTi sizustiT ar gamoirCeva. mas 1736 weli Txzulebis dawyebis,

1738 weli ki damTavrebis TariRad miaCnia. 1 aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT

imave mosazrebas gamoTqvams l. menabde, im gansxvavebiT, rom poemis

Seqmnis TariRad 1736 wels asaxelebs. 2

samecniero wreebSi kamaTis mizezi gamxdara Teimuraz meoris 14

strofiani saTavgadasavlo xasiaTis leqsi. zogi mas ,,dRisa da Ramis

gabaasebis~ danamatad miiCnevs, zogic calke nawarmoebad.

1 ix. k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, Tb., 1958, t.II, gv. 609-610 2 ix. l. menabde, Teimuraz meore, wignSi: qarTuli literaturis istoria, t.II, Tb., 1966,

gv. 625

12

g. jakobia, romelsac aRniSnuli leqsisTvis pirobiTad

,,Tavgadasavali~ Seurqmevia, garkveuli mosazrebiT, mas calke aTavsebs.

igi Tvlis, rom epilogi arsebiTad arafriT aris dakavSirebuli

,,gabaasebis~ teqstTan, amasTan, arsebuli 21 xelnaweridan oTxiodeSi Tu

mosdevs uSualod nawarmoebs. misi TqmiT, ,,sarke TqmulTa” 1736 wels

aris dawerili, ,,epilogi” (,,Tavgadasavali“) ki _ 1738_Si. 1

mogvianebiT, mkvlevari filologiur mecnierebaTa kandidatis

samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili sadisertacio

naSromis TezisebSi aRniSnavs, rom `dRisa da Ramis gabaaseba~ or

nawarmoebs Seicavs: a) sakuTriv `sarke TqmulTas~ da b) `Tavgadasavals~.

Seqmnis TariRad isev imave wlebs uTiTebs.2

l. menabdis TqmiT, es mokle fragmenti, romelic ,,gabaasebas"

mosdevs, zogierT xelnawerSi Teimurazis avtobiografiul cnobebs

Seicavs, 14 strofisgan Semdgar literaturul nawarmoebs warmoadgens

da dawerilia yandaarSi 1738 wels.3

al. baramiZec imave azrs ayalibebs, rasac zemoxsenebuli

mecnierebi gamoTqvamen. 4

g. jakobias mosazrebas ar iziarebs k. kekeliZe. igi ganmartavs:

,,saqme isaa, rom ,,mcire” nawarmoebad miCneulia SesavalSi Teimurazis

mier TviT ,,sarke TqmulTac”... ase rom, es 14 strofi aris ,,sarke

TqmulTas” epilogi da ara damoukidebeli Txzuleba~ [69, 609].

g. jakobias, l. menabdisa da al. baramiZis mosazrebebze sarwmuno

k. kekeliZis koncefcia Cans. Txzulebis daweris TariRadac 1737-1738

wlebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos, mefis mSfoTvare cxovrebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

1 ix. g. jakobia, teqstisaTvis, wignSi: Teimuraz meore, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, Tb.,

1939, gv. XXVIII-XXIX 2 ix. g. jakobia, filologiur mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis

mosapoveblad warmodgenili sadisertacio naSromis Tezisebi, Tb., 1941, gv. 3 3 ix. Ll. menabde, Teimuraz meore, wignSi: XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli literatura,

Tb., 1997, gv. 189 4 ix. a) al.baramiZe, Teimuraz meore, wignSi: Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, Tb.,

1987, gv. 441

b) al. baramiZe, Teimuraz meore, gaz. ,,samSoblo”, 1975, agvisto, #16, gv.6

13

igi ,,gabaasebis” dasawyisSi ambobs kidec, rom surs mkiTxvels

gadauSalos gulisnadebi, Tuki dascalda da moicala:

,,minda aRmovsTqva mcire ram, ara sibrZnisa sadari,

Tumca damcalda soflisgan, an dRe momeca sadari.

A ar mogewonosT, ikiTxeT: ,,ase naTqvami sad ari?”

vswerdi cxens mjdomi, vlaSqrobdi iqiT da aqeT,

sad ari?” (13) [14,2]

swored mouclelobiT SeiZleba gaWianurebuliyo poemis dasruleba

da mxolod yandaarSi ganeaxlebina masze muSaoba, mocaleobis Jams

eTqva ,,mcire ram, sevdisa mosaTminobiT~ (14) [14, 103], misi winaprisa ar

iyos, ,,uqmad woliT da gdebiTa es momafiqra raWama~-o, rom ambobda. ,,iq

davasrule, vinc naxoT, nuvin iqnebiT wyinobiT~ [14, 103], _ ambobs

Teimuraz meore da aq swored vrceli Txzulebis ,,dRisa da Ramis

gabaasebis” dasrulebaze SeiZleba iyos saubari, Torem 14 strofian

saTavgadasavlo xasiaTis leqss TveobiT garja namdvilad ar

dasWirdeboda.

§5 `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis~ avtorobasTan dakavSirebuli

sakiTxebi

samecniero literaturaSi Teimurazis TxzulebebTan dakavSirebiT

adgili aqvs erTgvar aRrevasac. zogjer ureven avtoris nawarmoebebs,

akuTvneben maT sxvas, an, piriqiT, sxvis nawarmoebebs miaweren mefe-poets.

g. jakobia erT aseT faqtze amaxvilebs yuradRebas: ,,Cvens samecniero

literaturaSi iyo cda, rom ,,sarke TqmulTa” mieweraT Teimuraz

pirvelisTvis (Орисание...Ī. 300) Tumca, maleve uaryofil iqna (ibid II,191,213

da sxva)~ [132, XXIX].

g. jakobias mxedvelobaSi aqvs e. TayaiSvilis mosazreba ,,gabaasebis"

Teimuraz pirvelisTvis mikuTvnebaze. rogorc viciT, qarTuli

kulturis didma moamagem da meWurWleTuxucesma Tavis droze aRnusxa

Zveli xelnawerebi: ”Беседа дня и ночи», или ,,Сарке ткмулта" царя Теймураза I

(113-184)... Произведение это написано в стихах и, если верить приведенному заглавию,

14

сочиненно царем Теймуразом Ираклиевичем за девять лет до своего коронования. Эта

заметка явно ошибочная... произведение принадлежит Теймуразу I Давидовичу, который

короновался в 1605 г., когда ему было всего навсего 16 лет " [142, 300] - wers is.

miuTiTebs aseve, rom xelnaweri nakluli saxiT aris warmodgenili. k.

kekeliZec aRniSnavs am faqts: ,,erTi nusxis (s-1547) zedweraSi

vkiTxulobT: `wignsa amas uwodeben sarke TqmulTa anu didi mefe

Teimurazisas”. albaT am sityvebma misca sabuTi eq. TayaiSvils

kategoriulad ganecxadebina, rom cnoba Teimuraz meoris avtorobisa

,,явно ощибочная, произведение принадлежит Теимуразу I Давидовичу “; TavisTavad

cxadia, aseTi Sexeduleba mcdaria, Txzuleba ekuTvnis Teimuraz

meores~ [69,608].

amasve uTiTebs al. xaxanaSvilic. Mmisi TqmiT, `Teimuraz pirvelisa

da Teimuraz meoris nawerebs xSirad erTmaneTSi ureven, agreTve, arCil

mefis da naxsenebi mefeebis leqsebsac epyrobian ganurCevlad da erTi

mwerlis leqss meores akuTvneben~ [127,499].

rogorc vxedavT, al. xaxanaSvilisTvisac cnobili yofila am poemis

avtorobaze arsebuli azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, Tumca iqve Teimurazis sxva

nawarmoebis garCevisas Tavadac dilemis winaSe dgeba.

Teimuraz meoris leqsis ,,gabaaseba rusTvelTan” ganxilvis dros

mkvlevars eeWveba, vin aris avtori _ arCili Tu Teimurazi, radgan, misi

TqmiT, nawarmoebis avtorze weria, rom igi ,,anbanTqebis” avtoric aris.

al. xaxanaSvili ar icnobs Teimuraz meoris ,,anbanTqebebs”, amdenad,

gamoricxavs, rom isini Teimurazs ekuTvnis, maSin, rodesac poetma 4

SesaniSnavi anbanTqeba Seqmna:

,,yovelTa meleqseTa umjobessa didsa filosofossa, mcodnesa

brZensa rusTvelsa zeda baasi mefis meoris Teimurazisagan

peterburRs”_ Tu es saTauri sworad aris moyvanili ,,iveriaSi~, maSin

leqsi unda daweriliyos mefis peterburgSi yofnis dros. ,,didadac

gamomadga ruseTsa misi leqsio”,_ ambobs erTs taepSi poeti. sagani

baasisa igivea, romelic ukve gavicaniT ,,arCilianidan” da es garemoeba

cota eWvs badavs_ vis ekuTvnis es leqsi: arCils Tu Teimurazs.

dasawyisi leqsisa gvauwyebs, rom mis damwers ,,anbanTqebanic” uTqvams,

15

xolo Teimuraz meoris ,,anbanTqebas” Cvenamdis ar mouRwevia. arCilsa da

Teimurazs (igulisxmeba Teimuraz pirveli _ T. r) ki miaweren

,,anbanTqebans~ [127,500].

unda iTqvas, rom al. xaxanaSvili ar gamoricxavs Teimuraz meores

,,anbanTqebis” avtorad, ubralod TviTon ar icnobs mis am Txzulebebs

da Tvlis, rom jerjerobiT ar aris aRmoCenili. arada, misi epoqisTvis

ukve cnobil sul cota 7-8 xelnawerSi mainc gvxvdeba. 1

rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, eq. TayaiSvili, Zveli qarTuli

xelnawerebis aRwerisas, raRac mizeziT Teimuraz meoris ,,sarke

TqmulTas~ Teimuraz pirvels akuTvnebs, Tumca mogvianebiT mas azri

Seucvlia. sxvagan ki, piriqiT, Teimuraz meores asaxelebs Teimuraz

pirvelis Txzulebis avtorad.

mkvlevari S_536 xelnawerTan dakavSirebiT wers: àq ,,dRisa da

Ramis gabaasebis~ mxolod nawyvetia mocemuli, isic naklulevani saxiT.

igi iwyeba da mTavrdeba Semdegi sityvebiT ,,da ese somxebsa dascems

mexebsa... da saRmrTo gaTavda, aw Ramev mogiyve saeronio“ [142,70].

bolo taepi Teimuraz meores ekuTvnis, pirveli ki Teimuraz

pirvelis leqsidan ,,SvidTa krebaTaTvis~ aris aRebuli.

Cven gavecaniT am xelnawers. orive Txzuleba gadabmulia erTmaneTs,

aqve aris, aseve, Teimuraz meoris ,,qeba srisa~, vaxtang meeqvsis, arCilis

Txzulebebi. rogorc Cans, Teimuraz meoris Txzulebidan mxolod

saRvTo nawilia mocemuli, isic naklulevani saxiT. an, SesaZloa, sulac

Segnebulad, mxolod msoflio saeklesio krebebis istoria iyos

Setanili.

sainteresoa, ratom urevs erTmaneTSi eq. TayaiSvili am teqstebs.

xelnawerSi, marTlac, zemonaxsenebi strofebi weria 63-73 gverdebze,

magram iqve miTiTebulia, rom pirveli (,,da ese somxebsa...”) Teimuraz


1939, gv. XXIV-XXVI..

16

pirvelis sakiTxavs ganekuTvneba. 1 Uunda iTqvas, rom sxvagan am teqsts

calke gamoyofs, avtorsac marTebulad uTiTebs. 2

1959 wels gamocemul ,,qarTul xelnawerTa aRwerilobaSi~

vkiTxulobT: ,,S _#536 Teimuraz pirveli, ,,SvidTa krebaTaTvis"...

Teimuraz meore, ,,sarke TqmulTa...” [115, 603].

vxedavT, rom teqsti sworad aris aRwerili.

mefe-poetebis TxzulebaTa sruli krebulis gamomcemlebi, erTi

mxriv, g. jakobia da, meore mxriv, al. baramiZe, arafers amboben am

uzustobaze.3

§6 teqstologiuri SeniSvnebi

S. CijavaZe Teimuraz meoris TxzulebaTa g. jakobiaseuli

gamocemiT dainteresebula. Mmas ekuTvnis teqstologiuri SeniSvnebi.

Uunda aRiniSnos, rom mkvlevari sagangebod exeba sportul TamaSobaTa

terminologias da, garkveul xelnawerebze dayrdnobiT (H-119; .F-.16; S-

342,), uprianad miiCnevs, Txzulebis Semdeg gamocemebSi Casworebul iqnes

saTanado adgilebi:

èrTi aris sxva burToba, radrabagans eZaxian ~(str. 599)

imis gamo, rom ,,radi~ ewodeboda ,,mruds” (saba), xolo abragani

`burTis Cognis aRma akvras” (saba), konteqstis mixedviT ufro

marTebuli Cans ,,rad-abragani” da ara ,,radrabagani”. xelnawerebSi

pirveli sityva (,,radi”) savsebiT marTebulad gamocalkevebiT weria,

sakiTxi dazustebas saWiroebs.

unda daaswras amokvras qiCilovias qnanio (str.602)

ajobebs iyos: ,,qiCiloria”, vinaidan sulxan orbelianis ,,sityvis

konis~ avtografebsa da avtorizebul xelnawerebSi (H_1429,AA_75, A_1473)

1 ix. S-536, gv. 15 2 ix. Е. Такаишвили, Описание рукописей, ,,Общества распрастранения грамотности среди грузинского населения " Т. I, Tb., 1902 w. gv.150 3 SeniSvna. g. jakobia saerTod ar axsenebs am xelnawers. mas sakmaod Sromatevadi

saqmianoba uwarmoebia. Tumca, Teimuraz meoris nawarmoebebis Semdeg gamocemebSi, mis

mier dadgenil teqstSi garkveuli cvlilebebi SeutaniaT.

17

es sityva aseTi formiTaa Setanili. Ees konieqturac dazustebas

saWiroebs~ [123,27] _ aRniSnavs teqstologi.

TxzulebaSi `saqarTvelos zneobani~ arCilic `radabragans~ iyenebs:

`radabragans da gadrzeda marjveT ixmaros xelebi~ (6,3) [2,3].

S. CijavaZe, rogorc vxedavT, sulxan-sabas leqsikonis moSveliebiTa

da uSualod teqstis dasadgenad sando xelnawerebze dayrdnobiT

cdilobs daamkvidros swori terminebi. igi orive SemTxvevaSi uTiTebs,

rom sakiTxi dazustebas saWiroebs.

v. sidamoniZe Tavis ,,qarTul asparezobaTa qronikebSi" sportis

ramdenime saxeobaze, ileTze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. Eesenia: yabaxi,

radabragani, qiCilovia Tu sxva... Tan askvnis: `Teimuraz meore, marTalia,

poeturi formiT, magram sakmao sisruliT gadmogvcems qarTul

asparezobaTa da TamaSobaTa im wesebs, romelTa dacvac aucilebeli iyo

maTi Catarebis dros. Aam mxriv igi qarTuli sportis erT-erT pirvel

istorikosad gvevlineba~ [99,130].

mkvlevari poetis mier aRweril sportis unikalur saxeobebs

axsenebs, Tan miuTiTebs, rom eseni mefe-poets zneobriv normebamde aqvs

ayvanili da mTel rituals zedmiwevniTi sizustiT aRnusxavs:

,,Teimurazs Tavis sakmaod vrcel enciklopediuri xasiaTis

naSromSi, romelsac metad originaluri saTauri uwoda, Setanili aqvs

specialuri kari ,,aqa yabaxisa da burTaobis ambavi”. avtoris sityvebiT,

yabaxi imarTeboda qorwilisa da saxalxo dReobebis drosac. dReobebze

iSviaTad, magram mainc eswreboda mefe Tavisi amaliT.

yabaxi ZvelqarTulad vaJkacTa erT ,,zneobas” ewodeboda. igi, iseve

rogorc sxva asparezobani, ama Tu im zneobriv normebs gamoxatavda:

,,rodis iyo, Tu ar dRisiT, vaJkacT cxenze zneobani~ [99,126].

v. sidamoniZe burTaobis erT formazec amaxvilebs yuradRebas:

,,Teimurazi agviwers burTaobis kidev erT saxeobas, romelic

qarTuli sportis istoriaSi ,,radrabaganis” saxelwodebiT moixsenieba.

,,radi” burTaobaSi saxmari iaraRia, xolo ,,radrabagani” ki radiT

burTis TamaSs niSnavs.

18

burTis radiT orjer amokvra ar kmaroda, moTamaSes sxva xerxic,

egreTwodebuli qiCilovias ileTic unda exmara~ [99,129-130].

etyoba, S. CijavaZis teqstologiur SeniSvnebs ar icnobda ,,qarTul

asparezobaTa qronikebis” avtori, Torem meti yuradRebiT moepyroboda

am saxelebs. Tumca, igic sakmaod damarwmunebeli toniT

ambobs: ,,Teimurazi agviwers burTaobis kidev erT saxeobas, romelic

qarTuli sportis istoriaSi ,,radrabaganis” saxelwodebiT

moixsenieba” [99,130].

rogorc Cans, es termini am saxiT sportul leqsikologiaSi

cnobili yofila.

bunebrivia, ar SeiZleba sulxan-sabas ar endo qarTuli sityvis

ganmartebaSi.

g. jakobias Rvawli mkvlevarebs araerTxel aRuniSnavT. 1 mas 40-mde

xelnaweri or ZiriTad jgufad aqvs dayofili: A da B jgufebad. am

xelnawerebis ZiriTad ganmasxvavebel niSnad ki, garda umniSvnelo

variaciuli saxesxvaobisa, miiCnevs imas, rom B jgufis

xelnawerebs ,,gabaasebis” epilogi ,,odes sefixan yeenma...” ara aqvs

darTuli (swored amis safuZvelze gamoyofs am teqsts poemidan da

calke nawarmoebad asaxelebs).

gamomcemeli winasityvaobaSi Teimuraz meoris TxzulebaTa Semcvel

TiTqmis yvela xelnawers mimoixilavs. maT pirobiTad nomravs kidevac.

Tan uTiTebs, rom am teqstebis Semcveli krebulebi Tu calkeuli

xelnawerebi zedmiwevniT aqvs aRwerili e. TayaiSvils. aqve, dawvrilebiT

saubrobs samecniero wreebisTvis naklebad cnobil, mis mier M1 niSniT

danomril krebulze, romlis sacavad zugdidis mxareTmcodneobis

muzeums asaxelebs: ,,Cven specialurad gavecaniT mas (adgilze) da

davadgineT, rom is aris BB jgufis xelnaweri; redaqciulad axals

arafers iZleva, magram es kia, rom is ufro srulia, vidre B xelnaweri

_ mas arc erTi taepi ar aklia (rasakvirvelia AA-s epilogi arc aq aris,

rogorc BBjgufis xelnawerSi” [132,XXIII].

1 ix. S. CijavaZe, teqstologiuri SeniSvnebi, wignSi: XVIII saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis

sakiTxebi, Tb., 1965, gv.23

19

aRsaniSnavia, rom dadianebis sasaxleTa istoriul-arqiteqturul

muzeumSi dResac inaxeba Teimuraz meoris TxzulebaTa Semcveli

xelnawerebi. igi krebul ,,sarkeSia” moTavsebuli. aq, garda Teimuraz

meorisa, Teimuraz I-is, arCilis, vaxtang VI-is, vaxtang orbelianis

namuSevrebicaa moTavsebuli. igi 255 gverdisgan Sedgeba, aqedan 155

Teimuraz meoris nawarmoebebs eTmoba. krebuls ,,sarke TqmulTa” xsnis

da Teimuraz pirvelis majama xuravs. bolos ki darTuli

aqvs: ,,gansrulda wigni ese, romelsac ewodebis sarke 1846 w. Cymvsa wels

ianvris id-sa dResa.

romlisaTvis aRmweri iTxovs Secdomebis motevebas” [33, 252]. amis

Semdeg ramdenime furceli dauwerelia, bolo gverdze ki

weria: ,,RmerTo, eqmen xelT mZRvanelad, levan nikolozis Zesa, da

acocxle as weliwads J. f.

levan qorqievis var” [33, 255].

rogorc Cans, igi gadaunusxavT 1846 wels da misi gadamweri an

mesakuTre vinme levan qorqievi yofila.

krebuli dadianebis sasaxleTa istoriul-arqiteqturul muzeumSi

nacionalizaciis Sedegad moxvedrila. is sakmaod lamazi xeliT aris

Sesrulebuli da aSkarad emCneva gadamnusxavis didi ruduneba.

g. jakobia marTebulad uTiTebs, rom aRniSnuli xelnaweri erT-

erTi srulyofili xelnaweria da is ufro srulia, vidre B xelnaweri.1

unda aRiniSnos, rom 1970 wels, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa

akademiis davalebiT, k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutis

mecnier-TanamSromlebma T. bregaZem da c. kaxabriSvilma srulyofilad

aRweres zugdidis saistorio muzeumis qarTuli xelnawerebi, maT Soris

aRniSnuli krebuli. xelnaweris saxiT arsebul gamoucemel

aRwerilobaSi vkiTxulobT:

,,zsim 24

poetur TxzulebaTa krebuli 1846


1939, gv. XXIII

20

I+127 f. qaRaldi, moyviTalo feris, gaWuWyianebuli,

dalaqavebuli, mwvane qaRaldiT gadakruli muyaos yda. dazianebuli,

marjvena kide Camoglejili; Savi tyavis yua, isic dazianebuli. f. I, 1_2,

3_7 furclebs dazianebuli aqvT zeda kide; amovardnilia f. 47; 101 da

106-107 furclebs Soris; mxedruli; saTaurebi da strofebis dasawyisi

sityvebi wiTeli melniT (1846w. (126r); aqvs WvirniSani damRa, dauwerelia

127r‘’ [61,162]. 1

bunebrivia, es teqstebi variaciul saxesxvaobas iCenen sxva

xelnawerebTan Tu TviT gamomcemlis mier dadgenil teqstTan

mimarTebaSi. g. jakobias am saxesxvaobaTa umravlesoba miTiTebuli aqvs

calke gamoyofil TavSi: ,,SeniSvnebi da variantebi”, 2 Tumca, zogierTi

gamorCenia, arada isini krebulis gadaSlisTanave gvxvdeba:

`verca Rrmad gamometyvelman, ritorebr, ena mravlobiT~ (1) [33,5]

`verca Rrmad gamometyveli, ritorebr ena mravlobiT~ (1) [14,1]

299-e da 824-e strofebic variaciul saxesxvaobas gvaZlevs,

rac ar aris ,,variantebSi~ miTiTebuli.

,,anbanTqebanSic~ gvxvdeba garkveuli cvlilebebi. ànbanTqebas~

(àris ram ucxod sacnobel...~), romelsac g. jakobia pirobiTad

ànbanTqeba~ IV uwodebs, 24-dan 34-is CaTvliT strofebi aklia. 35-e

strofi ase ikiTxeba:

,,haRsruldebis ca qveyana, didadac aRSfoTdebian.

haRivsebian suliTa, yvelani emzadebian

aimRvris ca da qveyana, didaTac aRSfoTdebian,

haRtacebuli RrubelTa erTs alags Sejgufdebian” (35) [33,154] 3

ànbanTqeba III~ gamomcemlis mier Setanili 37-e ortaepiani

strofi xelnawerSi ar gvxvdeba. sxvaTa Soris, g. jakobia sagangebod

uTiTebs, rom es orstriqoniani nawyveti aris mxolod AA,DD, D1

1 SeniSvna. gamosacemad momzadebulia k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutis

mecnier – TanamSromel m. sotkilavas mier da dRemde gamoucemelia. Cven vsargeblobT

am masaliT. 2 ix. g. jakobia, `SeniSvnebi da variantebi~, wignSi: Teimuraz meore, Tb., 1939, gv. 225-227;

229. 3 Sdr. gamoc. gv.135

21

xelnawerebSi. Ggamodis, rom B xelnawerSi ara gvaqvs, bunebrivia, arc M1

xelnawerSi iqneba, radganac, g. jakobias mosazrebiT, es ukanaskneli

swored B jgufis xelnawerebs ganekuTvneba.

erTi ram gasarkvevia, Tuki M1 xelnaweri BBjgufis teqsts

ganekuTvneba, maSin riTi avxsnaT, rom M1 xelnaweris zogi taepi TviT B

jgufis xelnawerTa taepebisagan gansxvavdeba, iqneb gadamwerma, garda B

jgufis xelnawerebisa, sxva xelnawerebiTac isargebla, an kidev,

SesaZloa, es variantebi specifikuri iyos aRniSnuli teqstisTvis.

g. jakobiaseul gamocemaSi 156-e strofis IV taepis bolo

sityvaa ,,Sesazareni,” maSin, roca danarCeni taepebi ,,enia” riTmas

gvaZlevs. xelnawer teqstSi gvaqvs ,,dRe mixvda Sesazrzenia” (156) [33,16].

gvxvdeba sapirispiro SemTxvevac, kerZod, SesaZloa, riTmis

sruli Tanxvedra aRar iyos, magram konteqstis mixedviT ufro misaReb

formasTan gvqondes saqme.

,,erTs mxlebels TasiT Saqari, xelTa uWiravs mzaTao” (541) [33,68].

èrTs mxlebels TasiT Saqari xelTa uWiravs mzasao” (541) [14,70].

,,mza xeli” cota ar iyos uxeSad da ucnaurad JRers.

amitom, ,,mzaTao”, Tumca araswor riTmas gvaZlevs, konteqstis mixedviT

ufro misaRebi Cans.

ganxilvis Rirsia 503-e strofi:

,,dedoflis brwyinvalebaman mzisa cimcimi anaso,

giSrisa mSvildiT isari, mefisa gulsa man aso,

mefesa marTebs siame, gverds ujdes amisTanaso,

da ase Seberdes meuRles, viT ioakim anaso.” [33,56]

M1 xelnawerSi II taepi Semdegi saxiT gvxvdeba:

,,giSrisa mSvildiT isari, mefisa gulsa an +aso”

sagangebo niSnis darTva gviqmnis STabeWdilebas, TiTqos ,,an

aso” erTad unda daweriliyo. vin unda iyos ,,mefis guli ana”?

XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi sami ana figurirebs qarTl-

kaxeTis samefo karze: ana dedofali (Teimurazis deda); ana-xanumi, beJan

22

ToqalToianis asuli (Teimurazis meore coli); ana abaSiZis qali

(erekles meuRle).1

albaT aq dedofali ana-xanumia SefarviT Seqebuli. Tumca, unda

iTqvas, rom Txzulebis werisas bolo ori jer kidev ar Cans samefo

karze, pirveli ki 1736-37 wlebSi ukve gardacvlilia. Aamitomac, Zneli

saTqmelia, Tu romels miemarTeba es Sesxma.

variaciuli saxesxvaobani Tu konteqstidan amovardnili

formebi mravlad gvxvdeba xelnawerSi (am ukanasknelze TviT

gadamwersac mSvenivrad scodnia, amitomac iTxovs mitevebas). 2 Tumca,

amaze yuradRebas ar SevaCerebT. sainteresoa, visaubroT im detalebze,

romlebSic xelnaweri marTebuli da misaRebi Cans.

,,gabaasebis~ pirveli nawili bibliur Temebs exeba. igi

faqtiurad sityvaSewyobili variantia saRvTo istoriisa, amitomac

teqstis dasadgenad, TavisTavad, saukeTeso wyarod CaiTvleba biblia. M1

xelnaweris bibliis teqstTan SepirispirebiT zogi taepis Casworeba

marTlac upriani iqneba.

52-e strofis II taepi xelnawer teqstSi warmodgenilia

Semdegnairad:

,,abelca daibadebis, simarTlis ndoma iqnebis’’ [33,10]

gamomcemlis mier SerCeuli varianti aseTia:

,,abelca daibadebis, simarTlis mdomi iqnebis” [14,6]

`wminda wignSi~ abelisadmi simpaTia, cxadia, igrZnoba, Tumca misi

Tviseba, simarTlismdomoba, naklebad Cans. amitomac, xelnawerSi

mocemuli forma gacilebiT misaRebad migvaCnia, radganac kaenis

gaboroteba da satanjveli uflis mier Zmebis xasiaTis marTebulad

gansazRvriT iyo gamowveuli.

variaciul saxesxvaobas warmoadgens 78-e strofi:

,,yovli mfrinveli Tesladi noesTan Sevidodeso,

or-ori xorcielisa yovlisgan Seyvebodeso

vinc Semsvlelia Sevides, kargi ar darCebodeso

1 Qix. àRwera samefosi saqarTveloisa~, qarTlis cxovreba, s. yauxCiSvilis

redaqtorobiT, 1973, t. IV, gv. 609; 610; 913. 2 ix. zsiem 24, xelnaweri krebuli, gv. 255

23

dadges kidobans mamali, dedalTan dadgebodeso~ [33,14]

`yovli mfrinveli, Tesladi, noes Tan Sehyvebodesa,

xorcielTagan or-ori Seudges, swrafad rbodesa,

aravin darCa cxoveli, xmeleTze dges Tu xbodesa,

romeli romels uswrebda, erTbaSad Seivltodesa~ [14,10-11]

arc es strofi aqvs motanili ,,variantebSi~ g. jakobias,

arada, SesaZloa, swored es taepebi iyos ufro marTebuli bibliis

teqstis gaTvaliswinebiT. 1 Tumca, rig SemTxvevaSi (III taepi) xelnawer

teqsts ver verwmunebiT.

,,yovelTagan frToanTa mfrinvelTa cisaTa naTesaobisaebr da

yovelTagan quewarmavalTa, romelni vlenan queyanasa zeda

naTesaobisaebr maTisa, or-ori yovelTagan Sevides Sen Tana zrdad Sen

Tana_ mamali da dedali~ (dab.6.20) [5,57], _ urCia ufalma noes. noemac

ganurCevlad Sedena pirutyvi. xelnawerSi ki vkiTxulobT:

,,vinc Semsvlelia Sevides, kargi ar darCebodeso~.

sxva taepebi bibliis teqstTan ufro axlos dgas.

III taepis gamomcemlis mier SerCeul variants (,,aravin darCa

cxoveli, xmeleTze dges Tu xbodesa”,) yuradReba miaqcia S. CijavaZem.

igi Tvlis, rom ,,xbodes” nacvlad saWiroa iyos ,,kbode”, ,,aq xmeleTs

upirispirdeba sityva ,,xbode~, romelic qarTuli enisTvis ucnobia

konteqstis mixedviT. mis magier unda gvqondes ,,kbode”, rac

niSnavs ,,zRvisa da wylis pirs”, romelic aris kldovan-flatoiani

Cauvali” (s. orbeliani, koniuqtura dasturdeba Txzulebis

xelnawerebSic (H-119; .F-.16; S-342, gv.16 da sxv.)~ [123, 24], - aRniSnavs

teqstologi.

,,yovli ram feri kacisa, sulisTvis miuZRvisao” (176) [14, 22]

,,yovli ram feri kacisa, sulisTvis miezRvisao” (176) [33, 24]

bibliuri Txrobis gaTvaliswinebiT orive sityva ,,miuZRvisao”

Tu ,,miezRvisao” Seusabamo Cans. 2 Tumca, Tuki pirvelSi miZRvnas

vigulisxmebT, maSin Semdeg azrs miviRebT_adamianis yoveli qmedeba

1 ix. biblia (mcxeTuri xelnaweri), Tb., 1981, ,,dabadeba” 7,9; gv. 17 2 ix. biblia (mcxeTuri xelnaweri), Tb., 1983, wigni iobisi, 2,4 gv. 101

24

suls eZRvneba. aq bibliis stili daculia, suli ki, Teimuraz meoris

msoflxedviT, sicocxlis sinonimia. amaSi es taepic

dagvarwmunebs: ,,xeli ar gqondes sulTana, eride yovlis

gziTacao” (177,4) [14, 22].

aq, swored, sicocxlis xelyofazea saubari.

,,did Jam-maqvs ese kvnesao~ (335,2) [14, 42]

,,didad mawuxebs esao” (335.2) [33,46]

Tumca axal aRTqmaSi ki aris miTiTebuli, rom sneuls 38 welia

stanjavs xeibroba, konkretul SemTxvevaSi davrdomilis wuxilia

gamoxatuli auzSi Causvlelobis gamo. amdenad, sasurveli iyo SeerCiaT

xelnaweri varianti.

zogan riTmis TvalsazrisiTac gvxvdeba uzustobebi.

gamomcemlis mier dadgenili teqstis 280-e strofis bolo

taepi uriTmoa. aq riTma ,,asas” gvaZlevs, bolo taepSi ki, ,,ferxTa banas”

forma gvxvdeba.

amaze yuradRebas amaxvilebs S. CijavaZec da sxvadasxva

xelnaweris gaTvaliswinebiT (HH-193, F-42, da sxv.) swor formad ,,ferxTa

bansa” formas miiCnevs. 1

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom am sintagmaSi ,,bansa~ zmna gamodis,

aRmoCndeba, rom erT formaSi ori zmna iyris Tavs, rac, ra Tqma unda,

am konteqstSi dauSvebelia (,,Seiqms ferxTa bansa~). amdenad, vfiqrobT,

saanalizo xelnaweris forma gacilebiT misaRebia (,,Seiqms ferxT

banasa”) (280, 4) [33,32].

krebul `sarkeSi~ daculi `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis~ Seswavlam

aCvena, rom igi variaciul saxesxvaobas iCens sxva xelnawerebTan Tu

gamomcemlis mier dadgenil teqstTan mimarTebaSi. Sesabamisad, ver

daveTanxmebiT g. jakobias mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac, M1 xelnaweri

B jgufis xelnawerTa kategoriad iTvleba, SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom aq

gamovlenili variaciebi specifikuria.

1 ix. S. CijavaZe, teqstologiuri SeniSvnebi Teimuraz II TxzulebaTa gamocemaze, wignSi:

XVIII s-is qarTuli mwerlobis sakiTxebi; 1965w. gv. 23

25

SevecadeT agvexsna rig SemTxvevaSi siswore M1 xelnawerisa sxva Tu

redaqtoris mier dadgenil teqstTan mimarTebaSi. xelnaweris azrobrivi

gamarTulobis gansazRvrisas saxelmZRvanelo wyarod biblia

gamoviyeneT.

saWirod vTvliT, sxva xelnawerebTan SedarebiT upiratesoba am

xelnawers mieniWos. aseve, gamovTqvamT varauds, poemis bibliis

teqstTan Sepirispirebis Sedegad, kidev erTxel gadaisinjos nawarmoebis

gamomcemlis mier SerCeuli varianti.

amdenad, roca dadgeba sakiTxi Teimuraz meoris TxzulebaTa

krebulis xelaxla gamocemisa, sasurvelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnes

zemoaRniSnuli cvlilebebi da zogi taepi Caswordes.

§7 Teimuraz meoris Semoqmedebis folkloruli wyaroebi

n. sozanaSvili mefe-poetis Semoqmedebis xalxur wyaroebs ikvlevs.

igi III da IV anbanTqebis ganxilvisas gamocanis gamarTvis xerxs exeba,

uTiTebs, rom mas xalxur sityvierebaSi eZebneba saTave. mohyavs m.

Ciqovaniseuli analizi aristoteles, e. teiloris, al. veselovskis

mosazrebebisa, sadac gamocana miiCneva metaforad, Zvelebur amocanad,

metaforis saxiT gadmocemul kiTxvad; eyrdnoba ra m. Ciqovanis

Sexedulebas, romlis mixedviTac ,,CamoTvlili niSnebi warmoadgenen

mxolod poetur xerxebs, gadmocemis formas da ara Sinaarss" [122,336],

mianiSnebs, rom ,,gamocana iyo farTo masebis zneobrivi da gonebrivi

aRzrdis Taviseburi saSualeba. mwerlobaSic gamocanas sxva mizani,

garda msmenlis damoZRvra-garTobisa, ar unda hqonoda" [100,18-19].

mkvlevari mefe-poetis anbanTqebebis struqturis safuZvlian

analizs gvaZlevs. aRniSnavs, rom Teimurazi gamocanas imave principiT

agebs, rogorc es xalxuri SemoqmedebisTvisaa niSandoblivi, Sesabamisad,

maT damoZRvriTi funqcia aqvs. 1

1 SeniSvna. `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis~ pirvel nawilSi Teimuraz meore wyarod iyenebs

bibliis rogorc kanonikur, ise arakanonikur sakiTxavebs. amdenad, folkloruli

wyaroebis ganxilvisas ar SeiZleba calke ar gamovyoT poetis mimarTeba xalxur

apokrifebTan.

26

§8. Teimuraz meoris literaturul-esTetikuri Sexedulebani

Teimuraz meore arCilis literaturuli skolis warmomadgenelia.

Sesabamisad, ,,marTlis Tqmis” principis erTguli damcvelia poeti da

arc arCilis mier damkvidrebuli didaqtikuri motivia misTvis ucxo.

Ddidaqtizmi sakvlev TxzulebaSic igrZnoba.

poemaSi gamokveTil didaqtikur Sexedulebebs ixilavs e.

lorTqifaniZe. Mmisi azriT, zne-CveulebaTa dawvrilebiT aRwera avtors

dasWirda muslimTa wreSi gadagvarebis safrTxis winaSe mdgari

qarTvelebis mosabruneblad: `Tu arCil mefe mxolod asaxelebs

saqarTvelos zneobebs, Teimuraz meore dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems maT da

ufro srulyofilad aRwers kidec zogierT im zneobas, romlebic

arCilma SedarebiT sqematurad gadmogvca... ,,sarke TqmulTa~ Taviseburi

sacnobaroa dRisa da Ramis sxvadasxva drois mixedviT tradiciul wes-

CveulebaTa sworad CatarebisaTvis. Aamdenad, mas didi aRmzrdelobiTi

mniSvneloba eniWeba~ [80,41].

sruliad sawinaaRmdego mosazrebas aviTarebs j. afciauri. misi

TqmiT, Teimurazma mxari ver auba epoqis moTxovnebs, ,,marTlis Tqmis~

principi, romelic arCilma danerga, xolo daviT guramiSvilma srulyo,

sxvadasxva kuTxiT gamoxates Semoqmedebma, Teimurazma ki es ver SeZlo.

`Teimurazi, maSinac ki, roca qveynisa da pirad ubedurebas exeba,

mSvidia, dinji. Mmisi leqsi mSrali informaciis miwodebas jerdeba. Ees

ar aris meomari leqsi, ase gasinjeT, Teimurazs aRorZinebis periodSi

friad gavrcelebuli didaqtikuri Tematikac ki ar itacebs, Tematika,

romelsac aqtiurad iyenebdnen xolme, rogorc erovnuli cxovrebis

naklis gamosworebis erT-erT ZiriTad saSualebas~ [36,94].

rogorc viciT, arCili Tavis TxzulebaSi ,,saqarTvelos zneobani~

mTavar mizezs asaxelebs, Tu ratom Seqmna am tipis nawarmoebi. igi

TiTqos niSnismogebiT eubneba TanamedroveT:

,,bevri kaci imizezebs: ara myonda momvlelio,

27

zneoba ram dameswavla xarisx xarisx amvlelio,

axla raRa pasuxi gaqvsT, ai Tqveni mswavlelio!

vin ar iwvrTna, malmc mohkvdebis, nu xar xanis

wamvlelio” (103) [2,14]

SesaZloa, arCilis Txzulebisgan gansxvavebiT, didaqtikuri motivi

demonstrirebuli ar iyos saanalizo nawarmoebSi, magram poemaSi am

nakadis ganfeniloba aSkarad igrZnoba. Aaq moxmobili yoveli epizodi,

romelic paeqrobisas saWiro iaraRad aris gamoyenebuli, garkveuli

rakursiTac moxvedrila mwerlis obieqtivSi. Bbibliis sxvadasxva

siuJetis mizanmimarTuli dalageba, cxadia, garkveul Sedegze iyo

orientirebuli. qristianuli mrwamsis Tu qarTuli zne-Cveulebebis ase

lakonurad da sityvaSewyobiT warmoTqma, bunebrivia, maTi ukeT

gaazrebiTa da SeswavliT iyo gapirobebuli. Teimurazs epoqis

Sesabamisad, saWiroebisamebr gauleqsavs calkeuli bibliuri epizodi.

arada, eWvsgareSea, sxva mniSvnelovan pasaJebsac, romelTac,

Sesabamisad, dRisiT an RamiT eqneboda adgili, es perifrazirebis

ostati advilad moaqcevda taepebSi.

e. lorTqifaniZe poetis mxridan samarTalze, Sromaze,

danaSaulebebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas didaqtikuri TvalsazrisiT

xsnis. Aiqve aRniSnavs, rom avtori gegmis mixedviT winamorbedis kvals

miyveba, Tumca masaviT srulyofili ver aris. amis mizezad ki mefe-

poetis mouclelobas asaxelebs: ,,mas ar hqonda SesaZlebloba ufro

safuZvlianad daemuSavebina Tavisi Canafiqri... mas Tavisi Sroma dauweria

laSqrobis dros da ar hqonia SesaZlebloba ufro meti dro daeTmo

misTvis~ [80,42].

T. begiaSvili ki, romelmac faqtiurad istoriul-eTnografiuli

kuTxiT ganixila poema, ,,sarke TqmulTas” gacilebiT srulyofil

nawarmoebad miiCnevs.: `rogorc viciT, arCilmac scada realisturi da

zogjer naturalisturi JanriTac yofacxovrebiTi leqsis dawera...

,,saqarTvelos zneobani” ... savsebiT Camouvardeba SinaarsiTac da

formiTac Teimuraz meoris ,,sarke TqmulTas” [45,115].

28

mkvlevari Teimurazis upiratesobas imiTac xsnis, rom man SeZlo

naturalisturi elementebis Semotana: ,,Txzuleba TaviT bolomde

realisturi JanriT aris dawerili, xSirad naturalisturi elferiTac...

TeimurazisTvis uimedobis ideologia miuRebeli iqneboda, piriqiT, igi,

rogorc mefe, saxelmwifos da piradi mdgomareobis gamosworebas

imedianad ucqeroda. sinamdvile mas amis sabuTs aZlevda da amitom misi

msoflmxedveloba da ideologiac realistur niadagze moimarTa.

swored amiT unda aixsnas is garemoeba, rom Teimuraz meoris poeziaSi

realizmi aramcTu ukiduresobamde ganmtkicda, aramed masSi

naturalizmis elementebic Warbad Seitana” [45,119-120].

mefe-poets mkvlevrebi optimist mweralTa ricxvs akuTvneben. misi

`dRisa da Ramis gabaaseba~ sinaTlis apologiad aris miCneuli.1

zemoT ukve vaxseneT, rom Teimuraz meore saxeobrivi azrovnebiT

didad ar gamoirCeva, arc versifikaciuli silaRe itacebs Tvals,

Sesabamisad am mxares nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben mkvlevrebi.

Mmiuxedavad amisa, ,,qarTul literaturaTmcodneobiT mcire

anTologiaSi” misi Semoqmedebidan ramdenime strofi moxvedrila

(,,gabaasebidan”_1-li, me-3, me-13, me-18, amave poemis epilogis me-

3, ,,kidurwerilobis” me-19 strofebi).2

rogorc zemoT vaxseneT, mkvlevrebi, ZiriTadad, ,,dRisa da Ramis

gabaasebas~ exebian. Tumca, sxva nawarmoebebic aris ganxiluli

aRniSnuli kritikosebis naSromebSi.

gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom `ànbanTqeba~, rogorc literaturuli

Janri, pirvelad Teimuraz meorem gamoiyena Zvel qarTul literaturaSi

saero-satrfialo (gapirovnebuli) motivebisTvis.~ 3

k. kekeliZe ,,anbanTqebebis” Taviseburebebs gamoyofs:

,,Teimurazs Semdegi tipis ,,anbanTqeba” aqvs naxmari: a). strofSi

sityvebi dalagebulia anbanis rigze, b). ,,amocanad Tqmuli ori

anbanTqeba, romelTa damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas warmoadgens is, rom

1 ix. al. baramiZe, Teimuraz meore, gaz. `samSoblo~, 1975, gv.6 2 ix. qarTuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi mcire anTologia, wigni I, Seadgina g.

baramiZem, Tb., 1997, gv. 116-119. 3 ix. g. jakobia, filologiur mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis

mosapoveblad warmodgenili sadisertacio naSromis Tezisebi, Tb., 1941, gv. 4

29

pirveli strofis oTxive striqoni iwyeba a-niT, meore b-aniT. maSasadame,

TiToeuli maTgani Sedgeba 36 strofisagan. erT ,,anbanTqebaSi” TiToeul

strofSi amocanis saxiT mocemulia ,,axali aRTqmis” istoriis erT-erTi

romelime faqti, xolo meore ,,anbanTqebis” strofebSi Zveli aRTqmis

istoriis faqtebi~ [69,613].

mkvlevari iqve miuTiTebs, rom ,,anbanTqebis~ gawyobisas Teimurazi

originaluri ar aris, radganac amgvari ,,anbanTqeba” dauweria mis

winamorbedsa da naTesav vaxtang meeqvsesac.

l. menabdis TqmiT, ÌII_IV anbanTqebis Seqmnisas poetis mizani iyo

bibliis popularizacia, gasarTobis Seqmna amocanis saxiT da sakuTar

poetur SesaZleblobaTa demonstracia~ [82,191].

j. afciauri miyolebiT aanalizebs Teimurazis Txzulebebs. mis

,,xilTa qebas" g. ColoyaSvilis analogiuri Txzulebis gagrZelebad

miiCnevs, ,,qeba srisas" ZiriTad Rirsebad ki imas Tvlis, rom am

TxzulebiT mefis sasaxleze srulyofili warmodgena gveqmneba.

mefe-poetis TxzulebaTa ganxilvisas mkvlevrebi upiratesobas

aniWeben rusi generlis, aleqsandre buturlinis ulamazes asul

barbares saqebrad Seqmnil leqsebs, radganac, maTi GTqmiT, swored isini

gamoirCevian ,,grZnobaTa siRrmiTa~ da `garegani moxdenilobiT~:

,,Teimurazis stili yovelTvis swori araa, xolo leqss aklia harmonia

da namdvili poeturi aRmafrena, grZnobaTa siRrmiT da garegani

moxdenilobiT yvelas sjobs is ori nawarmoebi, romelSic poeti aqebs

rus qals, barbare aleqsandres asuls" [69,616].

samecniero literaturaSi SeniSnulia, rom barbare buturlinas

SeqebiT, qarTul mwerlobaSi pirvelad gamoCnda rusi qalis saxe: ,,mere

modis guramiSvili, iwereba ,,zubovka", TavidaTavi mSveneba qarTuli

samijnuro poeziisa. daviTi damexa da danacra ukraineli qalis

silamazem...~ [36,189]. 1

d. guramiSvilma saocari wiaRsvlebi aCvena am leqsSi. aRniSnul

nawarmoebze gamouTqvams mosazreba TiTqmis yvelas, vinc ki poetis

1 SeniSvna. iqneb es qali sulac qarTveli iyo, guramiSvili xom iq qarTvelTa

garemocvaSi cxovrobda.

30

Semoqmedebas Sexebia. albaT, yvela SesaZlebloba aris daSvebuli,

romelic Teoriulad SeiZleba gaCndes ,,zubovkis"@interpretirebisas. e.

xinTibiZe CamoTvlis ra sxvadasxva mcdelobas Txzulebis wakiTxvisa

(mistikur-alegoriuli, realisturi, anda, Tu gnebavT, biografiul

sinamdvilemde dayvana, alegoriuli xedva_patriotuli alegorizmi Tu

sawuTros, amqveyniuris alegorizmi; alegoriul-mistikuri

interpretireba_satrfo qriste. imis SesaZleblobis daSvebac, rom orive

maTgani (realuri da alegoriuli) leqsSi SeiZleba iyos), Tavad axal

interpretacias gvawvdis, zubovkel qals ufalTan poetis miaxloebisas

mediumad miiCnevs, Tan dasZens, rom, SesaZloa, amgvari gaazreba erTi

mxriv momdinareobdes evropuli lirikidan, an kidev vaxtang

meeqvsiseuli siyvarulis alegoriuli gadaazrebiT iyos miRebuli.1

garda d. guramiSvilisa, RvTaebriv siyvarulze uweriaT vaxtang VI,

Teimuraz I, arCils. arCilis ,,samijnuroni", Tu galeqsili ,,visramianis"

me-17 strofi CaTvlilia saRvTo mijnurobis motivis leqsebad. 2

,,zubovkas~ veranairad mieaxleba Teimuraz meoris barbare

buturlinas saqebrad dawerili leqsebi. aq wmindawylis xorciel

siyvaruls vxvdebiT, Tanac, cota ar iyos, Taviseburi formiT.

,,kidurwerilobaSi" vkiTxulobT: ,,esreT ver gkadre, ucilod,

Zmurad ye mogexveodi" (4,4) [14,114]; ,,Tqven CemTvis mwyalobel iqnaT,

usayvarles xar disagan" (7,4) [14,114];

pirveli kiduri, anu ganapira vertikaluri xazi, gvaZlevs: ,,viTa

ferobs sikeTesa Sensa, egreT saqebel xar didaT evropiasa Sina dasaviT

sayvarelo Cemo", meore vertikali ikiTxeba ase: ,,vera SesZles

mSvenierebis Senisa qebai... dao, sayvarelo, Cemo."

siyvarulis amgvari gamoxatva cota ar iyos ucnaurad JRers. poeti

das Tu dasaviT sayvarels uwodebs qals, romelsac mTeli guliT

etrfis, sakmaod naturalisturad ki aRwers mis silamazes, bage-kbilTa

elvarebas, Tval-warbis eSxs Tu sakuTar sulier mdgomareobas.

1 ix. e. xinTibiZe, ,,zubovkis" siyvarulis mistikuri interpretaciisaTvis, daviT

guramiSvili_300, samecniero Sromebis krebuli, Tb., 2005, gv. 205 2 ix. k. kekeliZe, etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, XIV, Tb., 1986, gv.

143

31

Segnebulad dgeba ukana planze. uyvars uangarod, arc mTlad uimedod

(,,TiTqmis eSyis feTebiT damelios me sulia, esec vici, ar gamagdeb, ar

Semaklo aw gulia!" (11,3-4) [14,115]; Tumca, icis isic, rom aseT

mzeTunaxavs:

,,vin gauSvebs uqorwinod, gamoCndebis kaci Rirsi,

vgoneb didad ver ipovon Sesaferi, Sesatyvisi.

vnaZleob me: arvin iyos saqmrod misad sakadrisi!~ [14,117];

misi trfobis erT-erTi mizezi aris isic, rom:

,,zne, qceva, misi saqciel RvTisagan mocemulia" [14,117];

amitomac Seyvarebia zrdili, RvTiuri madliT mosili,

ulamazesi qaliSvili. amdenad, igi etrfis ara mis xorcs, aramed suls.

siyvarulis cnebac sakmaod zogadia, misi grZnoba aramiwieri da

platonuria.

SesaZloa, mis TanamedroveTagan gansxvavebiT Teimurazis naazrevi ar

iZleodes Txzulebis gansxvavebulad wakiTxvis saSualebas, magram,

faqtia, rom sakmaod nazi, uangaro siyvaruli gamoxata poetma.

akrostiqis gamarTvis konkretul aspeqtSic novatorad aris

miCneuli avtori. mis Rirsebad CaTvlilia is, rom misi

,,kidurwerilobis" SuagulSic moiZebneba kiduri akrostiqis mobane

motivebi (,,sayvarelo, dao Cemo"). 1

vfiqrobT, zogadad gamovyaviT is problemuri sakiTxebi, romlebic

mwerlisa da misi Txzulebebis, gansakuTrebiT ki umTavresi Zeglis

,,dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis~ garSemo arsebobs qarTul

literaturaTmcodneobaSi. TiTqmis yvela monakveTi mwerlis cxovrebis,

moRvaweobisa Tu msoflmxedvelobisa gamoikveTa.

§9 `literaturis partiulobis~ principis xelisSemSleli roli

Teimuraz meoris Semoqmedebis srulyofilad Seswavlis saqmeSi

zemoT ukve vaxseneT, rom monografiuli naSromi Teimuraz meoris

cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebaze dRemde ar arsebobs. vTvliT, rac

1 ix. g. jakobia, teqstisaTvis, wignSi: Teimuraz meore, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, gv.

XXXV

32

gakeTebula mwerlis Txzulebebis Seswavlisa da popularizebisTvis,

isic ar aris problemis amomwuravi.

g. jakobias, TxzulebaTa sruli krebulis gamocemisas, ratomRac ar

Seaqvs Teimuraz meoris sasuliero xasiaTis nawarmoebi, romelsac

,,ganzraxvani da vedrebani” ewodeba. igi Tvlis, rom mas Tanamedrove

mkiTxvelisTvis Rirebuleba da mniSvneloba ara aqvs. 1 xolo poemis

pirvel monakveTze ki wers: ,,unda iTqvas, rom pirvel nawils

Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT mcire mniSvneloba aqvs Tematurad da

ideologiurad; mxatvruli Rirebulebis mxrivac iqneb mdarea, magram

Cven mainc vaqveynebT mas, gansakuTrebiT im mosazrebiT, rom saWiroa

Cvens poets mTlianad vicnobdeT_misi Rirseba-naklovanebebiT. Tanac,

uamisod winamdebare krebuli srulyofili ver iqneboda” [132, XXVII-

XXVIII].

T. begiaSvilis mixedviT, radganac klerikalizmi damaxasiaTebeli

movlena iyo XVIII saukuneSi, Teimurazmac xarki gadauxada epoqis

moTxovnebs, religiuri Temebi gaaSuqa da saeklesio Tematika gaabatona

mwerlobaSi: ,,unda iTqvas, rom Teimurazis Rirseba rogorc poetisa

realistobaSia, man poezias yovelgvari abstraqtuloba CamoaSora da

cxovrebas dauaxlova. marTalia, mis nawerebSi uxvad vxvdebiT

sasuliero-saeklesio ambebs, mTeli Tavebi aqvs Teimurazs galeqsili

bibliidan da saeklesio istoriidan, magram mwerali cdilobs, esec

realisturi JanriT galeqsos. cnobilia, rom XVIII saukune

saqarTveloSi ufro metad aris klerikalizmiT gaJRenTili, vidre sxva

romelime epoqa da klerikaluri ideologia Zalauneburad poeziaSic

poulobda TavSesafars.~ [45,119].

klerikalizmi saeklesio mimarTulebaa, romelic iswrafvis,

sazogadoebis politikur-kulturul cxovrebaSi wamyvani roli

miakuTvnos eklesiasa da samRvdeloebas. sabWoTa enciklopediebSi es

termini uaryofiTad iSifreba: ,,klerikaluri, xolo garkveulwilad

Teokratiuli miswrafebebic garkveulwilad klasobriv-antagonisturi

1 ix. g. jakobia, teqstisaTvis, wignSi: Teimuraz meore, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, gv.

XVII

33

sazogadoebis yvela religiur-saeklesio organizaciisTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli~ [28,555].

T. begiaSvilis SexedulebiT mJRavndeba, rom igi ar wyalobs

rogorc am mimarTulebas, ise mis gabatonebas qarTul sinamdvileSi.

l. menabdis mosazrebiT: ,,dRisa da Ramis gabaaseba" mravalmxriv

sayuradRebo nawarmoebia. MmarTalia, misi pirveli nawili (saRmrTo)

Tematurad da ideurad dRes saintereso araa, samagierod, meore nawili,

erTob mniSvnelovania~ [81,139].

b. qiqoZec exeba am sakiTxs. misi SexedulebiT, bibliuri TemebiT

poetis daintereseba Crdils ver ayenebs Txzulebas. aseve, miuTiTebs,

rom es faqti mefis religiur Rrmaganswavlulebaze metyvelebs:

,,marTalia, Txzulebis pirveli nawilic, saRvTo werilis zogierTi

epizodis galeqsvas warmoadgens, magram es momenti sruliad ar amcirebs

Txzulebis garkveul Rirebulebas, gadatvirTva bibliuri ambebiT TviT

poetis Zlieri religiuri ganwyobilebis gamommJRavnebelia~ [118,139].

al. baramiZe erTgan yuradRebas amaxvilebs Teimuraz meoris mier

samRvdeloebis `msunagobis~ faqtze: `jvrisweris dros, xucess ,,cota Tu

miscen, uwunebso~~ [38,6], _ wers is.

mkvlevari samRvdeloebis salanZRavs kargad xedavs da amokrebs,

bibliur qadagebebs ki aRar aanalizebs.

,,dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~ fotografiuli sizustiT aris

aRnusxuli rogorc saeklesio, ise saero ambebi. SesaZloa, aq marTlac,

erTgvari sarkazmi gamosWviodes saeklesio wris warmomadgenelTadmi,

magram, unda iTqvas, rom ironiis gareSe poeti arc mefeTa kategorias

tovebs:

`dRisiT iqnebis gancxroma, lxini da nadirobani,

gaRma-gamoRma Tqar-Tqari, lizRoba, kai zmobani,

galobis, simReris Tqmazed mefeTgan gamcemobani...

netavi mas dRes, vinca vin xelmwifeT axlosa uziT,

Tqven aivsebiT saboZvriT, fruliT, abaziT, auziT.~

(437,1-3, 438,3-4) [14,55]

34

rogorc irkveva, xelmwifesTan daaxloebuli mliqvneli, pirferi,

TvalTmaqci met wyalobas iRebs ufali mefisgan.

k. kekeliZis mtkicebiT, marTalia, Teimurazs ver dauRwevia Tavi

aRorZinebis xanis Sablonisgan, romlis mixedviT yuradRebas upirveles-

yovlisa saRmrTos aqcevdnen da amitom movaled Tvlidnen Tavs,

anbanTqebaSi da leqsad gadakeTebul bibliis moTxrobebSi Tu calke

leqsebSi RmerTze, saiqiosa da wuTisoflis amaoebaze efiqraT.

miuxedavad amisa, paralelurad realisturad asaxa qveynis yofa da

poezia Camoiyvana maRali, ganyenebuli materiebidan da aalaparaka

Cveulebriv, ubralo Temebze.ALigi miuTiTebs, aseve, rom Teimurazs

badali ara hyavs sazogado sakiTxebis ganxilvis TvalsazrisiT, xolo

rogorc aRvniSneT, religiuri TemebiT dainteresebas epoqis Sablonad

Tvlis.1

aRniSnuli pozicia, aSkarad komunisturi ideologiis zegavlenis

Sedegi Cans. aRniSnuli epoqis mkvlevrebi, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis

warmomadgenelTa Semoqmedebaze msjelobisas, Zirfesvianad exebodnen raM

mweralTa Semoqmedebis detalebs, maT literaturul memkvidreobaSi

gabneul religiur Temebs, Sexedulebebs, bibliur pasaJebs gangeb

tovebdnen yuradRebis miRma, rogorc Tematurad uinteresos da arafris-

mTqmels. amas ki iZulebiTi xasiaTi hqonda, radganac `literaturis

partiulobis~ principi bibliuri Tematikisa da zogadad qristianuli

moralis ignorirebasac iTvaliswinebda.

raki Bbibliuri Temebi didxans tabudadebuli iyo,E mkvlevrebic

iZulebulni xdebodnen, uinteresod gamoecxadebinaT ,,saRvTo sjulis”

moZRvreba, maSin, rodesac `wminda wigni~ aTaswleulobiT kvebavda

ideurad SemoqmedT. Bbunebrivia, mweralTa literaturuli memkvidreobis

kvlevisas mecnierebma zedmiwevniT icodnen TxzulebebSi motanili

bibliuri paradigmebis gaanalizebis mniSvneloba, aseve, Tu ra moralur-

zneobrivi datvirTva hqonda yoveli epoqis sazogadoebisTvis bibliuri

Temebis Sexsenebas, Tumca, `mwerlobis moTvinierebis~ principi

mkvlevarTa iZulebiT zombirebasac moiTxovda. SezRudva Teimuraz

1 ix. k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t.II, Tb., 1981, gv. 616

35

meoris Semoqmedebasac Seexo. poetis gansakuTrebuli interesi

religiisadmi èpoqis Sablonad~, `klerikalizmisadmi xarkis gadaxdad~

gamocxadda, mis religiuri Tematikis Semcvel Txzulebebs ki

Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisTvis Rirebuleba da mniSvnelobamoklebulad,

Tematurad da ideurad uinteresod asaxeleben. aseve, cdiloben

daamtkicon, rom poemis pirvel nawilSi saRvTo werilis zogierTi

epizodis galeqsva ver ayenebs Crdils Txzulebis garkveul

Rirebulebas.

l. menabdis werilebis gviandel gamocemaSi Casworebulia

zemoaRniSnuli monakveTi: ,,misi pirveli nawili (saRmrTo) Tematurad

da ideurad axals da ucnobs aras Seicavs” [82,187] _ miuTiTebs amjerad

avtori da amaSi nawilobriv unda daveTanxmoT.

am faqtiT ki, komunisturi epoqis mkvlevarTa mosazrebebSi iZulebis

kvali naTlad dasturdeba.

b. darCia sworad afasebs nawarmoebs da mwerlis mizansac,

sasuliero Temebis galeqsvisas marTebulad uTiTebs: ,,Tu am nawarmoebis

pirveli nawili Sua saukuneebSi gabatonebuli im

literaturul_Teoriuli Tvalsazrisis xorcSesxmaa, romelic

sityvakazmuli mwerlobis ZiriTad da umTavres sagnad RmerTs da

saRvTo sjuls miiCnevda, meore nawili arCiliseuli ,,marTlis Tqmis”,

realurad arsebulis asaxvis princips emsaxureba.

Tavisi droisTvis am nawarmoebs didi SemecnebiTi da

aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvneloba hqonda, igi xels uwyobda CvenSi bibliis

Seswavlas. qristianuli sarwmunoebis gavrcelebasa da ganmtkicebas,

mSobliuri zne-Cveulebebisa da adaT-wesebis SeTvisebasa da dacvas.

rac sabolood mZlavr iaraRad iqceoda erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi. dRes ki es Txzuleba saukeTeso

wyaroa Zveli, feodaluri saqarTvelos eTnografiuli

SeswavlisaTvis~ [60,607-608].

j. afciauri wers: `dRisa da Ramis gabaaseba~ Teimurazis yvelaze

mniSvnelovani originaluri Txzulebaa. rogorc Cans, poets miznad

dausaxavs iseTi nawarmoebi Seeqmna, sadac ZnasaviT iqneboda Sekruli

36

qarTveli xalxis yofis eTnografiuli suraTebi da saRvTo werili,

saeklesio istoria~ [36,138].

marTlac, erTgvari nazavia Txzuleba saRvTo da saero cxovrebis

wesisa. poetis mizanic qarTvelTaTvis saxelmZRvanelo moZRvrebis Seqmna

iyo. amitomac Seurwya sasuliero da WeSmariti qristiani moqalaqisTvis

saWiro debulebebi da erTad moaTavsa Tavis poemaSi. mas arc dogmaturi

RmrTismetyvelebis Sexseneba daviwyebia. Teimurazis yvela fraza

gaTvlilia qristianuli mrwamsis ganmtkiceba-gaZlierebaze. igi

energiulad ubams mxars sakuTari epoqis moRvaweebs, romelTa sazrunavi

iyo, literaturaSi sasuliero Tematikis Warbad SemodinebiT

aRmoefxvraT is indiferentizmi, romelic sazogadoebaSi arsebobda

religiisadmi.

aRorZinebis xanis qarTvel mweralTa mcdeloba, erTxel ukve

naTargmni sasuliero Zeglebis gadmoRebisa, swored amiT aixsneba. XVIII

saukuneSi markozis saxareba gadmouRiaT xelaxla.1 am epoqaSi msoflio

saeklesio krebebis Tematikis Semcveli araerTi literatura

uTargmniaT, maT Soris aris nusxuriT Sesrulebuli I-IV msoflio

krebis aqtebi. 2

Teimurazis did interess sasuliero mwerlobisadmi, originaluri

nawarmoebebis garda, is xelnawerebic mowmoben, romlebic misi mefobisas

gadainusxa. magaliTad, ,,qarTvel wmindanTa cxovreba" gadauweriaT

,,misive sakuTrad Sesawiravad saukunod, meufobasa keTilmsaxuris da

RvTivdaculisa gankrZalul morwmunisa Teimurazissa, ,,dedoflobasa

zeciT RvTivfarulisa da qristesmoyvarisa qarTvelTxelmwifisa asulis

Tamarissa, uflis wulissa Zisa maTisa batonis Svilisa hereklessa,

saukunomca ars xsenebaÁ da kurTxeva maTi saukuneTa, amin~ [112, 285].

Teimurazis didi rudunebiTa da mondomebiT gadmouRiaT ,,saweliwdoi

qronikebi" Tu basili kesarielis mier RvTismSoblis micvalebaze

dawerili Txzuleba; 3 gremSi, kaxmdivnis Zes, ieses 1748-54 wlebSi

Seudgenia krebuli, sadac Sesula ioane sinelis klemaqsi, andria

1 ix. qxa, t.I2, Tb., 1976, gv.10 2 ix. A- 226; A-618.

3 ix. qxa, t.I2, Tb., 1976, gv. 11

37

mociqulis Sesxma, grigol romaelTa papis (RvTismetyvelis) Sesxma,

grigol romT papis dialogi da a.S. aqac, gadamnusxavi xotbas asxams

gvirgvinosan mefes; 1745 welsve gadauweria mitropolit ioanes mamaTa

cxovreba (pateriki) TbilisSi, sionis sakaTedro taZarSi; 1756 wels

Teimurazis uSualo TxovniT da CagonebiT gadaunusxavs didmarxvis

metafrasi isak Sios Zes TbilisSi; 1 1756 wels simeon julfelis

`dialeqtika~ gadmoiRo zaqariam;2 Teimurazis kaxeTis ganmgeblad yofnis

dros (1715w.) gadauweriaT, aseve, gulani; 3 erT-erTi samociqulos

minawerSi niqozeli epioskoposi nikolozi axsenebs faqts imis Taobaze,

Tu rogor aRudgina warTmeuli mamulebi Teimuraz meorem niqozis

saydars, rogor daexmara finansurad da Tu rogor ganaaxla sigelebi:

,,visac hqonda an SalikaSvilsa, an favnenisSvilsa (!) amisi mamuli,

yvelas gamoarTva da sigelebic ga[naax]la, isev saydars daudva~ [114,104].

amdenad, qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi arsebuli xarvezis

gaTvaliswinebiT, aucilebelia gamokvleul iqnes poetis Semoqmedebis

erTi umTavresi aspeqti _ bibliasTan avtoris mimarTebis sakiTxi.

§10 `ganzraxvani da vedrebani~_Svideul dReTa locvebis krebuli

Teimuraz meoris literaturul memkvidreobaSi gansakuTrebuli

adgili eTmoba saeklesio Tematikas. mis saero TxzulebebSi saeklesio

moZRvrebis kvali Warbad igrZnoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom poets wminda

sasuliero xasiaTis nawarmoebic Seuqmnia, saRvTismetyvelo Txzuleba_

,,ganzraxvani da vedrebani", romelSic avtors Seukrebia ,,wmidaTa

werilTagan locvani lmobiermyofelni gulTani". igi uflisa da

RvTismSoblisadmi miZRvnili savedreblebis krebulia. Sedis, aseve,

TiToeuli dRisTvis eqvsi ganzraxva. maT or-ori vedreba mosdevs.

amdenad, yoveli dRisTvis 18 locvaa gansazRvruli. ganzraxvaTa

CamonaTvali aseTia: a) ganzraxva sikvdilisa; b) ganzraxva codvisa; g)

1 ix. qxa, t.I1, Tb., 1974, gv. 22 2 ix. qxa, I4, 1985, gv. 44 3 igive, gv..138

38

ganzraxva vnebisa; d) ganzraxva sasufevlisaTvis; e) ganzraxva

jojoxeTis satanjvelisa; v) ganzraxva meoreTmosvlisa.

samecniero literaturaSi SeniSnulia, rom am nawarmoebSi avtoris

ena antonis skolis zegavlenas ganicdis, Tanac, ,,Tu sxva sasuliero

xasiaTis nawarmoebebSi poeti epikuri sidinjiT gadmogvcems Zveli da

axali aRTqmis ambebs, ,,ganzraxvani da vedrebanSi~ amaRelvebeli toniT

da morwmunis aRtkinebiT inaniebs codvebs da SehRaRadebs RmerTs maTi

mitevebisaTvis~ [131,XV].

es Txzuleba inaxeba xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi. misi ori

varianti arsebobs. sxvaTa Soris, avtografis saxiT mxolod da mxolod

es nawarmoebia SemorCenili. irkveva, rom erTi TavrizSi uyidia

sagarejos mouravs Tadia Colayomas, meore, mRvdelmonazon aleqsis mier

Sesrulebuli, Teimuraz batoniSvilisTvis uCuqniaT. avtoriseuli

xelnaweri mxedruliTaa Sesrulebuli, xolo mRvdelmonazon aleqsisa

_nusxuriT. 1 sxvadasxva dros aRuweriaT igi al. cagarels, d.

kariWaSvils, g. jakobias.

al. cagareli, aRwers ra Teimuraz batoniSvilis wignTa koleqcias

peterburgSi, uTiTebs am Zeglzec: ,,Svideul dReTa locvani, Tqmulni s-

d saqarTvelos mefisa Teimuraz meorisa mier, Tqmulni locvani

sinanulisani sakvirvels mSvenieris TxzulebaTa R-Tisa mimarT da R-

TismSoblisa mimarT vedrebani da qebani TviTo dRisaTvis aTvrametni

locvani arian" [143,154].

am xelnawers darTuli aqvs mniSvnelovani miniSneba, romliTac

irkveva, Tu rogor moxvda igi Teimurazis koleqciaSi. TviTon

mflobeli uTiTebs, rom 1800 wels, roca igi daqorwinebula oTar

amilaxvris asul eleneze, da daudgeniaT qarTlis ganmgeblad da

meurned, vinme jomardiZe dimitri mRvdels uZRvnia, mas ki axalcixidan

hqonia Camotanili. 2

@@d. kariWaSvili q.S.w.k.g. sazogadoebis fondis katalogSi mokled

aRwers am teqstebs: ,,Teimuraz II, mefe, ganzraxvani da vedrebani, gadaw.

1 ix. a) S-135 100 gv. b) S-3633 100 gv. 2. ix. S-3633, gv. 1

39

1753w. ss. 3×10, .#135; Teimuraz II, mefe, ganzraxvani da vedrebani, gadaw.

1753w. ss. 15,3×10. 231gv #3633~ [67,22].

g. jakobia, romelsac TxzulebaTa sruli krebulis gamocemisas

gamokvleva daurTavs teqstebisTvis, uTiTebs, rom krebuli srulyofili

ar aris, radganac aklia sasuliero xasiaTis nawarmoebi ,,ganzraxvani da

vedrebani". igi vrclad aRwers orive xelnawers: ,,arsebiTad es aris

locvani, es nawarmoebi avtografis saxiTac Semonaxula Cvenamde_S

fondis xelnaweri #135. avtografi mcire tanis wigns warmoadgens

(15,5×10,5), Seicavs 100 furcels; koxtad da mzrunvelobiT akinZulia;

tyavgadakrul ydaSia moqceuli; zeda ydis meore gverdze dawebebulia

movarayebuli specialuri qaRaldi. paginacia Zveli aqvs SerCenili-

teqsti, irkveva, sruladaa warmodgenili. qaRaldi sqelia, TeTri,

WvirniSnebi aqvs, magram bundovani. xelnawers win uZRvis avtoris

anderZi.

meore xelnaweri (S-3633), nusxuriTaa gadawerili; iseTive zomisaa,

rogorisac pirveli da Seicavs 117 furcels. gadawerilia is imave 1753

wels, dekembris 30-s~ [132, XVII-XVIII].

am ukanasknelis gadamnusxavi gaxlavT, rogorc zemoT vaxseneT,

mxatvar giorgi mRvdlis Svili, mRvdelmonazoni aleqsi. misi TqmiT,

Teimurazs gamouyvia Svideul dReTa locvani da dautkbia Tavisi

brwyinvale eniT. igi sasargeblo, saWiro da sulis mosaoxebelia

YyvelasTvis, vinc ki dainteresdeba misiT. gadamweri miuTiTebs, agreTve,

rom es saqmianoba mefes uwarmoebia ,,aRZrulsa wamisyofiTa

RmrTisaiTa". igi aqve icavs ra gabatonebul mosazrebas qarTveli

bagrationebis daviT winaswarmetyvelisgan warmomavlobaze, mefe-poets

RvTismSoblis uaxloes naTesavs uwodebs: ,,meTvistomeman daviTisaman da

daviTis Zisagan keTilad Sewyalebulman, skiptra-porfirobiT

saxeldebulman mefeman caTa meufisaman Teimuraz, mosavman samebisaman,

sakuTarman RmrTismSoblisaman, aRZrulman wamisyofiTa RmrTisaÁTa da

wmidaTa werilTagan Semkrebelman yovelTa msgefsTa DdReTa locvisaTa,

viTa futkarni golsa (!) TiTo saxed sunnelTagan aRiwyoben... SvideulTa

40

dReTaTvis ganwvalna TviTeulad locuani da daatkbna ufrois Taflisa

goleulisa SemokrebiTa werilTaTa" [116,100].

mxedruliT Sesrulebul xelnawers winasityvaobac aqvs darTuli,

romelSic avtori ganmartavs mizezs Txzulebis Seqmnisa. igi mouwodebs

yovel adamians, sufTa sindisiT wardges uflis winaSe: ,,gulis tanjviT

da SevrdomiT... isvindise, WeSmarito qristiane, da wardeg winaSe RvTisa,

viTarca dasjili.~ Semdeg axsenebs, rom Tumca misi goneba daxSulia

,,msoflioTa nivTTa~ aRqmisaTvis, piradi codvebi Tu RvTis Secnobis

wadili ubiZgebs mieaxlos mas da rakiRa uxsovari droidan cnobilia,

rom uflis Secnobis erTaderTi gza locvaa, miuxedavad eSmakisgan

araerTmxrivi cdunebisa, ,,davÃSen saunjeni Cemni da moviRe saWurvelad

misdami goneba RT-isa mimarT mÃurvali; da Semovkrben wminda

werilTagan locvebi lmobiermyofelni gulTani~ [34,4].

Teimurazs am gzisTvis miumarTavs, radgan scodnia locvis madli,

Tanac miuTiTebs, rom sixaruliT eloda im dRes, roca ufali

Rirsyofda, wyaloba eyo misTvis. uswavlia locvebi, cdila, ase

miaxleboda ufals, magram aRmouCenia, rac ufro Rrmad uaxlovdeboda

mas, stanjavda sakuTari ubadrukobis gancda da radganac Sinagan

sibneles Seuwuxebia, ganuzraxavs mRvdlebi moexmo, romlebic, misi

TqmiT, valdebulni arian emsaxuron mrevls. maTTvis ki miumarTavs

imitom, rom sakuTari ZalebiT sakmarisad ver anTebula uflis

saxmiliT. sabolood, gaxsnia goneba da gadauwyvetia, Rirs mamaTa da

wmindanTa mier Seqmnili, sxvadasxva adgilas gabneuli mcire locvebi

Seekriba, gamoeyo Svideul dReTa locvebi. amiT, wminda werilTagan

miRebul codnasac gasaqani misca. avtori dasZens, rom mizani misi iyo

ara ritorikis gamovlineba an Tavis mowoneba, aramed es uqnia, rogorc

sakuTari codvebis gamosasyidad, aseve, maTTvis, vinc WeSmaritebis

gzidan arian gadamdgarni. igi mouwodebs mkiTxvels, rogorc undaT, ise

ilocon, undaT dRisiT, undaT RamiT, fexze dgomiT, Tu mkerdis cemiT,

an muxlmodrekiT da cremlTadeniT, oRond mdabladTavdaxrilebma

da `guliT Semusvrilebma~ aRasrulon es rituali, Tan SesTxovs

41

mkiTxvels, locvaSi moixsenion, Tuki sargebels ipovian misi

naRvawiT~ [34,9-10].

aRniSnul winasityvaobaSi Teimuraz mefe axsenebs sakuTar rols

rogorc mefisas: ,,pirvelisa mis bunebisa Cvenisa uRirsad TrgunvisaTvis

movedi palatad. mesjoda goneba da me-ara-Rirseboda Tavi esodenTa erTa

meufebasa~ [34,6], - acxadebs is. Tavsac uRirsad da codviTdamZimebulad

miiCnevs. poetis Tavmdabloba nawarmoebSic igrZnoba.

,,sinanulis~ momenti Sua saukuneebis mwerlobaSi ucxo ar iyo.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia es motivi mefe-poetebis SemoqmedebaSi. isini,

grZnobdnen ra sakuTar daniSnulebas, movaleobas. icodnen ra, rom

saero saqmis keTebisas rogorc upirveles xelisufalT uwevdaT

TavianTi nebis winaaRmdeg moqmedeba, Tavs uRirsad acxadebdnen da

sinanuliTa da aRsarebiT cdilobdnen codvaTa mitevebas. saerTod, Sua

saukuneebis mwerlobis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel niSnad unda CaiTvalos

e. w. ,,literaturuli aRsarebani~, romelic warmoadgenda moraluri

ganwmendisa da sajaro monaniebis saSualebas.

udidesi qarTveli mefis daviT aRmaSeneblis `galobani

sinanulisani~ swored am Tematikas exeba. ,,daviTi mTeli Zeglis

manZilze sakuTar pirovnebas exeba, Tavisi sulis moZraobebs

gadmogvcems... individualuri gancda amaRlebulia zogadsakacobrio

tkivilamde. avtori Tavisi codvebis CamoTvlisas konkretulobas aclis

da ganzogadebul xasiaTs aniWebs maT. amitom moixmobs biblias... da

avlebs paralels sakuTar codvebTan~ [54,134-135].

arCilis ,,sityva sanaTlisRebo~, aseve, aris aRsareba codviT

damZimebuli adamianisa, romelic cdilobs, cremliTa da sindisis

qenjniT moipovos sulis simSvide.

rogorc vxedavT, mefe-poetebi sxvadasxva formiT mimarTavdnen

`literaturul aRsarebebs~. Teimurazma locvebis SekrebiT gamoxata

sakuTari sulieri mdgomareoba.

rac Seexeba, locvanis bibliasTan mimarTebis sakiTxs, avtori

uTiTebs, rom Rirs mamaTa da wmindanTa mier Seqmnili, sxvadasxva

adgilas gabneuli mcire locvebi Sekriba, nawarmoebSi ki netar

42

avgustinesa Tu sxva wmindanebs imowmebs. wminda mamaTa Teologiur

Sexedulebebs pirvelwyaro raki bibliaSi eZebneba, saRvTo sjuliseuli

paradigmebi avtomaturad Teimurazis naazrevSic gvxvdeba.

locvaSi `ganzraxva codvisa~ uZReb Svilsa da meTerTmete Jamis

muSakze igavebis aluzia igrZnoba.: `myav v-c erTi muSakTagan: da:

Semiwyale me: nu damagdeb: tkbilo mamao: romeli gangeSore Sengan: nuca

ucx_: myof safarvelisagan.. myav saxier v-c erTi muSakTagani~ [34,55].

naxsenebi paralelebis miuxedavad, krebulis uSualo wyarod

biblias ver CavTvliT.

qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi safuZvlianad aris gamokvleuli

Teimuraz meoris SemoqmedebiTi tendenciebi. calkeul aspeqtebs

siRrmiseulad exebian mkvlevarebi. mecnierebi uTiTeben, rom igi

sxvadasxva JanrSi moRvaweobda, mis nawarmoebebs didaqtikur-moraluri

datvirTva aqvs.…… akrostiqis gamarTvisa Tu anbanTqebis saero-

satrfialo literaturaSi gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiTac novatorad aris

CaTvlili. Aaanalizeben misi Semoqmedebis folklorul wyaroebs.

mwerlis nawarmoebebSi realizmisa da naturalizmis kvalze,

Suasaukuneobrivi gagebiT, mianiSneben. `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis~

ganxilvis safuZvelze miiCneven mas optimist poetad da sinaTlis

apologetad. 1

metnaklebad gamovkveTeT is azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, rac mefe-poetis

mniSvnelovani nawarmoebis garSemo arsebula. veTanxmebiT mosazrebas

Txzulebis 1736-38 wlebSi daweris Sesaxeb (poetis cxovrebis wesi Cven

amis safuZvels gvaZlevs). epilogic poemis kuTvnilebad migvaCnia. aseve,

gamovTqvamT varauds, rom poemis orive saxelwodeba avtoriseulia.

gavamaxvileT yuradReba im aRrevebze, romlebic Teimuraz meorisa da

Teimuraz pirvelis nawarmoebebis misamarTiT arsebula.

calke paragrafi davuTmeT teqstologiur SeniSvnebs. aucilebelia,

saanalizo teqstis bibliis teqstTan Sepirispirebis Sedegad kidev

erTxel gadaisinjos Txzulebis dadgenili varianti.

1 SeniSvna. amjerad ar SevCerebulvarT dRisa da Ramis kamaTis al. baramiZis, l.

menabdisa da b. qiqoZiseul gaazrebaze, radganac mas calke paragrafSi vexebiT.

43

rogorc cnobilia, komunisturi epoqis sindromma xelisSemSleli

roli iTamaSa samecniero literaturaSi Sua saukuneebis mweralTa

naazrevis srulyofilad wakiTxvis saqmeSi. mkvlevrebi

mniSvnelovanwilad amuSavebdnen nawarmoebebs, religiuri Temebis

ganxilvas ki Segnebulad aridebdnen Tavs. bunebrivia, es SezRudva

Teimuraz meoris Semoqmedebasac Seexo. amitomac, am kuTxiT

daumuSavebelia mwerlis literaturuli memkvidreoba.

mefe-poetis nawarmoebebSi didi adgili eTmoba saRvTismetyvelo

Tematikas. bibliuri Temebi, epizodebi pirdapir, Seulamazeblad,

yovelgvari tropuli saburvelis gareSe aris motanili mis poemaSi.

Tumca qveteqstebSi Cans maTi metaforul-alegoriuloba, yoveli

epizodi alegoriulad konkretuli problemis mxilebis, gamomzeurebis

da misi gamosworebis gzebze migvaniSnebs. sasuliero mwerlobis

safuZvlian codnas amJRavnebs avtori. mis TxzulebebSi patristikuli,

himnografiuli literaturis kvali igrZnoba. miuxedavad amisa,

saxelmZRvanelo wyaro umTavresad mainc bibliaa. yvelaze didi doziT

bibliuri moZRvrebiT usargeblia poets.

Cveni mokrZalebuli naSromis Tema swored mefe-poetis bibliasTan

mimarTebis Cvenebaa. veyrdnobiT ra mis mniSvnelovan Txzuleba `dRisa

da Ramis gabaasebas~, vecdebiT, erTi mxriv, vrclad warmovadginoT is

variaciebi, reminescenciebi Tu identuri pasaJebi, romlebic axasiaTebs

am poemas bibliasTan mimarTebaSi da, meore mxriv, avxsnaT mizezi

bibliuri TemebiT ase daintersebisa.

44

Tavi meore bibliuri siuJetebi Teimuraz meoris

`dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~

§1 bibliuri siuJetebis gadmoRebis mniSvneloba XVIII saukunis

saqarTveloSi

,,verasodes moigonebs da Seqmnis adamiani imas, rac bibliaSi araa;

mwerlis upirvelesi da umTavresi movaleobaa, bibliis maradi

sibrZneebi, Tu gafrTxilebebi mTeli Tavisi mwerluri xerxebiTa da

saSualebebiT miawodos mkiTxvels~ [79,1], _ wers g. doCanaSvili erTgan. 1

qarTuli mwerlobis dasabamidanve iyo biblia SemoqmedTa

STagonebis wyaro. saRvTo istoriis siuJetebis, igavebis simboluri

gaazrebisa da interpretirebis uCveulo magaliTebis moxmoba SeiZleba.

sworad aris SeniSnuli samecniero literaturaSi, rom Sua

saukuneebis `yvela qarTveli mwerlis msoflmxedvelobiTsa Tu

mxatvrul-esTetikur mrwamss metnaklebad msWvalavs bibliuri

msoflgageba, eTika-morali, mxatvruli Tu enobriv-stiluri modelebi~

[59,125].

unda iTqvas, rom bibliur Temebs, motivebs, siuJetebs, epizodebs,

fabulas kuTvnili adgili ukavia ara marto qarTul, aramed bizantiur,

dasavleT evropis qveynebis (italia, inglisi, germania, safrangeTi...),

aseve, rusul literaturul ZeglebSi.

bizantieli mwerali nonos panopoleli (me-4s) garkveuli

mizanswrafviT leqsavs ìoanes saxarebas~. Sedarebis obieqtebi grigol

nazianzels (me-4s.) aRebuli aqvs Zveli da axali aRTqmebidan; basili

kesarielis (me-4s.) Txzulebis èqusTa dReTaჲs~ (Targmna giorgi

mTawmindelma) cxra TavSi Zveli aRTqmis wignebis mixedviT ganxilulia,

Tu rogor Seiqmna samyaro; romanoz melodosis (me-5-me-6ss.) Txzulebebi

exeba qristes, mariams, mociqulebs, Zveli aRTqmis wignTa personaJebs

1 citata damowmebulia Jurnal ,,literaturuli palitridan~ #23, 2005 w, gv.1

45

(adami, eva, abraami, isaki, noe...); efremis kontakioni `pirveli adamianebi~

bibliaze dayrdnobiT mogviTxrobs adamianis Tixisagan gamoZerwvis

istorias, xolo misive nawarmoebSi, `dakarguli samoTxe~, adamis

gancdebzea saubari samoTxis dakargvis gamo. bizantiel ucnob avtors

Tavisi dramis _`qristes vnebani~_ Sesaqmnelad siuJetis faqtiuri

masala aRebuli aqvs saxarebidan da axali aRTqmis sxva wignebidan. 1

inglisel mwerals jon miltons (me-17s.) ekuTvnis poemebi:

`dakarguli samoTxe~, `samsoni~, `dabrunebuli samoTxe~.

bibliur Temazea damyarebuli germaneli mwerlis fridrix

klopStokis (1724-1803) `mesiada~; misive dramebi_ àdamis sikvdili~,

`solomoni~, `daviTi~_ bibliur siuJetebzea dawerili.

sparseli poetis farid ed-din aTaris (1141_1229) nawarmoeb

`frinvelTa saubris~ SesavalSi gadmocemulia adamisa da evas

Tavgadasavali, samoTxidan maTi gamodevnis istoria.2

cnobilia, rom bibliuri personaJis ioseb mSvenieris

saTavgadasavlo epizodebi gamouyenebia firdouss, abdurahman jamis,

nizams da sxv.

simeon polocki Tavis TxzulebaSi `komedia-Tqmuleba gzaabneul

Svilze~ iyenebs bibliur Tqmulebebs; sainteresoa, movigonoT m.

lomonosovis òda amokrefili iobis 38,39,40 da 41 Tavebidan~; meCvidmete

saukunis rusuli komediebi bibliur siuJetze iyo agebuli_ èsTeri~,

ìvdiTi~, `komedia adamsa da evaze~; meoce saukunis udidesi mwerlis

Teodor dostoevskis mTeli Semoqmedeba Zalumad aris nakvebi bibliiT.

dausruleblad SeiZleba CamonaTvlis gagrZeleba. moxmobili

masalac sakmarisia imis naTelsayofad, Tu ra popularuli iyo

bibliuri Temebi msoflios sxvadasxva mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi. isini

TviTmiznuri gatacebiT rodi mimarTavdnen bibliur siuJetebs_ mas

iyenebdnen TavianTi epoqis aqtualuri sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad.

bunebrivia, amasve emsaxureboda qarTvel SemoqmedTa dainteresebac. 3

1 Sdr. s. yauxCiSvili, bizantiuri literaturis istoria, Tb., 1973, gv. 58,59,93,97,140,148,265. 2 Sdr. d. kobiZe, sparsuli literaturis istoria, Tb., 1975, gv. 245 3 Sdr. t. mosia, d. guramiSvili da qarTuli sityvieri kultura, Tb., 1986, gv. 11-12.

46

ar SevCerdebiT imaze, Tu saidan iwyeba aTvla Cvens mwerlobaSi

bibliuri Temebis SemoRebisa. qarTuli literaturis karibWe

qristianuli mwerlobiT iReba. Tumca faqtobrivi masala ar mogvepoveba,

moRweuli Zeglebis srulyofileba gvafiqrebinebs, rom igi yamir

niadagze ar warmoiSoboda da garkveuli literaturuli skola

preqristianul xanaSic iarsebebda. udavo faqtia, rom Zveli qarTuli

mwerlobis pirveli periodis teqstebi Warbad aris nasazrdoebi

bibliiT. `saRvTo sjulis~ sakiTxavebi xelmisawvdomia mkiTxvelTa

farTo sazogadoebisTvis.

daviTis `fsalmunebiT~ usargeblia TviT SuSaniks. 1 ,,evstaTi

mcxeTelis wamebis~ avtoris msoflmxedvelobaSi `didaqes~ anu

`Tormetmociqulis swavlebis~ gavlena SeiniSneba. 2

Semdgomi periodis hagiograf Tu himnograf moRvaweebze aRarafers

vityviT, radganac TviTon Tematika moiTxovda, maT bibliuri motivebi

aRebeWdaT TavianT TxzulebebSi, miTumetes, religiuri literaturac

ukve sakmaod iyo Targmnili qarTul enaze.

adamisa da evas gaCenisa Tu kidobnis mSeneblobis istorias

vkiTxulobT CaxruxaZis `TamarianSi~, bibliur codvebs vxvdebiT daviT

aRmaSeneblis TxzulebaSi ,,galobani sinanulisani“. bibliiT farTod

sargeblobs SoTa rusTavelic.

aRorZinebis xanis (me-16-18ss.) qarTveli mwerlebis mier bibliuri

legendebis garkveuli doziT gamoyenebas mkvlevrebi epoqis moTxovnebiT

xsnian. 3

bunebrivia, am epoqaSi bibliam axali datvirTva SeiZina. `did Ramed~

monaTluli dacemis epoqis Semdeg qarTvel ers sulieri gamoRviZeba da

mxneoba sWirdeboda. kalmosnebic bibliuri siuJetebis galeqsviTa Tu

metaforul-alegoriuli gaazrebiT Seecadnen daeyenebinaT mamuliSvilni

1 ix. iakob curtaveli, martvilobaÁ SuSanikisi, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli

literaturis Zeglebi, t. I, Tb., 1963, gv. 23. 2 ix. martvilobaÁ evstaTi mcxeTelisaÁ, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis

Zeglebi, t. I, Tb., 1963, gv. 37-39 3 ix. a) r. baramiZe, `daviTianSi~ ganfenili zogierTi problema, თბ., 2005, გვ. 108–109; b) t. mosia, daviT guramiSvili da qarTuli sityvieri kultura, თბ., 1986, გვ.13; g) j. afciauri, Teimurazi, თბ., 1991,გვ 87.

47

swor gzaze... Aamjeradac aqtualuri iyo qarTvelTa Soreuli, aseve

patrioti winapris sityvebi, isev cotani iyvnen iseTebi, vinc ,,...qristes

siyvaruliTa da SiSiTa, Cveulebrisaebr mamulisa slvisa, WirTa

moTminebiTa ara ganeSorebian mxolodSobilsa Zesa RmrTisasa~ [22,50].

meTeqvsmete-meCvidmete saukuneebis qarTuli feodaluri

sazogadoebis erTi nawilis indiferentizmi, gulgrili damokidebuleba

qristianuli sarwmunoebisadmi miCneulia qarTveli moazrovneebis

mxridan bibliuri motivebis wina planze wamowevis umTavres mizezad:

`SemTxveviT rodi daikvnesa poetma, àrvis unda saxareba, arca wigni

mociqulTa, ar gikvirT, rom daiviwyes Semoqmedi misgan qmnulTa~

(Teimuraz pirveli). sarwmunoebrivi gadagvareba xom erovnuli

gadagvarebis pirveli macne iyo. saWiro Seiqmna radikaluri zomebis

gatareba. gamosavali gzebis Zieba qarTvel erSi qristes sjulis

ganmtkicebisaken miemarTeba. qarTvelma moRvaweebma (Teimuraz pirveli,

arCili, sulxan-saba orbeliani, daviT guramiSvili, vaxtang meeqvse,

dimitri orbeliani, Teimuraz meore...) qristianuli ideebis

propagandisaTvis uebar saSualebad miiCnies bibliuri wignebis

Sinaarsisa da msoflmxedvelobis dayvana gadagvarebul (`gaTaTrebul~)

qarTvelTa cnobierebamde. amisTvis saWiro Seiqna, maT SemoqmedebaSi gza

gaxsnoda bibliur siuJetebs, bibliur personaJebs, religiur motivebs,

konfesionalur momentebs~ [85,11-12].

unda iTqvas, rom aRniSnul mweralTa literaturul memkvidreobaSi

bibliuri nakadi stiqiur xasiaTs ki ar atarebs, aramed saocari

gaTvliTa da SorsmWvreteluri surviliT aris bibliuri epizodebi

gaazrebuli da motanili.

arCil mefe uCioda `saRvTo wignis~ TemebiT uinteresobas:

`saRvTo wigni bevri waxda uydoTa da ubudobiT,

saSairos inaxaven stavris budiT, an naxlobiT...~ (355) [2,61].

rogorc Cans, `saSairo wignebsa~ da Txzulebebs anu saero

mwerlobis nimuSebs meti gavlena hqonda sazogadoebaSi, vidre saRvTo

werilsa da saeklesio literaturas. amitomac, Semoqmedni cdilobdnen

mkiTxvelTaTvis SeexsenebinaT esa Tu is sakiTxavi.

48

sainteresoa isic, rom aRorZinebis xanis poetebma damaxasiaTebeli

formiT (leqsad) miawodes mkiTxvels `saRvTo sjulis~ sakiTxavebi. am

process gansakuTrebiT XVIII s-Si miuRia masStaburi xasiaTi. es,

bunebrivia, am epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciis gavleniT aris

gapirobebuli umeteswilad, romlis mixedviTac ,,leqss ufro yursa

upyroben, ambis wignebi Zes avad~.

gavixsenoT d. guramiSvilis `daviTianis~ erTi Tavi, `qacvia mwyemsi~.

mama Svils leqsad uyveba `Sesaqmis~ ambebs. Tan dasZens:

`me leqsad sityvebs amad vawyobdi,

ufro tkbilad Cnda, amas vatyobdi;

ar maqvnda imedi, Sen ambad ismendi,

mouwyineblad~ (488) [11,444].

cxadia, poets eWvi epareba, àmbad~ daweril moZRvrebas gulisyuriT

mousminon mozardebma. amitomac, rakiRa leqsad Sewyobili ufro

`tkbilad Cnda~, mas mimarTa, èrTi sityviT, mSvenieri, lamazi, pirdapir

momxiblavi formiT `tkbili leqsebiT~ daviTs unda xeli Seuwyos

religiur-moraluri azrebis popularizacias, radganac aseTi azrebis

popularizacia mas miaCnia erT-erT saSualebad sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis gamojansaRebisa“ [40,46].

zemoT dasaxelebuli tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebiT d. guramiSvils,

d. orbelians, Teimuraz meores TavianT ZeglebSi ganuxilavT saRvTo

istoriis esa Tu is sakiTxavi. amaTgan siuJetebis galeqsvis

masStaburobiT swored mefe-poeti Teimuraz meore gamoirCeva.

unda iTqvas, rom Tuki mwerlebi sakuTar SemoqmedebiT quraSi

gadadnobil da interpretirebul suraTebs warmogvidgenen bibliidan,

Teimuraz meore pirdapir perifrazirebas axdens wminda wignis

sakiTxavebisa da siuJetTa galeqsvis simravliTac veravin utoldeba

qarTul mwerlobaSi. mas Tavis or ànbanTqebaSi~ bibliis Tavebi da

muxlebi amocanis saxiT warmoudgenia mkiTxveli sazogadoebisTvis,

Tanac siuJetebis zedmiwevniT codnas moiTxovs da erTgvar wyevla-

krulvasac ki ugzavnis maT, vinc umecrebas gamoiCens da ver

49

miuTiTebs gamosacnob adgils (`Ãaxac gauxmes, vinc iyos ucnobi am

sityvisasa~) (33,4) [14,129].

aRniSnul epoqaSi saqarTvelo TiTqos vakuumSia. mahmadianuri

samyaro zRudavs qarTvelebs aRadginon evropasTan saukuneebis win

gawyvetili urTierToba. araerTi mcdeloba evropis qveynebTan

damegobrebisa kraxiT damTavrda. miuxedavad amisa, Cveni qveyana

kulturul-SemoqmedebiTi TvalsazrisiT mudmivad gverdSi edga mowinave

evropelebs. Sesabamisad, maTi ideebiT ikvebeboda.

sainteresoa, ra xdeba evropaSi religiuri cnobierebis

TvalsazrisiT.

èvropeli ganmanaTleblebi cdiloben, religia gandevnon

mecnierebidan. frangi materialistebi religiur rwmenas gonebas, codnis

Zalas upirispireben. maT miaCniaT, rom ganaTleba TavisTavad mospobs

crurwmenas, rom mecniereba daexmareba xalxs, Seicnos bunebis kanonebi,

rac maT religiis uaryofamde miiyvans. swored amitom, frangi

ganmanaTleblebis azriT, skolaSi religiis swavlebas adgili ar unda

hqondes~ [98,97].

jon loks religiis mimarT Tanmimdevruli pozicia ar aqvs. misi

azriT, religias kanonis Zala eZleva. 1 rac Seexeba volters,

antireligiuri Sexedulebebi yvelaze mkveTrad swored mis naazrevSi

gamovlinda. mas mimdevrebi da Tanamoazreni gamouCndnen.

`saqarTvelos ukanaskneli mefe, RvTismoyvare giorgi XII ase

afrTxilebda sakuTar memkvidres: `Svilo, daviT, Turme eklesias Teatrs

eZaxi, ciskars saTamaSos da wirvas warmodgenas: nu Svrebi amisTana

RvTisgareSe saqmes, moiqec da iwame.~ _ magram amaod, volteris

ideebi ufro itacebda qarTvel ufliswuls, vidre qristes mcnebebiT

cxovreba~ [49,24].

aRniSnuli movlenebis paralelurad SemoqmedebiTma gonma

mozardTaTvis qristianuli swavla-moZRvrebis Taviseburi formiT

Sexseneba gadawyvita. qarTvelma mwerlebma evropuli

ganmanaTleblobidan didaqtikuri Sexedulebebi gadmonerges da mas

1 ix. pedagogikis istoria, Tb., 1988, gv. 81

50

organulad Seurwyes qristianuli moZRvreba. amiT qarTuli

ganmanaTleblobis Tvisebrivi siaxlec gamoikveTa.

àm did ZvrebSi qarTvel mweralTa erT-erTi niSandoblivi

Tavisebureba imaSi gamovlinda, rom maTi azrovnebis stili saocari

harmoniulobiT iTavsebs ganmanaTleblur da qristianul koncefciebs,

rac, rasakvirvelia, ganapiroba istoriulma atmosferom, romelSiac maT

uxdebodaT moRvaweoba da Camoyalibeba.

bunebrivia, ismeba kiTxva: rogor Seerwya erTmaneTs Rrmadmorwmune

qristiani da ganmanaTlebeli? saqme is aris, rom jer erTi, mahmadianuri

garesamyaroTi moculi Cveni mwerlebisTvis (da saerTod moqalaqeTaTvis)

qristianoba Tavdacvisa da erovnuli koncefciis gamovlenis formad

iqca, xolo, meore mxriv, me-18 saukunis qarTveli mwerlebi TviT

qristianobaSi xedavdnen humanisturi msoflgagebis da

ganmanaTleblobis winapirobas...

swored qristes maradi xsovna, masTan maradi Tanaarsebobis

survili _ gamudmebuli sulieri moTxovnilebaa me-18 saukunis qarTveli

mwerlebisa~ [40,108-109] _ aRniSnavs mkvlevari revaz baramiZe erTgan.

marTlac, aRorZinebis xanis qarTvel mweralTa damokidebuleba

ganmanaTleblobisadmi calke sakiTxia. arCilis, sulxan-sabas, vaxtang

VI-is didaqtikur SexedulebebSi aqcenti ZiriTadad qristianuli

Teologiis safuZvlian Seswavlaze keTdeba.1

s. gamsaxurdia wers: `mainc ra unda icodes arCilis SexedulebiT

feodalma, `znesrulma raindma~. rogori unda iyos misi codna, ra

sakiTxebis swavlebiT unda moxdes misi gonebrivi ganviTareba?

upirveles sacodnel dargad arCils Teologia miaCnia, TviT `sibrZnes~

`RvTis SiSiT SemsWvalva~ unda. uamisod èSmakisa monebaa~ yovelgvari

codna (`samRvTo saqmis umecari bevrs avs saqmes waadgebis~) [51,147-148].

am saqmeSi d. guramiSvils ganmsazRvreli roli eniWeba. misi

literaturuli memkvidreoba gajerebulia bibliuri TematikiT. gvxvdeba

saRvTo sjulis pasaJebis simbolur-alegoriuli gaazrebis,

1 ix. a) qarTuli pedagogikis istoria, g. sixaruliZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1974, 288 gv.

b) swavla-aRzrdis istoria saqarTveloSi, masalebis krebuli, t.I, pedagogikis

samecniero kvleviTi institutis gamocema, tf., `komunistis~ stamba, 1937, 253 gv.

51

interpretirebis nimuSebi. metaforuli azrovnebis didostatia poeti.

igi Tanmimdevrulad ki ar misdevs bibliis Txrobas, zogjer Tuki

saRvTo werilis darad leqsavs, zogan spontanurad gaielvebs bibliuri

nakadi. cnobilia, rom Tavs daviT fsalmunTmgaloblis sulier

memkvidred Tvlis da leqsebsac fsalmunis darad awyobs xolme.

k. kekeliZem erT-erTma pirvelma gamoikvlia mwerlis simbolur-

alegoriuli naazrevi, gamokveTa metaforuli saxeebi, miuTiTa bibliur

wyaroebze.1

d. guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi didaqtikuri motivis

Taviseburebac naTlad ikiTxeba. ,,mama qacvia mwyemss bibliur istoriebs

uyveba, magram aq mTavari, misive sityvebidan gamomdinare, istoriuli an

faqtobrivi Rirebulebis mqone ambavi ar aris, aramed esaa saRvTo

sibrZne, winaparTa sibrZne, zneobriv-eTikuri memkvidreoba, romelic

Zveli Taobis warmomadgenelma axal Taobas unda gadasces. Mmamis

monaTxrobi anderZis tolfardia, radgan Svilmac SemdegSi momaval

Taobebs unda gadasces is sibrZne, raTa kacobriobis ganviTarebis

procesi ar SeCerdes” [101,76].

marTebulad aris SeniSnuli samecniero literaturaSi, rom d.

guramiSvilis religiur-mistikuri Sinaarsis Semcvel teqstebSi sjulis

simtkicis dacvis, tradiciuli religiuri rwmenis Seuryvnelobis

problemasTan gvaqvs saqme. 2

Mmwerlebis mizani erTia, momaval Taobas gauRvivon bibliisadmi

interesi da Tu ra formiT miewodeba es maT, amas arsebiTi mniSvneloba

ara aqvs, igi xom Semoqmedis individualurobasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

Tuki d. guramiSvilma ori Taobis warmomadgeneli moiyvana (mama Tavis

codnas aZlevs Svils), Teimuraz meorem, swored didaqtikuri motiviT,

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani pasaJebi gaxaza bibliidan Tavis

ànbanTqebebSi~ da amas gamocanis saxe misca (unda iTqvas rom, orive

anbanTqebas refreniviT gasdevs Semdegi sityvebi: `Äoi mas, visac ara

swams!_ arian dabrkolebulni! ~(anbanTqebaIII, 36,4) [14,130], (anbanTqebaIV,

1 ix. k. kekeliZe, alegoria d. guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi, wignSi: etiudebi qarTuli

literaturis istoriidan, XIV, Tb., 1986 2 ix. s. gamsaxurdia, swavla-ganaTleba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1975, gv.195

52

37,2) [14,135]. aqve vxvdebiT erTgvar wyevla-krulvasac galeqsili swavla-

mcnebebis da epizodebis umecarTadmi (33,4) [14,129]. ufro adre ki dawera

`dRisa da Ramis gabaaseba~, romelSic pirdapir gadmoitana saRvTo

sjulis istoriebidan misTvis sasurveli epizodebi. marTlac, biblia

erT-erTi umTavresi wyaroa saanalizo poemisa.

`Teimurazis `gabaaseba~ originaluri, erovnul, qarTul niadagze

aRmocenebuli nawarmoebia... araa gamoricxuli, rom igi icnobda

bibliuri epizodebis galeqsvis sxva qarTul cdebsac (mag. d.

orbelianisa da sxv.), magram gavlenaze laparaki zedmetia: Teimurazis

uSualo wyaro bibliaa. mas ufro srulad da ufro vrclad aRuweria

bibliuri epizodebi, vidre winamorbedebs~ [82,184], _ wers l. menabde

sainteresoa, aRiniSnos, rom aq moxmobili dimitri orbeliani aris

sulxan-saba orbelianis Zma. man, marTalia, originaluri SemoqmedebiT

Tavi ver daimkvidra qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi, mokrZalebulad ki

iRvawa. d. orbelianma saeklesio mwerlobaSic mosinja kalami. misi

saxeliT moRweulia 16-marcvliani leqsiT dawerili sasuliero

Sinaarsis Txzuleba, romelSic saxarebis epizodebia galeqsili. igi

sul 90 strofisgan Sedgeba. gauleqsavs xareba, Soba, mirqma, naTlisReba,

feriscvaleba, bzoba, vneba, aRdgoma, amaRleba, suliwmidis mosvla,

yovladwmindis micvaleba.

`saxarebis epizodebs d. orbeliani Zalze mokled da sxartad

gvacnobs. mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT nawarmoebi interess ver

iwvevs~ [84,125] _ ganmartavs l. menabde.

Teimuraz meorec zustad imave TanmimdevrobiT leqsavs saxarebis

scenebs, magram sxva msgavseba am or nawarmoebs Soris ar SeiniSneba.

amdenad, gavlenaze saubari mcdari iqneboda. ise, rogorc zemoT ukve

mivuTiTeT, piriqiT ki momxdara, Teimurazis Txzulebis gavleniT XIX

saukuneSi Seqmnila nawarmoebi. 1

Ppoetis religiuri Sexedulebebi Txzulebis pirvelive

strofebidanve gamovlinda. igi miuTiTebs Tavis survilze,

Seaqos ,,sambrwyinvalobiT~ erTarseba RmerTi. aRiarebs mrwamss, rom

1 ix. gv. 9.

53

ufali arsebiT erTia, magram sampirovani _ mamaRmerTi, Ze RmerTi da

suliwmida RmerTi, romlebic Seadgenen erTsa da ganuyofel samebas:

`Cven RmerTsa Tayvanis-vcemdeT samebas samis TviTebiT:

mamas uSobels, Zes Sobils, mamisa Tana didebiT,

sulsa wmidasa, gamosruls mamisgan mouwyinebiT,

sams gvams vqadagebT erT-uflad, RvTaebiT, erT-xelmwifebiT.~

(12) [14,2].

am Sexedulebis pirvelwyaro bibliaa. ioanes saxarebaSi

vkiTxulobT: `samni arian, romelni swameben caTa Sina, mama, sityva da

suliwmida da samni ese erTni arian~ (ioane,5,2) [3,255]. pavle mociquli ki

korinTelTa mimarT epistoleSi ambobs: `madli uflisa Cuenisa ieso

qristesi da siyuaruli mamisa da ziareba sulisa wmidisa Tquen

yovelTa Tana~ (2 korinT. 13,13) [3,515].

Teimuraz meore samebas poemaSi sagangebo yuradRebas uTmobs. mas,

garda Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebisa, gadmouRia dogmaturi

RvTismetyvelebis masala, konkretulad msoflio saeklesio krebebis

aqtebi. poeti umeteswilad sqizmas exeba, Segvaxsenebs mwvalebelTa

gankveTis faqtebs. Tan mkacrad miuTiTebs samebis uzenaesobas. es

nabijic winaswari gaTvliT aris gadadgmuli. igi pirveli ar iyo, vinc

krebebis aqtebis Sexseneba gadawyvita.

bunebrivia, saqarTvelo, rogorc UuZvelesi qristianuli qveyana,

adridanve sargeblobda wminda mamaTa saeklesio kanonebiT. cnobili

faqtia, rom jer kidev pirvel msoflio krebas eswreboda biWvinTis

episkoposi. cxadia, arc maSin da arc Semdeg saukuneebSi kanonikuri

Zeglebi Tu krebebis masalebi ucxo ar iqneboda qarTvel

RvTismsaxurTaTvis, saeklesio krebebSi monawile pirTagan

umravlesobis Txzulebebsac adridanve icnobdnen Turme. 1

interesi dadgenili qristianuli dogmatis xelaxla Sexsenebisadmi

arasdros ganelebula. Semdeg saukuneebSi bizantieli RvTismetyvelebis

naazrevi Tu krebebis aqtebi araerTxel iTargmna: X saukunis daswayisSi

1 ix. k. kekeliZe, etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, t. V, Tb., 1960 gv.

115

54

grigol oSkels somxuridan gadmouRia grigol nazianzelis

Txzuleba ,,sakiTxavi samxilebeli arianozTa da evnomianozTa"; 1 XI

saukuneSi eqvTime aTonelma Targmna ,,mcire sjulis kanoni"; 2 ,,ruis-

urbnisis Zeglis weraSi" kidev erTxel iqna miTiTebuli saeklesio

krebebSi miRebul kanonTa ricxvsa da Catarebis adgilze. 3

dogmaturi Txzulebebis gadmoRebiT aRorZinebis xanis moRvawenic

ar Camouvardebodnen winamorbedT. vaxtang VI-m sxva did

marTlmadidebel erebze ufro adre misca qarTvel ers sakanonmdeblo

ZeglTa ganmartebani cnobili bizantieli kanonmdeblebisa, maTe

balastaris (XIV) ,,sintagma" da konstantine armenopulosis eqvsi wigni.4

1776 wels anton kaTalikosis TxovniT filipe yaiTmazaSvils

somxuridan gadmouRia pirveli oTxi msoflio saeklesio krebis aqtebi.

A-226 inaxeba xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi. aRniSnul teqsts win uZRvis

vrceli winasityvaoba ioane oses Zisa, iambikod dawerili, romelSic

aRwerilia ,,sazRuris debani sarwmunoebisani" nikeis krebidan vidre

qalkedoniis krebamde. es winasityvaoba srulad aris

warmodgenili ,,qarTul xelnawerTa aRwerilobaSi".5 ufro adre ki mefe

poetebs Teimuraz I-sa da Teimuraz II-s gauleqsavT msoflio

krebebis ,,saqmianobebi".

samecniero literaturaSi miTiTebulia, Tu ra gaxda mizezi

klasikuri xanis mwerlebis survilisa eTargmnaT kanonikuri Zeglebi. 6

sainteresoa, aRorZinebis xanis mwerlebi ratom miubrundnen imave

Temas, rac adreve iyo damuSavebuli. Tumca, Tu gavixsenebT saqarTvelos

istoriul yofas, vfiqrobT, ar gagviWirdeba mizezis povna. arasdros

ise mZafrad ar mdgara qarTuli saxelmwifos yofna-ar yofnis sakiTxi,

rogorc XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi. Turq-sparselTa gavlena, erTi mxriv, da

1 ix. k. kekeliZe, etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, t. V, Tb., 1960 gv.

29 2 ix. mcire sjuliskanoni, gamosacemad moamzada e. giunaSvilma, Tb., `mecniereba~, 1972,

154 gv. 3 ix. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III, Tb., 1970, gv.109-110 4 ix. a. jafariZe, saqarTvelos saeklesio krebebi, w. I, Tb., 2003, gv.105 5 ix. qxa, 13, el. Metrevelis redaqciiT, Tb., 1980, gv.121-126 6 ix .k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literturis istoria, t. I, Tb., 1951, gv.536

55

italiel kapuCinTa misia, meore mxriv, niadags uryevda

marTlmadideblobas.

mitropoliti a. jafariZe ase afasebs am epoqas: ,,am droisTvis

erovnuli TviTSemecneba saocrad iyo dakninebuli. saWiro iyo misi

gamoRviZeba da ganmtkiceba... samwuxarod, qristianulTan SedarebiT

upiratesoba sparsul-mahmadianur samarTals hqonda, rac qristian xalxs

abnevda" [137,329].

cnobilia, qarTveli xelmwifeebis mxridan italiel misionerebs

mkveTri winaaRmdegoba ar Sexvedria (Tu ar CavTvliT Teimuraz meoris

qmedebebs. Tumca, mas mogvianebiT, Tavisi Svilis, erekle mefis rCeviT,

taqtika Seucvlia da kaTolike-misionerebisTvis Semweoba aRmouCenia). 1

mefeebis keTilganwoba italiel misionerTadmi, upirveles yovlisa,

gapirobebuli iyo imiT, rom maTi gamoCena saqarTvelos Sanss aZlevda

aRedgina evropasTan is urTierToba, rac warsulSi arsebobda da

mahmadian dampyrobelTa wyalobiT xelovnurad iyo Sewyvetili. Tanac

maTi moRvaweoba mecnierebis aRorZinebasac uwyobda xels. bunebrivia,

arc is safrTxe gamoparviaT, rac marTlmadideblobas emuqreboda

propaganda fidesa Tu kapucinTa misionisagan. amitomac, paralelurad

qristianuli dogmatis SexsenebisaTvis miuyviaT xeli. swored amitom

iTargmna krebebis aqtebi xelaxla, Teimuraz pirvelma Seqmna

leqsi ,,SvidTa krebaTaTvis~, Teimuraz meorem ki poemaSi ,,gabaaseba

dRisa da Ramisa~ sagangebo yuradReba dauTmo krebaTa `saqmianobis~

aRweras.

orive mefe-poetma xazgasmiT gamokveTa kaTolicizmisagan

gansxvavebuli marTlmadidebluri mrwamsi suliwmidis mamisgan

gamomavlobisa.

unda iTqvas, rom es Txzulebebi originalurobiT ar gamoirCevian,

magram es ar aris arsebiTi. mTavaria, rom orive erTi mizniT aris

Semqnili. es aris Sexseneba im dogmatisa, rac wminda mamebs saukuneebis

win dauwesebiaT. Teimuraz meoris Txzulebis formati ar iZleva poetis

1 ix. a) m. TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, Tb., 1904, gv. 376-377;

b) m. papaSvili, saqarTvelo-romis urTierToba, Tb., 1999, gv. 271

56

mrwamsis uSualod gamoxatvis saSualebas, amitomac, mwerliseuli

miniSneba naklebad Cans, Tumca im TemebiTac, ris garSemoc amsjelebs

personaJebs, naTelia poetis swrafva. mokrZalebul SeniSvnaSic:

,,kvlacaRa wvrilad giambo Svidis msoflios krebisa,

mas Jams Seyrilni mamani, damxsnelni ganwvalebisa~.

(391,1-2) [14,49].

`naxeT, ra uTqvams wyeulsa, ariozs mwvalebelsa-da!

mamisa, Zisa, sulisa wmidisa ganmyofelsa-da!~ (395,1-2) [14,49].

,,kargad Seityev: msoflios, giTxrob Svid krebas Tqmulsa

da!~(451,4) [14,51]

aseve, krebebis msvlelobis aRwerisas garkveul sakiTxebze

gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis gamaxvilebisas, Cans, Tu ra mizans isaxavs

avtori. udavoa, amiT mas surs, Seaxsenos da Caagonos mkiTxvels

sarwmunoebrivi vali, Tanac aCvenos is simZafre, romelic gandgomas

SeiZleba mohyves.

samagierod, am mxriv absoluturad SeuzRudavia Teimuraz I.

amitomac urTavs, Tu ratom dasWirda am Temaze Txroba. misi TqmiT,

Svidive msoflio krebis kanonebi samagido wigni unda iyos yvelasTvis,

vinc RvTismosavia. igi erTgvarad aSinebs kidec jojoxeTiT, vinc

samebis uzenaesobaSi eWvs Seitans da romelime hipostass daamcrobs:

,,vin es gandrikos, veRar moimkos,

sxva rac ram hqondes keTil naTesi,

sarwmunoeba, samebis cnoba,

RvTismetyveleba - es ukeTesi,

Ze, suli-wminda mrwams da es minda,

mamisa sworni, ar umrwemesi...~ (26) [12,167].

poeti axsenebs VIII krebasac, romelsac arakanonikurad miiCnevs:

,,frangTa romelTa ar mimyolelTa,

merve qnes kreba gandrekil-mrudi.~ (24) [12,167].

rogorc cnobilia, merve kreba karlos didma moawyo. es is

karlosia, romelic 800 wels romis imperiis memkvidred akurTxa papma

leon mesamem, rac bizantieli basilevsebis ignorirebas udrida... am

57

krebaze dadgenil iqna marTlmadidebluri mrwamsisTvis miuRebeli

Semdegi swavla-gangeba: SabaTis marxva, mrwamsis damateba wminda sulis

Zisagan gamosvlis Sesaxeb _ filiokve. 1 amitomac, marTlmadidebeli

qristianebi gmoben da ar aRiareben am krebas. ar ixsenieba igi profesor

a. lebedevis ,,msoflio saeklesio krebebSi~; v. bolotovis

wignSi ,,leqciebi Zveli eklesiis istoriaSi~.2

Teimuraz meore, marTalia, VIII krebas sagangebod ar axsenebs,

magram Txrobis boloSi naTqvami: ,,kargad Seityev: ,,msoflios, giTxrob,

Svid krebas Tqmulsa-da!~ (428) - migvaniSnebs, rom igi sxva krebebs ar

cnobs.

bunebrivia, mefe-poetebi marTlmadidebluri mrwamsidan gamomdinare

uaryofen mas.

,,gamoxsnisa~ da ,,aRdgomis~ ideis avtorebi qarTvelTa fizikuri

garadCenisTvis zrunavdnen. es idea amoZravebda maT ewarmoebinaT

zemoxsenebuli sagareo politika evropisa da aziis qveynebTan, 3 Tumca

aqedan momaval safrTxesac raki naTlad xedavdnen, cdilobdnen

bibliuri Temebisa da dogmatis SexsenebiT SeeCerebinaT mosalodneli

saSiSroeba.

`dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis~ meore strofSi esaia winaswarmetyvelis

saxe irekleba:

,,esaiam ra ixila saydarTa zeda mjdomeli,

garSecul angelozTagan dasni RvTis wina mdgomeli,

cxra dasi wminda arsisa, galobis tkbilad mxmobeli,

gar-uwerelad Zlieri, usazRvro, miuwvdomeli~ (2) [14,1].

1 ix. n. papuaSvili, religiis istoria, Tb., 1995, gv. 290-291 2 ix. a) msoflio saeklesio krebebi, dogmaturi RmrTismetyveleba, Seadgina gr. ruxaZem,

Tb., 2004, 157 gv.

b) В. Болотов, Лекции по истории древней церкви, т. 4, П. 1918. 3 ix. a. jafariZe, qarTuli eklesia XVIII saukuneSi, brZola `gamoxsnisa~ da

àRdgomisaTvis~, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, saqarTvelos eklesiis

kalendari, Tb., sapatriarqos gamomcemloba, 1998, gv. 332.

58

vnaxoT saTanado adgili bibliidan: ,,da iqmna welsa, romelsa

mokuda ozia mefe_vixile ufali mjdomare saydarsa zeda maRalsa da

aRmatebulsa da savse iyo saxli didebiTa misiTa.

da serafimni dges garemoÁs missa, equsni frTeni erTsa da equsni

frTeni erTsa da oriTa ukue daiburvides pirsa, xolo oriTa

daiburvides ferÃTa da oriTa frinvides.

da RaRadebdes moyvsi moyvasisa mimarT da ityodes: wmida ars, wmida

ars, wmida ars ufali sabaoT! savse ars yoveli qveyana didebiTa misiTa!

da amaRlda zeSTa karsa Ãmisagan, romel RaRadebdes, da saxli

aRivso kuamliTa~ (esaia, 6,1_4) [8,76].

Teimuraz meoris strofi, eWvsgareSea, am epizods gulisxmobs.

igi, TiTqos, Tavs udarebs esaias. misi TqmiT, esaiam Tuki SeZlo RvTis

dideba, es imitom, rom TviT ixila RmerTi.

bibliaSi ikiTxeba, aseve, esaias pasuxi: `da vTqu: Ä, ubadruksa me,

rameTu Sekedlebul var, rameTu kacad myofi da arawmidaTa bageTa

mqonebeli saSual erisa, arawmidaTa bageTa mqonebelisa, mkvdar var me

da meufe ufali sabaoT vixile TvaliTa CemiTa~ (esaia, 6,5) [8,76] _ ase

uarobs esaia dakisrebul movaleobas. aq mis Tavmdablobaze maxvildeba

yuradReba.

Tavis uRirsad warmoCena damaxasiaTebelia Sua saukuneebis

mwerlobisTvis. amis araerTi magaliTis moxmoba SeiZleba sasuliero Tu

saero mwerlobidan.

poetic esaiaseuli TavmdablobiT udgeba sakiTxs da Tavidanve

amzadebs mkiTxvels mdare formiT mowodebul namuSevars gagebiT

moekidos (Tumca debs pirobas, SeZlebisdagvarad Seasxas xotba samebas),

mizezic aqvs_ pirvel rigSi ùswavlelia”, Tanac, esaiasgan gansxvavebiT,

ufali ar uxilavs.

mizezi sxvac hqonda Teimurazs (àr mogewonosT, ikiTxeT: àse

naTqvami sad ari?~ vswerdi cxens mjdomi, vlaSqrobdi iqiT da aqeT, sad

ari“) (13) [14,2].

unda iTqvas, rom Teimurazi, marTalia, Tavs umecrad warmoaCens,

uwodebs ra sakuTar Tavs saRvTo istoriis ùswavlels~, didi

59

rudunebiT ekideba saRvTo sjulis gadmotanas da mas Tavisi gemovnebis

Tu interesis Sesabamisad awyobs. Tzulebis pirveli nawili ,,wminda

wignis~ uSualo perifrazirebaa, magram ara mTeli istoriisa, aramed im

monakveTebisa, romelTa moxmobac saWirod CauTvlia avtors. aq saRvTo

istoriis Semdegi epizodebia galeqsili: adamis Sesaqme, wyliT rRvna,

isakis Sewirva, iakobis kurTxeva, israelTa gamosvla, iobis

Tavgadasavali, elias amaRleba, zaqarias dadumeba, xareba, Soba,

winadacveTa, mirqma, feriscvaleba, lazares aRdgineba, ierusalims

Sesvla, qristes vneba, naTlisReba, seroba, jvarcma, gardamoxsna da

daflva, wminda pasxa, gverdis ganxilva, ganrRveulis gankurneba,

SobiTgan brmis gankurneba, amaRleba, sulTmofena, RvTismSoblis

micvaleba.

dRe-Ramis kamaTi bibliuri siuJetebis moxmobis fonze iSleba. isini

ambebs mxolod TavianTi poziciidan ki ar yvebian, aramed ayvedrian

kidec erTurTs im arasasiamovno faqtis gamo, rac ama Tu im

astronomiul droSi momxdara. magaliTad, Rame ixsenebs kaenis sikvdils

da ambobs: ,,saSineli ese codva, dRisiT moxda eSmakisad~ (63,3) [14,9]_o.

maT xSirad areuli aqvT poziciebi. Rame yveba iseT ambebze, romlebic

aSkarad dRisiT momxdara, magaliTad: feriscvaleba uflisa ieso

qristesi (,,dRisiT iyo qristesagan ucxo ese saswauli~ (251,3) [14,32] _ da,

piriqiT, dRe aRwers serobis scenas, romelsac Rame hqonda adgili.

sxavadsxva epizodis amgvari dalageba, cxadia, garkveul mizans

emsaxureboda. saRvTo istoriis ase lakonurad da sityvaSewyobiT

warmoTqma maTi ukeT gaazrebiT da SeswavliT iyo gapirobebuli.

rogorc Cans, Teimurazs swored is epizodebi gauleqsavs, romelTa

moxmobac saWirod CauTvlia epoqis Sesabamisad.

bibliuri pasaJebis gacocxleba ufro diad mizans emsaxureboda,

vidre monacemebis Segrovebas, Tu romel droSi moxda esa Tu is faqti.

zaqarias dadumebis, iobis gansacdelis, isakis msxverplad Sewirvis Tu

sxva epizodebis galeqsva am TxzulebaSi, savaraudoa, erTi ideiT iyos

gapirobebuli, avtors surs rwmenaze, sarwmunoebaze daafiqros

mkiTxveli, raTa aRar gadaixaros uflisagan. amis saSiSroeba ki im

60

epoqaSi namdvilad iyo. Cven zemoT vaxseneT, erTi mxriv, mahmadianTa da,

meore mxriv, kaTolikeTa uniis gavlenis safrTxe. es is droa, roca

qarTvel mamuliSvils uwevs Tqma Semdegi sityvebisa: ,,nu gaTaTrdebiT~.

am fonze Teimurazis naazrevic rwmenis Seryevis SeCerebas, Tu qarTuli

zne-Cveulebebis SenarCunebas emsaxureba umeteswilad.

Ppoeti Rrmaganswavlulobas iCens qristianuli dogmatikisa da

saRvTo istoriis sakiTxebSi. poemaSi taepebis saxiT saleqso zomebSia

moqceuli is ambebi, romlebic prozaulad gvxvdeba `wminda wignSi~.

araerTi magaliTis moxmoba SeiZleba am zedmiwevniTi

Tanmimdevrulobisa: ,,elias amaRleba~ sityvasityviT misdevs saTanado

epizods bibliidan; miqias winaswarmetyveleba qristeSobaze gauleqsavs

avtors; esaias xilva uCveulo ostatobiT aris perifrazirebuli. unda

iTqvas, rom Teimurazi yuradRebas amaxvilebs saxarebis im epizodebze,

romlebic maxareblebidan mxolod erT-erTs mouyolia: lukas _ mirqma

da winadacveTa, zaqarias dadumeba; markozs _ uflis saswaulebi; ioanes

_ urwmuno Tomas darwmuneba Tu sxva. Llukas saxarebaSi bevri

amonaridia ,,fsalmunidan~, magram Teimurazs ainteresebs is adgilebi,

romlebSic RvTis gankacebazea saubari. is Txzulebis dasawyisSic xazs

usvams Sexedulebas RvTis orbunebianobaze. ukidures sizustes iCens

Txrobis procesSi, aseve, bibliuri legendebis safuZvlian codnas

amJRavnebs, Tumca lafsusebic gaparvia, Tundac is, rom lameqi, romelic

bibliis mixedviTYme-5 Taobaa kaenisa, aq me-5 Svilad aris CaTvlili

(SesaZloa, Teimurazi aq `SvilSi~ zogadad STamomavals gulisxmobda).

èvasi da adamis SecTomis ambavSi~ eva gvelisagan `dedobrivis wesiT~

tyuvdeba. qali macdurad adamis Secdenis Semdeg aRiares, manamde rodi

iyo cnobili misi Tviseba. koreqtirebis SecdomiT Cans gapirobebuli is

faqti, rom ìosebis ambavi~ sinamdvileSi marTali da mravaltanjuli

iobis istorias Seicavs. igi Txzulebis Semdeg gamocemebSi

Casworebulia.1

1 ix. a) arCili `saqarTvelos zneobani~, Teimuraz meore `dRisa da Ramis gabaaseba~,

gamosacemad moamzada, bolosityvaoba da leqsikoni daurTo l. menabdem, Tb., 1976;

b) Teimuraz meore, `dRisa da Ramis gabaaseba~, wignSi: qarTuli poezia, Tb.,

`nakaduli~, 1976, t.V. gv. 247-423

61

`gamosvlaTa wignidan” avtors mxolod egviptidan gamosvlis scena

aqvs aRwerili. Tumca, sxvagan araerTxel ubrundeba moses

Tavgadasavals da sxvadasxva konteqstSi gvawvdis mas Tundac ,,xarebis”

gadmocemisas moses xilvis gaxmianeba (213) [14,27], an kidev 10 mcnebis

xseneba (384-386) [14,48] migvaxvedrebs, rom poets yuradRebis miRma ar

rCeba bibliuri personaJebis cxovrebis arc erTi mniSvnelovani epizodi.

mis mier galeqsili yoveli pasaJi saTanadod gacnobierebis Semdeg aris

motanili.

amdenad, ànbanTqebansa~ Tu poemis pirvel nawilSi bibliuri

Temebis gadmoRebisas Teimuraz meoris mizani, mis Tanamedrove Tu

winamorbed moazrovneTa msgavsad, dogmatisa da qristinuli moralis

Sexseneba iyo.

rogorc zemomotanili msjelobidan gamoikveTa, aRorZinebis xanis

saqarTveloSi marTlmadidebluri mrwamsis Sesustebis, Sesabamisad,

bibliuri Temebis galeqsvis aucileblobis oTxi umTavresi mizezi

arsebobda:

a) qarTveli sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis indiferentizmi

qristianobis da saRvTo wignebis mimarT;

b) sparsuli kulturis Zalumad Semodineba;

g) italielTa uniis gavlenis gaZliereba;

d) sazogadoebis nawilSi evropuli ganmanaTleblobis ideebis

gatareba.

M mefe-poetmac Tavis SemoqmedebaSi saTanado yuradReba dauTmo am

problemas. man `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis~ saxiT warmoadgina

WeSmariti qristianisa da srulfasovani moqalaqis saorientaciod

gamosayenebeli saxelmZRvanelo, riTac umniSvnelovanesi vali moixada

TvistomTa winaSe.

§2 Zveli aRTqmis siuJetebi `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~

Zveli aRTqmis 51 wignidan Teimuraz meore Tavis TxzulebaSi sul 5

wignis siuJets iyenebs, Tanac, zogan mxolod garkveul muxlebs

62

iSveliebs, zogan ki mTlian Tavebs. Txzvisas zedmiwevniT misdevs

bibliis teqsts.

mocemul paragrafSi SevecdebiT, detalurad ganvixiloT yvela

monakveTi, aqtualobis miTiTebiT. kvlevis procesSi ki, saWiroa,

yuradReba gavamaxviloT CarTul epizodebze, romlebic bibliis

kanonikur wignebSi daculi informaciisgan gansxvavebul, gareSe

epizodebs Seicavs, `daubeWdveli wignebidan~ gadmoRebuls.Aaseve,

mivuTiToT im pasaJebze, romlebic individualurad Caumatebia poets.

samyaros Seqmnis, uflisgan funqciaTa gadanawilebis scenebi

zedmiwevniTi TanmimdevrulobiT aris galeqsili. pirveli adamianebis

codvebi, uflis risxva, ebrael xalxTa amoyvana aRTqmul qveyanaSi

sruli sizustiT aris gadmocemuli. TxzulebaSi gamoyenebuli

ZvelaRTqmiseuli siuJetebi Semdeg TavebSia moTxrobili: àdamis

Sesaqmis ambavi~, èvasi da adamis SecTomis ambavi~, àq Ramisagan pasuxis

migeba kaenisagan abelis sikvdilisa~, àq lameqisagan kaenis sikvdili~,

àqa dRisagan Tqma wyliT rRvnis ambavi~, àqa isakis Sewirvis ambavi~,

àqa iakobis kurTxevis ambavi~, àqa israelT ambavi~, àqa iobis ambavi~,

àqa elias amaRleba~.

TxzulebaSi yoveli bibliuri epizodi garkveuli mizanswrafviT

aris moxmobili, aucilebelia TiToeuli Tavi cal-calke ganvixiloT,

kvlevisas, saWiroa, sagangebod mivuTiToT im pasaJebze, romelTa wyaros

uSualod is sakiTxavebi ar warmoadgenen, romlebidanac leqsavs avtori.

am TvalsazrisiT Semdegma Tavebma miipyro Cveni yuradReba: ,,aqa

lameqisagan kaenis sikvdili~, ìsakis Sewirvis ambavi~, àqa, iobis ambavi~.

àdamis Sesaqmis ambavi~ _ Teimuraz meore bibliuri kosmogoniis

pirvel dReze anu bnelisagan naTlis gamoyofaze Txzulebis SesavalSi

saubrobs. aq ki ukve Sesaqmis mexuTe dRes Seqmnil arsebebs exeba:

`Tqva RmerTman: `gamoiReTo qveyanam samSvinvelia~ (34,1) [14,5].

`da Tqva RmerTman: gamoiRed wyalTa quewarmavlebi samSÂnvelTa

cxovelTaჲ da mfrinvelni frinvaleni queyanasa zeda samyarosaebr cisa...

gamoiRed queyanaman samSÂnveli cxoveli naTesaobisaebr oTxferÃTa da

63

quewarmavalTa da mÃecTa queyanisaTa naTesaobiTi. da iqmna egreT~

(dabadeba,1,20,24) [5,49].

Cveulebriv, Tanmimdevrulad mihyveba avtori bibliis teqsts. Tumca,

samoTxis Seqmnis ambavs gakvriT exeba, adamis gafrTxilebebs ki

saerTod ar axsenebs.

ìxila adam ucxo ram hkrTebis da gahkvirdebisa~ (39,1) [14,6] _ evas

xilviT gamowveuli emociis Semcvel taepebs individualurad urTavs

avtori.

dRe-Ramis kamaTis `Sesaqmis~ sceniT gaxsna qronologiuradac

upriania da sxva faqtoriTac SeiZleba iyos gapirobebuli. aRorZinebis

xanaSi sulierebis krizisi SeiniSneboda, amitomac eWideba Teimurazi

azrs, rom kaci RvTis swori arsebaa. avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs

adamianebSi TavianTi pirvelsaxis, anu RvTis saxis dakargviT

gamowveul Sedegebze.

èvasi da adamis SecTomis ambavi~_ am TavSi poeti detalurad

leqsavs, Tu rogor motyuvda eva gvelisgan, rogor urCia eWamaT swored

is nayofi, romlis miRebac RmerTma aukrZala.

abzac-abzac mihyveba Teimurazi Txrobisas biblias. Tanmimdevrobis

dacviT yveba, Tu rogor dawyevla ufalma gveli, adami da misi coli,

rogor dauwesa gvels mucelze xoxva, dedakacs_tkiviliT mSobiaroba,

adams _ sakuTari ofliT lukma-puris mopoveba da miwaSi daflva.

Ppoemis mixedviT, adamma evas cxovrebis mosaxele uwoda, radganac

Svelas misgan moeloda:

ùwoda adam cols Tvissa cxovrebis mosaxvelia,

deda yovelTa cxovelTa, Tqva: `Svelas amiT velia~ (50,1-2) [14,7].

bolo taepSi gatarebuli azris Sesabamisi adgili bibliis

saTanado muxlebSi ar gvxvdeba. 1

rogorc Cans, Teimurazi emxroba mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac,

cxovrebis sawyisad qali miiCneva. misive TqmiT: `dedobrivis wesiT eva

motyuvdeba gvelisagan~ (42,1) [14,6], Sedegad, adamic Secdeba. oriveni ki

1 Sdr. `da uwoda adam saxeli colsa TÂssa cxovrebaÁ~, biblia (mcxeTuri

xelnaweri), 1981, dab. 3, 20, gv. 53

64

Seicnoben sakuTar siSiSvles da uflis SeZaxilisas imalebian

sircxvileulni.

qali macdurad swored am faqtis Semdeg aRiares, manamde ar iyo

cnobili dedakacis aRniSnuli Tviseba.

zemomotanili adgilebi, Cans, avtorma Caamata.

poeti Txzulebis saero nawilSic ar iviwyebs mTavar saTqmels da

ubrundeba bibliis Tematikas. TavSi àqa Sairis Tqma~ gatarebuli azri

yuradsaRebia. igi locavs xelmwifeebs, usurvebs, iyon iseTive

Sexmatkbilebuli meuRleebTan, rogorebic adami da eva iyvnen.

amasTan afrTxilebs: `bolos dros adams cTomaSi Tqvenca nu

emsgavsebiTa!~ (502,4) [14,63].

ànbanTqeba IV-Si~ ki, qristes wamebis scenis gadmocemisas,

yuradRebas amaxvilebs adamis mier pirobis SeusruleblobiT miRebul

Sedegebze:

`sinjeT, saqme pirobisa, adams rogor umTavrdebis!~ (19,4) [14,133]

am taepebSi kidev erTxel mJRavndeba poetis mizani.A

unda iTqvas, rom pirvelwyaroSi uflis toni gacilebiT mkacria.

`dabadebaSi~ ufali uxmobs adams: àdam, sada xar?~ (dab.3,9) [5,52].

Teimuraz meoris mixedviT, uflis tonSi sibraze gamosWvivis: àdam,

adamo~! xma esma risxviTa Sesazareblad~ (43,4) [14,6].

am Tavis sentencia aseTia:Uuflis gzidan gadaxveva adamianebs

sasikeTos aras hpirdeba.

àq Ramisagan pasuxis migeba kaenisagan abelis sikvdilisa~_ am

ambebs Rame yveba, Seaxsenebs dRes, rom dRisiT moxda es saSineleba.

Semdeg ubrundeba dabadebis meoTxe TavSi moTxrobil istorias. abelisa

da kaenis Tvisebebs CamoTvlis avtori.

Zmebs Soris dapirispireba warmoSva Surma. ufalma kaenis msxverpli

ar Seiwira, abelisa miiRo. gaborotebul kaens ki ganumarta: `da hrqua

ufalman RmerTman kains: `raTa rad SeiWmuvin piri Seni, arca marTliad

Semowire. xolo marTliad ara ganhyav. scode dayuden Sendami miqcevaÁ

misi da Sen hmTavrobdi mas~ (dab. 4,6-7) [5,53].

65

Aamitomac, marTebulad gadawyvita ufalma visi Sesawiri mieRo.1

bibliaSi sagangebo yuradReba ar eTmoba abelis sikvdilis

detalebs. apokrifebSi ki araerTi versia arsebobs kaenisagan abelis

mokvlisa da Sedegad kaenze dawesebuli sasjelisa. magaliTad, erTi

versiis mixedviT, `mas gamouvida Sublze rqa. ar SeeZlo puri eWama,

radgan xelebi ukankalebda. dahkarga Zili, damunjda, dadioda tiriliT,

ar unda momkvdariyo. mis mkvlels ki eweoda igive sasjeli~ [126,118].

`sisxli TviT Zmisa Senisa xelTagan SenTa qceuli,

Surisa maZiebeli, eSmakisagan Zleuli,

kvnesiT da ZrwoliT xvidode, maradis iyo wyeuli,

xvidode qveyanazeda Sen Wkua gamoleuli!~ (56) [14,8], _ vkiTxulobT

poemaSi.

bunebrivia, es adgilebi apokrifuli Zeglebis gavlenas ganicdian.

avtori wers: àw giTxra, kaen ra uyo Tavis Zmas

siSurisagan!~(51,4) [14,7], `borotiT raTme ganzraxviT kaen Zmas

auSurdebis~ (52,3) [14,7], `moakvdinebs ubralosa, Suri Seiqms Zmisa

mkvlelad~ (54,2 [14,8].

rogorc Cans, Suris sindroms eqceva gansakuTrebuli yuradReba.

igi bevrgan amaxvilebs am faqtorze yuradRebas, aTi mcnebis galeqsvisas

ambobs: àra kac kla Surisagan _codva aris didi vneba~ (385,3-4)

[14,48].

Zmis mkvlelobis motivi yvelaze aqtualuri swored poetis epoqaSi

iyo. kaenis aCrdili dadioda sazogadoebaSi. gansakuTrebuli intrigebi

samefo karze ixlarTeboda. es mSvenivrad uwyoda Teimurazmac da ase

amitomac gaamaxvila yuradReba masze.

,,aqa lameqisagan kaenis sikvdili~_ TxzulebaSi kaenis mkvlelad

misi mexuTe Svili lameqia dasaxelebuli, romelsac TiTqos

SviliSvilis codvac edos kiserze.

1 SeniSvna. M1 niSniT danomrili xelnaweris sityvebi `simarTlis ndoma iqnebis~,

swored uflis gadawyvetilebas gulisxmobs.

66

Teimuraz meoris Txrobis mixedviT: abelis mokvlis da uflis

SeCvenebis Semdeg kaeni naids daemkvidra, masaviT ukeTuri memkvidreni

Sva, TviTon ki xangrZlivi sicocxlis manZilze mudmivi SiSis qveS

cxovrobda, 1 misi mexuTe Svili, lameqi, dabadebidan brma iSva.

miuxedavad amisa, igi nadirobasac ki axerxebda SviliSvilis TanxlebiT

da daxmarebiT. erTxelac, WalaSi mofaCune mxecs esrola. es

ukanaskneli babuamisi aRmoCnda. igi, Turme, iqve, laqaSebSi daZrwoda.

lameqma isriT gangmira papa. amis Semxedvare mxlebeli SeZrwunda da

ganucxada, rom misma nasrolma isarma kaeni mokla. SeSfoTebuli lameqi

TavSi xels icems, SviliSvili cdilobs gaaSvelos da am gawev-

gamowevaSi isic iRupeba:

`naxa kaen isriT mkvdari, brmas vinc wina gauZRvebis,

`mohkal!@~_ uTxra Svilis-Svilman, lameq diaR gahkvirdebis,

simwuxariT xels xels icems, ymawvils Tavi Sig dahyvebis,

masac mohklavs, risxva RvTisa, lameqs didad daedebis“

(62) [14,9].

amdenad, marTalia, Zalauneburad, magram ori axloblis mokvliT

lameqs `RvTis risxva didad edeba~:

,,sisxlisagan Svidgzis Suri Ziebul-ars kaenisad,

samocdaaTi, Svid-gziT metic, aris codva lameqisa~ (63) [14,9].

bibliaSi kaenis sikvdilis amgvar istoriaze araferi weria. uflis

sasjelis da kaenis adgilsamyoflis Secvlis miTiTebis Semdeg Txroba

uSualod lameqze gadadis. marTalia, mis mimarTvaSi colebisadmi aris

miniSneba moxucisa da ymawvilis mkvlelobaze, magram varaudis daSveba,

rom mokluli moxuci aucileblad kaenia, Znelia. lameqi ki moixsenieba

Semdegnairad: rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, igi kaenis me-5 Stos

warmomadgenelia (enoqi-yiradi-mexuaeli-meTuSaeli-lameqi (dab.4,17-18-19)

[5,16].

Cven vaxseneT lameqis warmomavlobasTan dakavSirebuli lafsusi.

aq igi ara mexuTe Taobis warmomadgenlad, aramed mexuTe Svilad aris

1 ix. a) biblia (mcxeTuri xelnaweri), Tb., 1981, dabadeba, 4,14, gv.54;

b) biblia (mcxeTuri xelnaweri), Tb., 1983, iobi, 15,20-24, gv.117.

67

CaTvlili. Tumca, iqve vkiTxulobT: ìsars esvris, papas moklavs, Turme

misTvis darinobda!~ (61,4) [14,8].. `papas moklavs~ ukve metyvelebs imaze,

rom `Svili~ ar unda gavigoT pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, aramed_

STamomavlad.

Llameqis istoria bibliaSi sakmaod bundovnad aris

warmodgenili. igi pirvelia, vinc mravalcolianoba daakanona. misi

colebi iyvnen yada da cila.

,,dabadebaSi~ vkiTxulobT: ,,da hrqua lameq colTa TÂsTa: ada da

sela, ismineT Ãmisa Cemisa, colTa lameqisaTa, yurad-ixueniT sityuani

Cemni, rameTu mamakaci movkal wylulebad Cemda da Wabuki saguemelad

Cemda.

rameTu SÂdgzis Suri Ziebul ars kainisagan, xolo lameqisagan

sameocdaaT Svidgzis~ (dab.4,23-24) [5,54].

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom cifri 7 sakraluri cifria da

gamoxatavs srulyofilebas: egvipturi sibrZniT_mTeli ganbanilia

SvidSi; budas Svidi nabiji simbolurad meSvide –umaRles kosmiur

sibrtyesTan miaxlovebas gamoxatavs. bibliuri iobi Svidi weli

itanjeboda. saRvTo sjulis xalxuri versiebis Tanaxmad, isaki

msxverplad unda Seiwiros Svidi wlis asakSi.1

iesos qadagebebSi Svidgzis Tu samocdaCvidmetgzis mizRvasac sul

sxva datvirTva aqvs. kiTxvaze: ùfalo! raoden gzis Semcodos Zmaman

Cemman, da miuteo mas? vidre SÂd gzisamdea? hrqua mas ieso: ara

getyÂ Sen: vidre SÂid-gzisamde, aramed vidre sameocdaaT- SÂd-

gzis~ (maTe,18,21–22) [3,51].

sxvagan ambobs: `daRaTu SÂd-gzis dResa Sina Segcodos, da SÂd-gzis

moaqcios da grquas Sen: Sevinane, miuteve mas~ (luka,17,4) [3,211].

qristes sityvebSi kidev erTxel vlindeba humanurobasa da

Semwynareblobaze damyarebuli mrwamsi.

1 ix. e. inwkirveli, bibliuri siuJetebis xalxuri variantebi, sakandidato disertacia,

Tb., 2004, gv. 48-49

68

,,bibliis enciklopediis~ qarTuli versia Zalze mwir cnobebs

gvawvdis lameqis Sesaxeb: `lameqi_kaenis STamomavali~ [46,24]. mis

mimarTvas colebisadmi sxvadasxva safuZveli eZebneba. erT-erTi wyaros

mixedviT, lameqi da misi colebi SfoTaven im garemoebis gamo, rom

lameqs, rogorc gaugonari danaSaulis Camdens, mravalcolianobis

SemomRebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, codvils, kaens adareben. TiTqos Tavis

gasamarTleblad ambobs Semdegs lameqi: `Turme me imitom movkali kaci

da ymawvili, damnaSaved CaveTvaleT da safrTxeSi Camegdo Cemi

sicocxle. kaenisgan gansxvavebiT me aravin momiklavs da aravis mimarT

ar gamomiCenia boroteba, TviT ymawvilebis winaaRmdegac da Tuki

Svidgzis unda zRon kaenisTvis, ratom aris aucilebeli lameqisTvis

samocdaCvidmetgzis mizRva?~ [139,420].

aqve motanili erTi cnobis mixedviT, lameqs TiTqos

samocdaCvidmeti vaJiSvili hyavda [139,420].

lameqis colebisadmi mimarTvis fabulad mis mier

mravalcolianobis aRiarebis gamo atexili aJiotaJia miCneuli.

lameqisgan kacis kvla ki gamoiricxeba. aq motanil logikas Tu

mivyvebiT, kacis kvlaze did codvad mravalcolianobis SemoReba

iTvleba. ise, wesiT, ufalma erTisTvis erTi gaaCina. Sesaqmis istoria,

mowmobs, rom RvTis Tavdapirveli Canafiqris mixedviT SeuRlebuli

qali da kaci erTmaneTisTvis iyvnen daniSnulni, Tumca maleve dairRva

es kanonzomiereba, radganac adamianis zneoba dasabamidanve ver idga

saTanado simaRleze.

,,xuTwigneulis Targmanebis~ avtori, z. kiknaZe aseT azrs

ayalibebs: ,,meeqvse Taobis memkvidre lameqi TiTqos zRurblia, romlis

Semdeg meordeba kaeni da abeli ... lameqSi ibartyebs kaenis codva, rac

kidev ufro mZime sasjelad daawveba kacTa modgmas. ,,movkali kaci Cemda

satkivrad da ymawvili Cemda Wirad~ ... es aris kacobriobis is saxe,

romelic Cvens dReebamde grZeldeba. Tu davukvirdebiT, es aris

pirwmindad adamianuri civilizacia, sadac ar urevia RvTis xeli da

arc misi saxelis xseneba Cans. am civilizaciaze ar iyo uflis

dasturi~ [76,106].

69

am citatis mixedviT, lameqi codviT damZimebulia, mizezi ki ar Cans.

rogoc vxedavT, zemomoxmobili pasaJebi arafers amboben imaze, rom

lameqi uSualod kaenis mkvlelia.

sainteresoa mivuTiToT, k. kekeliZe CamoTvlis ra Teimuraz meoris

mier galeqsil epizodebs, ar axsenebs lameqisgan kaenis sikvdilis

ambavs. 1

erT faqtzec gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas. poetis III da IV

ànbanTqeba~ TiTqmis miniSnebaa imisa, Tu ra bibliuri Temebi gauleqsavs

avtors `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~, Tumca zogi epizodi damatebulia

(godlis Seneba, samsonis mier filistimelTa darbeva, balamis istoria

Tu sxva). mesame strofSi swored kaenis sikvdilis scenaa mowodebuli:

,,gxedven kacsa borgvneulsa, ucnobs gicnobT iasrobiT...

gevxar didi codvis mqmnelsa, oris moyvris momkvlelobiT~

(3,1-4) [14,126]

g. jakobias, ànbanTqebis~ yvela strofisTvis saTanado

pirvelwyaro miuTiTebia, cxadia, bibliidan. am taepebis wyarod

ki ,,sarke TqmulTas~ asaxelebs. 2

bunebrivia, am SemTxvevaSi biblias ver miuTiTebda gamomcemeli,

radganac amgvari istoria `moses wignSi~ ar gvxvdeba. am siuJetis

wyaros Zebna ki imxanad mis amocanas, albaT, arc warmoadgenda.

Aamitomac, pirdapir uTiTebs poemis im taepebs, sadac es scena gvxvdeba.

sakiTxis ukeT SeswavlisaTvis CaveZioT biblias:

kaenma, marTalia, mogvianebiT, magram aRiara danaSauli, moinania

codva da iwinaswarmetyvela Tavisi momavali Tu aRsasruli. ufalmac

TiTqos Seundo da wesad daudo, ver moekla nebismier suliers da Tuki

moklavda, Svidgzis miezRveboda uflisgan. ,,da ukeTu ganmaZeb me dRes,

pirisagan qveyanisa da pirisagan Senisa davimalo da iyos, yovelman

mpovnelman Cemman momklas me~ (dab. 4,14) [5,54].

iobis wignSi vkiTxulobT: ,,yovelive cxovrebaჲ uRmrToTa zrunviT,

welni ricxÂT mocemul arian Zlierisa misgan:

1 ix. Kk. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. II, Tb.,1981, gv. 607 2 ix. g. jakobia, teqstisaTvis, wignSi: Teimuraz meore, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, Tb.,

1939, GGgv.126

70

xolo SiSi misi yurTa misTa, raJams hgonebdes, viTarmed mSvidobiT

ars, maSinRa moiwios mis zeda daqcevaჲ.

nu hrwamn mas garemoqcevad bnelisagan, rameTu brZanebul ars mis

mierve ÃelTa maxÂlisaTa micemad.

da ganCemebul ars saWmelad orbTa da icis Tavisa TÂisisaჲ, rameTu

elis dacemad, da dReman bnelisaman SeaZrwunos igi.

urvaman da Wirman Seipyras igi, viTarca erisTavi mTavrad mdgomare

raჲ daecis~ (iobi,15,20–2) [7,117].

`xuTwigneulis Targmanebis~ avtori kaenis yofas ase ganmartavs:

`kaenis yofa daxasiaTebulia rogorc RvTis pirisagan moSoreba,

rogorc gadagdebuloba samyaroSi, devniloba da miusafroba, SiSi da

Zrwola, rasac misi adgilsamyoflis saxelwodebac

gamoxatavs: ,,nod~, ,,xetialis~, ,,Zrwolis~ (sulieri da sivrculi

gagebiT) mniSvnelobas Seicavs, kaenianebi Zrwian, daZrwian, Tumca

damkvidrebulni arian miwaze, aSeneben galavnian qalaqebs miusafrobis

da sivrcis SiSis dasaZlevad, romlis gamoZaxils babilonis godolis

epizodSi davinaxavT“ [76,34].

axla Teimuraz meores movusminoT:

`Svna Svilni: Zeeb, asuleb, ukeTur msgavsad Tvisasa,

Zrwoda ig ficxlad ZrwoliTa myovar Jams sicocxlisasa~

(59,3-4) [14,8].

,,kaen Turme CalaSigan Zrwis da TrToliT roninobda~ (61,1) [14,8].

rogorc vxedavT, ,,Zrwolis~ momenti, anu kaenis sulieri

mdgomareoba, kargad aCvena poetma, aseve, uflis ganCinebis safuZvelze

adamianis xeliTve moakvdina igi, raTa gacxadebuliyo RvTis neba,

radganac adamianebis sisxlismRvrelis sisxli adamianis mierve

daiRvreba, ,,rameTu xatad RmrTisa Sevqmen kaci~ (dab.9,6) [5,19], kaenis

ukeTur memkvidre lameqs moakvlevina pirveli mkvleli.

sainteresoa, gamoviZioT, saidan SeTxza es istoria Teimurazma.

ar aris gamoricxuli, moarul, xalxur wyaroebze dayrdnobiT

gaeleqsa. am varaudis daSvebis safuZvels gvaZlevs is, rom mis

Tanamedrove mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi msgavsi SemTxvevebi gvxvdeba.

71

rogorc viciT, d. guramiSvilis ,,qacvia mwyemsSi~

mocemulia ,,warRvnis da noes kidobnis~ ambavi. mama uyveba Svils

bibliis am sakiTxavs. noes kidobanTan dakavSirebiT igi yveba, lafSi

wolisa da daudevrobis gamo, kinaRam Tu rogor darCa kameCi.

mkvlevari r. baramiZe wers: ,,am epizods aqvs guramiSviliseuli

mravlismetyveli minaweri: ,,es kameCebis ambavi wignSi werili versada

vnaxe da isev movSale. vinc es wigni gadaweros, nuRar daswers,

amisaTvis, rom sjulad ar dadvas tyvili~ - am minaweridan, jer erTi,

vgebulobT, rom daviTi zepirad ar wers, aramed eweva daunjebul,

seriozul mecnierul moRvaweobas. igi swavlobs teqstebs, axdens

urTierTSejerebas da Semdeg, sarwmuno wyaroze dayrdnobiT, iZleva maT

perifrazsa da motivirebas~ [40,78].

r. baramiZe Txrobas agrZelebs mocemuli epizodis folklorul

wyaroebze saubriT. uTiTebs m. Ciqovanis mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac,

SeuZlebelia am epizodis folkloruli wyaros Zieba, radganac

Sesabamisi ambavi xalxur folklorSi galeqsili ar aris.

am mosazrebis sapirispirod mas p. umikaSvilis krebulSi daculi

erT-erTi fragmenti moaqvs, romelic aseTi xasiaTis xalxur apokrifs

warmoadgens.

SesaZlebelia, Sua saukuneebSi metad gavrcelebul apokriful

teqstebSi waawyda Teimuraz meorec amgvar istorias. arc es aris ucxo

mis TanamedroveTa SemoqmedebisaTvis.

biblia dums imaze, Tu ra iaraRiT klavs Zma Zmas. samagierod,

apokriful ZeglSi ,,sakiTxavi adam da evaisi samoTxiT gamosvlisaჲ~

vkiTxulobT: ,,movides orni eSakni, msgavsni abelisi da kaenisi, xolo

eSmaki igi eSmaksa mas erjoda, ganrisxna mas zeda da moiRo maxvili

qvisagan, romel iyo qarwbia, da uyeTa yeli da mokla igi~ [1,38].

,,daviTianSi~ d. guramiSvili abelis mkvlelobisas gamoyenebul

iaraRad ,,kets~ asaxelebs.

am epizods sagangebod exeba t. mosia: ,,biblia arafers migvaniSnebs

imaze, rom kaens abelisTvis misi gawirvis mizezi gaemxila. marTalia,

mkiTxveli amas xvdeba, magram cxadia, gaugebari, Seucnobeli iyo es

72

yovelive abelisTvis. aseve, biblia dums imaze, Tu ra iaraRiT klavs Zma

Zmas. .,,daviTianis” mixedviT ki _,,kain hrqva abels: Sen RmerTsa rad

uZRven Cemze metia? mouqniva da danartya uecrad TavSi ketia~ (176) [85,26].

Mmkvlevari iqve uTiTebs, rom qarTul TqmulebebSi arsebobs

kaenisagan abelis mokvlis Taviseburi varianti.

rogorc Cans, guramiSvilis mixedviT, abeli moikla ara qviT, aramed

ketiT. sxvaTa Soris, Teimurazi Tavis mesame ,,anbanTqebaSi~ qvas

asaxelebs abelis mokvlis iaraRad:

,,bnelad aqvs TvalTa sinaTle, vinc vals eSmakis gzazeda,

bevr-rigad Surma Seipyras, kaci aSalos Wkvazeda,

bolos moyvasi, moyvasze astexos mterobazeda,

binas daudebs mokvlisas, mwolsa qva dasces Tavzeda” (2) [14,126]

Cans, Teimurazi icnobda bibliis moarul apokriful sakiTxavebs,

amdenad, savsebiT dasaSvebia, xalxur Tqmulebaze an romelime

werilobiT apokriful Zeglze dayrdnobiT leqsavdes amgvar istorias.

apokrifuli Zeglebi Tavis droze saTanadod Seuswavlia al.

xaxanaSvils. 1 kaenis sikvdilis Semcvel ambavs vkiTxulobT mis mier

aRweril erT-erT apokriful ZeglSi, romelsac mkvlevari ,,qal-

vaJianis” saxeliT moixseniebs.

aq Txroba dialogis formiT aris warmarTuli. gamocanis

elementebic gvxvdeba. ,,qalma hkiTxa vaJs: is romeli elCi iyo, rom

RmerTma adamianTan gagzavna. vaJma miugo: yvavi iyoo, rom mivida adamTan,

roca kaenma abeli mokla,Aadamma ar icoda, Tu ra eqna. Mmovidnen orni

yvavni, erTma meore mokla, gaTxara miwa da damarxa. Aadamma imaTgan

iswavla, gaTxara miwa da abeli damarxa._ erTma meore mokla, mkvdari

jojoxeTSi wavida, mkvleli samoTxeSi? vaJma miugo: lameqma mokla

kaeni, kaeni wavida jojoxeTSi da lameqi samoTxeSio~ [25,9].

1 ix. a) al. xaxanaSvili, qarTuli apokrifebi, gaz. `mwyemsi~, 1893, #19, gv. 3

b) al. xaxanaSvili, kidev apokriTebis Sesaxeb, gaz. ìveria~, 1893, # 59, gv. 4

g) al. xaxanaSvili qarTuli sityvierebis istoria uZvelesi droidan XVIII

saukunis gasulamde, tf., 1904.

73

,,qal_vaJiani” Tavdapirvelad xelnaweris saxiT arsebula, Semdeg ki

beWdviTi saSualebiT farTod gavrcelebula xalxSi. al. xaxanaSvilis

TqmiT, aq SeutaniaT ramdenime apokrifuli cnoba adamis, abelis, kaenis,

seTis cxovrebaze. TviTon erT-erT siuJets axsenebs: `Txzulebis

mixedviT: roca kaeni Seiqmna 50 wlis da abeli 20, maT erTxel ufals

msxverpli Seswires. Aabelis msxverpli Seiwira ufalma, kaenisa ki ara.

Gganrisxebulma kaenma abels Caagona saTamaSod erTmaneTi SeekraT vazis

totebiT. Kkaenma Seukra Zmas xel-fexi. abeli mixvda, ra ganzraxvac

hqonda kaens da amitom dauwyo xvewna gaeTavisuflebina: erTguli da

mosiyvarule Zma viqnebio. vidre kaeni fiqrobda, rogor moekla Zma,

gamoCnda ori yvavi: erTma aiRo wvetiani qva da mokla meore. Kkaenma

amave qviT gamosWra yeli Zmas. Semdeg ufalTan kaenma icrua. Uufals

undoda, rom kaens Tavisi codva moenaniebina, magram man mkvaxed miugo,

rom Zmis daraji ar iyo da, Sesabamisad, ar icoda misi adgilsamyofeli.

amis gamo ufalma Semdegi sasjeli mouvlina: 1). gamouvida kaens Sublze

rqa, romelic gaiZaxoda: kaeni Zmis mkvlelia; 2). Aar SeeZlo puri Caedo

pirSi, radgan xelebi ukankalebda da puri talaxSi ucvioda; 3) dahkarga

Zili; 4) damunjda; 5)dadioda tiriliT; 6) ar unda momkvdariyo, mis

mkvlels ki ewveoda igive sasjeli. 800 weli icocxla kaenma. Aamaod

eZebda sikvdils. erTxel, lameqs Sexvda nadirobisas, gaexvia vefxis

tyavSi da dawva gzazed. L lameqma mokla igi, rogorc mxeci.

Yyvela wyevla ewvia lameqs, mxolod misi colis locviT ufalma

apatia~ [126,117-118].

swored am sakiTxavs gulisxmobda t. mosia, roca qarTul

sityvierebaSi abelis mokvlis gansxvavebuli versiis arsebobaze

miuTiTebda.1

k. kekeliZec aRniSnavs erTgan: ,,am apokrifebSi Cven unda gvqondes

eqvTime aTonelis mier dasaxelebuli ,,adamis cxovrebaÁ”, romelsac,

misi sityviT, ,,eklesia ar Seiwynarebs~. Mmisi arqaizmebi gvafiqrebinebs,

rom igi naTargmnia X saukunemde, SesaZloa, somxuri enidanac... am

apokrifebidan unda momdinareobdes is versiebi kaenis mier abelis

1 ix. t. mosia, daviT guramiSvili da qarTuli sityvieri kultura. Tb., 1986, gv.26

74

mokvlisa da seiTis Sobis Sesaxeb TqmulebaTa, romlebic qarTul

mwerlobaSi Cndeba XVIII_ XIX saukuneebSi~ [68,437].

al. xaxanaSvilis mier naxseneb teqstSi lameqis istoria

srulyofilad ar aris warmodgenili. amdenad, Teimuraz meorisTvis es

teqsti ver iqneboda saxelmZRvanelo wyaro. rogorc ,,anbanTqebidan~

motanili strofiT, ise mTeli Tavis ,,aqa lameqisagan kaenis

sikvdilis~ SinaarsiT, udavoa, Teimurazi apokriful literaturas

eyrdnoba. sainteresoa romels?

adamis cxovrebaze Seqmnili apokrifuli Zeglebis ori versia

arsebobs: a) `sakiTxavi adam da evaisÁG samoTxiT gamosvlisaÁ~ daGb)

`Tqmuli wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa efremisi Targmani dabadebisaTÂs cisa da

queyanisa da adamisaTÂs, viTar miscuales guami misi da damarxes

golgoTas, da cualebaÁ naTesavTaÁ, viTar vpoeT naTesaobaÁ qristesi

ÃorciTa, viTarca weril ars saxarebasa lukas Tavsa adamisgan yovelTa

mamaTa, vidre qristemde uflisa da RmrTisa Cuenisa~.

k. kekeliZis mosazrebiT, am ukanasknels kavSiri aqvs e.w. nebroTis

wignTan. 1 misi meore saxelwodebaa `ganZTa qvabi~. igi `bibliis (Zveli

da axali aRTqmis wignebi) Tavisebur egzegezas warmoadgens,

apokrifuli masaliT uxvad gajerebuls~ [120,5].

àdamis cxovrebaSi~ moTxrobilia, Tu rogor dakrZales mama-Svili

erTad adamis gardacvalebis Semdeg: Uufali gabriel da miqael

mTavarangelozebs mouwodebs moitanon sudara da Seaxvion adamis gvami,

aseve, sxva sudaraSi gaaxvion abelis cxedari, daflan mamis gverdiT,

radgan dRemde daukrZalavia igi. mizezi amisa ki SemdegSi

mdgomareobs: ,,ver daeflas ege queyanasa, rameTu pirvelad qmnili

miiqces queyanad, romlisgan Seqmnes” [30,66]. Aamitomac, adamis

sikvdilamde romeliRac kldeze SemoedoT igi. saubaria imazec, Tu

rogor dafles orive samoTxis aRmosavleTiT.Aaq araferia naxsenebi

kaenze, miTumetes, mis memkvidreebze.

`ganZTa qvabSi~ ki vkiTxulobT:

1 ix. k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t.I, Tb., 1980, gv. 437

75

` 2. maT JamTa lameq, mwuxareman TualiTa, mokla kaen Zmis mkvleli 3.

dafarulsa udabnosa nodisa ese saxed: jda lameq velsa da iyo yrmaÁ

mcire mis Tana, Ze misi mrwemi. 4. da esma ÃmaÁ slvisa kaenisi, vidoda raÁ

uCinod, rameTu kaen ver SemZlebel iyo dgomad adgilsa erTsa (1) 5. da

esma lameqs ÃmaÁ raÁme, 6. styorca qvaÁ, 7. eca kaens Sublsa da mokuda

kaen. 9. hrqua mas yrmaman man: raÁ ese hyav, rameTu mohkal kaen? 10. da

gulisklebiT Seityuelna Ãelni TÂsni lameq da Tqua: òh!~ da daepyra

Tavi yrmisaÁ Sors orTave nebiTa Sina da SeuWylita Tavi yrmasa da

mokla. da ver cna simRerisagan, rameTu veras xedavda~ [10, 68-69].

amgvarad, Teimuraz meores swored am apokrifiT usargeblia.

poemaSi garkveul variaciul saxesxvaobas vxvdebiT. apokrifis

mixedviT, qviT klavs lameqi kaens, Teimuraz meore ki mokvlis iaraRad

isars asaxelebs. Svili Teimurazs SviliSvilad hyavs dasaxelebuli,

rogorc papa mamad.

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom es apokrifi ew. mariamiseul `qarTlis

cxovrebas~ uZRvis win. c. qurcikiZe uaryofs k. kekeliZisa da s.

yauxCiSvilis mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac, leonti mrovels misi

wamZRvareba dasWirda saqarTvelos istoriis msoflio istoriasTan

mWidro kavSiris naTelsayofad. gamomcemlis azriT, `qronologiuri

Tanmimdevrobis dacviT aris gapirobebuli es nabiji~ [120,17-18].

Teimuraz meorec Segnebulad mimarTavs am apokrifs. `daubeWdavi~

Zeglis gadmoReba kidev erTxel gvarwmunebs, rom avtori stiqiurad ar

leqsavs biblias. aRniSnuli istoriis motana mas dasWirda, raTa

eCvenebina, danaSauli dausjeli ar darCeba da codva adamians DdRes Tu

xval wamoeweva.

àqa dRisagan Tqma wyliT rRvnis ambavi~_ am ambis Txrobas

Teimuraz meore dabadebis me-6 Tavis me-9-10 muxlebis galeqsviT iwyebs.

aq noes warmomavlobazea saubari. Semdeg ki axsenebs mizezs uflis

gabrazebisa, da 1-7 muxlebis gaTvaliswinebiT urTavs, raki qveyana

eSmakis nebiT gaixrwna, ufalma maTi dasja gadawyvita, noes ki uTxra,

aego kidobani, sadac 7-7 wyvili dedal-mamli Sevidoda wminda

cxovelTagan, uwmindurTagan _ 2-2.

76

`Zvel aRTqmaSi~ pirutyvTa Sedenis istoria orgzis gvxvdeba.

Teimuraz meorec erTxel rom moyveba, meored akonkretebs, Tan urTavs:

àravin darCa cxoveli, xmelze dges, anu xbodesa,

romeli romels uswrebda, erTbaSad Seivltodesa~ (78,3-4) [14,11].

poemis mixedviT, qaris Sedegad dacxra wyalTa dineba. Semdeg noem

gagzavna jer yorani, bolos mtredi. yorani ar mobrunebula, mtredma ki

xmeleTze gansasvenebeli ver pova. erTi kvira eloda noe, amjerad

zeTisxilis rto moutana frinvelma mas, riTac auwya dedamiwaze

sasicocxlo pirobebis arseboba. meSvide dRes mesamed gaSvebuli mtredi

ukan aRar mobrunebula.

am ambebidan pirdapir noes samadlobel Jestze gadadis Teimuraz

meore:

ùSena noe ufalsa sakurTxeveli nebisa~ (90,2) [14,12]

qveynad marTali adamianebic arseboben. ufali arasdros iviwyebs

maT. Sesabamisad, adamianic mudmivad unda madlobdes RmerTs.

àqa isakis Sewirvis ambavi~_ rogorc viciT, bibliaSi abraams

sakmaod didi adgili eTmoba. misi Rvawli ebraelTa winaSe ganuzomelia.

igi xom israelTa mamamTavaria. bibliur personaJebze rom araferi

vTqvaT, ebrauli warmoSobis xalxi adre Sua

saukuneebSic ,,abrameanebad~ iwodebodnen. sailustraciod ,,abo

tfilelis wamebis~ moxmobac kmara.

aboze hagiografi ambobs: ,,ese naSobi iyo abrameani, ZeTagan ismaelisaTa,

tomisagan sarkinozTaჲsa... arca xarWisagan Sobili, aramed yovladve

arabielTa Tesli“ [22,54].

bibliuri patriarqis istoriidan misi uryevi rwmenis da RvTisadmi

uangaro, brma erTgulebis maniSnebeli adgilebi gauleqsavs avtors.

aRniSnuli epizodi safuZvlianad aris damuSavebuli msoflio

literaturaSi. popularulia igi folklorSic. Mmama-Svilis saxe

STagonebis wyaro gamxdara Rirs mamaTa Tu himnografTaTvis: `Sua

saukuneebis RvTismetyvelebi abraam-isaks aigivebdnen mamaRmerTsa da

qristesTan da uangaro msxverplSewirvis winasaxeobad Tvlidnen

abraamis saqciels~ [76,68].

77

samecniero literaturaSi SeniSnulia, rom qarTveli himnografebi,

patristikuli literaturis gavleniT, isakis saxeSi qristes xedavdnen,

xolo abraamis mier mxolodSobili Zis, isakis Sewirvas macxovris

jvarcmis arqetipad miiCnevdnen: ìoane mtbevars yuradReba miuqcevia im

faqtisTvis, rom isaks, abraamis aRTqmis Svils, samsxverplo SeSa Tavad

miaqvs morias mTaze. es epizodi mas qristes mier golgoTaze

kacobriobis codviTdamZimebuli jvris atanasTan, jvarcmasTan da

saukuno sicocxlismoniWebasTan daukavSirebia~ [64,10].

xalxur sityvierebaSi bibliuri siuJetis Semcveli araerTi

nimuSi gvxvdeba. Aabraamze Seqmnili leqsebi isakis msxverplSewirvis

ambavsac Seicaven. igi farTod yofila gavrcelebuli xalxSi, misi

ramdenime versia arsebobs.

gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom maT wyaros warmoadgens Talmuduri

literaturis religiur-eTikuri Sexedulebebis Semcveli vrceli wigni,

romelic agadas saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. 1M

e. inwkirveli sagangebod exeba abraamis istorias da ebraul

teqstTan qarTuli xalxuri leqsis Sepirispirebis Sedegad saTanado

daskvnebs ayalibebs. mkvlevars moaqvs vrceli teqsti agadidan, romlis

mixedviTac, abraamis gamocdis epizodSi moqmedebaSi ereva satana,

boroti Zalis personificirebuli saxe. is aqezebs RmerTs abraamis

winaaRmdeg, rom mas erTi mtredic ar Seuwiravs RmerTisTvis Svilis

sanacvlod. Semoqmedi darwmunebulia abraamSi: ,,maSinac ki, Tu me

vubrZaneb, msxverplad sakuTari Svili Semomwiros, is me damijerebs”

(Леибович, 143) ... amas ar mohyolia isakis msxverplad Sewirvis moTxovna.

RmerTs sWirdeboda, iseve yofiliyo darwmunebuli isakis pirovnebaSi,

rogorc abraamSi. Eebrauli tradiciiT, gamocdis pirvelbiZgi swored

isaki iyo. erTxel, rodesac ismaeli mamis mosanaxuleblad movida, Zmebs

Soris kamaTi gaimarTa. ismaelis azriT, RmerTs is ufro uyvarda,

radgan sakuTari nebiT daTanxmda winadacveTaze, xolo isaki mxolod

rva dRis iyo. maSin isaki upasuxebs: ,,RmerTisTvis Sewiruli sami wveTi

1 ix. e. inwkirveli, bibliuri siuJetebis xalxuri variantebi, sakandidato disertacia,

Tb., 2004, gv. 54-55

78

sisxliT amayob? Mme ocdaCvidmetis var da Tu Semoqmedi mTel Cems

sxeuls moindomebs msxverplad, me sixaruliT mivcem mas” (Veisman,243).

RmerTma maSinve mouwoda abraams, msxverplad Seewira isaki. Aagada

mogviTxrobs: diliT adre adga abraami, moamzada saukeTeso totebi,

TviTon datvirTa viri da aravin daixmara, maSin, roca am samuSaos,

Cveulebriv, monebi asrulebdnen. sami dRe dasWirdaT, rom morias mTamde

mieRwiaT. gzaSi satanam moxucis saxe miiRo da yvelanairad ecada

gadaerwmunebina abraami. rom verafers gaxda, is mainc moaxerxa, rom

isaks msxverpladSewirvis saidumlo gaando~ [66,54-55].

e. inwkirvels mohyavs qarTuli xalxuri sityvierebidan saTanado

nimuSi:

,,qvabi duRs da wyali Sreba, samsaxuri ara Cndeba.

Svilma uTxra, mamaCemo, saRmrTo arsiT ar gviCndeba?

vici, saRmrTod me gindivar, guli raze giRondeba?~ (qxp.II,240)

igi miuTiTebs, rom Sesabamisi fraza ebraul agadaSic moipoveba: ,,nu

idardeb, mamav, aRasrule Cveni Semoqmedis neba. dae, Cemi sisxli iyos

mTeli ebraeli eris gamosasyidi” (Veisman, 248). mkvlevari xalxuri

versiis Semdeg adgilebs _ ,,raRas iyurebi, mama, mze dedasTan

mibrZandeba, xel-fexidan magra Semkar, moZraoba ar meqneba, Torem suli

tkbili aris, Svili mamas moereva~ _ ebrauli agadidan gadmoRebulad

miiCnevs. iqve mohyavs pirvelwyaroc: ,,mama, Tumca me bednieri var, rameTu

vasruleb Semoqmedis brZanebas, magram Cemi sxeuli mainc kankalebs,

radgan winaswar grZnobs Tavis bolos. gTxov, Semikari xelebi da

fexebi... “(Veismani, 249)~ [66,50].

e. inwkirvelis azriT, qarTul folklorSi, ebrauli agadisgan

gansxvavebiT, isakis roli win aris wamoweuli, igi CaTvlilia

nebayoflobiT msxverplad da Tanaqurumad: ,,qarTuli xalxuri abraamis

leqsSi isaki mTeli Tavisi SegnebiT aris mzad Sesawirad. Mmis qmedebasa

da sityvebSi Cans usazRvro morCileba uflis mimarT, romelic

RvTismoSiSebiT da siyvaruliT aris nasazrdoebi. is TviTon exmareba

mamas da amxnevebs kidec saRvTo valis aRsrulebaSi. rac mTavaria, mas

bolomde aqvs gacnobierebuli sakuTari Tavis msxverplad Sewirvis

79

mniSvneloba: ,,kalTas sisxli Tu mogecxo, samRvTooba wagixdeba” (qxp. II,

114),_ eubneba is mamas. Aaq, cxadia, adamianis sisxlzea laparaki... isakis

orsaxovneba aSkaraa am epizodSi: gasagebia, rom is msxverplia, abraami _

qurumi, RmerTi _ msxverplis mimRebi. isaki ki imiTac aris saintereso,

rom folklorSi is erTdroulad aris msxverplic da qurumic (an

Tanaqurumi), radgan misi Tavisufali nebiT xdeba yvelaferi da Tu

ebrauli tradicia msxverplSewirvis epizodSi mTel yuradRebas

abraamis fsiqologiaze amaxvilebs, qarTul tradiciaSi abraami da isaki

Tanabrad arian tragizmiT aRbeWdilni. Mmetic, Svidi wlis yrmam Tavis

Tavze gamoscada RmerTis siyvaruli yvelaze mZime momentSi sikvdilis

pirispir. isakis mZime Rvawli religiur azrs iZens, mxolod

nebayoflobiTobisas. es iyo isakis pirveli da ukanaskneli gamocda.

Aagadis mixedviT, rodesac isaki wamodga fexze, Tqva: ,,kurTxeuli xar

ufalo, romelic aRadgen micvalebulTa!” (Veisman, 254) [66,53-54].

Aabraamis istoriis Semcvel xalxur versiebs ixilavs n. guluac.

misi analiziT, isaki xvdeba ra Tavis mdgomareobas, beds egueba da

Tumca ki umZims amis Cadena, exmareba mamas `suladdasawvelad~

aRsavleni kravis SewirvaSi. misi sityvebiT, xalxuri leqsis Cven mier

zemoT ukve naxseneb taepebSi, sadac mocemulia, rom isaki mimxvdaria

Tavis ganaCens, Cans xalxis SeSfoTebuli protesti da mamis uCinari

wuxili. isakis utyuar alRosa da mis qmedebebze amaxvilebs mkvlevari

yuradRebas:

,,adga, mamas gverd miujda, dedamiwas daemxveba:

,,magra Semkar, ise damkal, - mamas ase eubneba,-

sisxli arsad Semogesxas, samsaxuri wagixdeba”.

,,dabadebaSi~ warmodgenili isaki pasiuria da mdumare. mas ise

Sekravs da dasvams samsxverploze abraami, rom igi, aRsavleni kravis

molodinSi myofi, arc arkvevs situacias. Mmisi siCume mxolod

morCilebis niSania. Aamitom, leqsis gmiri Tavisi qmedebiT sxva bibliur

gmirs ufro emsgavseba, kerZod, ifxaT galaadelis usaxelo asuls,

romelic Seityobs ra, rom mamamisma RmerTs aRuTqva misi Tavi,

80

etyvis: ,,mamaCemo, raki bage gaxseni uflis winaSe, is miyav, rac Senma

bagem warmoTqva (msaj. II,. 36)~ [55,20-21].

rogorc vxedavT, orive mkvlevari, Tumca mcireodeni saxesxvaobiT,

aqtiuri, msxverpladSesawirad saTanadod Semzadebuli isakis saxes

gamokveTs, bunebrivia, bibliis xalxur versiebze dayrdnobiT. Nn. gulua

xalxur isaks sxva bibliur personaJsac ki adarebs. Ee. inwkirveli ki

agadis teqstTan cdilobs paralelis gavlebas da miuTiTebs, rom

xalxur leqsSi Talmudis inercia Tu gavlena igrZnoba.

eWvsgareSea, Teimurazi patristikul da himnografiul

literaturas zedmiwevniT icnobda. aseve, ar aris gamoricxuli, misTvis

xelmisawvdomi yofiliyo rogorc isakis msxverplSewirvis xalxuri

versia, ise Talmuduri literaturis agadis saxelwodebiT cnobili

nawili. miuxedavad amisa, poemaSi isaki savsebiT gansxvavebulia _ igi

arc bibliur isaks hgavs, arc patristikul-himnografiuls da arc

xalxurs. samwuxarod, Teimurazis isaks ara aqvs is SemarTeba da arc

gaTavisebuli aqvs is roli, rac mas ufalma daakisra. igi pasiuria.

winaaRmdegobis gawevis unaric ki ara aqvs, miTumetes, Tanaqurumobisa.

SeSinebuli, SemkrTali da movlenaTa TanmimdevrobiT gancvifrebuli

oriode sityvas Tu amoikvnesebs.

bibliidan viciT, Tu rogor gamoscada ufalma abraami. manac

uSurvelad gaiRo msxverpli, Seamzada niadagi mTaze asasvlelad, iaxla

ori msaxuri da msxverplad Sesawirad gamzadebuli vaJi. ,,Znelia

bolomde Cawvde im idumalis siRrmes, romelsac abraami inaxavda

dilidanve, roca gaemzada, da mTeli am gzis manZilze, roca Tavisi

erTaderTi, Tavisi siberis Ze, mihyavda uflisaTvis Sesawiravad~ [76,67].

mesame dRes RvTis CagonebiT Zis TanxlebiT mTaze asuli abraami

aRTqmis aRsasruleblad emzadeba. am dros Svili eubneba:

,,hrqua isak abrahams, mamasa Tჳssa: Tqu mamao. xolo man hrqua: raჲ

ars Sჳlo? da isak hrqua: aha cecxli da SeSaჲ; sada ars cxovari

msxuerplisaჲ“ (დაბ. 22,7) [5,81].

etyoba, am sityvebma misca sababi mefe-poets, Seeqmna gakvirvebuli da

cota ar iyos SeSinebuli isakis saxe, Tanac sakmaod saxecvlili

81

formiT. igi cdila, fsiqologiuri portreti gamoeZerwa samsxverplod

gamzadebuli ucodveli ymawvilisa da Caumatebia mamis gadawyvetilebiT

gaocebuli isakis ganwyobis aRmnusxveli taepebi:

,,aRiRo SeSa abraham, aRkida isaks tvirTebi,

cecxli TviT xeliT TvisiTa, wariRo sxvaca nivTebi,

ornive zogad vidodes, gza eqnaT saZnod kirTebi,

Ze etyvis krTomiT mamasa: ,,mikvirs da gacavcvifrdebi!“

(96) [14,13] ,,dasdebda sakurTxevelsa, isak ars SeSinebuli“(98,3) [14,13]

ratom dasWirda poets aseTi saxis Seqmna? iqneb amaSi misi Taobis

xati xmiandeba. Mmamebis Rirseuli memkvidreni ver arian Svilebi. albaT,

es undoda eCvenebina kalmosans, sxvamxriv verc aixsneba aseTi

gansxvavebuli, arcTu ise saxarbielo saxis Seqmna.

àqa iakobis kurTxevis ambavi~ _ saRvTo sjulis pasaJebi

ramdenadac interesiT wasakiTxi da hamod mosasmenia, imdenad

CaRrmavebasa da gaSifrvas moiTxovs. egzegetikuri wignebis Seqmnis erT-

erTi mizezic swored es gaxldaT. epifane kvipreli, ipolite romaeli,

aTanase aleqsndrieli Tu sxvebi ganmartavdnen bibliur

winaswarmetyvelTa qadagebebs Tu ama Tu im bibliur epizods. Rirsi

mamebi qristes gamocxadebis saxes xedavdnen Zveli aRTqmis teqstebSi da

winaswarmetyvelTa moZRvrebis miniSnebebis gaanalizebas lamobdnen.

mweralTa interesi bibliisadmi gansxvavebulia. isini nawarmoebebSi

ixmoben `saRvTo sjulis~ adgilebs sakuTari Sexedulebis

naTelsayofad. bibliur igavebs, romlebic cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis

didi doziT damtevia, saintereso formacvalebiT gvawvdian, Tanac maT,

umTavresad, TavianTi saTqmelis misaniSneblad iyeneben.

Teimurazic sakuTari mizanswrafviT uxmobs scenebs bibliidan,

amjerad, Cven ,,iakobis kurTxeva~ gvainteresebs.

,,Sesaqmis~ 27-e TavSi iakobis cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi epizodia

mocemuli: rodesac isaks Tvals daaklda da dabereba igrZno, ufros

Svils, esavs, uxmo, raTa ekurTxebina. Tan daariga, rogor moqceuliyo.

mas nanadirevisgan isakis sayvareli SeWamandi unda daemzadebina da

mietana mamisTvis. mama-Svilis saubars isakis colma, rebekam, mohkra

82

yuri. gadawyvita, meore Svils, uflisa da mis rCeul iakobs mieRo

mamisgan kurTxeva, amitomac is piroba, rac mamam esavs daudo, iakobs

aRasrulebina. Tan, rom ar ecnoT, esavis tanisamosi Caacva. isakma xmaze

ki ieWva, magram xelis Sexebisas banjgvlianma sxeulma (dedam iakobs,

rakiRa ,,faCvnieri~ iyo, Tiknis tyaviT daufara kiseri da xelebi)

gauqarwyla es eWvi. mamamac sasurveli SeWamandis miRebis Semdeg

esavisaTvis gankuTvnili kurTxeva uSurvelad uboZa iakobs - daanaTla

uZleveloba ... rogorc ki daamTavra isakma kurTxeva da iakobi mamis

sadgomidan gamobrunda, nanadireviT movida esavi. bunebrivia, ukve Zlier

gvian iyo. Tavzardacemuli mama wuxs, rom iakobma esavis wili kurTxeva

gamostyua. Tavis mxriv, esavsac axrCobs boRma, mas xom iakobma adre

pirmSoeba waarTva, axla kurTxevac miiTvisa. isaks ukve aRar aqvs

kurTxeva usayvarlesi SvilisaTvis, radgan erTianad iakobs gaunawila

igi. amitomac, esavs daewesa Zmis morCileba.

gadaemtera esavi iakobs. man boroteba Caibuda gulSi: ,,moiwinen

dReni sikudilisa mamisa Cemisani, da movkla iakob, ZmaÁ

Cemi.~ (dab.27,41) [15,94].

iakobma gadawyvita garideboda Zmas. dedis rCeviT igi xeberSi

gadadis, Tan iqauri qali unda SeirTos colad, radganac mSoblebma

sastikad aukrZales Svilebs qanaaneli qalis SerTva. gaborotebuli

esavi ganudga amjerad mSoblebs da swored abraamis SviliSvili,

ismaelis Svili da nebroTis da maxalaTi SeirTo colad.

Semdeg TavebSi moTxrobilia, Tu rogor warimarTeba maTi cxovreba,

Tumca sabolood mainc rigdebian.

sainteresoa Zmebis Serigebis epizodi. xeberidan mobrunebul, ukve

momZlavrebul da mravalSvilian iakobs cota ar iyos eSinia ZmasTan

Sexvedris, miTumetes icis, rom isic moemarTeba misken oTxaskaciani

amaliT. iakobi cdilobs gamoasworos Tavisi Secdoma, Svidgzis Tayvans

scems esavs, rogorc ufros Zmas. mas batonad, xolo Tavis Tavs monad

ixseniebs.

miuxedavad Serigebisa, Zmebi mainc iyrebian, Tumca amis mizezi

amjerad ukve sxva ram aris: ,,rameTu iyo monagebi maTi friad da ver

83

eZlo mkÂidrobad erTad da ver eZlo queyanasa mwirobisa maTisasa

tÂirTad maTa simravlisagan monagebTa maTTasa~ (dab.36,7) [5,112]. iakobi

qanaanSi darCa, esavi ki seyeris mTaze dasaxlda.

,,xuTwigneulis TargmanebaSi~ asea Sefasebuli Zmebis Sexvedra:

,,iakobis Svidgzis Tayvaniscema adekvatur gamoxatulebas poulobs

esavis SegebebaSi da mTels Semdgom saubarSi, romelic maT Soris

gaimarTa.~ [76,85].

z. kiknaZe erTgan am personaJebis fsiqologiuri portretebis

analizsac gvaZlevs: `Zmebi TavianTi saqmianobiT erTmaneTis mimarT

dapirispirebulni aRmoCndnen: èsavi iyo `marjve monadire~, velebis

kaci~ (25,27). iakobi ki `sruli kaci karvebSi mcxovrebi~ (25,27).

aseve dapirispirebulebi aRmoCndnen isaki da rebeka: biblia ambobs,

rom isaks esavi hyavda arCeuli, xolo rebekas _ iakobi. (25,28). mamis

siyvaruli ufrosi vaJisadmi motivirebulia ara misi pirmSoobiT, aramed

imiT, rom mamas uyvarda misi nanadirevi. siyvarulis motivze araferia

naTqvami, magram rebekam icoda, rom ufalma ufrosi airCia

saSoSive~ [76,75].

z. kiknaZe iakobis warmatebulobis mizezs imiTac xsnis, rom man

daTmeniT momavali gainaRda, `rodesac bavSvebma, orma Zmam erTmaneTSi

gainawiles erTma_pirmSooba, meorem_ SeWamandi, romelzedac mas guli

misdioda. SesaZloa, es arafers niSnavda realurad samomavlod, magram

es gamocda iyo. arCevanma gamoavlina TiToeulis buneba, am arCevanSi

hpova dadastureba erTis `velurobam~, meoris `sisrulem~. erTi daemona

awmyos da nivTiers, (mas axla Sia), meorem awmyo daTmo momavlisTvis,

rasac misTvis pirmSoeba unda moetana... iakobma SimSili daiTmina

pirmSoobisTvis. es iyo pirveli, rac iakobma, umrwemesma Tavisi garjiT

moipova~ [76,75-76].

iakobi, marTlac, gamorCeuli figuraa bibliaSi. igi, rogorc viciT,

uflisgan ìsraelad~ iwoda, radganac SeebrZola mas, rac mTavaria,

didxans gauZalianda: ,,da man hrqua: ,,აrRara gerqvas Sen amieriTgan

iakob, aramed israჱl iyos saxeli Seni, rameTu ganZlierdi RmrTisa

Tana da kacTa Tanaca Zlier iyo~ (dab.32,28) [5,106].

84

am vrceli istoriidan Teimuraz meores 27-e Tavis 1-me-40 muxlebi

gauleqsavs. saTauric Sesabamisi SeurCevia_ ìakobis kurTxeva“.

marTalia, saukuneTa manZilze samecniero literaturaSi zogadad

da konkretulad ki egzegetikur TxzulebebSi araerTi mosazrebaa

gamoTqmuli am sakiTxavze (erT-erTi Cven ukve vaxseneT da gavicaniT),

Ziebulia mizezTa mizezi, ratomac gamoarCia ufalma iakobi, ratom

uyvarda igi dedas gansakuTrebiT, rogori iyo misi mrwamsi da a.S. erTi

sityviT, sakmaod Rrma analizia mocemuli, Tvalis zerele

gadavlebiTac SeiZleba SeamCnio erTi ram: aq ZmaTa SuRlzea mainc

upirvelesad yuradReba gamaxvilebuli. bibliaSi pirvelad aq rodia es

naxsenebi.

Zmebs Soris ciloba, rac ar unda mtyuan-marTali mxare arsebobdes,

dauSvebelia. miuxedavad qiSpobisa da wakidebisa, Cven vnaxeT, rom

sabolood Zmebi Serigdnen. urTierTSeTanxmebisa da daTmobis niadagze

Sedga maTi Zmoba da WeSmariti Tanxmoba da es asec unda momxdariyo.

Teimurazs, bunebrivia, stiqiurad arc es epizodi gauriTmavs,

radganac aq mxolod nawilia iakobis vrceli istoriidan galeqsili,

SesaZloa, gaWirdes gageba, ra aqvs miznad poets, raze amaxvilebs

yuradRebas. marTlac, sxva SemTxvevaSic xSirad Zneldeba garkveva,

ratom moitana mweralma esa Tu is sakiTxavi, Tumca, bibliis im Tavis

bolomde CakiTxvis Semdeg irkveva Teimurazis survili.

amjerad poeti ZmaTa SuRlis SeCerebas isaxavs miznad.

`Zneli araa mixvde, Teimurazi saiT xris sityvas, _ gansacdeli arc

saqarTvelos aklia, ca bevrjer Camogvengra, miwamac piri gviyo, magram

es yvelaferi RvTis gamocdaa... gansakuTrebiT is awuxebs Teimurazs, rom

qarTli Surma da mtrobam SeWama. mteri imdens ras uzams Cvens cixe-

burjebs, rac ZmaTamkvlelma mixtomam uyo. amilaxvari ciciSvils

uRerebs xmals, amirejibi vaCnaZis sisxlsa svams da qveyanac aman

daamxo~ [36,196], _ vkiTxulobT Teimuraz meoris cxovrebasa da

Semoqmedebaze Seqmnil publicistur romanSi `Teimurazi~

XVII_XVIII saukunis saqarTveloSi am mxriv, marTlac, savalalo

mdgomareobaa. SinaaSliloba, feodalebsa Tu taxtis memkvidreTa Soris

85

atexili qiSpi niadags uryevs isedac SebRalul saxelmwifoebriobas.

irani `gayavi da ibatones~ politikas iyenebs.

YTuki erTgvar istoriul eqskurss gavakeTebT, aseT suraTs

miviRebT:

1688 wels iranis Sahis mier qarTlis mefed erekle pirveli

(nazaralixani) iniSneba, romelic iranis winaaRmdeg mebrZol qarTlis

mefe giorgi meTerTmetes upirispirdeba; 1712-1714 wlebSi qarTls vaxtang

meeqvsis Zma simoni ganagebs. mas qarTlis gamahmadianebuli bagrationebi

da feodalTa garkveuli jgufi uwevs winaaRmdegobas, maT Soris

kaTalikosi domenti, romelic mzad iyo, anafora gaexada,

daojaxebuliyo da mahmadianoba mieRo. simonma domenti Seipyro da

aRkveTa misi mzakvruli zraxvebi. Semdeg Sahma vaxtangis meore Zma,

gamahmadianebuli iranofili, iese ali-yuli xani moavlina qarTlSi. mas

vaxtang meeqvsis vaJi baqari da misi momxreebi daupirispirdnen. iesem

Sahis TanxmobiT baqari daapatimra, xolo mas Semdeg, rac iranSi mama-

Svilma islami aRiara da baqari qarTlis ganmgeblad ganamweses, man iese

Seipyro da samagiero gadauxada.

vaxtang meeqvsis saqarTveloSi CamosvlisTanave intrigebis axali

talRa agorda. erTi mxriv, bagrationTa kaxeTis Stos warmomadgenlebi

da, meore mxriv, Tavneba feodalebi sisxls uSrobdnen mas. vaxtangs

daviT da SanSe erisTavebis saxiT mZlavri opozicia hyavda. amas isic

daerTo, rom 1722-23 wlebSi vaxtangisa da petre pirvelis tandemi iranis

winaaRmdeg ruseTis mxridan piris gatexiT dasrulda. 1723 wels kaxeTis

mefe konstantine gadaemtera mas. 3 Tvis brZolis Semdeg, gazafxulze,

vaxtang meeqvsis banakSi momxdari Ralatis Sedegad, konstantinem

Tbilisi aiRo. gamahmadianebulma mefem qarTli osmalebs gadasca.

brZolebi grZeldeboda poziciebis aRsadgenad. baqar ufliswuls,

vaxtangis Zes, biZamisi, gamahmadianebuli iese mudmivad emtereboda.

taxtis dapyrobiT gatacebulma bagrationebma gadamwyvet momentSi didi

ususuroba gamoiCines. SinaaSlilobiT isargebles osmalebma da taxti

Caibares. 1727 wels qarTlis samefo 6 nawilad dayves da feodalebs

Caabares.

86

paralelurad bagratovanTa kaxeTis Stos warmomadgenlis Teimuraz

batoniSvilis winaaRmdegac ixlarTeba intrigis qseli. Teimurazi

adridanve Caeba qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi. igi 9 wlisa dainiSna

kaxeTis gamgeblad da 1715 wlamde marTavda mas. Tumca, mcirewlovnebis

gamo, sadaveebi umTavresad mitropolit nikoloz alaverdels eWira.

SemdgomSi Teimurazs uwevda, erTi mxriv, mahmadianTa xanebisa da, meore

mxriv, moqiSpe Tavadebis alagmva, aseve naTesav bagrationTa mogerieba.

misma sworma saSinao Tu sagareo politikam sabolood saTanado

Sedegi gamoiRo. 1745 wels aswliani pauzis Semdeg, sveticxovelSi

qristianuli wesiT ekurTxa ori mefe, mama-Svili, Teimurazi da erekle,

da amiT faqtiurad qarTl-kaxeTi gaerTianda.1

amdenad, ìakobis kurTxevis~ scenaSi, gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba

iTqvas, qarTvelTa yofa ilandeba. SesaZloa, misma Tanamedrovem ufro

xatovnad da sulSiCamwvdomad miitana mkiTxvelamde qarTlis Wiri, unda

iTqvas, rom mefe-poetsac ar gamorCenia.

àqa israelT ambavi~ - `gamosvlaTa wignis~ me-12 TavSi moTxrobil

ambebs leqsavs Teimurazi.

poemis mixedviT, Rame hpirdeba dRes, uambos egviptidan da

suqoTidan ebraelebis gamosvlis istoria. Zvel aRTqmaSi vkiTxulobT:

`xolo RmerTi uZRoda maT dRisi ukue suetiTa RrublisaTa Cuenebad

maTda gzasa, xolo Rame_suetiTa cecxlisaTa da ara moaklda sueti igi

Rrublisa dRisi da sueti cecxlisa Rame winaSe yovlisa erisa~

(gamoslv. 13,21-22) [5,169]2

am TavSi xazi esmeba lideris rols qveynis erT sulad Sekvris

saqmeSi. gmiris problema aseve aqtualuri iyo Teimurazis epoqaSi. àqa

israelT ambisa~ da èlises ambis~ gadmoReba erTsa da imave mizans

emsaxureba.

Aàqa iobis ambavi~_ Tumca am Tavis dasaTaurebaze zemoT ukve

gvqonda saubari, upriania kidev erTxel mivuTiToT. Tavi, romelsac

1 ix. qarTlis cxovreba, s. yauxCiSvilis redaqtorobiT, t. IV, gv. 489, 515, 520,522,

621, 625. 2 Sdr.: `sveti uZRoda dRe RrubliT, mterTagan ramca vnebodes!~ (129,2) [14,17]. àr akldaT sveti Rrublisa, vire mterT ganerebodes.~ (129,4) [14,17].

87

ewodebaAàqa iosebis ambavi~, sinamdvileSi marTali da mravaltanjuli

iobis Tavgadasavals Seicavs.

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom j. afciauri Txrobisas, etyoba, am

saTauris inerciiT, iosebisa da iobis istorias erTad

aTavsebs.Bbibliuri iosebisa da masze ugonod Seyvarebuli zilixas

Tavgadasavals ki yveba mefe-poeti, magram igi Txzulebis saero

nawilSia moTavsebuli, Tan Teimuraz pirvelis ,,iosebzilixanianis”

xelaxali gariTmvaa da, amdenad, am epizodis pirdapiri wyaro biblia

ar aris.

j. afciauri ase xsnis Teimurazis saqciels: ,,cnobili Txzulebebis

Sinaarss ise sxartad gadmogvcems, rom TvalSi advilad iwereba. Amas

Tavisi mizezic hqonda _ qarTvelma sazogadoebam mSvenivrad icoda

ambavi Sami-farvanisa, leil-majnunisa, ioseb-zilixanisa da misi

xelaxali Txroba Tevzis sriali iqneboda... mkiTxvelsac moawyenda da

kalamsac daRlida, amitomac, Teimurazic Tavs ar iwuxebs~ [36,129].

SesaZloa, esec iyos mizezi, Tumca, im mokle monakveTs sakmaod

detalurad aRwers avtori, oRond, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saero

nawilSi. sasulieroSi, vfiqrobT, imitom ar moxvda, rom aq motanili

pasaJi naklebad aris samoZRvro xasiaTisa, igi swored sparsul

literaturaSi egzom fexmokidebuli msubuqi gasarTobi Janris

literaturis fabulad gamodgeboda. sxva sakiTxia Zmebis

damokidebuleba iosebisadmi, magram amjerad arc am kuTxiT miuqcevia

YyuradReba poets iosebisTvis, radgan orgzis ukve safuZvlianad hqonda

gaSuqebuli es momenti abel-kaenisa Tu esav-iakobis magaliTze.

,,dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis~ am TavSic zedmiwevniT

Tamnmimdevrulobas vxvdebiT Txrobisas. bibliis mixedviT, iobis

savalalo mdgomareoba TandaTan ufro rTuldeba. igi wyevlis Tavis

dabadebas, imedi gadawuruli aqvs: ,,xolo cxovrebaÁ Cemi ars usulmcire

sityÂsa, warwymda cudiTa sasoebiTa. mo-ukue-iÃsene, rameTu suli ars

cxorebaÁ ese Cemi da arRara moqcevad ars Tuali Cemi xilvad

keTilisa“ (iobi,7,6–7) [7,.106]. miuxedavad amisa, uflis samduravs mainc

gamoTqvams.

88

`saRvTo wignSi~ sakmaod didi adgili eTmoba iobis satanjvelis

gadmocemas. Teimurazis TxzulebaSi ki am vrceli istoriidan mxolod

nawilia gadmoRebuli.

mTeli dilema, rac sasowarkveTili, ganadgurebuli iobis winaSe

warmoiSva, is dialogi, romelic elifaz Temanels, bildad xuSels,

cofar nayamaTelsa da iobs Soris warimarTa, gamotovebulia. arc

ufalTan saubari gvxvdeba.

rogorc ìobis wignidan~ viciT, es ukanasknelic raRac doziT

gatyda, Tumca, mTeli am vrceli diskusiis manZilze uflis samduravi

ar dascdenia. mis am saqciels or taepSi aqcevs Txzulebis avtori:

àra scoda RmerTsa iob, bageT daZvriT, arc piriTa,

ara Tqva-ra ugunuri RvTisa mimarT simSvidiTa~ (183) [14,23].

swored daTmenis, Wirsa da gansacdelSi mxneobis SenarCunebis

Sedegad moxda is, rom `kvlav akurTxa RmerTman iob, ufros pirvel

simdidriTa~ (183,3) [14,23], kvlav aRudgina Zveli dideba, misca AZeni da

asulni imdenive, ramdenic daexoca. Rrma moxucebulobamde acocxla da

Seaswro Tavisi modgmis gamravlebas (meoTxe modgmas moeswro): ,,da

iobic mokvda, rogorc uflis rCeulni mamamTavarni kvdebodnen da

rogorc yoveli Zveli kaci natrobda sikvdils, ,,moxucebuli da

dResruli”(anu ,,dReebiT maZRari” sebay Áamim)~ [75,186].

`siberiTa aResrula, iob, dRiTa savsenia~ (186) [14,23], _ ase

asrulebs Txrobas bibliis gamleqsavic.

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom `saRvTo sjulis~ zogi versiis

Tanaxmad, ufali iobs Svilebs xelaxla uSobs. bibliaSi

vkiTxulobT: ,,xolo ufalman aRaorZina iob... da esxnes mas SÂd Ze da

sam asul~ (iobi,42,10;13) [7,149-150].

Teimurazis poemaSi ar Cans, rogor aRudgina Semoqmedma marTals

sarCo-sabadebeli Tu memkvidreni. mTavaria, rom finalSi isini kvlav

cocxlebad moixseniebian (,,esxnes mas Svid Ze, sam asul...…”)

bibliis xalxuri versiac Seicavs iobis sakiTxavebs, Tanac orgvari

saxiT _ rogorc leqsad, ise prozaulad. am teqstebSi variaciebs

vawydebiT.

89

colis saxe qarTul folklorSi sakmaod gansxvavebuli formiT

aris mowvdili. rogorc viciT, cdunebisken ubiZgebs qali iobs, magram

qmari ar drkeba. suliT ar ecema. xalxur versiaSi amjerad stili

daculia.

gaRaribebuli da dauZlurebuli iobis coli maTxovrobs. Mman erTi

Reri oqros TmiT iyida erTi puri, romelic gzaSi eSmakma Seucvala da

Tavisi puri gaatana:

,,...iob SekrTa gulis TqmiTa:

-qalo, eg puri vin mogca, puri aris iudisa!

Cven rom es puri SevWamoT, Cven davrCebiT eSmakisa~ [26,76].

iobi igrZnobs, rom puri, romelic mas colma moutana, eSmakiseulia.

is purs DZaRls SeaWmevs, romelic iqve mokvdeba.

e. inwkirvelis azriT, qarTuli folklori am mxriv saintereso

inovacias gvTavazobs. ZaRlisTvis eSmakiseuli puris gadagdebis scena

specifikuria qarTuli xalxuri leqsisTvis. rac Seexeba iobis colis

mier sakuTari Tmis ReriT puris yidvis motivs, igi, mecnieris TqmiT,

berZnul apokriful TxzulebebSic dasturdeba.1

iobis wignis xalxuri versiis analizs gvaZlevs n. guluac. Mmisi

SexedulebiT: `bibliaSi iobis coli ufro agresiuli Cans. is pirdapir

mouwodebs gamwarebul da gaqecianebul iobs, dagmos ufali da mokvdes.

leqsSi ki sul sxva tipis qalTan gvaqvs saqme. iobis mzeTunaxav cols

suliT xorcamde aqvs gaazrebuli qmris ubedureba, rac naTlad

mJRavndeba mis sayvedurian sityvebSi. satanjvelSi col-qmari

Tanasworni arian. bibliaSi ki Svilebis da qonebis dakargva,

TiTqos ,mxolod iobis satkivaria. coli ise ayvedris qmars RmerTisadmi

morCilebas, viTomc iobis marTal gzaze siaruli da uflis mimarT

sasoeba yofiliyos ojaxis ubedurebis mizezi~ [55.,27-28].

WirTamTmeni iobis gverdiT misi coli sulmokled da naklebi

simtkicis mqoned moCans bibliaSi. amgvari daskvnis safuZvels iZleva

waqezeba, romelic Cven zemoT ukve vaxseneT. swored mas pasuxobs iobi

1 ix .e. inwkirveli, bibliuri siuJetebis xalxuri variantebi, sakandidato disertacia,

Tb., 2004, gv.76

90

Semdegi sityvebiT: ,,ukueTu keTili igi moviReT Ãelisagan uflisa,

boroti ese ver moviTminoTa?~ (iobi,2,10) [7,102].

n. guluas mosazrebiT, xalxuri iobis coli erTi nabijiT maRla

dgas qmarze: ,,bibliaSi... iobi brmad moqmedebs. misi saqcieli ar aris

ganzraxviTi, radgan ar icis, rom misi bedi ukve gadawyvetilia caSi, is

satanasaa gadacemuli da Tavisi unapiro erTgulebiT faria uflisa,

amitomac, ,,aravin aris misi msgavsi qveyanaze” (I,8). iobis coli ki

zogadad Cahxvda am saidumlos arss, romelic adamianebisaTvisac

miuwvdomeli unda yofiliyo, amitom eubneba igi nacarSi Camjdar

qmars: ,,barem dagme RmerTi da mokvdi!” [55,29].

Aaq mocemuli msjelobis Tanaxmad, xalxuri iobis colis

upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man xsna sikvdilSi dainaxa.

Teimuraz meoremac sityva-sityviT galeqsa iobisa da misi colis

dialogis Semcveli strofebi, Seecada aexsna qalis mdgomareoba. igi

TanaugrZnobs pirmSoebdaxocil mSobels da, Svilebis gaCenasa Tu

aRzrdaSi misi rolis gaTvaliswinebiT, dasaSvebad miiCnevs qalis aseT

saqciels. Ees, marTalia, sityvierad ar Cans, magram colis mier

motanili marTebuli argumentebiT igrZnoba. man Seqmna sawuTros

amaoebiT gamwarebuli dedis saxe. saocari simZafriT gamoZerwa misi

portreti. igi, aq, Tumca, bibliis darad, mouwodebs qmars RvTis

gmobisken, misi motivi misaRebia.

coli uxsnis qmars:

àw warwymda saxsenebeli Seni qveyaniT wamsa-da!~

`Zeni, Senni da asulni Cemis muclisa tkiviliT,

kvnesiT, salmobiT maTTvisa cudadre davSver kiviliT,

Sen Tavadi hzi, myralobas, Sina matlTasa CiviliT,

RameTa aTev haerTa, qveSe ar ZiliT, xvimiliT.

M me SecTomili msaxuri mudam Sen Tavsa gadgesa,

A adgil-adgilad, saxl-saxlad vronineb SenTvis aw esa,

veli odes me mnaTobsa, uyureb_odes daxdesa,

M me ganvisveno SromaTgan, mourCe simwuxaresa! “

(179,180,181) [14,22-23]

91

`vidre dagiTmenies da ityჳ, aha, esera, moveli Jamsa mciredRa da

moiwios sasoebaჲ macxovarebisaჲ? aha, esera, warwymda saჴsenebeli Seni

queyaniT, Zeni da asulni igi muclisa Cemisani, tkivilni Cemni da

salmobani, romelTaTჳs cudad davSver rudunebiTa Sen, egera, TჳT

myralobasa matlTasa hzi da RameTa aTev haerTa queSe. me SecTomili

msaxuri Seni, adgiliTi adgilad da saxliTi saxlad movelodi mzesa,

odesme dahჴdes, raTa ganvisueno SromaTa SenTagan da salmobiTa,

romelTa moucav, aramed aw Tqu nuraჲ sityua uflisa mimarT da

mohkude~ (iobi,2,9) [7,102].

poemis mixedviT, qals sikvdili urCevnia aseT yofas. unda WirTagan

daisvenos, gaeridos sawuTros da Sveba miRmur samyaroSi povos.

bibliaSi, rogorc vxedavT, amas qmrisgan iTxovs coli, raTa Tavi

daaRwios daavadebuli meuRlis movlas. Tavis gardasxeulebaze ki

arafers ambobs.

iobis xalxur versiaSic iobis coli qmris gasaWiris moziarea:

,,atirda iobis coli, sul xuSura cremlsa Rvrisa:

asre wvaleba ra gaxda me da Seni iobisa!” [32,141].

A amdenad, iobis gansacdelis xalxur versiasa da Teimurazis

poemas Soris msgavseba SeiniSneba. colis mier sawuTros datovebis

survili ki aSkarad individualuria.

U unda iTqvas, rom Teimurazi am poemas wers yandaars tyveobaSi

yofnisas. Mmisi orive Svili gansacdelSia. mzeTunaxavi qaliSvili,

qeTevani, Sahis Zmiswulis haremis samkauli gaxda. taxtis memkvidre,

batoniSvili erekle, ki Sahma huseinma iaxla indoeTSi warmoebul

brZolebSi.

,,raRas vagrZelo? momesma ambavi sazaronia,

Mmrqves, moiyvanes maSaTsa Svilebi Seni ornia.”

U umkvidrod gaxda kaxeTi, es Cemgan saazronia,

vTqvi: ,,momeaxla ucilod sulTa aRmosvlis dRenia!”(8) [14,103].

92

Svilebis moSorebiT Sewuxebuli mama ase kvnesis: ,,me misisa

moSorebiT, damiwylulda guli mrTeli” (9,4) [14,103]; ,,ig TviT iaxla, me

davrCi_sicocxle dasazaria” (10,4) [14,103].

iobis gansacdelisa da colis sityvebis gadmocemisas TiTqos

poetis biografiuli Strixebis aluzia igrZnoba.

sainteresoa, erT paralelzec gavamaxviloT yuradReba.

Bbibliis Tanaxmad, ,,uTxra ufalma satanas: ,,aha, Sens xelT iyos

mTeli misi sabadebeli! oRond Tavad mas nu Seexebi.” (iobi,1,12,) [7,472];

uTxra: ,,aha, Sens xelT iyos, oRond mis sicocxles

gaufrTxildi” (iobi, 2,6) [5,473].

Aam muxlebs ,,iobis leqsis~ mraval variantSi aqvs Sesatyvisi:

,,imis sulTan ra xeli gaq, angelozi aris RvTisa,

wadi, rac ginda uyavi, radgan ityvis Cemze Zvirsa~ [26,270];

,,sulisa neba ar misca, satanjvelad leSi misca.

Tu Tqven mis suls etanebiT, satanjveli migecema!~ [26,280];

,,xorcielad damitanje, sulTan nuraferi grjisa.

Tu sulze xeli Segicda, gemo naxo satanjvlisa” [26,286]

axla Teimurazs movusminoT:

,,xeli ar gqondes sulTana, eride yovlis gziTaca!”

(177,4) [14,22].

rogorc Cans, iobis ambis xalxuri variantis JReradoba igrZnoba am

taepebSi.

naTelia, mizezi bibliis am sakiTxavze poetis yuradRebis

SeCerebisa. Teimurazs surda rwmenaSeryeul, gulgatexil qarTvelebSi

uflis samduravis Tema Seemcirebina. iobis sityvebi bibliidan: ,,ukueTu

keTili igi moviReT Ãelisagan uflisa, boroti ese ver moviTminoTa?~

(iobi,2,10) [7,102], naTlad gviCvenebs Cvens movaleobas. poeti

TanamedroveT moZRvravda: rac ar unda satanjveli mogawios gangebam,

uflis gmoba ar unda dagcdes da iobis TvaliTa da moTminebiT Sexedo

movlenas: ,,me SiSueli gamoved dedisa Cemisa, SiSvelive miviqce munve

queyanad, ufalmanca momca, ufalmanca mimiRo, viTarca unda, egreca qmna.

93

iyav saxeli uflisaÁ kurTxeul~ (iobi,1,21) [7,101] - ambobs ganadgurebuli,

saarsebowarTmeuli, Svilebdaxiocili, sasomixdili, daavadebuli (mas

matlebi daesia mTels tanze) iobi da Tumca coli aqezebs, ,,aw Tqu

nuraჲ sityua uflisa mimarT da mohkude“ (iobi,2,9) [7,102] ar drkeba.

èlias amaRleba~ _ elias amaRlebis galeqsvamde avtori

axsenebs winaswarmetyvelis mier elises damowafebis epizods.

rogorc Cans, am TavSi Teimurazi elises Rirsebas usvams

xazs, radganac swored misi aRmoCeniTa da damowafebiT iwyebs Txrobas,

maSin rodesac mefeTa III da IV wignebSi elias araerT saswaulzea

moTxrobili.

`da warvida mier elia da hpova elise, Ze safatisi, da igi Ãnvida

aTormetTa dauRlvilTa da Seudga igi aTormetTa maT ÃarTa da miiwia

elia misda da daagdo xaleni igi mis zeda.

da dautevna elise Ãarni igi da miiswrafa eliasa da hrqua: ambors-

uyo mamasa Cemsa da dedasa Cemsa da Segidge Sen da hrqua mas: miiqec

munve, ra giyavn Sen~ (III mefeTa,9,19–20) [6,184].

Teimuraz meore am faqts ase riTmavs:

`warvida mier elia, mpovneli elisesia,

Ze safatisi xvnida ra xariT, viT guTnis wesia,

mouxda maTzed, miagdo xaleni umkveTesia,

myis dauteva elise xnuli da danaTesia~ (188) [14,24].

amis Semdeg pirdapir elias amaRlebis scenaze gadadis avtori.

vfiqrobT, aq elises imitom eTmoba meti yuradReba, rom masze elias

Tvisebebi zedmiwevniT gadavida. aq xazgasmulia Semdegi: uflis saqme mis

mier xeldasxmulsac SeuZlia gaakeTos, adamiani xom `RvTis saxed da

xatad~ Seiqmna.

Teimuraz meoris `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~ Zveli aRTqmis

wignebis _ `dabadeba~, `gamosvlaTa~, `wigni iobisi~, `wigni III mefeTa~,

`wigni IV mefeTa~_ siuJetebi Tanmimdevrulad aris galeqsili.

TxzulebaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva Sexedulebas

adamianis RvTissworobaze. aRorZinebis xanaSi adamianis problema idga.

94

Teimurazic xazs usvams adamis modgmis RvTis saxed da xatad

dasaxelebis faqts (àdamis Sesaqmis ambavi~).

Tavebis èvasi da adamis SecTomis ambavi~, àq Ramisagan pasuxis

migeba kaenisagan abelis sikvdilisa~, àqa lameqisagan kaenis sikvdili~

mixedviT Uuflis gzidan gadaxveva adamianebs sasikeTos aras hpirdeba.

mwerali sagangebod exeba ZmaTa SuRlSi Suris sindromis rols.

Zmismkvlelobis motivi yvelaze aqtualuri swored poetis epoqaSi iyo.

kaenis aCrdili dadioda sazogadoebaSi. gansakuTrebuli intrigebi

samefo karze ixlarTeboda. es mSvenivrad uwyoda Teimurazmac da

amitomac gaamaxvila yuradReba kaenisagan abelis mokvlis versiaze,

aseve, iakobis kurTxevis epizodze.

iakobis vrceli istoriidan poets 27-e Tavis 1-me-40 muxlebi

gauleqsavs. saTauric Sesabamisi SeurCevia _ ìakobis kurTxeva“. aq ZmaTa

mtrobazea upirvelesad yuradReba gamaxvilebuli.

Zmebs Soris ciloba, rac ar unda mtyuan-marTali mxare arsebobdes,

dauSvebelia. miuxedavad wakidebisa, sabolood Zmebi Serigdnen.

urTierTSeTanxmebisa da daTmobis niadagze Sedga maTi Zmoba da

WeSmariti Tanxmoba da es asec unda momxdariyo. amjerad mefe-poeti

ZmaTa SuRlis SeCerebas isaxavs miznad.

ìakobis kurTxevis~ scenaSi, gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas,

poetis Tanamedrove qarTvelTa yofa ilandeba.

iobis gansacdelis gadmoRebas damoZRvriTi xasiaTi aqvs.

Teimurazis mizani iyo, mrwamsSeryeul, gulgatexil qarTvelebSi rwmena

Caenerga.

Bbibliuri personaJebis: noes, abraamis, elises, moses, iobis

xsenebisas poets surs dagvanaxos Rirseuli pirovnebebis xateba. qveynad

marTali adamianebic arseboben. ufali arasdros iviwyebs maT.

Sesabamisad, mokvdavic mudmivad unda hmadlobdes RmerTs; uflis saqme

mis mier xeldasxmulsac SeuZlia gaakeTos, adamiani xom `RvTis saxed

da xatad~ Seiqmna.

avtori zogan SemoqmedebiT individualobas iCens. poemaSi bibliis

identur personaJTagan gansxvavebul, inovaciur saxeebs vxvdebiT

95

TavebSi: àqa lameqis ambavi~, àqa isakis ambavi~, àqa iobis ambavi~. kaenis

sikvdilis versia, iobis colisa da isakis saxe Taviseburad aqvs

warmodgenili avtors. Tuki `ganZTa qvabis~ mixedviT, lameqi qviT

klavs kaens, Teimuraz meore mokvlis iaraRad isars asaxelebs.

msxverpladSesawirad gamzadebuli isaki SeSinebuli da ususuri

dagvixata, Svilebis daxocviT gamwarebuli da guldamwvari iobis

coli ki sikvdilis monatruli.

Teimurazis isaki arc bibliur isaks hgavs, arc patristikul-

himnografiuls da arc xalxurs. samwuxarod, mas ara aqvs gaTavisebuli

is roli, rac ufalma daakisra. igi pasiuria.

Ggadagvarebisa da moralurad dacemis safrTxe realurad

arsebobda aRniSnul epoqaSi. Mmamebis Rirseuli memkvidreni ver iyvnen

Svilebi. albaT, es undoda eCvenebina kalmosans, rodesac isakis saxes

qmnida, aq misi Taobis xati ilandeba. sxvamxriv verc aixsneba aseTi

gansxvavebuli, arcTu ise saxarbielo interpretacia.

iobis colis saxis ganxilvisas miTiTebul iqna Teimuraz meoris

mier Seqmnili personaJis kavSiri iobis istoriis Semcvel xalxur

apokriful ZeglTan. msgavsad xalxuri apokrifisa, poemis mixedviT,

iobis coli Tanamoziarea meuRlis gasaWirisa. amis safuZvelze,

vfiqrobT, rom iobis gansacdelis xalxuri versiis gavlenis kvali

igrZnoba TxzulebaSi. colis mier sawuTros datovebis survili ki

aSkarad individualuria.

amdenad, Teimuraz meoris `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~ Zveli

aRTqmis siuJetebi Tumca TanmimdevrobiT aris galeqsili, Mmizani

qronologiis dacvisgan savsebiT gansxvavdeba. poets naxsenebi epizodebi

sakuTari epoqis moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT aqvs gadmoRebuli.

§3 axali aRTqmis siuJetebi `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~

Teimuraz meore TxzulebaSi axali aRTqmis wignebidan evangeles,

mociqulTa saqmeTagan ramdenime werils da ioane RvTismetyvelis

gamocxadebas exeba.

96

qristes cxovrebis Sesaxeb moTxrobilia oTx gansxvavebul wignSi:

maTes, markozis, lukas da ioanes saxarebebSi. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom

oTxive saxareba zogjer erTsa da imave masalebs iyenebs, TiToeuli

maxarebeli iesos pirovnebas gansxvavebuli kuTxiT warmogvidgens.

Yyoveli maTgani gansazRvruli mkiTxvelisTvis aris gamiznuli da iesos

cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis gansakuTrebul aspeqtebs gadmogvcems.

maTes saxareba ebraeli mkiTxvelisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. igi

moculobiT yvelaze didia. MmaTe Zveli aRTqmis teqsts mouxmobs,

rodesac masSi nawinaswarmetyvelebi romelime movlenis ,,aRsrulebaze~

saubroben.Aamgvar Jests garkveuli datvirTva hqonia, aseT kavSirs

ebraeli mkiTxvelis gansakuTrebuli daintereseba unda gamoewvia.

Mmarkozis saxareba, maTes saxarebisagan gansxvavebiT,

warmarTebisTvis daiwera. Aaq iesos vinaoba idumalebiT aris moculi,

araferia naTqvami misi Sobis Sesaxeb.

rac Seexeba lukas, igi axali aRTqmis wignebis erTaderTi

araebraeli avtoria. Mmis saxarebaSi CarTulia sami igavi locvis

Sesaxeb, romelic sxva saxarebaSi ar gvxvdeba. agreTve, mxolod mis

saxarebaSia aRwerili mariamis samadlobeli locva, roca is orsulad

iyo. Cvili iesos ambavi, rodesac bagaSi Cawvenils mwyemsebi eaxlnen

Tayvansacemad.

maTes, markozisa da lukas saxarebebs zogjer sinoptikur

(,,erTi TvaliT danaxul”) saxarebebsac uwodeben. Tuki am sami saxarebis

Sinaarss erTmaneTs SevudarebT, davrwmundebiT, rom maT Soris bevri

msgavseba arsebobs. Ggansxvavebuli versiebis miuxedavad, mkiTxveli

aucileblad miva im daskvnamde, rom samive wigni erTi saerTo wyarodan

momdinareobs.

Mmecnierebi Tvlian, rom maTem da lukam qristes cxovrebis

istoriis aRwerisas isargebles im teqstebiT, romlebiTac markozs ar

usargeblia. maTive TqmiT, erT-erTi upirvelesi aseTi wyaro daiwera q.S.

97

50 wels, arameul enaze, Tumca misi xelnaweri an piri dRemde ar aris

SemorCenili. 1

ioanes saxareba danarCeni sami saxarebisagan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba

ara marto aRwerili masaliT, aramed movlenebis gadmocemisa da

masalis damuSavebis TvalsazrisiTac. ieso wignis dasawyisSive mesiad

aris aRiarebuli. ioane igavebze naklebad amaxvilebs yuradRebas. Mmas

iesos pirovneba da misi sityvebi ainteresebs. 2

axali aRTqmis struqturis ase detalurad aRwera dagvWirda

imisTvis, rom vaCvenoT saanalizo nawarmoebis avtoris mimarTeba am

wignisadmi.

Teimuraz meore èvangeles~ kombinirebul variants qmnis. igi

saTanadod Seajerebs oTxive saxarebas da Semdeg Tuki erT_erT

maxarebelTan nakluladaa mocemuli esa Tu is pasaJi, TviTon avsebs

danarCeni mTxroblebis moSveliebiT, zogan ki, meti sisrulisaTvis,

Tavad urTavs epizodebs (winaswarmetyvelTa miniSnebebs Tu sxva).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, axali aRTqmidan leqsavs im adgilebs,

romlebic mxolod erT maxarebelTan gvxvdeba, an kidev sxvebsac aqvT

aRwerili, magram srulyofilad vera. amitomac, gadmoaqvs im saxarebidan,

romelSic yvelaze vrclad aris aRwerili qristes cxovrebis esa Tu is

epizodi.

Zveli aRTqmis sakiTxavebidan ki, piriqiT, amonaridebia

mocemuli ama Tu im personaJis cxovrebis vrceli istoriidan. vinc ki

bibliis wakiTxvamde ,,dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis~ pirvel nawils

gaecnoba, Tumca ki praqtikulad dRes naklebad aris msgavsi ram

mosalodneli, uTuod gauCndeba daukmayofileblobis grZnoba, Seecdeba,

meti gaigos am personaJebze, dawvdeba saRvTo sjulis teqsts.

adre vaxseneT, rom saswavlo daniSnuleba hqonda mefis ganzraxvas,

axali aRTqmis epizodebis Teimuraziseuli versiebis gacnoba kidev

1 ix. m. baCelori, ,,oTxi saxareba: maTe, markozi, luka, ioane,“ krebulSi: ,,mcire

bibliuri enciklopedia“, Tb., 2007, XXI, gv. 28-29 2 ix. igive, gv. 29

98

ufro amyarebs am mosazrebas. pedagogikuri meTodikis TvalsazrisiT

swored rom SesaSuri xerxisTvis miumarTavs poets.

Aაxali aRTqmidan Semdegi adgilebi gauleqsavs avtors: zaqarias

dadumeba, xareba, Soba, winadacveTa, mirqma, feriscvaleba, lazares

aRdgineba, ierusalims Sesvla, qristes vneba, naTlisReba, seroba,

jvarcma, gardamoxsna da daflva, wminda pasqa, gverdis ganxilva,

ganrRveulis gankurneba, SobiTgan brmis gankurneba, amaRleba,

sulTmofena, RvTismSoblis micvaleba, Ggamocxadeba uflisa, aseve

mociqulTa saqmeebSi gabneuli moZRvrebebidan adgilebi _ cxra netareba,

aTi mcneba, Svidi saidumlo.

ganvixiloT TiToeuli cal-calke. amjerad Sinaarsis gadmocemiTa

da wyaros miTiTebiT SemovifarglebiT.

`zaqarias dadumeba~ _ am TavSi moTxrobilia ioane

naTlismcemlis elisabedis saSoSi Casaxvisa da zaqariaze dawesebuli

sasjelis istoria. Teimurazi Cveulebriv mihyveba bibliis teqsts.

uTiTebs kidevac, rom am ambis amokiTxva SesaZlebelia lukas

saxarebaSi:

,,gaixsna mamis utyveba saxelis darqmevaSia,

U uwodebs ioanesa_sweria lukas TavSia” (210,3-4) [14,26].

`xareba yovladwminda RvTismSoblisa~ _ RvTismSoblis xarebis

scenis galeqsvisas aseve lukas eyrdnoba avtori:

,,lukaca maxarebeli TviT daswers saqmes RvTisasa.

dagviwers gabrielisas mosvlas meeqvses Tvisasa,

G galiliasa qalaqad xarebad qalwulisasa,

romlis saxeli nazareT, qalwul Txovili qmrisasa.”

(214) [14,27].

gacxarebul kamaTSi Rame ambobs: ,,winametyvTa aw sityvasa Semoviyvan

Sesawevado~ da iSveliebs iseT epizods, romelic RvTismSobelTan

mimarTebaSi arc erT saxarebaSi ar gvxvdeba.

,,an mxilveli RvTisa mose sinas mTas ras naxevdisa?

_ naxavs mayvals mgzebaresa, ar iwvebis, enTebisa,

99

Tqmuli winaswarmetyvelTa, rac amazed iqnebisa,

yvela RamiT aRsruldebis, aw vsTqva saqme xarebisa~

(213) [14,27]

aq swored im mosezea saubari, romelsac qoribis mTaze almodebuli

mayvlis saxiT eCvena ufali (gamosvl.3,2-3-4) [5,59]. ,,meore rjulSi~ ki

vkiTxulobT: ,,miwis madliT da misi sisavsiT gadmovidis mayvlovanSi

davanebulis wyaloba iosebis Tavze~ (meore rjuli,33,16) [9,194].

rogorc Cans, ,,mayvlovanSi davanebuli~ uflis misamarTiT aris

naxmari. am simbolom gamoxmaureba pova mwerlobaSi.

samecniero literaturaSi SeniSnulia, rom mcenareuli samyarodan

RvTismSoblis yvelaze gavrcelebuli metaforuli saxelia mayvali da

simbolur-alegoriulad wminda mariamis saSoSi RvTis sityvis

davanebisa da deda-qalwulobis aRmniSvnelia.1

ak. baqraZis mixedviT, moses legendis modeli Zvel aRTqmaSi aris:

RmerTi-mayvali-cecxli; axal aRTqmaSi ki RmerTi-RvTismSobeli-qriste.

am modelebis Sedarebisas ki mkafiod gamoCndeba, rom mayvlis buCqi

mariamis simboloa, xolo cecxli-qriste. 2

`sasuliero mwerlobam Seuwveli mayvlis buCqSi alegoriulad

RvTismSoblis xati ixila ... himnografi garkveviT gveubneba: ,,iqmna saxe

qalwulisai mayuali motyinare cecxliTa, romeli ixila

sjulismdebelman da ganhkrTa gonebiTa, rameTu saRmrToi

ganxorcielebai pirvelve gamoisaxvoda (nevm. Zlisp. gv. 549) e.i mosem

mogizgize mayvlis buCqSi pirvelad ixila uflis xorcSesxma ... ase iyo

gasaidumloebuli Seuwvel mayvalSi didi dedoflis saxe: ,,saxe iyo

mayuali xatisa yovladwmidisa Senisai, qalwulo RmrTismSobelo~

(qarTuli poezia, t.I, gv. 210); ,,sinuri mravalTavi~ konkretulad

warmoaCens Seuwveli mayvlis alegoriis arss: ,,viTarca ityvis ara

Seiwueboda _ ese igi ars: Sva RmerTi da saSoi ara ganxrwna, muclad

iRo da qalwuli qalwuladve ego~ [86,96].

1 ix. m. Todua, bibliuri motivebi da paradigmebi X saukunis qarTul himnografiaSi,

sakandidato disertacia, Tb., 2001, gv. 10 2 ix. ak. baqraZe, sasuliero poeziis saxeebi, kreb. `poezia~, Tb., 1981, gv.58

100

aRorZinebis xanis poetebic exebian am Temas. arCil mefesM oda

Seuqmnia RvTismSobelze, sadac ase mimarTavs:

,,moses xilulo, winaswar, moswაvebulo am saxed.

mayvalsa cecxli edebis da Sesawvavad ver Semxed”

(266) [2,13].

t. mosias mosazrebiT, ,,daviTianSi~ naxsenebi sityvebi: `viT

Seuwvelo mayvalo, saRmrTo cecxlganuqrobelo~, migvaniSnebs macxovris

dabadebis Semdeg mariamis maradis qalwulad darCenaze.1

Cven mier gansaxilvel poemaSic ,,mayvali mgzebare~ RvTismSoblis

simboloa. xarebis scenaSi moses xilvis gaxmianeba swored imave

Tvalsazriss amJRavnebs, rac sasuliero mwerlobaSi sakmaod yofila

damuSavebuli.

Teimurazis mixedviT, sinas mTaze ixila mosem ufali. rogorc

Cans, amjerad ioane oqropiris sityvebs iSveliebs avtori: `pirvelad

mose mTasa zeda sinasa mayulovanad gixila ASen Seuwvelad~ [94,426] _

vkiTxulobT ioane oqropiris erT-erT SromaSi. sina aris erT-erTi

mwvervali im mTagrexilisa, romelic qoribis saxeliTaa cnobili. sinas

mTaze sxva drosac hqonda xilva moses, aq ukve rjuli ukarnaxa ufalma

mas.

axali aRTqmis wignebSi araferia naTqvami moses xilviseul

miniSnebaze. bunebrivia, igi Tavad Caumatebia Teimuraz meores. unda

iTqvas, rom am taepebSi patristikuli, himnografiuli mwerlobis Tu

poetis TanamedroveTa Sexedulebebis kvali igrZnoba.

`xorcielad Soba uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi~ _ qristes

Sobis istorias sinTezurad yveba avtori. aq oTxive saxarebidanaa

detalebi Camatebuli. maTes saxarebaSi vkiTxulobT: ,,ese yoveli iqmna,

raTa aResrulos sityua igi uflisa, piriTa winaswarmetyuelisaჲTa

Tqmuli: ,,aha, qalwuli miudges, da hSues Zჱ, da uwodin saxeli misi

emmanuel, romel ars TargmanebiT: CvenTana RmerTi“ (maTe,1,22-23) [3,2].

`TviT esaiam da sxvaTac, bevris wliT uwin Tqviano,

1 ix. t. mosia, saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1996, gv. 97

101

aha, qalwuli miudges da Sves Ze!_ dasweriano,

saxelad emmanuelca adridgan uwodiano,

winaswarmetyvelT naTqvami beTlems RamiTa yviano~ (223) [14,28].

Semdeg Teimurazi sxva winaswarmetyvelsac axsenebs:

`winaswarve metyveleba aq aRsrulda miqiasi,

esreT ityvis: ùfali, Sen beTlem saxli evfraTasi,

nu mcire xar aTaseulT mTavarT Soris iudasi,

SengniT aris gamomavlad TviT mamisa Tana-arsi~ (220) [14,28].

miTiTebul TavSi miqia winaswarmetyveli ar ixsenieba. rogorc Cans,

poeti galeqsvisas Tanmimdevrobas ar icavs.

winaswarmetyvelTa qadagebebis moSveliebis Semdeg Teimuraz meore

uSualod movlenis aRweraze gadadis:

`beTlems Sua-Rames iSva meufe da RmerTi Cvilad,

maTe daswers Sobisasa, sityvas srulad, Tuca tkbilad~

(224,1-2) [14,28].

`beTlemi ebraulad niSnavs purs, e.i. beRels, `da swored

gangebis survili iyo, rom amisTana `beRelSi~ da kurTxeul qveyanaSi

gankacebuliyo da movlenoda sofels meore_puri, puri sulieri da

cxoveli, uromlisodac adamianis cxovreba SeuZlebelia. _ im Rames,

TiTqmis 2000 wlis winaT, im qalaqma da im midamoebma ixiles da

ganicades saSineli saidumlo, ara yvelam, aramed mxolod

saTnoTa~ [97,76].

rogorc viciT, iesos dabadebamde RvTis mSoblebi beTlems

dasaxlebulan. galileidan maTi wasvlis mizezi iyo Semdegi: keisarma

avgustinem gamosca brZaneba aReweraT mTeli msoflio. Ees pirveli

aRwera iyo siriaSi kvirineosis mmarTvelobisas. Yyvela Tavis qalaqSi

Cadioda Casawerad. iosebic, radgan daviTis saxlisa da tomisa iyo,

galileidan, qalaq nazareTidan, daviTis qalaqSi gadavida, romelsac

beTlemi ewodeba (luka,2,1-4) [3,151-152].

herodes dReebSi saSineli wioki daatydaT yrmebs, mesiis ZebnaSi

aTasobiT bavSvi amowyda. iosebma egvipteSi gaxizna Cvili, ,,raTa

aResrulos sityua igi uflisa, Tqmuli winaswar-metyuelisa mier:

102

egჳptiT uwode Zesa Cemsa~ (maTe,2,15) [3,4]. Hherodes sikvdilis Semdeg ki

uflis CvenebiT dabrunda israelSi. Tumca, roca gaigo, rom arqelaosi,

herodes Ze, mefobda, SeSinda da, CvenebiT gafrTxilebulma, miaSura

galileis mxares. ,,da mivida da daeSena qalaqsa Sina, romelsaca hrqჳan

nazareT, raTa aResrulos Tqmuli igi winaswar-metyuelisa mier,

viTarmed nazarevel ewodos~ (maTe,1,23) [3,5].

amdenad, isev daubrundnen imQqalaqs, romelic wlebis win datoves.

poemisAam Tavs ase amTavrebs avtori:

,,uwin waiyvans CvenebiT ioseb dediT ymasao,

nazareTs mivlen; herode CvilTa dauwyebs srvasao,

nazareveli amisTvis adridgan ewodasao” (229,1,2,3) [14,29].

228-e strofis bolo or taepSi saubaria imaze, Tu rogor

amowyvita beTlemSi herodem yrmebi. Aam ambebamde iosebma dedasTan

erTad yrma ieso waiyvana nazareTSi. Tan es ,,CvenebiT~ momxdara.

aq erTgvar aRrevas aqvs adgili. nazareTSi gadasvlis mizezi

arasworad aris moxmobili. am qalaqSi uflis mSoblebis Sesvlisas

herode ukve gardacvlilia, ojaxi ki arqelaosis SiSiT gadadis

nazareTSi. ufro adre maT, herodes mizeziT, egviptes Seafares Tavi.

amdenad, avtors maTes saxarebis pirveli Tavis 23-e muxlSi

aRwerili ambebis nacvlad, meore Tavis me-15 muxli unda moexmo.

aseve sainteresoa erTi faqti:

maTe maxareblis Txrobis mixedviT, mogvebs emcnoT pirvelad

uflis dabadeba: ,,sada ars, romeli igi iSua meufe uriaTa? rameTu

vixileT varskuvlavi misi aRmosavaliT da movediT Tayuaniscemad missa~

(maTe,2,2) [3,3], _ kiTxuloben isini.

lukas saxarebaSi uwinaresad mwyemsebs hqondaT xilva da

swored maT Seicnes yrma ieso pirvelebma. im mxareSi mwyemsebi iyvnen

mindvrad da RamiT sdarajobdnen TavianT samwysos. Ggamoecxada maT

ufali da amcno macxovris Soba. niSnad ki daudo, rom ipovnidnen yrmas,

Sexveuls, bagaSi mwolares. ,,da meyuseulad iyo angelozisa mis Tana

simravle erTa cisaTa~ (luka,2,8_14) [3,152].

103

mogvebis ierusalims Sesvlas da uflis Tayvaniscemas ase

mogviTxrobs poemis avtori:

,,mogvni iyvnes didebulni, samiv Zeni mefisani,

varskvlavT-mricxvel, ritor-brZenni, kacni didis

swavlisani,

maT Seityves varskvlaviTa saqme qristes Sobisani,

ukan gayvnen varskvlavs Cqarad, ar damgdebi mis gzisani.

Q qvabs Sevidnen, Tayvani sces, RmerTi naxes xorcSesxmulad,

O oqro, muri da gundruki maT miarTves Sewirulad,

maSin iyo sityva RvTisa bagas mCvriTa Sexveulad,

Zilsa Sina mogvTa naxes angelozi Cvenebulad” (225,227) [14,28].

rogorc vxedavT, TeimurazisTvis cnobilia rogorc

raodenoba mogvebisa, ise maTi naTesauri kavSiri, saqmianoba da

gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi.

ànbanTqebaSi~ ,,aris ram ucxod sacnobel…~, aseve, ielvebs mogvebis

saxe:

èsreT samTa cxenosanTa varskvlaviT ar emalvoda~

(5,3) [14,131].

msgavsi ram Cven bibliaSi ar gvxvdeba.

Mmerve saukunis ingliseli RvTismetyvelis Rirs bedas SromebSi

moTxrobilia am sami Zmis mier yrma iesos Tayvaniscemis Sesaxeb. Mman

RvTaebrivi zeSTagonebiT am Zmebs saxelebic ki Searqva. igi maT

Semdegnairad moixseniebs: gaspari, melqiori, balTazari. 1

SesaZloa, Teimuraz meorem romelime RvTismetyvelis

patristikul naSromSi amoikiTxa Zmebis istoria.

Mmogvebis mier yrma iesos Tayvaniscemas axsenebs mefe-poetis

didi winapari Teimuraz I Tavis ,,SamifarvanianSi~. rogorc viciT, misi

poemebis Sesavali gajerebulia religiuri SexedulebebiTa Tu

sakiTxavebiT:

,,verca man gicna sibrZniTa, verc swavla moixmarao,

1 ix. m. guguSvili, bibliuri nakadi Teimuraz I SemoqmedebaSi, Jurn. ,,mwignobari”, Tb.,

2002, 02, gv. 150

104

varskvlavi iakobisi _ es uneburad wamao,

babilovaniT beTlemad, vin mogvni moiyvanao,

cru winaswarmetyvelebiT eSmakni wariyvanao~ (10) [12,16].

lukas saxarebaSi araferi weria herodes sikvdilamde ojaxis

egvipteSi gadasvlaze. Aaq mirqmis Semdeg naTqvamia: ,,da viTarca

aRasrules mis zeda yovelive, mhsgavsad sjulisa uflisa, moiqces da

warvides galilead, qalaqad Tჳsad nazareTad~ (luka,2,39) [3,154]. Aarc

yrmaTa srvis scena aqvs aRwerili lukas.

amitomac, Teimurazic, radganac ,,maTe daswers Sobisasa sityvas

srulad, Tuca tkbilad~ (224,2) [14,28], misi saxarebidan leqsavs, Tan

Txrobisas meti sisrulisaTvis sxva Tavebis muxlebsac iSveliebs. aseve,

amJRavnebs patristikuli literaturis safuZvlian codnas.

`winadacveTa uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi~ _ uflis winadacveTis

rituals lukas saxarebaSi erTi muxli eTmoba. ioanes Txrobis stili,

saerTod, gansxvavebulia.Mmis saxarebaSi qristes qadagebebsa Tu

saswaulebs eqceva meti yuradReba, uflis dabadebis istoria ar Cans.

Aarc sxva maxareblebTan aris igi vrclad. Teimurazic Zveli aRTqmis

teqstis moSveliebiT amdidrebs am epizods _ yveba winadacveTis

tradiciis warmomavlobaze.

M`mirqma uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi~ _ poetis TqmiT, qristes

`ganxorcieleba~ anu qristes gankaceba adamianTa modgmas svimeonisagan

emcno. igi rudunebiT eloda uflis gamocxadebas, radgan Cagonebuli

hqonda suliwmidisgan, rom manam ar gaSordeboda misi suli sxeuls,

sanam ar ixilavda Ze RvTisas: ,,amas ityvis svimeonca, ras eloda

aRsrulebis!” (238) [14,30].

himnografis mixedviT, uflis mier samyaros xsnis Sesaxeb mariams

svimeonma amcno:

`viTarca_ igi pirveladve

uRaRada RmrTismSobelsa marTalman svimeon:

Sengan Sobili ese sityuaჲ

gamoCndes mravalTa dacemad da aRdginebad

da TviT sulsaca Sensa

105

ganvlos maxÂlman mwuxarebisaman~ [15,169].

bunebrivia, orive SemTxvevaSi wyaro axali aRTqmaa. saxarebaSi

vkiTxulobT: ,,da iyo misa uwyebul sulisagan wmidisa ara xiluad

sikudili, vidremde ixilos cxebuli uflisaჲ~ (luka,2,2) [3,153-154].

,,aha, esera, ese hsdges dacemad da aRdginebad mravalTa israilsa

Soris, da saswaulad sityჳs-sageblad~ (luka,2,34) [3,153-154], _ eubneba

svimeoni mSoblebs qristeze.

`naTlisReba uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi~ _ naTlisRebis Sesaxeb

samive maxarebeli (maTe, markozi, luka) gviyveba, Tanac samive erTnairad,

magram Teimurazi mxolod markozis saxarebas axsenebs wyarod:

,,srulac qristeze aRsrulda winaswarmetyvelT Tqmulebi

A aris markozis TavSia, TviT misgan dawerilebi.~ (242) [14,30]

samive esaia winaswarmetyvelis qadagebas ixmobs maniSneblad

qristes naTlisRebisa. Teimuraz meores ki ramdenime winaswarmetyveleba

mohyavs winapirobad. 242-e strofis wakiTxvis Semdeg iqmneba

STabeWdileba, rom am winaswarmetyvelebebze TviT markozs usaubria

Tavis saxarebaSi, arada es ase ar aris. 1

F`feriscvaleba uflisa ieso qristesi~ _ rogorc bibliidan

viciT, mas Semdeg, rac petre mociqulma ieso mesiad aRiara, man ganagrZo

Tavis mowafeebTan saubari, imis Sesaxeb, rom mas mouwevs sikvdili,

Semdeg ki aRdgoma. Mmale petresTan, iakobTan da ioanesTan erTad is

mTaze avida. iq mociqulebma dainaxes, rogor icvala feri da rogor

esaubreboda RvTiuri didebiT gabrwyinebuli ieso moses da elias.

Semdeg mociqulma cidan gaigona xma: ,,ese ars Ze Cemi sayuareli, romeli

me saTno viyav; magisi ismineT~ (maTe,17,5) [3, 47].

AmiCneulia, rom aq mosesa da elias gamoCena ganasaxierebs

sjulsa da winaswarmetyvelebas. maTi yofna adasturebs imas, rom

yovelive Zvel aRTqmaSi Tqmuli qristeSi ganxorcielda. Fferiscvaleba

moaswavebda didebas, romelic qristes moeloda momavalSi, Mmagram

1 SeniSvna: Cven am sakiTxs qvemoT sagangebod SevexebiT. amjerad, masze sityvas ar

SevaCerebT. SevniSnavT mxolod, rom es taepebic Zalumad aris qarTuli himnografiiT

nakvebi.

106

amisTvis ieso jer jvarze unda cmuliyo. iesos aseTi aRsasruli iyo

swored misi saubris Tema mosesa da eliasTan.1

Teimuraz meore dasawyisSi uTiTebs: ,,virwmunebT maxareblisa

maTes TviT aRwerilsao~ (246,1) [14,31] da mogviTxrobs feriscvalebis

ambavs maTes saxarebaze dayrdnobiT, Tumca amaze lukasac uweria,

markozsac, magram, radganac amaTgan ufro vrceli maTes versiaa,

Teimurazis mizanic naTelia.

`vardbulbulianSi~ iesos feriscvalebas gakvriT exeba Teimuraz

pirvelic:

,,vin uwyis, moses, elias mTazedan uambe rao~ [12,94].

,,igulisxmeba iesos sacdeli cad amaRleba, rac asea moxmobili

maTes saxarebaSi~ [56,152].

Aarc erTi maxarebeli ar uTiTebs, Tu romel mTaze moxda qristes

feriscvaleba. `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~ ki bibliis teqstidan

mcireodeni gadaxveva gvxvdeba: aq jer Taboria dasaxelebuli macxovris

feriscvalebis adgilad, Semdeg _ zeTisxilis mTa:

`giTxra Tu mTasa Taborsa qristesgan feriscvaleba”

(245,1) [14,31].

,,petres, iakobs, mTad iwvevs, masTan Ze quxilisao.

M man aRiyvanna igini mTasa mas zeTisxilsao~ (246,3-4) [14,31].

Tabori 550m. simaRlis mTaa, cicabo, daxramuli ferdobebiT,

romelic aRmarTulia izreyelis velis Tavze. zogjer Taboris mTas

aigiveben im ,,maRal mTasTan~, sadac qristes gardasaxvis mowmeni Seiqnen

mowafeebi. sainteresoa, rom egzegetikur naSromebSi, garda Taboris

mTisa, xermonis mTasac gulisxmoben ,,maRali mTis~ saxelwodebad. azrTa

sxvadasxvaobis mizezi aris is, rom TviTon saxareba dums da konkretul

saxels ar uTiTebs.2


bibliuri enciklopedia“, Tb., 2007, XXI, gv. 92 2 ix. bibliis enciklopedia, erTtomeuli, z. kiknaZisa da g. sonRulaSvilis

redaqtorobiT, Tb., 1998, 260

107

eleonis (zeTisxilis) mTa-borcvi zeTisxilis xeebiT yofila

dafaruli. Aaq gauvlia mefe daviTs ierusalimidan abesalomis amboxebas

gamoqcevisas. solomonma zeTisxilis mTaze RmerTebs samsxverplo augo.

mogvianebiT, babilonis tyveobis xanaSi, ezekiel winaswarmetyvelma

ixila uflis didebis damabrmavebeli kaSkaSa naTeli, romelic

ierusalims moswyda da zeTisxilis mTaze gaCerda. zaqaria

winaswarmetyvelebda, rom saSineli samsjavros dRes Uufali

zeTisxilis mTaze Sedgeboda. ierusalimSi ieso swored eleonis mTis

mxridan Sevida, eleonis mTidan amaRlda ieso cad.

bibliaSi xermons sxvagvarad sirionic hqvia, saxareba ar asaxelebs

im maRali mTis saxels, romelzec feri icvala qristem. Bbevri

egzegetikosi Tvlis, rom es xermonis mTaze moxda.1

Teimuraz meore Tuki erT strofSi (245) Taboris mTas axsenebs

uflis feriscvalebis adgilad, meoreSi (246) _ zeTisxilis mTas.

rogorc Cans, mas zeTisxilis da Taboris mTebi erTi da igive hgonia.

`lazares aRdgineba~_ ierusalimis Soriaxlo, sofel beTaniaSi

cxovrobdnen marTa, mariami da lazare. Alazare avadmyofobda. Ddebma

SeuTvales ufals, miexeda sneulisTvis, man ki ganacxada, rom misi

avadmyofoba RvTis sadideblad aris. ori dRe ar misula ieso debTan.

Bbolos, mowafeebs ganucxada, iudeaSi gadasuliyvnen. Mmowafeebma

uxsenes is saSiSroeba, rac eloda iqauri mcxovreblebisagan, magram man

ar daiSala. maSin Tomas TaosnobiT gadawyvites, Tan xlebodnen

macxovars. beTaniaSi misulebs lazare 4 dRis gardacvlili daxvdaT.

jer marTa gamoegeba ufals, Semdeg mariami, Tan SesCivles TavianTi

gasaWiri. Mmanac anugeSa, Tuki Tqven uflis gjeraT, saswauls ixilavTo.

marTlac, mTeli iudevelebis winaSe saocreba moaxdina iesom, aRadgina

lazare, bevrma irwmuna ufali.

`rodesac ieso marTas uxsnida rwmenasa da saswaulze, fizikuri

sikvdilidan aRdgomaze ufro maradiul movlinebaze amaxvilebda

yuradRebas, man mkafiod aRniSna, rom adamians mkvdreTiT aRdginebis


bibliuri enciklopedia“, Tb., 2007, XXI, gv. 92

108

garda maradiuli sicocxlec SeuZlia misces, romelic saiqioSic

gagrZeldeba~ [43,124].

lazares aRdginebis scenas saxarebaSi mxolod da mxolod ioane

maxarebelTan vxvdebiT. Teimuraz meorec uTiTebs ra, ,,mowmed kmara

amisaTvis ioane RvTismetyvela...”-o, yveba aRniSnul istorias.

ìerusalims Sesvla~ _ ierusalims uflis Sesvla aRwerili

aqvs oTxive maxarebels; ioane naklebad exeba, Tumca mainc axsenebs.

Teimurazi maTes saxarebidan Txzavs. Txrobas zaqaria

winaswarmetyvelis xsenebiT iwyebs:

,,vaxseneb zaqariassa naTqvams win dadebulebsa,

A amas ityviso ufali friadsa sixarulebsa:

,,asulo sionisao, qadagebd Zliers Tqmulebsa,

aRsruli ierusalims, sad vityvi brZanebulebsa~ (271) [14,34].

saxedarze amxedrebuli iesos ierusalims Semosvla zaqarias

garda sxva winaswarmetyvelebmac iqadages (esaia, danieli, sofonia...)

Teimurazi ki zaqarias xsenebiT Semoifargleba. ,,ixarebd friad, asulo

sionisao, qadagebd, asuli ierusalÀmisaÁ. Aaha, meufe Seni movals Senda,

marTali da macxovari, Tavadi mSvidi, da mjdomare karaulsa zeda, da

kicusa axalsa~ (zaqaria,9,9) [9,103].

,,mogvianebiT mixvdnen mowafeebi, iesos moqmedebis mniSvnelobas,

winaswarmetyveli zaqaria rodesac momavali mefis Sesaxeb qadagebda,

ambobda, rom is mSvidobismyofeli iqneboda da saomar cxenze

amxedrebuli ki ar mividoda, aramed virze mSvidad mjdomi~ [43,124].

Teimuraz meore amjeradac aRniSnavs, rom mis mier SerCeuli

varianti iyo srulyofili da sxvebze ufro marTebuli.

,,es sityva maxarobelman maTem dawera sworio” (271) [14,34].

,,samosels zeda darejda, viT winametyvTa Tqvesada~

(275,3) [14,34].

marTalia, sxva winaswarmetyvelebic axseneben sionis asuls,

magram karaulze Sesxdoma mxolod zaqariasTan gvxvdeba. Eetyoba,

sagangebo CaZiebis Semdeg axsena Teimurazma, radganac zaqarias

qadagebas gansxvavebuli datvirTva hqonda.

109

`seroba~ _ rogorc ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT Teimurazi an

Sejerebul variants gvaZlevs, an kidev leqsavs im saxarebidan,

romelSic yvelaze meti yuradReba eTmoba misTvis saintereso epizods.

saidumlo serobas, Cveulebriv, oTxive exeba, magram poeti ioanes

mixedviT Txzavs. marTlac, ioanesTan yvelaze vrclad aris gaSuqebuli

(maTe 26, 17-29) [3,77]; (markozi 14,12-25) [3,135-136]; (luka 22,7-20) [3,228-229];

(ioane,13,1-30) [3,228-290]. Sua Txrobisas ukve maTes axsenebs (,,maTeman

suliwmidisgan dawera, ase gviwesa...~ (285,1) [14,36].

ferxTabanis epizodi ioanes saxarebidan auRia, iudas mier

uflis gacemis, ziarebis epizodebi ki, maTes saxarebidan.

iudas gamorCevis ormag versias gvawvdis avtori.

,,xolo Tavadman miugo da hrqua maT: romelman STamoyos CemTana

ჴeli pinaksa amas, aman mimces me.... miugo iuda, romelmanca misca igi, da

hsTqua: nu ukue me var, moZRuar? hrqua mas ieso: Sen hsTqu~ (maTe,26,23,25)

[3,78].

Semdeg iesom puris natexi misca yvelas da daariga, puri da Rvino

misi sxeulisa da sisxlis simbolod hqonodaT.

,,viTarca werili aris imisi aRsasrulebi! (285;3-4) [14,36].

,,iuda Tqva: ,,nuTu me var?_ Tavis sityviT aCens sada?”

iesom Tqva: ,,Senve sTqvio!”_ isxdes, erTad Wamdesa-da”

(287,1-2) [14,36].

ioanes saxarebaSi iudas mxilebis gansxvavebuli versia

gvxvdeba: ,,miugo ieso da hrqua. romelsa me davawo puri da mivhsce, igi

ars. da daawo puri igi, da mihsca iudas sჳmonissa iskariotelsa~ (ioane,

13,26) [3,290].

bolo strofSi isev ubrundeba am epizods Teimurazi da amjerad

ioanes saxarebaSi moTxrobil ambavs axsenebs:

,,ros ganawesa es saqme, dRe xuTSabaTi iyvisa,

P pursa miscemda iudas _ ès gamcems!~ – amas ityvisa,

wava iuda, vercxls iRebs, mis saqmes xeli mihyvisa.~

(289,1-3) [14,36].

110

sami maxareblis mixedviT, iudas ukve aRebuli hqonda qrTami,

es iyo mxolod, rom xelsayrel moments eZebda. (maTe,26,14-16) [3,36],

(markozi,14,10-11) [3,62], (luka, 22,1-6) [3,102]. Teimurazi ki, ioanes

saxarebaze dayrdnobiT, amas Semdeg momxdar faqtad asaxelebs.

`vneba uflisa~ _ am Tavis Txrobisas poeti uTiTebs, rom

saxarebis oTxive avtori exeba am Temas. igi geTsimaniaSi uflis

locvaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas:

,,TviT ilocvida mas Rames, mudmivad fexze idgisa,

oTxive maxarebelni am saqmes ase ityvisa:

iqmnao ofli misi da viTarca cvari sisxlisa,

mowafenio qristesni yvela mZinare iyvisa.” (291) [14,36].

,,da iyo igi Ruawlsa Sina, umetesRa ilocÂida, da iqmna

ofli misi, viTarca cuari sisxlisaჲ, gardamomavali queyanasa

zeda~ (luka, 22,44) [3,231].

amgvari Sinaarsis Semcveli istoria luka maxarebelTan gvxvdeba

mxolod. rogorc Cans, Teimuraz meore riTmisa da keTilxmovanebisaTvis

amgvar Camatebebsac mimarTavs xolme.

298-e strofi aSkarad lukas saxarebidan aris aRebuli, sxvagan ar

ixseniebian herode-pilate. maT urTierTdamokidebulebasac am saxarebaSi

vxvdebiT: ,,da iqmnnes megobar pilate da irodi urTierTas mas dResa

Sina, rameTu pirvel mter iyunes igini~ (luka,23,12) [3,234].

samagierod anna _ kaiafas vawydebiT ioanes saxarebaSi. Aamdenad,

am erT strofSi ori saxarebis SerwymiT amgvar variants viRebT:

,,uwin mter iyvnen pilate_herode metad SuriTo,

qristes jvarcmazed Serigdnen, sikvdils arCevdnen guliTo,

anna da kaiafaca iyvnen xel-momarTuliTo,

jvarcma daaskvnes qristesi. Aaw Sen Tqvi, dReo, sruliTo.”

(298) [14,37].

herode antipa galileaSi mmarTvelobda Cv.w._is 4-wl-dan, vidre

Cv.w_is 39 wlamde. Aantipam cixeSi Casva ioane naTlismcemeli, xolo

colis axirebis gamo Tavi mohkveTa. radgan ieso qriste galileveli iyo,

pilatem igi gansasjelad antipas gadasca. antipam ieso abuCad aigdo da

111

pilates gaugzavna ukan. anna ki yofili mRvdelmTavaria, kaiafas simamri,

romelmac dakiTxa ieso qriste manamde, sanam mas kaiafasTan

gaagzavnidnen (luka,3,2,) [3,156]; (ioane,18,13-24) [3,301-302].

Kkaiafac, aseve, ierusalimis mRvdelTmTavari iyo, 18-wl-dan 36

wlamde qristes Sobidan. Kkaiafam da misma simamrma iesos brali dasdes

RvTis gmobaSi da saboloo msjavris gamosatanad pilatesTan gagzavnes.

mociqulTa saqmeebis wignSi kaiafa naxsenebia rogorc mRvdelTmTavari,

romelic qristianebs devnida.

saxarebiseuli Txrobis mixedviT, rodesac mRvdelTmTavrebma

qristes miagnes da misi Sepyroba gadawyvites, erT-erTma mowafem

mRvdelTmTavris monas xmali mouqnia da yuri moaWra. uflis nebiT

maleve gaumTelda Wriloba monas.

rogorc Cans, avtors mRvdelTmTavris mona malqosisTvis yuris

moWris istoria ioanes saxarebidan aqvs aRebuli, xolo uflis

saswaulis Semcveli epizodi sxva maxareblebze dayrdnobiT gauleqsavs:

,,ra scnes, qristes Seipyrobdnen huriani damterebiT,

P petre erTsa yursa warkveTs maxvilisa amoRebiT,

qriste ubrZanebs petresa maxvilis miqcevasa-da,

M malqozs, urias wylulzeda isev moabams yursa-da,

ver Seityoben SuriTa am-gvarsa saswaulsa-da!

wariyvanebden iesos TviTon mas xel-Sekrulsa-da.”

(294,3-4,295,1-2) [14,37].

qristes mosarCle mowafe rom petrea, amas ioanes saxarebidan

vecnobiT, uflis saswauls ki is ar axsenebs.

rogorc vxedavT, Teimuraz meore yvela detalis gaTvaliswinebiT

Txzavs. Tan boloSi SeniSvnasac urTavs. Mmisi TqmiT, Surisgan

dabrmavebul mRvdelTmTavrebs ver uxilavT da aRuqvamT es saswauli.

igi TiTqos brazobs am ukeTurebze, romelTac, vnebaatanilebma, ver

gaacnobieres es faqti.

am TavSiPpetres mier uflis uaryofa da sinanulic aris

galeqsili. U

112

unda iTqvas, rom petres sinanulis scenas gamoZaxili mohyolia

qarTul literaturaSi.

Teimuraz pirveli erTgan Tavs monanie petres adarebs ( `cremlni

petresni mommadlen, iudad nu gamberao!~). 1 igi bibliis jerovan codnas

amJRavnebs, Tan saxeobrivi azrovnebis didostatia. Mmisi naazrevis

gaSifrva sakmaod saintereso process warmoadgens. samwuxarod, Cven

amaze dakvirvebis saSualeba ar gveZleva Teimuraz meoresTan.

`jvarcma~ _ jvarcmis gadmocemas daviT winaswarmetyvelis meore

fsalmunis moSveliebiT iwyebs Teimuraz meore. aRniSnuli fsalmunis

strofebi maTes, markozis, lukas, ioanes saxarebebSi meordeba.

paralelurad poemaSic aris gadmosuli.

lukas saxarebidan aqvs avazakebTan dialogi aRebuli (luka, 24,39-43)

[3,236]. dedasTan gamolaparakebis epizodi _ ioanes saxarebidan

(ioane,19,26-27) [3,137]. xolo pilates scena _ markozis saxarebidan

(markozi,15,15) [3,141].

maTes saxarebis mixedviT, gaaSoltvina da Caabara brbos ieso

pilatem, markozi ambobs, rom TviTon gaSolta da mere Caabara.

Teimuraz meore wers:

,,miscems pilate: ,,jvars acviT!~ _ TviTon SoltiTa scemsao~

(304,2) [3,38].

Zmris dalevis epizodSi daviTis fsalmunis gaxmianebac ioanes

saxarebidan momdinareobs: ,,da mces me saWmelad Cemda naRveli da

wyurvilsa Cemsa masues me Zmari~ (fsalm., 68,22) [7,205].

Teimuraz meore ambobs:

,,wyurvilsa masves Zmario!~ _ daviTis Tqmuli ahxdebis.~

(308,4) [14,38].

rogorc Cans, isev imave principiT moqmedebs Teimurazi. Mmisi

mizani xom saRvTo sjulis saintereso formiT gadmocema iyo. etyoba,

survili hqonda, Txroba srulyofili yofiliyo, amitomac Sejerebuli

varianti airCia.

1ix. `vardbulbuliani~, wignSi: Teimuraz I, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, g. jakobiasa

da al. baramiZis redaqtorobiT, tf. 1934, gv. 14, str. 94,4

113

G`gardamoxsna da daflva~ _ poemis am Tavis uSualo wyaro

ioanes saxarebaa. avazakTa neknis Camtvrevis, iesos maxvilis cemis da

mkvdari macxovris gul-mkerdidan sisxlis gadmoRvris ambavs aq

vecnobiT. ioanes saxarebis garda, ar ixsenieba arsad nikodimosi,

romelic exmareboda ioseb arimaTiels qristes daflvaSi. amdenad,

TeimurazTan es ambebi swored ioanes saxarebidan aris aRebuli.

poeti am TavSic urTavs garkveul Camatebas (,,sibrZne da sityva

mamisa, kacobriv daiflebisa~ (315,1) [14,39].

radganac Cven am taeps qvemoT sagangebod SevexebiT, amjerad

yuradRebas ar SevaCerebT.

`wminda pasqa~ _ wminda pasqis epizods maTes saxarebidan

acocxlebs avtori, uTiTebs kidevac. marTlac, sxvebTan ki gvxvdeba,

magram srulyofilad ara. MmagaliTad, markozTan pirdapir

menelsacxeble dedebis sceniT ixsneba. variaciul saxesxvaobas gvaZlevs

lukas saxareba, aq petre Tavisi nebiT midis qalebis mier motanili

ambis gadasamowmeblad. markozTan ki spetaki samosliT morTuli

axalgazrda mamakaci (angelozi) agzavnis menelsacxeble dedebs

TerTmet mociqulTan da konkretulad petresTan. Tan es Wabuki erTia.

lukasTan ori kaci xvdeba dedebs. Lluka-markozis mixedviT, mariam

magdalinelTan erTad arian iakobis da mariami, aseve, salome da sxva

qalebi. ioanesTan ki, mxolod Mmariamma ixila uflis carieli saflavi,

Tan gaiqca da pirvelma amcno simon-petres da sxva mowafeebs (aq spetaki

samosliT mosili Wabuki Tu Wabukebi ar figurireben).

amdenad, rogorc Tavidanve uTiTebs, maTes saxarebidan aqvs

galeqsili es adgilebi avtors. Cven gvqonda SemTxveva, roca

miTiTebuli iyo erTi maxarebeli da sxva sakiTxavebis kvalic aCnda

Txzulebas. Aamjerad es ase ar aris.

TavebSi: `gverdis ganxilva~, `ganrRveulis gankurneba~, `SobiTgan

brmisa gankurneba~ saubaria qristes saswaulebze. aq axalaRTqmiseuli

qronologia darRveulia. Tomas darwmunebis scenis Semdeg macxovris

amqveyniur yofaSi Cadenil saswaulebzea moTxrobili.

114

sainteresoa, aseve, Tavebi: àmaRleba~ da `mosvla sulisa wmidisa~.

am adgilebis galeqsvisas mociqulTa saqmeebs eyrdnoba da detalurad

gadmogvcems. amaRlebisa da sulTmofenis ambebs. winaswarmetyvelTa

qadgebebsac iSveliebs uflis saswaulis naTelsayofad.

`yovlad wmidis RvTismSoblis micvaleba~ _ Teimuraz meoris

Txrobis perifrazi aseTia: roca RvTismSoblis aRsasrulis dRem moawia,

man locva aRavlina uflis winaSe. mariams qalwulebi axldnen Tan.

isini daaRona aRniSnulma faqtma. mociqulebi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi iyvnen

gadasulni qristianobis saqadageblad. maT suliwmidisgan euwyaT

mariamis moaxloebuli Jamis Sesaxeb. ufalma ki, Ddedis Txovnisamebr,

RrubelSi atacebiT yvelani sionSi Seyara. RaRadebdnen, fsalmuns

kiTxulobdnen mowafeebi. mariamis suli male gaSorda sxeuls. uamravma

xalxma miago pativi. aman ganarisxa ebraelebi. misi cxedris

gamobrZanebisas erT-erTma kubos xelic ki hkra. mas adgilzeve gauSeSda

mklavebi. amjerad isini xvewna-mudaraze gadavidnen. mociqulebma

micvalebulis gvams daadebines xelebi. mas wyluli mswrafl

Seuxorcda. am saswaulis Semdeg mravalma irwmuna qriste. RvTismSoblis

daflvidan sami dRis Semdeg miwa iZra. mociqulebi Rameebs aTevdnen

saflavTan. Tomas garda yvela iq iyo. igi indoeTSi iyo wasuli

saqadageblad. Camosulma ki moiTxova saflavis gaxsna, raTa

darwmunebuliyo macxovris dedis micvalebis sisworeSi. petrem da

pavlem, ZrwoliT atanilebma, aRasrules misi moTxovna. aRmoCnda, rom

mariami iq ar imyofeboda. miwisZvris Rames angelozebs zecaSi aetacnaT

misi sxeuli. mowafeebma locva aRavlines. RvTismSobelic zecidan

xorcSesxmulad gamoecxada maT.

mariamis miZinebis istoria axali aRTqmis kanonikur ZeglebSi ar

aris moTxrobili. igi gvxvdeba apokrifebSi.

RvTismSobelze Seqmnili apokrifuli teqstebidan Cvenamde moaRwia

Svidiode dasaxelebis Zeglma. X saukuneSi eqvTime aTonels uTargmnia

maqsime aRmsareblis `RvTismSoblis cxovreba~, romelic mariamze

Seqmnili moTxrobebis krebuls warmoadgens. k. kekeliZis mosazrebiT, am

115

apokrifTa wyaroa iakob mociqulis pirvelsaxareba. 1 krebulis

SesavalSi wyarod saxeldeba, aseve, grigol neokesarielis, aTanase

aleqsandrielis, grigol noselis, dionise areopagelis Sromebi.2

meaTe saukuneSive Sedgenil klarjul mravalTavSi sxva ZeglebTan

erTad SeutaniaT `sakiTxavi saidumloTa dafarulTagani

gardacvalebisaTÂs wmidisa RmrTismSoblisa…~, aseve `TTuesa agvistosa

ie. gardacvalebaჲ wmidisa RmrTismSoblisaჲ, sakiTxavi, Tqmuli wmidisa

iovane RmrTismetyvelisaჲ da maxareblisaჲ~3.

Teimuraz meore, eWvsgareSea, icnobda am sakiTxavebs.

`Svidis saidumlos saqme~, àTi mcneba~, `cxra netareba~ _

naTlisReba, mironcxeba, ziareba, sinanuli, mRvdloba, qorwineba, zeTis

kurTxeva Tanmimdevrobis dacviT aqvs CamoTvlili avtors:

`pirvelad naTlisReba da, meore qristvna_cxeba_da,

mesame aRsareba da, meoTxe ziareba_da,

mexuTe zeTis kurTxeva, meeqvse qorwineba-da,

meSvide mRvdlisa kurTxeva, sjuli amazed dgeba-da!~

(383) [14,48].

Teimurazi TiTo taeps uTmobs TiTo mcnebas, gadmocemis formac

sainteresoa.

,,ara moiRo saxeli uflisa RmerTisa Senisa amaosa zeda, rameTu

ara wmida-yos ufalman momRebeli saxelisa misisaჲ amaosa

zeda~ (gamosvl. 20,7) [5,180].

Teimuraz meoris mixedviT:

,,ar miiRo RvTis saxeli amaoze daficebis!” (384,4) [14,48].

meoTxe mcneba, romelSic ufali mouwodebs moses, daicvan uqme

da ar imuSaon, ase aqvs galeqsili:

,,dResaswaulica Cemi daimarxe, gqondes Sveba~ (385) [14,48].

1 ix. k.kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. I, Tb., 1951, gv. 414 2 iqve, gv. 172-173 3 ix. klarjuli mravalTavi, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo T.

mgalobliSvilma, Tb., `mecniereba~, 1991, 496 gv.

116

uqmes dResaswauls uwodebs. rogorc viciT, ase ubrZana ufalma

moses: ,,rameTu dRe igi meSvide SabaTi ars uflisa RmrTisa Senisaჲ, ara

iqmode Sen yovelsave saqmesa Sensa, nuca Sen, nucaRa Ze Seni, nuca

asuli Seni, nuca mona Seni, nuca mÃevali Seni...~ (meore rjuli,5,14) [5,363].

amdenad, marTlac dResaswauli gamodis.

Aàra kac kla~ _ es mcneba arafers gveubneba imaze, Tu ra

SeiZleba mkvlelobis mizezi gaxdes. Teimuraz meore ki akonkretebs:

,,ara kac kla Surisagan_codva aris didi vneba~ (385,3) [14,48].

SeiZleba iTqvas, Suris Tema erTgvar laitmotivadac ki gasdevs mis

nawarmoebebs.

cxra netarebis gadmocemisas poeti ioanes Segonebebs leqsavs.

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom Teimuraz meore `dRisa da Ramis

gabaasebis~ saero nawils saeklesio TematikiTve amTavrebs. dRe yveba

meored mosvlis ambavs.

ioane RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebis mixedviT: `RvTis sasufeveli

ieso qristesTan erTad movida, xolo iesos sikvdilma da mkvdreTiT

aRdgomam kacobriobas gadarCenis SesaZlebloba misca. Mmeored

mosvlisas ki ufali RvTis sasufevlis sidiades srulad warmoaCens.

xilvis dasawyisSi ioanes moesma brZaneba, romelic sayviris an

CanCqeris mquxare xmas hgavda.

wignSi aRwerili yoveli xilva, m. baCeloris dakvirvebiT, Semdeg

WeSmaritebas amtkicebs:

1. RmerTi gamudmebiT moqmedebs. iesom daamarcxa sikvdili da iesos

xelmwifeba, romelsac safuZveli ukve Cayrili aqvs, erT dResac mTel

samyarozec gavrceldeba.

2. boroti, romlis Zalmomreoba yvelasTvis aSkaraa, sabolood

damarcxdeba, yovlisSemZle RmerTi mTels samyaros da yovel qmnilebas

daimorCilebs.

3. yvelaferi, rac xdeba da rac unda moxdes, RmrTis gangebis

nawilia da maradiuli sikeTisken moemarTeba.

4. qristianebs moeliT axali ca da axali miwa, sadac mxolod

marTlebi icxovreben, sadac ar iqneba tkivili da glova.

117

5. RmerTs ganzraxuli aqvs samyaros gadarCena, romelic qristes

samefod gadaiqceva da mxolod is darCeba RvTis kurTxevis gareSe, vinc

Segnebulad ityvis uars daxsnaze.1

Ggamocxadebis Segonebas zedmiwevniT emTxveva Teimuraz meoris

Txzulebis morali. adamianma saaqaoSi unda izrunos sulis

gadarCenisTvis. igi mudmivad unda iswrafodes srulyofisken, raTa

uflis samsjavroze Semoqmedis marjvena mxares aRmoCndes. Aavtoris

sityvebiT, apokalipsis molodinSi: `codvilT hrcxvenodesT, Seiqnen

gul laxvar-ganawonani~ (822,4) [14,101], radganac isini msajulis marcxena

mxares moTavsdebian da, Sesabamisad `marcxeniT wyeva miiRon, gaxden

eSmakis wilada~ (823,4) [14,101].

saxelwodeba `dRisa da Ramis gabaaseba~ da nawarmoebis gamarTvis

forma migvaniSnebs, rom Txzulebis mTavari Tema dRe-Ramis umjobes-

udaresobis dasadgenad warmoebuli kamaTia. Tumca, nawarmoebis, ufro

ki finalis wakiTxva saeWvos xdis am debulebas. Teimurazma Tavisi

poemis gabaasebis Janrs morgebiTa da DdRe-Ramis personaJebad

SemoyvaniT faqtiurad erTgvari literaturuli xerxiT SeniRba

nawarmoebi, raTa saTqmeli originalurad sruleyo. Txzulebis saero

nawilSi ioane RvTismetyvelis `gamocxadebis~ moxmobiT, Sesabamisad,

poemis saeklesio TematikiTve damTavrebiT avtorma naTlad gamokveTa

sakuTari pozicia.

SevniSnavT, rom Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebisadmi mwerlis

Taviseburi damokidebuleba gamoikveTa. YTeimuraz meore Tuki `Zveli

sjulis~ istorias erTi wyarodan aSuqebs, Aamjerad, oTxi sxvadasxva

versiis Txroba unda Seajeros.

Zveli aRTqma `cxovrebis wignia~, gajerebuli amqveyniuri sibrZniT

da gamocdilebiT. bibliis zogad saxelad zemoxsenebuli saxelwodebac

xom am nawilis mixedviT iqca. aq mocemulia, rogor vicxovroT, ras

vufrTxodeT... misiT sazrdooba yvelas valia. adamiani valdebulia

RmrTis darad iqceodes. Zveli aRTqmis galeqsvisas Teimuraz meorem

bibliur patriarqebsa da sikeTisa da borotebis gamovlenaze gaamaxvila

1 ix. m. baCelori, bibliis kari, Tb., 1999, gv. 168-169

118

yuradReba, amiT ki, erTgvarad, religiisa da RvTiuri cxovrebisken

swrafvisadmi sazogadoebaSi arsebuli indiferentizmi amxila.A

axali aRTqmis gadmoRebisas, sagangebod, saguldagulod

Seujerebia bibliis sakiTxavebi poets. igi, rogorc Cans, cdila amoevso

is danaklisi, romelic qristes cxovrebis variaciebSi arsebobda.

Aamdenad, rogorc ukve mivuTiTeT, leqsavs an sinTezurad, an kidev im

saxarebidan, romelSic esa Tu is faqti ufro detalurad aris

aRwerili. igi pirdapir imeorebs bibliis teqsts, mcireodeni Camatebebi

Tu gvxvdeba, sadac mwerlur fantaziasa da individualurobasTan erTad

patristikuli da himnografiuli literaturis Rrma codnas avlens.

Tuki vivaraudebT, rom poemas saswavlo daniSnuleba hqonda,

dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisTvis ufro misaRebi iqneboda axali aRTqmis

mwerlis mier SerCeuli epizodebis Serwymulad miwodeba. udavoa,

Teimuraz meores meti rudunebiT gauleqsavs axali aRTqmis sakiTxavebi.

miniSnebebs moralsa da mrwamsze aqac vxvdebiT. Aam nawilSi aTi mcnebis,

Svidi saidumlos, cxra netarebis xseneba sxva araferia, Tu ara

saxelmZRvanelo wyaros miTiTeba, ras warnmoadgens qristianuli

religia da ra unda gvaxsovdes Cven masze.

konkretulad, mainc udides sauflo dResaswaulebze gaamaxvila

yuradReba avtorma, riTac kidev erTxel Seaxsena TanamedroveT mrwamsi

da misi dacvis aucilebloba.

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom `RvTismSoblis micvaleba~ avtors

galeqsili aqvs `klarjul mravalTavSi~ daculi erT-erTi apokrifidan.

mwerali zogan, konteqstis mixedviT, Tavad urTavs epizodebs bibliis

sxva wignebidan. am mxriv Cveni yuradReba miipyro Semdegma adgilebma:

`xareba yovladwmidisa RvTismSoblisa~; `winadacveTa uflisa Cvenisa

ieso qristesi~; `naTlisReba uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi~, àqa qalTan

dawola~.

xarebis gadmocemamde daviT winaswarmetyvelis erT-erT fsalmuns

axsenebs, sadac vxvdebiT miniSnebas qalwul mariamis saSoSi macxovris

Casaxvaze. uflis winadacveTis gadmoRebisas am ritualis warmoSobis

istorias leqsavs, Sesabamisad, `dabadebis~ me-17 Tavis me-11-14 muxlebs

119

iSveliebs. `naTlisRebaSi~ ixseniebian daviT winaswarmetyveli, mose,

elise, asureTis mefe neemani. epizodebi maTi monawileobiT moxmobilia

naTlisRebis saswaulis maniSneblad. Teimuraz meore saero nawilSic

araerTxel ubrundeba bibliur Tematikas. TavSi àqa qalTan dawola~

erT-erTi saidumlos, qorwinebis, RvTiurobis dasamtkiceblad galileis

kanaSi momxdar faqts axsenebs da mianiSnebs, rom macxovarma orgzis

akurTxa qorwineba.

xarebisa da naTlisRebis gadmoRebisas, Cans, avtorma biblia

Taviseburad gaiazra. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs daviT winaswarmetyvelis

qadagebis, elias mier wylis datkbobis, keTrovani neemanis gankurnebis,

moses kverTxis kvris dakavSireba RvTismSoblis xarebasTan da uflis

naTlisRebasTan. amiT ki gamoavlina ara marto `saRvTo sjulis~, aramed

mTeli saRvTismetyvelo literaturis safuZvliani codna, paralelurad,

qarTul himnografiaSi Rrmaganswavluloba.

120

III Tavi

`dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis~ saxismetyveleba

§1. naTlisa da bnelis tropika Teimuraz meoris

,,dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~

poemis mixedviT, `radgan ganwvalva naTeli da bneli Soris ariso~

(17,1) [14,2]. dRe-Rames gadauwyvetia, bibliis saintereso pasaJebis Tu

qarTul zne-CveulebaTa moxmobis fonze gamoerkvia sakuTari umetes-

udaresoba.

Teimuraz meoris poema fizikur naTelsa da bnels Soris arsebul

sxvaobas exeba. aq maT, garda calkeuli SemTxvevisa, simboluri

datvirTva ar axlavs. Txzulebis SesavalSi avtori imeorebs Sesaqmis

frazebs da bibliuri kosmogoniis pirvel dRes aRwers. danarCen xuT

DdRes personaJebi ixilaven. Txzulebis me-16 strofSi naTlis sulier

aspeqts axsenebs poeti:

`naTels uwoda dRed same, egreTve bnelsa RameTa,

mose swers: ìqmna mwuxrio~. qmnad kmara es erT JameTa,

ganTiad iyo igi dRe, pirveli romel vwameTa,

RmerTi zraxvida piris-pir, Cven misgan SeviwameTa.~ (16) [14,3].

aq pirvel dRes Seqmnil naTelzea saubari. poetis azriT, mwuxric

ufalma daawesa, magram xiluli naTlisa da bnelis gamocalkevebiT

zRvari dasdo maT Soris. avtoris TqmiT, radgan droc aris da

mosayolic sakmaod bevria, amitomac, umjobesia, dRe-Ramis gabaasebis

fonze gadaiWras maTi ukeTes-udaresobis problema.

pirveli sityva eZleva dRes. igi sakuTari upiratesobis mTavar

gamoxatulebad RvTisgan `qmnas~ asaxelebs, xoli Ramis warmoSobaSi ki

uflis xeli ar urevia:

`TviT misgan dabadebuli Senze var bevr-gzis metobiT,

RvTisagan ara arsebiT, yofilxar pirvel bnelobiT.~

(20,3-4) [14,3].

121

Rame aRiarebs uflisgan warmomavlobas da amtkicebs, Tumca,

naTlisgan gansxvavebiT, `SaviT gamonaRebia~, ùdaresoba~ mainc ar

eTqmis.

dRe acxadebs, rom mas umTavresi mnaTobi, mze, dauwesa ufalma da

amiT Ramisgan gamoarCia. es ukanaskneli ki epotineba azrs, rom, rogorc

RvTis mier Seqmnilni, oriveni Tanasworni arian. mzec da mTvarec

Tanabrad gaunawila ufalma samyaros. Tan:

`Sen Tu wilad gxvda marto mze, me RmerTman momca eqvsi da:

mTvare, otarid, muSTari _ ar aris uaresi da,

zual, aspiroz, marixi, mnaTobi mun aresi-da!~ (23) [14,4].

Ramis mtkicebiT, dRisiT mzes dapyrobili aqvs samyaro da mnaTobebs

ar aCens, magram sakmarisia dabinddes, datyvevebuli cTomilebi gamodian.

dRe pasuxobs, rom am sityvebiT man Tavisive ùdaresoba~ gamoamJRavna.

Tuki mis survilzea damokidebuli maTi gamoCena-argamoCena, Cans, mze

upiratesia. ukve bunebis movlenebis aRwerisas yveba, Tu rogor

amoklebs, aberebs da Semdeg aaxlebs mTvares mze. yveba, aseve, erT-erT

astronomiul movlenaze _ mTvaris dabnelebaze.

Rame ar epueba da cdilobs, dRes azri gadaaTqmevinos, umtkicebs,

rom orive fens Suqs da gansazRvruli aqvs sakuTari orbita caze.

DdRec kategoriulad ucxadebs, rom wyvdiadisgan gamocalkeveba moxda

uflis nebiT. es swored misma sityvebma ìyav naTeli~ ganapiroba.

amdenad, igi gacilebiT didia Rameze.

sabolood, dRe-Rame ver rigdeba. isini gadawyveten gamoaaSkaravon,

`rac RvTisgan keTili momxdara dRiT, Tu RamiTo~. keTil ambebSi

Sedaveba gadauwyvetia wyvils, Tumca aRmoCndeba, rom keTilTan erTad

borotic bevri momxdara, Tan meti wili movlenebisa dReze modis,

Sesabamisad uaryofiTi ambebic meti gamovlinda mis mxares. Rame

niSnismogebiT eubneba `saSineli ese codva dRisiT moxda eSmakisad~_o,

da uyveba kaenisagan abelis sikvdilisa da Semdeg lameqisagan pirveli

mkvlelis mokvdinebis istorias. sabolood, kamaTi kulminaciamde

adis. ,,bnelo, dRisa ra bralia _ kaen iyos Zmisa mkvleli~, _ pasuxobs

dRe.

122

Txrobisas meti dro naTels eTmoba, Tumca, arc Rame CamorCeba

Tavis dasacavi Tu dRis mamxilebeli masalebiT. dRe yveba samyaros

Seqmnis da pirveli adamianebis, wyliT rRvnis, isakis

msxverpladSewirvis, iakobis kurTxevis ambebs. am xnis manZilze Rame

erTaderTxel CaerTveba da dRisiT momxdar sisaZagles, kaenis mier

abelis mokvlis scenas, Seaxsenebs naTels. morigi CarTvisas ki

geslianad eubneba:

`mikvirs, dReo, rad ver daSver grZel saubar ambis TqmiTa?

sityva gigo Sesatyvisi, zar-texil gyo mdablis xmiTa~

(128,1-2) [14,317].

igi mokrZalebulad gamosvlaTa wignis sakiTxavebs upirispirebs

dRes. yveba israelTa ambavs, konkretulad egviptidan maT gamosvlas.

ìxsna ufalman igini xelTagan megviptelTao,

amiT maqvs SenTan pasuxi _ Rame erCivnaT dReTao,

dRiT ubnelebda Rrubeli, Rame naTobda bnelTao,

me davasrule, aw dRisa pasuxsa migebT ZnelTao.~ (153) [14,19].

miuxedavad amgvari dapirispirebisa, diskusia mainc mdored

miedineba.

dRe isev gadabmiT mihyveba da aRwers elias amaRlebis, zaqarias

dadumebis scenebs. saerTod, Zveli aRTqmis wignebis Txrobisas Rames

sul orjer eZleva sityva. igi TavSekavebulia, aclis dRes gauTaveblad

ilaparakos, samagierod, Tavis sasargeblod inaxavs iseTi ambebis

moyolas, rogoricaa: xareba, Soba, naTlisReba, feriscvaleba. swored

maTze amyarebs imeds, Tvlis, rom es scenebi qeds moadrekinebs

gaampartavnebul dRes da rogorc ki misi jeri dgeba, mSvidad mimarTavs:

`dReo, rogorc dagacale, mec macale sityvis Tqmevad,

sityva mogce mTeli sworad, ar tyuilis gasarevad,

aw Seityo, Cemi saqme Seiqnebis gasarkvevad~ (211) [14,26].

kamaTisas arc dRe rCeba valSi. igi yveba ierusalims Sesvlasa da

serobaze. amdenad, aSkarad Rame momxdar faqtsac ar uTmobs mosayolad.

koreqtirebis Secdomas vxvdebiT erTgan. saTaurebSi: `gardamoxsna da

daflva~ da `wminda pasqa~ arasworad aris miTiTebuli momxseneblis

123

vinaoba. TviT taepebSi ikiTxeba, rom pirvels dRe yveba, xolo meores ki

Rame. sinamdvileSi gamocemaSi piriqiTaa naCvenebi.1

rac Seexeba Txzulebis saero nawils, aq siuJetebis moxmobiT Rame

ar Camouvardeba dRes. Tuki dRe axsenebs TamaSisa da garTobis im

saxeebs, romlebic gavrcelebuli iyo poetis Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi,

Rame igonebs qal-vaJis qorwinebas damaxasiaTebeli CveulebebiT da

Semdeg xelaxla riTmavs im Txzulebebs, romlebic cnobili aris Tavisi

romanuli SinaarsiT, `vefxistyaosnis~, `Samifarvanianis~,

ìosebzilixanianis~, `vardbulbulianis~, `visramianis~ siuJetebs

acocxlebs. lxinis garda, Rame kacis sikvdilisa da glovis ambavsac

gvamcnobs, siuJetebis CamoTvlis Semdeg ki aRniSnavs:

`me amxanagi vyofilvar, ara gxlebivar yulado,

veraferSigan mjobixar, Tavs davdeb ar naklulado~

(815,3-4) [14,100].

sabolood, ukanaskneli sityva dRes eZleva. igi yveba

meoredmosvlis Sesaxeb. saero nawilis Semdeg Teimurazi isev

sasuliero, bibliis Tematikas ubrundeba. Segvaxsenebs apokalifsis

scenas. es, bunebrivia, simboluria. mTeli maTi msjeloba, kidev erTxel

mJRavndeba, aris xerxi erTi WeSmariti debulebis gamovlenisa.

qarTveli mudmivad unda zrunavdes sakuTari Tavis srulyofisaTvis,

rac miiRweva qristianuli dogmatis dacviTa Tu qarTuli zneobis

SenarCunebiT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ,,codvilT rscxvenodesT, Seiqnen

gul-laxvar ganawonani.~ (822,4) [14,101].

rac Seexeba dros, Tu rodis mogvevlineba ufali, gansazRvruli ar

aris. amdenad, dRe am siuJets Tavis sasargeblod ver gamoiyenebs,

amitomac, gulaxdilad ambobs:

`marTl getyvi, sworad ar vici _ dRiT movals anu RamiTa,

`mec ar vicio~ _ TviT brZanebs kacobrivisa ZaliTa,

ase vTqvaT: RamiT movides, gina bnelobis JamiTa,

1 SeniSvna. es xarvezi g. jakobiaseul gamocemas ekuTvnis, Teimuraz meoris Txzulebis

sxva gamocemebSi ki Casworebulia.

124

bneli ganqardes RvTis mosvliT, gansjides samarTaliTa.~

(819)[14,100].

Tumca dRe-Rame kamaTs TavianTi upiratesobis gamosavlenad marTavs,

igi, mxoloddamxolod, gamarTvis formaa im saTqmelisTvis, rac poets

awuxebs, es ki, rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, aris mudmivi swrafva

religiuri Tu moqalaqeobrivi srulyofisken.

sparsi poetis, asadi tuselis TxzulebaSi ,,munazare Ramisa da

dRisa~ aRniSnuli problema yuranis moxmobis fonze ixileba. saubars

iwyebs Rame, romlis azriT, Ramis upiratesoba dResTan SedarebiT is

aris, rom RamiT Sesrulebul locvas meti Rirebuleba da mniSvneloba

aqvs. Rame yoveli naklis mfarvelia da siamovnebis momgvreli. dRe ki

piriqiT. yuranSi Rame ufro adrea dasaxelebuli, vidre dRe. es imitom,

acxadebs Rame, rom me bneli var da sibnele sinaTleze adre iyo. Rame

TavgamodebiT cdilobs daamtkicos Tavisi upiratesoba dResTan

SedarebiT. mas axal-axali sabuTi moaqvs amis dasamtkiceblad. Rames

Tavisi Tavi mefed gamohyavs, misi Tanamgzavrebi da msaxurebi

varskvlavebi arian, xolo arabuli wlis gamoTvla xom iwyeba mTvariT,

romelic Ramis mudmivi Tanamgzavria.

sabolood, moqiSpe mxareebi damoukideblad ver rigdebian, isini

mtyuan-marTlis dasadgenad mimarTaven vazirTa meTaurs abu-nasr-ahmeds,

romelic Txzulebis bolos sakmaod gazviadebulad aris Seqebuli,

warmodgenilia rogorc saxelganTqmuli, samarTliani adamiani.1

`dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~ kamaTisas iniciatori dRea, sparsul

teqstSi ki, vxedavT, rom Rame iCemebs upiratesobas.2

aseTia mokle Sinaarsi dRe-Ramis kamaTisa. isini personaJebad arian

gamoyvanilni. sainteresoa, simbolurad Tu aris gaazrebuli poemaSi

maTi urTierTmimarTeba da gansxvavdeba Tu ara Teimurazis koncefcia

zogadad dRisa da Ramis, anu naTlisa da bnelis, sikeTisa da borotebis

normirebuli Sexedulebisgan.

1 SeniSvna. Txzulebis Sinaarsi motanilia b. qiqoZis wignidan: gabaasebis Janris

istoriisTvis, aWaris ssr. saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, baTumi, 1952, gv. 28-29 2 SeniSvna: mkvlevrebi uTiTeben am TxzulebaTa ganmasxvavebeli niSnebs, es faqtoric

gamodgeboda, qarTuli versiis originalobis erT-erT maxasiaTeblad.

125

sanam uSualod sakiTxs SevexebodeT, saWirod vTvliT, mimovixiloT

naTlisa da bnelis tropuli gaazrebis nimuSebi.

naTlis simbolika TiTqmis yvela religiaSi imkvidrebs adgils.

maTi urTierTobis sakiTxi, safuZvlianad aris damuSavebuli

qristianul mwerlobaSi. naTeli sikeTis, absoluturi WeSmaritebis

simbolod iqna aRiarebuli, Sesabamisad, uflis metaforad iqca. qristes

miemarTeba, aseve, saxe-simboloebi: ganTiadi, dRe, mze.1

Rirs mamaTa da Zveli qarTuli agiografiis avtorTa Sorisac

mdgara sakiTxi, Tu ra kavSiri, ra msgavseba Tu sxvaoba iyo naTelsa da

bnels, rwmenasa da urwmunobas, keTilsa da borots Soris. `wminda

gobronis martvilobaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `rai sworebaÁ ars naTlisa da

bnelisaÁ, anu rai sworebaÁ ars beliarisa qristesTana anu rai nawili

uc urwmunosa morwmunisa Tana~ [31,178].

qristianul mwerlobaSi naTlisa da bnelis antinomia samgvari

SinaarsiT gvevlineba: 1. gnoseologiuri; 2. eTikuri da 3. esTetikuri.

Sesabamisad erTmaneTs upirispirdeba: codna-arcodna, sikeTe-boroteba

da mSvenieri-ugvano.2

qarTuli agiografiuli Tu himnografiuli mwerlobidan bevri

magaliTis moxmoba SeiZleba, sadac sibnele_umecrebis, xolo

sinaTle_absoluturi WeSmaritebis simbolodaa miCneuli, Tan

sibnelidan sinaTlisken gzamkvlevi TviT ufalia.

bunebrivia, am Sexedulebis pirvelwyaros biblia warmoadgens.

naTeli bibliaSi sxvadasxva saxiT aris warmodgenili: a) fizikuri

naTeli; b) naTeli SedarebisTvis; g) RmerTi_ naTeli da mama naTlisa;

d) ieso qriste_naTeli. bibliaSi naTlis xseneba xSiria da masTan

wyvdiadis dapirispirebac Cveulebrivia. 3

Semoqmedis mier qaosis formirebas da naTlis gamoyofas Sesaqmis

pirvel abzacSive vecnobiT:

1 Sdr. t. mosia, ,,daviTianis~ saxismetyveleba, Tb., 2005, gv. 44 2 ix. m. qerqaZe, naTlis cneba Zvel qarTul msoflmxedvelobaSi, sakandididato

disertacia, Tb., 1999, gv. 58 3 ix. v. nozaZe, vefxistyaosnis RmrTismetyveleba, parizi, 1963, gv.109

126

`dasabamad qmna RmerTman caჲ da queyanaჲ. xolo queyanaჲ iyo uxilav

da ganumzadebel da bneli zeda ufskrulTa da suli RmrTisaჲ

iqceoda zeda wyalTa. da Tqua RmerTman: iqmenin naTeli da iqmna

naTeli. da ixila RmerTman naTeli, rameTu keTil da ganwvala

RmerTman Soris NnaTlisa da Soris bnelisa~ (dabadeba, 1-4) [5,48].

`da Seqmna RmerTman mTavrobad orni mnaTobni didni: mnaTobi didi

mTavrobad dRisa da mnaTobi umrwemesi _ mTavrobad Ramisa da

varskulavni. da dasxna igini RmerTman samyarosa cisasa, raTa Cnden

queyanasa zeda, da mTavrobdnen dResa da Ramesa da ganwvalebdnen

Soris naTlisa da Soris bnelisa. da ixila RmerTman naTeli, rameTu

keTil~ (dabadeba,16-18) [5,49].

IV saukunis kabadokieli RvTismetyvelis wmida grigol noselis

filosofiur naSromSi `pasuxi equsTa maT dReTaTvis....~ vxvdebiT

samyaros Seqmnis Teologiur gaazrebas.

wmida grigol noselis mixedviT, xiluli samyaro Sesaqmis mesame

muxlidan iwyeba, I da II muxlebSi uxilavi, Teslovani, aramaterialuri

Zalebis qaoturi moZraobebia mocemuli. ùfalma `meyseulad~ Seqmna

`pirvelarsni~, romelTa `dakuesebiT~, anu urTierTTanxvedriT,

materialuri samyaro Seiqmna, xolo am sinamdvilis pirvelmSoblad

sinaTle mogvevlina~ [63,173-174].

`bibliuri kosmogoniis mixedviT, RmerTi, TviT naTeli da TviT

mnaTobi, aris uxilavi, uJamo. qaosSi, mrume, mRvrie masaSi, naTeli

RvTis sulma Seitana da yovelives mowesrigeba daiwyo. naTeli, romelic

RvTis sityvisamebr iqmna, pirvelqmnili naTelia, naTlis sulieri

aspeqtia. mnaTobTa anTeba, ganaTeba, naTelqmna fizikuri TvalsazrisiT

(maT Soris mzisa da sxva mnaTobebisa) Sesaqmis meoTxe dRes

ganxorcielda~ [101,69-70].

bibliuri kosmogoniis meoTxe dRemde arsebuli naTlis wyarod

miCneulia ara mze da sxva mnaTobebi, aramed naTlis sulieri aspeqti,

ùxilavi naTeli~, romelic `xiluli~ NnaTlis wyarod miiCneva.1

1 ix. n. sulava, naTlis tropika qarTul himnografiaSi, krebuli: literaturuli

Ziebani, Tb., 1983, gv. 211

127

wminda mamaTa Teologiur naSromebSi safuZvlianad aris

gaanalizebuli naTlis orsaxovneba. n. sulava erTgan miuTiTebs:

`saRvTismetyvelo literatura orgvar naTels ganasxvavebs: uxilav,

usawyiso, maradiulad arsebul, Seuqmnel naTels, anu naTlis sulier

aspeqts, da xilul, Seqmnil, dasabamier naTels, anu naTlis fizikur

aspeqts. amave dros, igi saRvTo saxelia da igi RmerTis bunebis

Secnobis erT-erT saSualebad gvevlineba. areopagituli moZRvrebiT,

RmerTi aris sacnauri, saxiereba naTlisa, romelic irgvliv yvelas da

yovelives ganefineba, e. i. naTeli momdinareobs RmerTisgan, anu

saxierebisgan, da amave dros TviT naTelia saxe saxierebisa; `naTlad~

iwodeba saxiereba, vinaidan misgan warmoCnda pirmSo xati. naTeli aris

yoveli sinaTleganfenilobis wyaro da, aqedan gamomdinare, RmerTi,

viTarca naTeli, maradiulia, dausabamo da usawyisoa~ [101,67-68].

m. gigineiSvilis gamokvlevis mixedviT, Zveli qarTuli sasuliero

poeziac aRiarebs orgvari naTlis arsebobas. `TviTmnaTobi naTeli

dausabamoÁ~, ùsxeuloÁ naTeli~, `bunebiTi igi naTeli~ aris Semoqmedi

RmerTis saxelebi, misi ZiriTadi atributebi, rac miuTiTebs, rom

fizikuri naTlis Seqmnamde arsebobda dausabamo, maradiuli naTeli.1

v. nozaZe naTlis esTetikaze saubrisas sxvadasxva religiaSi

arsebul Sexedulebebs exeba. falauri naTlis axsnisas ixilavs l.

greis mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac, `naTlisa da wyvdiadis

dapirispirebam sxva da sxva ganxra warmoSva. erTma ganxram aRiara, rom

naTels dasawyisi ara aqvs, xolo wyvdiadi mainc Seiqmna. Tu rogor

moxda es, amis gamo azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs~ [91,108].

v. nozaZe axsenebs, aseve, indur, Cinur, budistur, iranul, egviptur

msoflgagebaSi arsebul warmodgenas naTelze. miuTiTebs, rom

zaratuStras swavlaSi naTlisa da wyvdiadis urTierTobis sakiTxia

dasmuli da amiT igi udidesi sakiTxis nawilad aris gadaqceuli.

1 ix. m. gigineiSvili, mze-xati RvTisa `vefxistyaosanSi~, krebuli, Zveli qarTuli

mwerlobisa da rusTvelologiis sakiTxebi, VII_VIII, Tb., 1976, gv. 102-112

128

saxeldobr: keTilisa da ukeTurebis, saxierebisa da borotebis

warmoSobis [91,109].

Semdeg mkvlevari qristianuli naTlis simbolikis ganxilvaze

gadadis, qarTuli sasuliero Tu saero mwerlobidan amokrebs im

adgilebs, romlebSic naTlis esTetika ikveTeba. sabolood askvnis:

àmgvarad: saerTod qristianul TeologiaSi da qarTul sasuliero da

saero mwerlobaSi dadgenilni da damtkicebulni arian garkveulni

cnebani: RmerTi=naTeli; sameba=naTeli, TviTmyofi, usawyiso, dausabamo,

Seuxebi...~ [91,109].

sxvagan aRniSnavs, rom sasuliero mwerloba ar gamoirCeva ferTa

simbolikis siuxviT. umetesad dasturdeba TeTri da Savi, romlebic

gadmoicemoda naTliTa da bneliT. swored am ori feris saSualebiT

aris asaxuli mudmivi brZola sikeTesa da borotebas Soris. `fers didi

mniSvneloba eniWeba sarwmunoebaSi. es feri aris pirvelSobili movlena

da adamianis mier Seqmnili. pirveli miTosis ambavi RmerTTan

dakavSirebiT, feris ambavic aris. feri da sinaTle RmerTTan aris

gadabmuli da pirveli feri, romelic adamianma icno, iyo TeTri

da Savi~ [92,87].

m. qerqaZe naTlis cnebaze saubrisas sagangebod Cerdeba mnaTobTa

simbolikaze. misi TqmiT, TxzulebebSi `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ da

`cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa~ araerTgzis aris naxsenebi mnaTobebi.

miTiTebulia mzis, mTvaris da xuTi varskvlavis daniSnuleba

winareqristianul xanaSi, isini RvTaebebad iTvlebian. Semdeg ki ,,movida

vaci igi mzis dasavalisaÁ da Semusrnes rqani verZisa mis

aRmosavlisani~, da amas mohyva is, rom `Zalsac naTlisasa mzisa da

mTovarisasa da varskulavTasa arad Seracxen, aramed Seqmnulad ityvian

maT juarcmulisa mis mier~. `miuxedavad amisa, qarTuli cnobiereba

qristianobis Semdegac ver Seelia mzes, mTvares da varskvlavebs;

qristianobam daamarcxa warmarToba, uaryo TviT mzis RmerToba, magram

qristianul mwerlobaSi kvlav Cans astraluri simbolika, mze, rogorc

upirvelesi xati RvTisa... varskvlavebi _ angelozTa saxeni. ,,qarTuli

129

religiebidan qristianulma kulturam imemkvidra SvidTa mnaTobTa

simbolika, oRond masSi qristianuli Sinaarsi Cado~ [117,105-107].

v. nozaZe poliTeizmis warmoSobis arss erTgan ase xsnis: `naTelma

adamianis azrovnebis Camoyalibebidanve miiRo gadamwyveti mniSvneloba

da raki misi arsis Secnoba sakmaod rTul problemad warmoudga,

gaaRmerTa is sxeulebi, romlebic naTlis wyaro iyo, rasakvirvelia,

Sesabamisad, naTeli zogadi RmerTis erT-erT atributad gaiazra~ [91,401].

misive TqmiT, `mzis kultis gamoxatulebas vxvdebiT qarTul

xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, folklorSi, saxelebSi. aq warmarTobis kvali

mJRavndeba. Svidni mnaTobni iyvnen qarTvelTa RmerTebi. maT Soris

umTavresi iyo mze. mze viT mnaTobi monoTeistur, anu erTRmerTianobis

religiaSi araviTari RvTiuri RirebulebiT araa Semkobili da misi

mniSvneloba mxolod astrologiiT ganisazRvreba~ [93,42,43].

`dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis~ mixedviTac, mze ufalma Seqmna, anu

masze dabla dgas da RvTiurobis elements ar Seicavs. mnaTobebic

astraluri cTomilebi arian mxolod, romlebic exmarebian dResa da

Rames (naTelsa da bnels) sakuTari Tavis gamoxatvaSi. Txzulebis

personaJis sityvebiT, mzes upirispirdeba Rame imiT, rom mas imave

yovlisSemoqmedma RmerTma misca eqvsi da. anu, Tuki naTels mxolod

erTi hyavs mzis saxiT, Rames _ bnels 6 da umSvenebs gverds, Tumca iqve

urTavs, rom isini mzes datyvevebuli hyavs. `RamiT amToni mnaTobni~

mxolod `kirCxibiT daixsnebian~. amaze dRe pasuxobs, eqvsi dis yola

arafers niSnavs, Tuki mzis survilzea damokidebuli cTomilebis

xilvadoba.

dRe da Rame astrologiur Tu astronomiul movlenebs axseneben.

`RamiT amnToni mnaTobni kirCxibiT daixsnebian~ _ aSkarad mzisa da

etlTa urTierTobas gulisxmobs. maTi damokidebuleba aseTia: mze

sakuTari meridianis gavlas 24 saaTs undeba, mTvare 24 sT. da 50 wuTs,

varskvlavi ki _ 23sT. da 56 wuTs. swored am intervaliT Cndebian isini

caze. amis mixedviT, Tu mTvare erT varskvlavTan idga, meore amosvlisas

sxva varskvlavTan moxvdeba da mxolod 27 dRis Semdeg Sedis imave

FTanavarskvlavedSi. ase Tvis ganmavlobaSi Tormetive Tanavarskvlaveds

130

gaivlis. am gzas mze erTi weli undeba. Sesabamisad, buniobac imazea

damokidebuli, Tu romel etlSi `Sejdeba~ mze. igi TiToeul zodiaqoSi

erTi Tve rCeba. verZis gamosaxebis pirvel werts (21 marti) ewodeba

gazafxulis dRe-Ramis gaTanasworeba, anu gazafxulis bunioba; sasworis

gamosaxebis pirveli werti (23 seqtemberi) aris Semodgomis dRe-Ramis

gasworebis werti anu Semodgomis bunioba. 21 ivniss zafxulis dawyebis

dRea. mze uaxlovdeba kirCxibis wres da gaivlis zafxulis

ganmavlobaSi Semdeg zodiaqoebs _ kirCxibi, lomi, qalwuli. am punqts

ewodeba zafxulis solsistial punqti, aq mze jdeba kirCxibze. zamTris

solsistial punqti ki iwyeba 22 dekembers. am dRes mze jdeba Txis

rqaze.

roca mTvare srulia, imyofeba TiTqmis mzis pirispir 180 gradusiT

daSorebuli. xolo, rodesac axali mTvarea, mze mas xvdeba, Seeyreba

erTsa da imave zodiaqoSi. axali mTvare yovelTvis eqvs zodiaqos anu

etls gaivlis, xolo axali mTvaris dros igi mzesTan erTad imyofeba.1

zemonaxsenebi movlenebi zedmiwevniT aqvs gadmocemuli Teimuraz

meores. amdenad, astronomiisa Tu astrologiis safuZvlian codnas

amJRavnebs.

dRe Rames umtkicebs, rom mze, rogorc udidesi cTomili,

upiratesia. igi brZenTa da filosofosTa xotbis sagania:

ùbralo sityvis mravloba cudia, bnelo, eniTa,

uzesTaesi mze aris, nu xar amaze wyeniTa,

ritorni, filosofosni aqeben SuqTa feniTa,

viTa SvenodaT qebani, Seasxes brZenTa eniTa~ (30) [14,5].

am strofSi miTiTebuli faqti, mzis qeba, rogorc ,,uzesTaesi

mnaTobisa~ ritorebisa da filosofosebisagan, gvafiqrebinebs, rom aq

mzeSi igulisxmeba ara xiluli, aramed uxilavi mze. amdenad, Teimurazi

iziarebs azrs imis Taobaze, rom mze uflis metaforaa.

1 Sdr. a) ioane damaskeli, marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis zusti gadmocema, sityva

marTlisa sarwmunoebisa, wigni II, Tb., 1991, gv. 265-266.

b) v. nozaZe, `vefxistyaosnis~ mzismetyveleba, santiago-de-Cile, 1959, gv. 225-227.

131

mosazrebis gasamyareblad, upriania, yuradReba gavamaxviloT erTY

pasaJze. `vefxistyaosanSi~ mze sxva mnaTobebze umjobes cTomilad

aris CaTvlili. 1192-e strofSi vkiTxulobT:

`Seve ficxlad sajinibos, avxsen cxeni ukeTesi,

Sevukazme, zeda Sevsvi mxiaruli, ar mokvnesi,

hgvanda, odes lomsa Sejdes mze, mnaTobTa ukeTesi ~

(1192,1-3) [21,246].

1953 wels gamocemul `vefxistyaosanSi~ p. ingoroyvas ùkeTesi~

ùzeSTesad~ Causworebia.

am teqstologiur cvlilebas ar emxroba v. nozaZe. misi TqmiT,

ùzeSTesi~ (uzeSTaesi) niSnavs _ umaRless, rasakvirvelia, igulisxmeba

sxva romelimeze umaRlesi Tavisi mdebareobiT Tu mdgomareobiT. mze

mnaTobTa ùzeSTesi~ unda iyos sxva mnaTobTa umaRlesi an Tavisi

mdebareobiT, an mdgomareobiT. es Tqma mzis Sesaxeb ar iqneboda swori,

radgan astronomiulad mzes meoTxe adgili ukavia. maSasadame, mze ar

aris ùzeSTesi~, _ mze aq aris an pirveli RmerTi, an meore, sxva

mnaTobTa Soris da ara ùzeSTesi~.

ùzeSTesi~ aris cnobili qristianuli mcneba, romelic sasurvels,

umaRles samyofels gamoxatavs, rac aRniSnul Sairs sruliad ar udgeba.

mze, astrologiurad da esTetikurad aris ùkeTesi~. ùkeTesi~ aris

mzis saxeli da amiT mzis silamaze aRiniSneba~ [91,229].

v. nozaZe aanalizebs `vefxistyaosnis~ 1192-e strofis III taepis

Sinaarss da miuTiTebs, rom aq igulisxmeba mzis lomis zodiaqoSi

Sesvla, wminda astronomiuli movlena, da igi Sedarebis obieqtad aris

gamoyenebuli.

`vefxistyaosnis~ strofisgan gansxvavebiT, saanalizo TxzulebaSi

mzis ùzesTaesoba~ niSnavs, rom mze uwinaresia yovelive arsebulze.

amdenad, cneba ùzeSTesze~ v. nozaZis msjelobis safuZvelze, SeiZleba

vivaraudoT: Teimurazi, marTalia, fizikur naTels da mis materialur

saxes _ mzes axsenebs Tavis poemaSi da fizikur naTelsa da bnels

Soris arsebuli sxvaobis dadgenas cdilobs, zogan scildeba cTomils

132

materialuri saburveli da saxe-simbolod aRiqmeba. ùzesTaesis~ xmareba,

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, alogikuri iqneboda.

cnobilia, warmarT filosofosTa moZRvrebebi mzis, rogorc

upirvelesi RvTaebis Sesaxeb, magram, Bbunebrivia, Teimurazis yuradReba

am filosofosTa naazrevisadmi ar aris mimarTuli, igi qristian mamaTa

SromebSi gacxadebul WeSmaritebas gulisxmobs. plotini, netari

avgustine, prokle diadoxosi Tu neoplatonizmis mamamTavari dionise

areopageli (petre iberieli) swored mze-xats etrfian da asxamen

xotbas.

am varaudis ganmtkicebis saSualebas gvaZlevs poemis strofi,

romelSic fizikuri mze CaTvlilia ufalze udaresad, radganac mis

mier aris Seqmnili:

àra ars ZlierebiT mze, arc simdidriTa TvisiTa,

RvTisgan ars dabadebuli, tomi ara hyavs TvisiTa.~

(31,1-2) [14,5].

dionise areopagelis mixedviT, RmerTi aris naTeli da

naTeldasabami ,,viTarca naTeli WeSmariti, romlis mier maqus Cven

mislvai naTeldasabamisa mamisa mimarT~. mzis naTeli aris RmerTis

simbolo, xati, RvTiuri saxiereba, xolo mzis, rogorc RvTaebis

Tayvaniscemas sastikad krZalavs. igi, rogorc RvTis mier Seqmnili,

Tavadac anaTebs, badebs, srulyofs yovelives. misi sinaTle RvTis

naTeliviT swvdeba amqveynad yvelafers: `rameTu saxierebisgan ars

yovelive da saxe ars saxierebisaჲ. amisTvis naTelTsaxelobiT igalobis

saxierebaჲ, romelman mzisa Soris, aCuena pirmSoჲ xati Tvisi~ [65,32].

ioane damaskeli ambobs, rom RmerTi usazRvro da miuwvdomelia.

igi ar aris aRarcerTi arsebulTagani, aramed yovelive arsebulze

maRla mdgomia, amdenad, upiratesi saxiT aRemateba yovelive arsebuls.

RvTis epiTetebadac ixmareba iseTi saxelebi, romlebic yvelaze axlos

dgas mis bunebasTan. amitomac, RmerTi iwodeba mzed da naTlad da

ara_bnelad; dRed da ara Ramed; cxovrebad da ara sikvdilad. RvTis

saxelTa Soris umTavresia saxiereba da arseboba, radgan saxiereba aris

mizezi yovelgvari arsebobisa, xolo boroteba ki _ uarseboa da

133

mxolod saxierebis moklebas warmoadgens. `zogjer yovelive imasac, rac

mtkicebiTad iTqmeba RmerTis Sesaxeb, aRmatebuli uaryofis mniSvneloba

aqvs... viyenebT sityvas `wyvdiadi~, da am dros bnels ki ar vgulisxmobT,

aramed imas, rac naTeli ar aris da rac yovelgvar naTelze

aRmatebulia; anda viyenebT xolme sityvas `naTeli~, da am dros imas

vgulisxmobT, rac ar aris bneli~ [58,165].

aseT koncefcias ayalibebdnen Sua saukuneebis Teologebi.

amdenad, Teimuraz meore mzis simbolikis aRqmisas neoplatonuri

moZRvrebidan amodis, maTi pirvelwyaro ki, bunebrivia, bibliaa.

mecnierebi poetis damokidebulebas aanalizeben. Txzuleba

gabaasebis Janrisaa. avtori, Sesabamisad, ukana planze dgeba, remarkasa

Tu lirikul gadaxvevas, naklebad unda velodeT. Tumca, maTi TqmiT,

Teimurazi bolomde ver icavs am princips da sakuTar pozicias

afiqsirebs. SeniSnulia, rom kamaTis msvlelobisas saswori dRis

sasargeblod ixreba, Sesabamisad, Txzuleba sinaTlis apologiad aris

CaTvlili.

al. baramiZis azriT, dRes TiTqos sagangebod Semounaxavs Tavisi

upiratesobis damadasturebeli argumenti da ambobs: ` `me naTeli var,

Sen bneli _ es Cemad qebad kmania~. (816) avtori gabaasebis Janris

moTxovnis Sesabamisad neitralitetis dacvas cdilobs, miuxedavad amisa,

poets Txroba ise mihyavs, rom SeumCneveli ar rCeba misi midrekileba,

gamarjveba dRis mxarezea, dRisa da Ramis, sinaTlisa da sibnelis

dapirispirebiT avtorma aSkarad mianiSna mkiTxvels Tavisi

SemoqmedebiTi STanafiqri. `dRisa da Ramis gabaaseba~ sinaTlis

apologiaa~ [38,6].

l. menabdis mixedviT, kamaTis mTavari Tezaa: ` `dRes daewesa naTeli,

Rames _ sibnelis wesoba.~

DdRe Tavs gamarjvebulad Tvlis da siamayiT acxadebs: `me naTeli

var, Sen _ bneli, _ es Cemad qebad kmania.~ Txzulebis avtori TiTqos

ganze dgas da mowinaaRmdegeTa kamaTSi ar ereva, TiTqos miudgomlobis

dacvas cdilobs da mkiTxvels andobs msjavris gamotanas, dRisa da

Ramis upiratesobis garkvevas, magram misi pozicia zemomotanil

134

sityvebSi naTlad mJRavndeba _ Teimurazi upiratesobas DdRes aniWebs. am

TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa, agreTve, misi sxva gamonaTqvamic: `dRe mziani

SvenebiTa, viT esworos Rame bnelsa~ [82,187].

b. qiqoZe miiCnevs, rom mwerali `miudgomlobas bolomde ver icavs.

dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli udavod SeniSnavs, rom poeti, sruliad

samarTlianad, upiratesobas DdRes aniWebs, rac Cans dRis cnobili

sityvebidan: àr xar Cems sworad, RvTisagan ese mWirs wyalobania,~ (816);

`dRe mziani SvenebiTa viT esworos Rame bnelsa?~ (782) [118,139].

samecniero literaturaSi gansxvavebuli mosazrebac arsebobs. ak.

baqraZis TqmiT: `Teimuraz meoris `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~ mkafiod

ver gamoikveTa, ra sjobs _ bneli Tu naTeli. Ramem arsebiTad imdenive

qveloba daasaxela Tavis sasargeblod, ramdenic _ dRem. marTalia,

kamaTi imiT dasrulda, rom dRem brZana:

òdes iqmnes aRsasruli, gansjad qriste gardmoxdebis,

mis winaSe samarTali yvela dRisiT garigdebis,

`Tu ar marto jojoxeTSi, bneli yvelgan ganqardebis,

Rame srulad uCinoa, RvTis madliTa ganaTldebis~

(824) [14,101].

magram qriste-RmerTic, Ramis gancxadebiT, `gardamoxda sityva

RvTisa: `misgan ganxorcieldebis!~; `RamiT iyo es xareba, Sobac

RamiT gamoCndebis~, anda `beTlems SuaRames iSva meufe da RmerTi

Cvilad~ [41,24].

ak. baqraZis Sexeduleba dafiqrebis Rirsia. aRniSnuli mosazrebis

safuZveli TxzulebaSi sxvaganac gvxvdeba. dRe Tavis sasargeblo

argumentad iyenebs imas, rom igi uflis ganwesebiT iwoda `naTlad~,

xolo bnelze uflis xeldasxma ar yofila da mis SeqmnaSi RvTis xeli

ar urevia:

`TviT misgan dabadebuli Senze var bevr-gzis metobiT,

RvTisagan, ara arsebiT, yofilxar pirvel bnelobiT~

(20) [14,3].

am ganacxadiT dRe Zalauneburad upiratesobas aniWebs Rames. es

ukanaskneli uflisgan gancalkevebiT dgeba, radgan `RvTisagan

135

araarsebiT~ anu RvTis Carevis gareSe arsebula. dRis sityvebSi, `TviT

misgan dabadebuli Senze var bevr-gzis metobiT~, TiTqos neoplatonuri

moZRvrebis kvali igrZnoba (neoplatonuri SexedulebiT, naTeli ufalma

dabada, bnelis uflisgan warmoSoba ki gamoricxulia, igi sikeTis

`moklebas~ warmoadgens). naklebad dasaSvebia, Teimurazi bnelSi

gulisxmobdes mis metaforul saxes_borots, radganac Cven bnelis

amgvari gaazreba Txzulebis sxva adgilebSic arsad gvxvdeba. ise, raki

dRe dapirispirebisas yvela Rones xmarobs Ramis udaresobis da

sakuTari upiratesobis gamosamJRavneblad, SesaZloa, geslianad esec

mieTiTebina.

amdenad, calke sakiTxia, romel bnels gulisxmobs avtori. Tumca,

neoplatonuri Sexedulebis gadaxvevasac vawydebiT. sxva pasaJiTac

vlindeba, rom poeti areopagelis moZRvrebis logikas bolomde ar

mihyveba. poemis mixedviT, bnels naTeli imiT jobs, rom es ukanaskneli

ufalma Seqmna. samagierod, poeti iqve uTiTebs mis naTlamdec arsebobas.

areopagelis moZRvrebis mixedviT ki, rasac keTili sawyisi ara aqvs,

arc arsebobs.

miqel modrekilis himnSi `dasdebeli naTlisRebisa...~ vkiTxulobT:

`dahbade, qriste, adam xatad brwyinvaled, xolo macTurman acTuna da

daabnela, aramed moxued da kualad brwyinvale hyav naTlisRebiTa da

macTuri daabnele~ [18,101].

m. qerqaZis ganmartebiT, mocemul monakveTSi ikiTxeba Semdegi:

pirvelma codvam RvTis mier Seqmnil marad naTelSi Semoitana bneli.

igi RmerTs ar Seuqmnia, magram RmerTma kidev erTxel gaanaTla kacTa

modgma `brwyinvale naTlisRebiT~~ [117,105].

am msjelobidan Cven gvainteresebs mosazreba, rom bneli (boroti)

RmerTs ar DSeuqmnia. aqac pirvelwyaro areopagelis moZRvrebaa.

dionise areopagelis mixedviT, boroti ar aris saxierisagan, anu mas

ara aqvs RvTaebrivi dasabami. rac RvTisgan modis, aris naTeli, saxieri

keTili. mas ar SeuZlia warmoSvas boroti, radganac àrsni yovelni

saxierebisagan arian, xolo àrarai arsTagani ars borotisagan. boroti

ara Tu arsTa Soris ar aris, aramed igi araarsisTvisac ki friad

136

ucxoa da uarsebo. yoveli arsebuli keTilia, radgan RvTaebrivia,

xolo rasac keTili sawyisi ara aqvs, igi arc arsebobs. arc angelozTa

Soris aris boroti, vinaidan angelozi saRvTo saxierebisa saxe ars da

gadmomcemi uxilavi naTlisa da sruli brwyinvalebisa. boroteba

uarseboa, radgan boroti ars moklebai keTilisagan, sibnele aris

sinaTlis mokleba, magram TviT naTeli maradis naTeli ars, romeli igi

bnelsaca gananaTlebs~ [65,56].

ukve iTqva, rom am TxzulebaSi bneli zogadad boroti sawyisis

sinonimad ar gamoiyeneba. amdenad, zemomotanili strofis gagebisas

WeSmaritebasTan ufro axlos viqnebiT, Tuki vityviT, rom aq bnelSi

igulisxmeba ara boroti sawyisi, aramed uflis apofatikuri atributi _

RvTaebrivi wyvdiadi. Sesabamisad, dRis mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba

bnelis naTelze adre arsebobaze niSnavs mbrwyinavi wyvdiadis, uxilavi

wyvdiadis arsebobas, da igi uflis metaforaa, rogorc naTeli, dRe an

mze.

`RmerTis samyofeli `bnelia~, radganac igi miuwvdomelia kacis

Tvalis da gonebisTvis. am wyvdiads iwvevs RmerTis TvalSeudgami

naTeli, romelic abrmavebs mxedvelobas da yovelives gaurkvevlobis

nisli mosavs. samyaro aris erTianoba dadebiTisa da uaryofiTisa. am

ukanasknelis gareSe ar arsebobs SemosazRvra. is, rac sazRvris miRmaa,

Semecnebis gareT rCeba, e.i. miuwvdomelia, sadac araa gansazRvruloba,

garkveuloba, iq Semecneba SeuZlebelia,~_ ambobs hegeli, _ `wminda

sinaTle wminda sibnelea, absolutur sinaTleSi Cven vxedavT iseve

bevrs da iseve cotas, rogorc absolutur bnelSi... wminda sinaTle da

wminda sibnele esaa ori sicariele, romlebic igiveobrivia~ [50,15].

bnelSi naTlis Semosvlis, naTelisa da bnelis Serwymis, Sezavebis,

absoluturi Tanaarsebobis filosofiuri gaazrebis Sedegia sintagma

`mziani Rame~, romelic Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi sam poetTan gvxvdeba:

rusTavelTan ,,vefxistyaosanSi~, d. guramiSvilTan ,,daviTianSi~ da p.

137

laraZesTan, daviT aRmaSeneblis gardacvalebis gamo Seqmnil

TxzulebaSi. 1

`mziani Ramis~ simbolikis sakiTxs araerTi mkvlevari Sexebia:

Teimuraz batoniSvilis, g. imedaSvilis, v. nozaZis, k. ekaSvilis, s.

caiSvilis, e. xinTibiZis, m. gigineiSvilis, m. xidaSelis Tu e. WeliZis

SromebSi sxvadasxva rakursiT aris ganmartebuli da gaazrebuli

aRniSnuli sityvaTSexamebis semantika. mecnierTa azriT, am saxis Seqmnas

katafatikur-apofatikuri meTodi udevs safuZvlad, romelic mistikuri

WvretiT mTavrdeba; 2 `mziani Rame~ anu RamiT mzis xilva mistikuri

faqti iyo da niSnavda jvarcmamdeli kosmiuri logosis Sesaxeb

moZRvrebis, faruli codnis ziarebas~ [53,56].

bunebrivia, Teimurazis naTlisa da bnelis dapirispirebas `mziani

Ramis~ simbolikasTan saerTo araferi gaaCnia. motanili cnebebi

saxeobrivad ar aris gaazrebuli poemaSi. garda calkeuli SemTxvevebisa,

Cven ar gveZleva saSualeba, vimsjeloT maT simbolur datvirTvaze.

miuxedavad zog epizodSi simbolurad gaazrebisa, poemis naTeli

da bneli aris fizikuri naTeli da bneli. maT Soris dapirispirebis

Cveneba literaturuli xerxia mxolod poetis mTavari saTqmelis

originaluri formiT gadmosacemad. umjobes-udaresobis gamovlenis

mizniT wamowyebuli kamaTi, maleve, axal fazaSi gadadis. dRe-Rame

Tavidan TiTqos naklis gamosavlenad erTmaneTs uCxreks uaryofiT

ambebs, magram aereva poziciebi, dRe momxdar faqts Rame aSuqebs da,

piriqiT. amas arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, radgan mwerlis umTavresi

mizani diskusiis wesebis zedmiwevniTi dacva ki ar aris, aramed,

qristianuli dogmatis Tu mama-papaTa zneobis Sexsenebaa. Txzulebis

bolo TavSi saeklesio Tematikaze mibrunebiT avtorma naTlad

gamokveTa Tavisi saTqmeli.

1 Sdr. t. mosia, `daviTianis~ literaturuli wyaroebi da poetikis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1989w.,

gv. 289 2ix. qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoria, Tb., t.I, 1996 w. gv. 305

138

poemaSi ukanaskneli sityva dRes ekuTvnis, rasac mkvlevrebi misi

upiratesobis maniSneblad miiCneven. igi Tavad aRniSnavs, rom garkveuli

ar aris Tu romel DdroSi gamoecxadeba da ganikiTxavs ufali xalxs,

Tanac mudmivi mzadyofnisken mouwodebs maT. amiT dRis sxva sazrunavi

ikveTeba, vidre sakuTari upiratesobis warmoCena.

rakiRa nawarmoebi `gabaasebis~ Janrisaa, avtoris pozicia

gamokveTilia Txzulebis bolos. DdRe Tuki Tavis sasargeblo faqtebs

axsenebs, Ramec sapirispiros axvedrebs, dRis iniciativa: ,,movyveT rac

RvTisgan keTili momxdara dRiT Tu RamiTo~, wesebis sruli dacviT ver

sruldeba. aRmoCndeba, rom keTilTan erTad borotic bevri moxda orive

JamSi. avtori ki mTeli am kamaTis manZilze gancalkevebiT dgas. Rame

medgrad upirispirebs sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebs dRes da, marTalia, es

ukanaskneli ufro energiulad da aqtiurad moCans, misi absoluturi

upiratesoba mainc saeWvoa. amdenad, SesaZloa, sinaTlis apologiad

CaiTvalos poema, magram iqve garkveviT unda mieTiTos, rom RirsebiT

arc Rame Camouvardeba mas. erT-erTis umetesobac xazgasmiT ar

gamokveTila. Txzulebis Txrobis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba vivaraudoT,

rom Rame (bneli) dRis Tanasworia.

amitomac, roca sakiTxi exeba am ori cnebis Tanafardobis

gamorkvevas, Teimuraz meoris `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~, qristianul

mwerlobaSi arsebuli zogadi kanonzomierebisgan gansxvavebiT, naTlisa

da bnelis antinomia unda gavigoT, rogorc ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego

debulebis tolfardoba.

Teimuraz meore naTlisa da bnelis cnebis simbolurad gaazrebisas

mihyveba bibliis Tu saRvTismetyvelo literaturis xazs. asxvavebs

Sesaqmis pirvelsa da meoTxe dRes gaCenil naTels erTmaneTisgan;

neoplatonuri moZRvrebis Sesabamisad, mzes aRiarebs RvTis (naTlis)

metaforad. erTgan bnelSi RvTis apofatikur atributs _ saRvTo

wyvdiads _ moiazrebs. amitomac igi zogan naTlis tolfas cnebad

gvevlineba da iseTive metaforuli saxea, rogoric naTeli, dRe an, mze.

amdenad, Teimuraz meoris `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~ naTlisa da

bnelis simbolika bibliuri, patristikuli da himnografiulia.

139

§2 uflis metaforebi `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~

Txzuleba saxeobrivad gaanalizebis saSualebas naklebad iZleva.

bibliasTan nawarmoebebis mimarTebis Cvenebisas mecnierTa sazrunavia

gamoikvlion is miniSnebebi, rac ama Tu im mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi

gvxvdeba. miuTiTeben bibliur wyaroze, religiur Sexedulebebs

ganixilaven da alegoriul-mistikur Sreebs eZeben maT naazrevSi.

magaliTad, Teimuraz pirvelis `vardbulbulianSi~ vardi CaTvlilia Ze

RvTisas alegoriul saxed; 1 Cven zemoT ukve vaxseneT d.

guramiSvilis ,,zubovka~, romelsac araerTi mkvlevari Sexebia; aseve,

religiur WrilSi iazreben mkvlevarebi `vefxistyaosans~.

poemaSi tropuli metyvelebis ramdenime nimuSiRa Segvxvda. radganac

maT `wminda wignSi~ eZebneba pirvelwyaro, saWirod vTvliT, ganvixiloT

isini. ukve visaubreT mzis (naTlis) da bnelis simbolikaze. amjerad,

YyuradRebas SevaCerebT uflis sxva metaforebze: ,,sityva RvTisa~,

`sibrZne da sityva mamisa~, `dRe~, `sityva~. aseve, sintagmaze `Ze

quxilisa~.

TavSi ,,xorcielad Soba uflisa Cvenisa~, bagaSi mwolare Cvilis

Sesaxeb Teimuraz meore ambobs: `maSin iyo sityva RvTisa bagas mCvriTa

Sexveulad~ (227,3) [14,28]. uflis misamarTiT naxmaria, aseve: ,,gardamoxda

sityva RvTisa: `misgan ganxorcieldebis!~ (219,3) [14,27]. ioseb arimaTielis

mier uflis wminda sxeulis gardamoxsnisa da daflvis aRwerisas wers:

`sibrZne da sityva mamisa kacobriv daiflvebisa~ (315,1) [14,39]. xolo

poemis SesavalSi mamis Tanafardad Tvlis Zesac da ambobs:

ùaRres cnobisa mier, or-kerZo bunebiTao,

sazRvarTa qalwulebiTa Soba iqmnebis RvTiTao,

esreT agrilobs mas Zali TviT gvamovani WkviTao,

sibrZne da Zali RvTaebis ars misis sworebiTao~ (6) [14,1].

dRe erT-erTi monologisas axsenebs:

`lxinsa da gaWirvebaSi kacisTvis bevri mirgia,

1 ix. m. gabadaZe, Teimuraz pirvelis mcire Janris nawarmoebebis ,,vardbulbulianisa~ da

`Samifarvanianis~ literaturuli wyaroebi, sakandidato disertacia, Tb., 1999, gv. 85

140

kacis sicocxle dRe aris, sityvaca maTi igia.~ (585,3-4) [14,73].

sasuliero mwerlobidan araerTi nimuSis moxmoba SeiZleba,

romelSic es saxeebi uflis metaforad Tu epiTetad aris gamoyenebuli.

saba svingelozTan da ioane minCxTan isini uflis mxatvruli

gansazRvrebebia: ,,nefsiT saufloÁ piri kacTa zeda astÂfre,

SeuZvrelo beWedo da xato mamisa arsebisao, guamovano sityvao,

sibrZneo da Zalo.~ [24,549].

miqel modrekilis iambikos refrenad gasdevs sityvebi ,,RvTisa

sityuao~:

`gamoisaxa cxovels-myofeli vnebaÁ

Seni xorciTa, qriste, RvTisa sityuao...~ [17,81].

`moZiebad warwymedulTaTvis: gardamohჴed: qristeჲ sityuao

dausabamoo, dausabamoisa mamisao~... ìჴsen cxovrebaჲ Cemi ganxrwnisagan

ufalo; viTarca mowyale xar _ daitie qalwulo sityuaჲ RmrTisaჲ

ucxod saxed~ [20,3,5].

gvxvdeba, aseve, aRorZinebis xanis qarTvel mwerlebTan.

ìordanes raÁ naTels iRebda sityua~ (13,3) [4,137].

Teimuraz pirveli `leilmajnunianis~ SesavalSi wers:

`nivTTa ukana dgomaman suli cecxlzeda wamirTos,

sityva uqmisa patiJman Wiri Wirzeda damirTos~ (2,2-3) [13,24].

`RmerTo, romeli TviT sibrZne xar sibrZnis momcemelobiT,

arsisa araarsisa sityviT dambade mqnelobiT~ (1,1-2) [13,24].

m. guguSvilis azriT, am striqonebSi saqme unda gvqondes RvTis

sityvasTan. misive TqmiT, ieso warmogvidgeba rogorc moaruli sityvis

RvTaebrivi substancia. saqristiano mwerlobaSi sityva igive RmerTia da

aqedan _ samyaros Semoqmedi. am Tvalsazrisis gamoxatuleba Cans

Teimuraz pirvelis frazaSi `sityviT dambade mqnelobiT~ [56,142].

`sityva RvTisa~ daviT guramiSvilis ,,daviTianis~ pirvelive

strofSive gvevlineba qristes metaforad: ,,xilad vsTqvi sityva RvTisa

da Ze kacTa norCis mganado~ (1,2) [11,218].

aseve, erTgan, mariams RvTis sityvis mSoblad moixseniebs:

141

`dedao muclad mRebelo gamomxsnelisa tyvisao,

tyveobisagan damixsen, mSobelo RvTis sityvisao!~

(432,3-4) [11,286].

gr. farulava am taepTan dakavSirebiT wers: ,,sityva RvTisa... rom

qristea, amas ganmartebac ar sWirdeba~ [105,103].

motanili saxe-simboloebis pirvelwyaro swored èvangelea~.

ioanes saxareba am faqtis gacxadebiT iwyeba: `pirveliTgan iyo

sityua, da sityua igi iyo RuTisa Tana, da RmerTi iyo sityua igi.~

(ioane,1,1) [3,242].

amdenad, saanalizo TxzulebaSic, bibliis teqstis gaTvaliswinebiT,

aRniSnuli saxeebi uflis metaforebad aRiqmeba.

feriscvalebis galeqsvisas Teimurazi ioanes misamarTiT iyenebs

termins `Ze quxilisa~:

`mas Jamsa Sina Semdgomad iyo eqvsisa dRisao,

petres, iakobs mTad iwvevs, masTan Ze quxilisao,

man aRiyvana igini mTasa mas zeTisxilsao~ (246,1-3) [14,31].

`Ze quxilisa~ miemarTeba ioane winaswarmetyvels. qristem mowafeebis

SerCevisas zogs saxeli gadaarqva, mag.,simoni petred iqca. xolo Zmebs,

ioanesa da iakobs, uwoda banerges, rac niSnavs quxilis Zeebs (markozi

3,17) [3,97].

aRsaniSnavia, rom saxe-simbolo `quxili~ sakmaod sainteresod aris

Semosuli qarTul mwerlobaSi. daviT guramiSvilTan igi RvTismSoblis

metaforaa:

`quxilo, mterTa mkveTelo, elvav sulT manaTobelo,

elisabedis momkiTxo, mis yrmis mis mucliT mkrTobelo...~

(422,1-2) [11,284].

quxili uflis metaforadac gvevlineba Zvel aRTqmaSi. igi

egviptelebs quxilad, setyvad da wvimad warmoudgeba: àRirTxa mose

Ãeli TÂsi cad da ufalman mosca Ãmaჲ zeciT gardamo da iyo quxili.

da moÃda setyuaჲ sastiki da rbioda naberwyalebi zeda queyanasa mas.

142

da awma ufalman setyuaჲ igi sastiki yovelsa mas zeda queyanasa

egÂptelTasa~ (gamosvl.10,24) [5,160].

amjerad, Teimuraz meoris poemaSi es sintagma uSualod axali

aRTqmidan aris gadmosuli.

bibliuri personaJebi Sedarebis obieqtebadac arian gamoyenebuli

TxzulebaSi.

`Tqvenc sufevT, mefev, kurTxeviT, viT abram meuRliTao~

(501,1) [14,63].

`viT uqmna RmerTman adamsa eva mis colad gverdiTa...

iyveniT misebr RvTisagan kurTxeviT gaerTebiTa~ (502,1,3) [14,63].

`mefesa marTebs siame_gverds ujdes amisTanaso,

ise Seberdes meuRles, viT ioakim anaso!~ (503,3-4) [14,63].

saintereso saxea, aseve, 501-e strofSi naxsenebi sityva `sufevT~.

`sufeva~ xSirad aris gamoyenebuli bibliaSi da igi RmerTs

miekuTvneba (fs. 44,6;21,9;44,11) [7,186,166,186]; (maTe 6,10) [3,13].

`vefxistyaosnis~ 817-e strofSi avTandili rostevans swers:

`sufeviTmca xar TaviTa, mterTagan sakrZalveliTa~ [21,259].

am strofs sagangebod exeba v. nozaZe. misi TqmiT, èvropul enaTa

bibliaSi sityva `sufeva~ iTargmneba Semdegnairad: batonoba, xelmwifeba,

meufeba, mefoba. igive sityva `vefxistyaosanSi~ ixmareba dalocvis

azriT da politikuri mniSvnelobiTac. amgvarad, sityva `sufeva~,

romelic umTavresad RmerTis batonobas ekuTvnis, mefeze aris

gadatanili. igi, romelic Cveulebriv xmarebaSi ar yofila da arc aris,

bibliis leqsikons ekuTvnis~ [91,329-330].

Teimuraz meoris poemaSic zustad igive datvirTva aqvs am termins,

rac `vefxistyaosanSi~.

ACven zemoT sagangebod SvexeT poetis SemoqmedebaSi saxeobrivi

azrovnebis simwiris faqts. Mmiuxedavad amisa, kvlevis procesSi

ramdenime saintereso saxe gamoikveTa.

Uunda iTqvas, rom Tumca am saxe-simboloebis gaazrebisas mefe-poeti

sasuliero mwerlobis gavlenas ganicdis, umTavresad mainc biblias

eyrdnoba avtori.

143

§3 bibliuri winaswarmetyvelebani Teimuraz meoris

,,dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~

xilva-warmodgenebi samyaros momavalze yvela qveynis folklorul

wyaroebsa Tu religiur literaturaSi gvxvdeba.

cnobilia, indielTa Tqmuleba TavianT umaRles RvTaebaze. legendis

Tanaxmad, kecalkoatli movida àmomavali mzis qveynidan~. mas ecva

grZeli TeTri samosi da atarebda wvers. man adamianebs aswavla

mecniereba, gonivruli wes-Cveuleba, kanonebi. bolos, kecalkoatli

Tavis gemze damjdara da imave qveyanaSi dabrunebula, saidanac movida.

magram, yvela legenda erTxmad laparakobs, rom mas dabrunebis aRTqma

daudvia. winaswarmetyvelebi miuTiTebdnen, RvTaebis dabrunebis drosac.

raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, es TariRi daemTxva im dros, rodesac

espaneli konkistadori, avanturisti ernando kortesi miadga meqsikis

napirebs. 1

biblia araerT winaswarmetyvels icnobs. Zveli aRTqmis sulieri

moRvawis saxelwodeba `winaswarmetyveli~ modis berZnuli sityvidan

`profetes~, rac gulisxmobs imis winaswarmTqmels,

winaswarganmcxadebels, rac jer ar momxdara da rac mosaxdenia

aucileblobiT. winaswarmetyvelis cnobiereba win uswrebs yofierebas.

sinamdvilis faqtebs da movlenebs. ,,es erTi aspeqtia Zveli aRTqmis

winaswarmetyvelebisa, magram ara ZiriTadi, ara arsebiTi... Tu

winaswarmetyvelebis arss mxolod am funqciiT SemovzRudavT, misi

buneba sakmaod gaRaribebuli gamoCndeba _ mas daakldeba is specifika,

rac ekuTvnis mxolod mas... misi Semoqmedeba apokalifsuria, Tavisi

arsiT: es aris dafarulis gamocxadeba~ [75,127].

Zveli da axali aRTqmis sakiTxavebi erTmaneTs swored

winaswarmetyvelTa qadagebebiT ukavSirdebian. maTi sityvebiT

gajerebulia mTeli axali aRTqma. maxareblebi uflis cxovrebas Zveli

aRTqmiseuli winaTqmebis fonze ixilaven.

1 k. kerami, RmerTebi, akldamebi da mecnierebi, `nakaduli~, Tb.,1972, gv. 384

144

miqias, iovelis, esaias, elias, zaqarias Tu sxvaTa qadagebebi

saxarebaSi moxmobilia, rogorc uflis gamocxadebis macne. xSirad

ixsenieba, aseve, daviT fsalmunTmgalobeli.

israelis meore mefes _ daviTs eklesia oTx udides

winaswarmetyvelTa Soris moixsenebs. sagaloblebi, igive `fsalmunni~,

man suliwmidis STagonebiT da karnaxiT dawera Zv. w-aR-is bolo

aTaswleulis dasawyisSi. wmida mefem aSkarad iwinaswarmetyvela

RmerTis gankacebis Sesaxeb. amdenad, savsebiT samarTlianad ,,ebraeli

mwignobrebi zogierT fsalmunSi mesiis_momavlis mefis_movlenis

cnobebs xedavdnen~ [43,85].

unda iTqvas, rom, Sesabamisad, sasuliero mwerlobaSi bibliuri

paradigmebi axali aRTqmiseuli koncefciis gaTvaliswinebiT

ganisazRvra.

m. Toduas mosazrebiT, himnografebi qristes cxovrebas

ukavSirebdnen bevr movlenas, magaliTad, elias cad amaRlebas_qristes

amaRlebas; iosebis jurRmulSi Cagdebas da Semdgom aRzevebas, qristes

miwaSi daflvasa da aRdgomas; qristes jvarcmisas mzis dabnelebis

arqetipad noes daTrobis epizodi iTvleba. àmrigad, himnografebi

bibliidan iReben siuJetebs, epizodebs, Temebs da amuSaveben maT. SeaqvT

meti sicxovele, amdidreben poetur palitras da aniWeben

gamomsaxvelobis usazRvro Zalas. bibliuri paradigmebis moxmobiT kidev

ufro cxovelmyofels xdian saTqmels, wamosweven sayuradRebo

religiur aspeqtebs da kidev erTxel adastureben Zveli da axali

aRTqmis wignebs Soris arsebul mtkice kavSirs. amkvidreben rwmenas, rom

axali aRTqma Zveli aRTqmis egzegetikuri variantia~ [64,26-27].

bibliur winaswarmetyvelebs xSirad mouxmobs Teimuraz meorec.

xarebis, Qqristes Sobis, naTlisRebis, ierusalims Sesvlis, jvarcmis,

amaRlebis, suli wmidis mosvlis epizodebis gariTmvisas axsenebs miqias,

esaias, zaqarias, iovels daviTs. maTi winaswarmetyvelebebi, Cveulebriv,

axali aRTqmidan aris gadmosuli poemaSi. SeimCneva, rom xSirad

Teimurazi fsalmunis im adgilebs amokrebs, romlebic bibliis

saTanado TavebSi ar gvxvdeba. aSkarad iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom

145

individualurad urTavs da saxarebisgan damoukideblad uxmobs ama Tu

im fsalmunis taepebs.

TavSi àmaRleba uflisa Cvenisa~ Teimuraz meore wers:

`daviTis fsalmunebaca erTic aq ganaxldebiso:

àmaRlda RaRadebiTa, RmerTi aw gancxaddebiso,

xmiTaca sayvirisaTa ufali gamoCndebiso,~

yoveli misi Tqmulebi qristezed aRsruldebiso~

(345,1-3) [14,43].

`mociqulTa saqmeSi~ vkiTxulobT: `kacno Zmano! jer iyo

aRsrulebad werili, romeli igi winaswar hsTqua sulman wmidaman

piriTa daviTisiTa iudasTvis, romeli eqmna winamZRuar SempyrobelTa

maT iesosTa~ (saqm.,1,16) [3,314].

motanili strofebi daviTis me-40 fsalmuns exmianeba. galeqsil

taepebSi ki sxva fsalmunis adgilebia damowmebuli.

`xareba yovladwmida RvTismSoblisa~ Semdegi sityvebiT iwyeba:

`yuri mipyar, razed daswers daviT ama fsalmunebas?

asmens asuls: ixileo, eubnebis yuris gdebas,

sTnda meufes sikeTeca, razed ityvis ama qebas,

adridganve moaswavebs am sityvaTa gankacebas~

(212) [14,27].

arc am fsalmuns axseneben maxareblebi.

sionis asulze araerTi miniSneba gvxvdeba fsalmunebSi.

ebraelTa yvelaze didi mefe da fsalmunTmgalobeli daviT

winaswarmetyveli bibliuri iakobis meoTxe vaJis_iudas gvaridanaa.

saxarebis mixedviT, ieso qriste daviT mefis xorciel memkvidred

iTvleba. sasuliero mwerlobaSi ki mariam RvTismSobeli daviTis

asulad moinaTla.

t. mosias dakvirvebiT, `ZlispirnSi~ deda-qalwuli daviTis asulad

moixsenieba: `ver miswvdebis gonebai Cueni jerisaebr qebad Senda:

uzeSTaeso didebisao: asulo daviTisao, RmrTismSobelo qalwulo~, e. i.

iese-daviTis Ziridan, romelTa STamomavalia mariam RvTismSobeli,

Seisxa xorci macxovarma. wminda mariami, rogorc adamis, kacTa modgmis

146

pirveli winapris), ise daviT winaswarmetyvelis (macxovris fizikuri,

xorcieli winapris) asulia, anu STamomavalia. (Tumca wm. qalwuli,

rogorc adamis da daviTis asuli, SeiZleba pirdapiri gagebiTac (da ara

STamomavlis saxeliT) aRviqvaT, Tu maT Soris droisa da sivrcis kvals

wavSliT. sxvaTa Soris, winaswarmetyvelTa sxva wignTan erTad

fsalmunTa krebulmac iwinaswrmetyvela mesiis gamocxadeba am qveyanaze~

[86,75-76].

r. siraZis miniSnebiT: àsulni sionisani~ metad popularulia Zvel

aRTqmaSi, maT Soris fsalmunSi. yovlad-wminda RvTismSobeli sionis

mTaze miicvala. igi sionis `godolia~. sionis godoli _ asuli sionisa

fsalmunTmgaloblis sadidebelia.~ [124,63].

saanalizo strofSic daviTis qaliSvilad ixsenieba mariami,

sityvebi: ,,asmens asuls~ swored mariams gulisxmobs. xarebis scenaSi am

taepebis gaxmianeba kidev ufro amyarebs am azrs.

savaraudod, am strofis pirvelwyaro daviTis 44-e fsalmunia:

ìsmine, asulo, da ixile, da moyav yuri Seni; da daiviwye eri Seni da

saxli mamisa Senisa~ (fsalm.44,11) [7,186].

winaswarmetyveleba uflis Sobaze gauleqsavs avtors: `da Sen,

beTlem, saxli efraTasi, mcire xar yofad aTaseulTa Soris iudasTa,

rameTu Sengan gamovides Cemad yofadi, mTavrad israÀlisa zeda da

gamosvlani misi dasabamiT dReTagan saukunoÁsaTa~ (miq.5,2) [9,77].

,,winaswarve metyveleba aq aRsrulda miqiasi,

esreT ityvis: ùfali Sen, beTlem, saxli evfraTasi,

nu mcire xar aTaseulT mTavarT Soris iudasi,

Sengan arso gamomavlad TviT mamisa Tanaarsi~ (220) [14,28].

Teimuraz meores Tavis TxzulebaSi is qadagebebi aqvs Setanili

umeteswilad, romlebSic uflis gankacebazea saubari.

,,TviT esaiam da sxvaTac bevris wliT uwin Tqviano:

àha, qalwuli miudges da Sves Ze!~_ dasweriano,

saxelad emmanuilca adridgan uwodiano,

winaswarmetyvelT naTqvami beTlems RamiTa hyviano~ (223) [14,28].

147

RvTismSoblis mier macxovris Soba esaia winaswarmetyvelTan asea

naqadagebi: àha, qalwulman muclad iRos da Sves Ze da uwodon saxeli

misi emmanuel~ (esaia,7,14) [8,78].

es sityvebi maTes saxarebaSi poulobs gamoZaxils. Sesabamisad,

aqedanvea igi gadasuli poemaSi.

SeniSnulia, rom uflis amqveynad movlinebis Tema gansakuTrebiT

saintereso aRmoCnda qarTvel himnografTaTvis. RmerTkaci iwodeba

beTlems Sobilad: `raÁTa ucxo qmnuli ese samoTxisgan kualad munve

Semokrbnes da macxovnnes beTlems Sobilman CuenTÂs~ [64,47].

ioane minCxic exeba am Temas:

èsaia gviqadaga

siwmindiT saidumloÁ

midgomilobaÁ Seni

Zisa da RmrTisaÁ

romlisa saxeli_emmanueli~ [15,252].

m. Todua miuTiTebs, rom es arqetipi axal aRTqmaSi ucvlelad

gadmodis. 1

Teimuraz meoris `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~ bibliuri

winaswarmetyvelebebi gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT naTlisRebis

aRwerisas gvxvdeba.

Teimuraz meore naTlisRebis ambis gadmocemamde urTavs adgilebs

daviTis fsalmunidan, aseve, axsenebs mosesa da elises saswaulebs,

romelTac uflis naTlisRebis maniSneblad Tvlis:

`Zvelis sjulidam mogiyve winaswarmetyvelT eTqvasa,

zRvaman ixila, ivltoda_daviT swers fsalmunebasa,

garida iordaneman, miT ambobs naTlisRebasa~ (239,2-4) [14,30];

`ra ars Senda zRvao? daviT ramdenis wliT win amxilebs.

ìordane ukun-iqec!~_ swores ityvis, ar acilebs,

M mose Zelis CagdebiTa mwares wyalsa daatkbilebs,

Y yvela maSin aRsruldebis, roca qriste naTels iRebs.

1 m. Todua, bibliuri motivebi da paradigmebi X saukunis qarTul himnografiaSi,

sakandidato disertacia, Tb., 2001, gv. 11

148

Eesec weria ZvelTagan mefeTa sakiTxavSia:

asureTisa mefesa nemans keTri sWirs tanSia,

wamals aswavlis elise, Svid-gzis dabanis wyalSia,

Svid-gzis daibans, ganwmdebis iordanesa RrmaSia~

(240-241) [14,30].

zemoT vaxseneT, rom Teimuraz meoris SemoqmedebaSi liturgikuli

qmnilebebis gavlenis kvali igrZnoba. naTlisRebis epizodis ganxilva

amas naTlad gvidasturebs.

samecniero literaturaSi miuTiTeben, rom `himnografTa

SexedulebiT, naTlisRebis saidumlos momaswavebelia elias

msxverplSewirva (III mefeTa,18,30-31). elias mier wyalze aRvlenil uflis

samsxverploze gardamoxda uflis cecxli da RvTis rwmenas gardasuli

israeli WeSmaritebisken moaqcia, xolo iordaneSi Casuli cecxlis,

qristes naTlisRebiT iwyeba codvis SvilTa ganwmenda, swored

naTlisRebis dRes gacxadda sameba. ,,winaswarve moaswava saidumloÁ

naTlisRebisaÁ elia, raJams wyalTa mier dawua Sesawiravi igi, xolo aqa

qristeman Seyuna codvani Cuenni iordanes dRes naTlisRebiTa~ [64,9].

m. Toduas mosazrebiT, `himnografebi iordaneSi kacTaebr

naTelRebul macxovars Zveli aRTqmiseuli saxeebiT gvixataven: `faraoÁs

zRuasa damfarveli RmerTi gamobrwyinda ÃorciTa da iordanesa daanTqa

sacnauri mteri farao~(qarTulni,gv. 237). `faraoÁs zRvaSi danTqmul~

RmerTs Zveli aRTqma gvacnobs. egviptelTagan devnili ebraelebi

mewamul zRvas miadgnen. mosem RvTis brZanebiT mas kverTxi dahkra da

saswaulebrivad orad gahyo. ebraelebi uvneblad gadaurCnen mters,

romelnic wyalma STanTqa~ [64,5].

mefeTa wignSi vkiTxulobT: `da hrques kacTa mis qalaqisaTa elises:

aha, esera, sayofeli amis qalaqisa keTil ars, viTarca Sen, ufali

hxedav da wyalni borot da SvilT mmusvreli da hrqua elise: momarTuT

me sarwyuli erTi axali da moarTves mas, da mivida elise Tvalsa mas

zeda wyarosa da STaasxa mas marili da Tqua: esreT ityvis ufali:

ganvkurneb wyalTa amaT da nuRaramca ars magisagan sikudili da nuca

149

SvilTa srva da ganikurnes wyalni ese modRendelad dRemde msgavsad

sityvasa mis elisesisa~ (IV mefeTa,2,19-22) [6,196].

m. Toduas dakvirvebiT, elises mier, RvTis SewevniT, wylis datkboba

winaresaxea macxovris mier naTlisRebiT wylis ganwmedisa. ioanesTan

naTlisRebiT ufalma ganwminda da akurTxa wyalic da naTlisRebac,

romelsac himnografebi araerTgzis aRniSnaven: `moemzade aw, iordaneo,

ganbanad ubiwoTa ÃorcTa misTa, romelsa ara uÃmda sabaneli

ganmwmendlad, aramed hnebavs ganwmendaÁ wyalTaÁ~ (miqel modrekili, gv.

181) [64,57-58].

Teimuraz meoris mixedviT, wyali daatkbo ara elisem, aramed

mosem. iqve elises mier Cadenili saswaulic aris naxsenebi:1

`mose Zelis CagdebiTa mwares wyalsa daatkbilebs,

yvela maSin aRsruldebis, roca qriste naTels iRebs.~

(240,3-4) [14,30].

himnografTa Tanaxmad, xorciT movlenili RvTis xilvisas iordane

ukuiqca:

`zRuaÁ ivltoda SiSiT

da iordane ukun iqca,

gixila raÁ Semoqmedi,

xolo iovane

ZrwoliT gakurTxevda maradis

amaRlebulsa RmerTsa.~ [19,408].

wylis ukuqcevaze 113-e fsalmunSia saubari: `zRuaman ixila da

ivltoda da iordane ukuniqca marTlukano~ (fs.113,2-3) [7,248].

Teimuraz meorec amave TanmimdevrobiT Txzavs:

`ra ars Senda, zRvao? daviT ramdenis wliT win amxilebs.

ìordane ukun-iqec!~ _ swores ityvis, ar acilebs....~ (240,1-2) [14,30].

amdenad, gamovyaviT adgilebi, sadac uSualod bibliis saTanado

teqstis inerciiT aris gadmosuli winaswarmetyvelTa qadagebebi.

1. ix. str. 241, gv.30

150

mivuTiTeT Tavebze, romlebSic individualurad aqvs gamotanili

ZvelaRTqmiseuli miniSnebebi avtors.

rodesac Teimuraz meore ixmobs winaswarmetyvelTa miniSnebebis

Semcvel taepebs, da amas axalaRTqmiseuli paradigmebis safuZvelze

akeTebs, bunebrivia misi qmedeba. Tumca, arc aq aris igi bolomde

mijaWvuli biblias, radganac yuradRebas amaxvilebs im

winaswarmetyvelebebze, romlebic uflis gankacebas anu mis xorcielad

Sobasa da, Sesabamisad, orbunebianobaze metyvelebs. rac Seexeba

xarebisa da naTliscemis epizodebs, rogorc Cans, avtorma biblia

Taviseburad gaiazra da sakiTxs SemoqmedebiTad miudga.

miuxedavad gamovlenili oriode nimuSisa, poemis fsalmunebTan da

sxva winaswarmetyvelebebTan mimarTeba ufro wyaroTmcodneobiTi

problemaa, vidre saxeobrivi.

151

daskvna

bibliiT daintereseba uZvelesi droidan momdinareobs. qristianuli

erebis umravlesobas sakuTari mwerloba saRvTismetyvelo literaturis

TargmniT dauwyia. gamonaklisi arc saqarTveloa. oqsfordSi daculi

uZvelesi palimfsestebis, hagiografiul Tu himnografiul TxzulebebSi

gabneuli bibliuri paradigmebis, eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebis

moRvaweobis xsenebac sakmarisia bibliisadmi qarTvelTa

damokidebulebis naTelsayofad.

`wminda wignis~ Targmnis paralelurad mwerlobaSi `saRvTo

sjulis~ teqstebis metaforul-alegoriulad gaazrebisa da galeqsvis

magaliTebi gamovlinda. avtorebi qristianuli eTikis umniSvnelovanesi

aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT moZRvravdnen sazogadoebas, gadascemdnen

xalxs sibrZnes, raTa ganemtkicebinaT TaobebSi sakraluri codna.

aRorZinebis xanaSi qarTvel mweralTa mxridan bibliuri TemebiT

dainteresebas, Sua saukuneebis kulturul-literaturuli tradiciebis

gaTvaliswinebis garda, axali datvirTvac hqonda. sparsuli kulturis

gavlenis gafarToebis, sazogadoebis nawilSi sarwmunoebrivi

indiferentizmis, evropuli ganmanaTlebluri ideebis gatarebisa da

italielTa uniis gaZlierebis Sedegad Sesustebuli

marTlmadideblobis ganmtkiceba mwerlebma mrwamsis saleqso formiT

gadmocemiT gadawyvites. amiT qarTuli ganmanaTleblobis Tvisebrivi

siaxle gamovlinda, rac qristianul mrwamsTan didaqtikur-moraluri

motivebis SesisxlxorcebiT gamoixata.

daviT guramiSvils, dimitri orbelians, Teimuraz meores

gauleqsavT `saRvTo sjuliseuli~ sakiTxavebi. amaTgan bibliuri Temebis

gadmoRebis saqmeSi masStaburobiT am ukanasknelis Semoqmedeba

gamoirCeva.

naSromSi pirvelad aris dasmuli Teimuraz meoris literaturuli

memkvidreobis bibliasTan mimarTebis monografiulad Seswavlis sakiTxi.

sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva rakursiT ganuxilavT mecnierebs

Txzuleba, magram monografiuli kvleva `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebisa~

152

Tu zogadad Teimuraz meoris literaturuli memkvidreobis Sesaxeb

dRemde ar arsebobs. rac gakeTebula isic araa problemis amomwuravi.

mecnierTa mxridan Teimuraz meoris Semoqmedebis bibliuri motivebis

uinteresod gamocxadebaEkomunisturi reJimiT Cans gamowveuli.

Txzulebis daTariRebasa da epilogis poemas mikuTvnebasTan

dakavSirebiT g. jakobias, l. menabdisa da al. baramiZis Sexedulebebze

sarwmuno k. kekeliZis koncefcia migvaCnia. Sesabamisad, unda

daveTanxmoT mosazrebas Txzulebis 1736-38 wlebSi daweris Taobaze.

`sarke TqmulTa~ iSifreba rogorc adre naTqvamis (bibliuri

siuJetebi, eTnografiuli masala) anarekli. bunebrivia, saero cxovrebis

aRnusxvisa Tu saeklesio Temebis fotografiuli sizustiT gadmotanis

Semdeg Txzulebas realisturad aRwerilis funqcia mieniWa. amdenad, ar

gamovricxavT varauds imis Sesaxeb, rom poemis orive saxelwodeba

avtoris kuTvnilebaa.

`gabaasebis~ pirvel nawilSi Zveli da axali aRTqmis Temebia

galeqsili, amitomac, poemis swori variantis dasadgenad TavisTavad

saukeTeso wyarod CaiTvleba biblia. gamoiTqva varaudi, poemis bibliis

saTanado adgilebTan Sepirispirebis Sedegad, kidev erTxel gadaisinjos

gamomcemlis mier Sejerebuli teqsti. aseve, saWirod vTvliT,

upiratesoba mieniWos M1 xelnawers Txzulebis saboloo variantis

dadgenaSi.

saRvTismetyvelo xasiaTis Txzulebis `ganzraxvani da vedrebani~

Seqmnis motivad Sua saukuneebSi farTod gavrcelebul sinanulis

motivs miviCnevT. winamorbedma mefe-poetebma Tuki aRsarebis mizniT

Seqmnes `galobani sinanulisani~ da `sityva sanaTlisRebo~, Teimurazmac

locvebis SekrebiT gamoxata sakuTari ganwyoba. gamoikveTa krebulis

bibliasTan mimarTebis sakiTxi. Tumca igi Rirs mamaTa da wmindanTa

mier Seqmnili, sxvadasxva adgilas gabneuli mcire locvebisgan Sedgeba,

raki maT Teologiur Sexedulebebs pirvelwyaro bibliaSi eZebneba,

`saRvTo sjuliseuli~ paradigmebi avtomaturad locvanSic gadmovida.

Sesabamisad, mis uSualo wyarod biblia gamoiricxa.

153

`dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi" amonaridebia mocemuli bibliidan,

gvxvdeba movlenaTa araTanmimdevruloba, anaqronizmi, axali aRTqmidan

umeteswilad is siuJetebia galeqsili, romlebic oTxi saxarebidan

mxolod erT-erTSia moTxrobili. Aavtori zogan uTiTebs, romeli

saxarebidan leqsavs, zogan ki miuTiTeblad Txzavs, iCens sizustes

Txrobis procesSi, aseve, bibliuri legendebis safuZvlian codnas

amJRavnebs.

TxzulebaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva Sexedulebas

adamianis RvTissworobaze. aRorZinebis xanaSi sulierebis krizisi

SeiniSneboda, amitomac usvams xazs Teimurazi adamis modgmis RvTis

saxed da xatad dasaxelebis faqts (àdamis Sesaqmis ambavi~).

poemaSi naCvenebia uflis mcnebaze gadaxvevis Sedegebi. Tavebis

èvasi da adamis SecTomis ambavi~, àq Ramisagan pasuxis migeba kaenisagan

abelis sikvdilisa~, àqa lameqisagan kaenis sikvdili~ mixedviT, uflis

gzidan gadacdena adamianebs sasikeTos aras hpirdeba.

Teimuraz meore sagangebod exeba ZmaTa SuRlSi Suris sindromis

rols. ìakobis kurTxevis~ scenaSi, gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas,

poetis Tanamedrove qarTvelTa yofa ilandeba.

Bbibliuri personaJebis: noes, abraamis, elises, moses, iobis

xsenebisas poets surs dagvanaxos Rirseuli pirovnebebis xateba. qveynad

marTali adamianebic arseboben. ufali arasdros iviwyebs maT.

Sesabamisad, mokvdavic mudmivad unda hmadlobdes RmerTs; uflis saqme

mis mier xeldasxmulsac SeuZlia gaakeTos, adamiani xom `RvTis saxed

da xatad~ Seiqmna.

amdenad, Teimuraz meoris `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~ Zveli

aRTqmis siuJetebi Tumca TanmimdevrobiT aris galeqsili, Mmizani

qronologiis dacvisgan savsebiT gansxvavdeba. poets naxsenebi epizodebi

sakuTari epoqis moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT aqvs gadmoRebuli.

Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebisadmi mwerlis Taviseburi

damokidebuleba gamoikveTa. `Zveli sjulis~ galeqsvisas Teimuraz

meorem bibliur patriarqebsa da sikeTisa da borotebis gamovlenaze

gaamaxvila yuradReba, amiT ki damoZRvris paralelurad, religiisa da

154

RvTiuri cxovrebisken swrafvisadmi sazogadoebaSi arsebuli

indiferentizmi amxila.Aaxal aRTqmaSi sagangebod, saguldagulod

Seujerebia bibliis sakiTxavebi. igi, rogorc Cans, cdila Seevso is

danaklisi, romelic qristes cxovrebis variaciebSi arsebobda. Tuki

vivaraudebT, rom mis naSroms saswavlo daniSnuleba hqonda,

dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisTvis ufro misaRebi iqneboda axali aRTqmis

Tavebis Serwymulad miwodeba. udavoa, Teimuraz meores meti rudunebiT

gauleqsavs axali aRTqmis epizodebi. miniSnebebs moralsa da mrwamsze

aqac vxvdebiT. Aam nawilSi aTi mcnebis, Svidi saidumlos, cxra

netarebis xseneba, sxva araferia, Tu ara saxelmZRvanelo wyaros

miTiTeba, ras warnmoadgens qristianuli religia da ra unda gvaxsovdes

Cven masze.

konkretulad, mainc udides sauflo dResaswaulebze gaamaxvila

yuradReba avtorma, riTac kidev erTxel Seaxsena TanamedroveT mrwamsi

da misi dacvis aucilebloba.

saxelwodeba `dRisa da Ramis gabaaseba~ da nawarmoebis gamarTvis

forma migvaniSnebs, rom Txzulebis mTavari Tema dRe-Ramis umjobes-

udaresobis dadgenaa. Tumca, nawarmoebis, ufro ki finalis wakiTxva

saeWvos xdis am debulebas. Teimurazma Tavisi poemis gabaasebis Janrs

morgebiTa da DdRe-Ramis personaJebad SemoyvaniT faqtiurad erTgvari

literaturuli xerxiT SeniRba nawarmoebi, raTa saTqmeli

originalurad sruleyo.Ppoemis Aapokalifsis sceniT daxurva amyarebs

am debulebas.

Ggamocxadebis Segonebas zedmiwevniT emTxveva Teimuraz meoris

Txzulebis morali. adamianma saaqaoSi unda izrunos sulis

gadarCenisTvis. igi mudmivad unda iswrafodes srulyofisken, raTa

uflis samsjavroze Semoqmedis marjvena mxares aRmoCndes. A

mwerali leqsavs ara marto bibliis msoflio eklesiis mier

aRiarebuli variantebidan, aramed calkeuli sakiTxavebidanac. amdenad,

sargeblobs rogorc kanonikuri, ise arakanonikuri ZeglebiT da iq,

sadac `dabeWduli wignebis~ mTxroblebi duman, `daubeWdveli wignebis~

gamoyenebiT avsebs danakliss. arakanonikuri wignebidan aris galeqsili

155

Tavebi: àqa lameqisagan kaenis sikvdili~ da `RvTismSoblis micvaleba~.

xalxuri apokrifebis gavlena igrZnoba TavebSi: àqa kaenisagan abelis

sikvdili~ da ìobis ambavi~. G

Llameqis istoriis literaturul wyarod `ganZTa qvabi~ dasaxelda,

`RvTismSoblis micvalebisa~ ki `sakiTxavi gardacvalebisaTvis

RvTismSoblisa~. Aapokrifuli Zeglebis `qal-vaJianisa~ da àdamis

cxovrebis~ gavlenas ganicdis kaenisagan abelis sikvdilis istoriis

Semcveli taepebi, xalxuri apokrifis, ìobis leqsis~, gavlena

SeiniSneba iobis gansacdelis epizodSic.

Teimuraz meore ama Tu im Tavis galeqsvisas, konteqstis mixedviT,

Tavad urTavs epizodebs bibliis sxva wignebidan. am mxriv Cveni

yuradReba miipyro Semdegma adgilebma: `xareba yovladwmidisa

RvTismSoblisa~; `winadacveTa uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi~;

`naTlisReba uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi~, àqa qalTan dawola~.

`xareba~ iwyeba daviT winaswarmetyvelis erT-erTi fsalmunis

gariTmviT. aq vxvdebiT miniSnebas qalwul mariamis saSoSi macxovris

Casaxvaze. uflis winadacveTis gadmocemisas am ritualis warmoSobis

istorias leqsavs avtori, Sesabamisad, `dabadebis~ me-17 Tavis me-11-14

muxlebs iSveliebs. naTlisRebis scenaSi ki ixseniebian daviT

winaswarmetyveli, mose, elise, asureTis mefe neemani. epizodebi maTi

monawileobiT moxmobilia naTlisRebis saswaulis maniSneblad,

Sesabamisad, mocemuli adgilebi uflis naTlisRebis arqetipad aris

miCneuli. Teimuraz meore saero nawilSic araerTxel ubrundeba

bibliur Tematikas. TavSi àqa qalTan dawola~ erT-erTi saidumlos,

qorwinebis, RvTiurobis dasamtkiceblad galileis kanaSi momxdar faqts

axsenebs da mianiSnebs, rom macxovarma orgzis akurTxa qorwineba.

xarebisa da naTlisRebis gadmoRebisas, Cans, avtorma biblia

Taviseburad gaiazra. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs daviT winaswarmetyvelis

qadagebis, elias mier wylis datkbobis, keTrovani neemanis gankurnebis,

moses kverTxis kvris dakavSireba RvTismSoblis xarebasTan da uflis

naTlisRebasTan. amiT ki gamoavlina ara marto `saRvTo sjulis~, aramed

156

mTeli saRvTismetyvelo literaturis safuZvliani codna, paralelurad,

qarTul himnografiaSi Rrmaganswavluloba.

bibliis identur personaJTagan gansxvavebuli, inovaciuri siuJeti

Tu saxeebi gvxvdeba TavebSi: àqa lameqis ambavi~, àqa isakis ambavi~, àqa

iobis ambavi~. Tuki `ganZTa qvabis~ mixedviT lameqi qviT klavs kaens,

Teimuraz meore mokvlis iaraRad isars asaxelebs. Teimurazis isaki

savsebiT gansxvavebulia _ igi arc bibliur isaks hgavs, arc

patristikul-himnografiuls da arc xalxurs. samwuxarod, mas ara aqvs

is SemarTeba da arc gaTavisebuli aqvs is roli, rac ufalma daakisra.

gadagvarebisa da moralurad dacemis safrTxe realurad arsebobda

aRniSnul epoqaSi. Mmamebis Rirseuli memkvidreni ver iyvnen Svilebi.

albaT, es undoda eCvenebina kalmosans, rodesac isakis saxes qmnida, aq

misi Taobis xati ilandeba. sxvamxriv verc aixsneba aseTi gansxvavebuli,

arc Tu ise saxarbielo saxis Seqmna.

msgavsad xalxuri apokrifisa, poemis mixedviT, iobis coli

iziarebs meuRlis gasaWirs. colis mier sawuTros datovebis survili

ki aSkarad individualuria.

poemaSi ukanaskneli sityva dRes ekuTvnis, rasac mkvlevarebi misi

upiratesobis maniSneblad miiCneven. nawarmoebis finalSi igi Tavad

aRniSnavs, rom garkveuli ar aris Tu romel DdroSi gamoecxadeba da

ganikiTxavs ufali xalxs, Tanac mudmivi mzadyofnisken mouwodebs maT.

amiT dRis sxva sazrunavi ikveTeba, vidre sakuTari upiratesobis

warmoCena.

SesaZloa, sinaTlis apologiad CaiTvalos poema, magram iqve

garkveviT unda mieTiTos, rom RirsebiT arc Rame Camouvardeba mas. erT-

erTis umetesobac xazgasmiT ar gamokveTila. Txzulebis Txrobis

gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom Rame (bneli) dRis

Tanasworia. amitomac, roca sakiTxi exeba am ori cnebis Tanafardobis

gamorkvevas, Teimuraz meoris `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~, qristianul

mwerlobaSi arsebuli zogadi kanonzomierebisgan gansxvavebiT, naTlisa

da bnelis antinomia unda gavigoT, rogorc ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego

debulebis tolfardoba.

157

Teimuraz meore naTlisa da bnelis cnebis simbolurad gaazrebisas

mihyveba bibliis, Tu saRvTismetyvelo literaturis xazs. asxvavebs

Sesaqmis pirvelsa da meoTxe dRes gaCenil naTels erTmaneTisgan;

neoplatonuri moZRvrebis Sesabamisad, mzes aRiarebs RvTis (naTlis)

metaforad. rig SemTxvevaSi bnelSi RvTis apofatikur atributs_

saRvTo wyvdiads _ moiazrebs. amitomac, igi zogan naTlis tolfas

cnebad gvevlineba da iseTive metaforuli saxea, rogoric naTeli, dRe

an mze.

amdenad, Teimuraz meoris `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~ naTlisa da

bnelis simbolika bibliuri, patristikuli da himnografiulia.

saxe-simboloebis `mayvali mgzebare~, ,,sityva RvTisa~; `sibrZne da

sityva mamisa~; `dRe~, `sityva~, aseve, sintagmis `Ze quxilisa~ gaazrebisas

mefe-poetis metaforul azrovnebas sasuliero mwerlobis xelweris

kvali emCneva. miuxadavad amisa, misi umTavresi wyaro mainc bibliaa.

xarebis, Qqristes Sobis, naTlisRebis, ierusalims Sesvlis,

jvarcmis, amaRlebis, suli wmidis mosvlis epizodebis gariTmvisas

poeti axsenebs miqias, esaias, zaqarias, iovels, daviTs. aRniSnul

winaswarmetyvelTa qadagebebi uSualod bibliis saTanado teqstis

inerciiT aris gadmosuli TxzulebaSi. Tumca, aqac mizanmimarTulad

Txzavs bibliis teqsts mwerali, radganac yuradRebas amaxvilebs

konkretulad im winaswarmetyvelebebze, romlebic uflis gankacebas, anu

mis xorcielad Sobasa da Sesabamisad, orbunebianobaze metyvelebs.

miuxedavad gamovlenili nimuSebisa, poemis fsalmunebTan da sxva

winaswarmetyvelebebTan mimarTeba ufro wyaroTmcodneobiTi problemaa,

vidre saxeobrivi.

Aamdenad, sadisertacio naSromSi gamoikveTa ra mimarTebaa Teimuraz

meoris Zeglsa da biblias Soris, ramdenad misdevs bibliis teqsts

avtori, konkretuli epizodebis gadmoRebisas gvxvdeba Tu ara

Camatebebi sxva sakiTxavebidan, ramdenadaa Sesisxlxorcebuli poemaSi

bibliuri siuJeti, ra cvlilebebs ganicdis igi, ra aris saerTo

`saRvTo sjulisa~ da Teimuraz meoris poemas Soris, ra inovacias

158

vxvdebiT bibliis perifrazirebisas, SeimCneva Tu ara bibliasTan

mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi mimarTebis aspeqtebi.

Tumca ZiriTadad uSualod, ucvlelad gadmoaqvs Teimuraz meores

bibliis Tavebi, zogan Sinagan Tavisuflebas iCens Txzvis procesSi,

warmoaCens saRvTo istoriis safuZvlian codnas, epizodebs simbolur-

alegoriulad iazrebs, garkveuli mosazrebiT leqsavs epoqis

Sesabamisad misTvis saintereso Temebs.

159

gamoyenebuli literatura:

a) wyaroebi:

1. adamis apokrifuli cxovrebis qarTuli versia, teqsti

gamosacemad moamzada c. qurcikiZem, Tb., saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa

akademia, 2003, 77 gv.

2. arCili, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, al. baramiZisa da n.

berZeniSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., saqarTvelos muzeumi, 1936, t. I, 304 gv.

3. axali aRTqumaÁ uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi, Tb., sakaTalikoso

sabWos gamocema, 1963, 702 gv.

4. bagrationi a. wyobilsityvaoba, gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva,

komentarebi da leqsikoni daurTo iv. lolaSvilma, Tb., `mecniereba~,

1980, 415 gv.

5. biblia (mcxeTuri xelnaweri), teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada da

gamokvleva daurTo el. doCanaSvilma, Tb., `mecniereba~, 1981, 544 gv.





8. biblia (mcxeTuri xelnaweri), el. doCanaSvilis redaqtorobiT,

Tb., `mecniereba~, 1985, 381 gv.

9. biblia (mcxeTuri xelnaweri), el. doCanaSvilis redaqtorobiT,

Tb., `mecniereba~, 1986, 302 gv.

10. ganZTa qvabi, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, leqsikoni

da saZieblebi daurTo c. qurcikiZem, Tb., xelnawerTa instituti, 2007,

224 gv.

11. guramiSvili d. `daviTiani~, msoflio literaturis biblioTeka,

Tb., `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1977, 215-471 gv.

12. Teimuraz I, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, teqsti, gamokvleva,

leqsikoni, al. baramiZisa da g. jakobias redaqciiT, tf., `federacia~,

1934, 324 gv.

13. Teimuraz pirveli, ,,leilmajnuniani~, Cveni saunje, Tb.,

`nakaduli~, 1960, t. IV, 24-47gv.

14. Teimuraz meore, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, Gg. jakobias

winasityvaobiT, redaqciiT, leqsikoniTa da SeniSvnebiT, Tb., `federacia~,

1939, 281 gv.

15. ioane minCxis poezia, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva

daurTo l. xaCiZem, Tb., gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1987, 365 gv.

16. martvilobaÁ evstaTi mcxeTelisaÁ, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli

literaturis Zeglebi, Tb., saqarTvelos ssr. mecnierebaTa akademiis

gamomcemloba, 1963 t. I, gv. 30-45.

17. modrekili miqel, ìambikoni~, wignSi: qarTuli poezia,

saqarTvelos ssr sabavSvo da axalgazrdobis literaturis saxelmwifo

gamomcemloba, Tb., `nakaduli~, 1979, t. I, gv. 80-88

18. modrekili miqel, dasdebelni naTlisRebisa da wmidisa mowamisa

haboÁsnive, wignSi: qarTuli poezia, Tb., `nakaduli~, 1979, t.I, gv. 94-105

160

19. modrekili miqael, himnebi, S. amiranaSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tb.,

`sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1971 t. I, 544 gv.

20. miqael modrekilis himnebi, teqsti gadmowera dednidan da

gamosca v. Ggvaxariam, S. amiranaSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tb., `sabWoTa

saqarTvelo~, 1978, t. II, 554 gv.

21. rusTaveli SoTa, vefxistyaosani, gamokvleva, SeniSvnebi da

leqsikoni daurTo n. naTaZem, Tb., `ganaTleba~, 1974, 547 gv.

22. sabanisZe iovane, martvilobaÁ habo tfilelisaÁ, Zveli qarTuli

agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, Tb., saqarTvelos ssr.

mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, t. I, 1963, gv. 46-81.

23. sarke TqmulTa, Tqmuli mefis Teimurazis meorisa, grigol

qorqiSvilis gamocema, quTaisi, quTaisis Rubernskis stamba. 1870, II, 63

gv.

24. svingelozi saba, galobani qristes gangebulebisa da

gankacebisani, Cveni saunje, Tb., `nakaduli~, 1960, t.I, gv. 546-550.

25. `qal-vaJiani~, meoTxed gamocemuli mixeil axpatelovisagan, tf.

1886, 15 gv.

26. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, Semdgeneli q. sixaruliZe, Tb.,

mecnierebaTa akademia, 1974, t. II, 567 gv.

27. Teimuraz meore, `dRisa da Ramis gabaaseba~, wignSi: qarTuli

poezia, saqarTvelos ssr sabavSvo da axalgazrdobis literaturis

saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, Tb., `nakaduli~, 1976, t.V, gv. 247-423

28. qse, Semdgeneli ir. abaSiZe, Tb., mecnierebaTa akademia, 1986, t. 5,

703 gv.

29. curtaveli iakob, martvilobaÁ SuSanikisi, Zveli qarTuli

agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, Tb., saqarTvelos ssr.

mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1963, t. I, gv. 11-29

30. Zveli aRTqmis apokrifuli wignebis qarTuli versiebi, wigni I,

teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, winasityvaoba da leqsikoni daurTo c.

qurcikiZem, gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, Tb., 1970, 445 gv.

31. `wamebaÁ gobronisi, romeli ganiyvanes yvelis cixiT~, Zveli

qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, Tb., saqarTvelos ssr.

mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1963 t. I, gv. 172-183.

32. xalxuri sityviereba, Semdgeneli p. umikaSvili, Tb., federacia,

1937, nawili I, 642 gv.

33. zsiem 24, 255 gv.

34. S-135, 100 gv. 35. S-3633, 100 gv.

b) literatura:

36. afciauri j. Teimurazi, Tb., gamomcemloba `merani~, 1991, 255 gv.

37. àRwera samefosi saqarTveloisa~, qarTlis cxovreba, s.

yauxCiSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tb., sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1973, t. IV, 1102

gv.

38. baramiZe al. Teimuraz II, gaz. ,,samSoblo”, Tb., 1975, 16 agvisto, gv.

6

161

39. baramiZe al. Teimuraz meore, wignSi: Zveli qarTuli

literaturis istoria, k. kekeliZisa da al baramiZis redaqtorobiT, Tb.,

universitetis gamomcemloba, 1987, gv. 439-446

40. baramiZe r. ,,daviTianSi~ ganfenili zogierTi problema, Tb.,

mecnierebaTa akademia, 2005, 163 gv.

41. baqraZe ak. daviwyebuli idea, wignSi: `qarTuli mwerloba~, Tb.,

`nakaduli~, 1988, t. V, gv. 5-29.

42. baqraZe ak. sasuliero poeziis saxeebi, kreb. `poezia~, Tb., merani,

1981, gv. 54-61.

43. baCelori m. bibliis kari, wignTa wignis saukeTeso megzuri, Tb.,

g.b.s. saqarTvelos warmomadgenloba, 1999, 173 gv.

44. baCelori m. ,,oTxi saxareba: maTe, markozi, luka,

ioane,“ krebulSi: ,,mcire bibliuri enciklopedia“, Tb., 2007, XXI; gv. 28-

135.

45. begiaSvili T. Teimuraz meore, wignSi: ,,qarTuli sityvierebis

istoria~, Tb., saxelgami, 1931, naw. III, gv. 113-121.

46. bibliis enciklopedia, erTtomeuli, z. kiknaZisa da g.

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167

Sinaarsi

Sesavali

Tavi I _ Teimuraz meore qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi

1.1 `dRisa da Ramis gabaaseba~ _ Teimuraz meoris umTavresi

nawarmoebi.................................................................................................. 5

1.2 literaturuli paraleli........................................ 8

1.3 Txzulebis ori saxelwodeba........................................ 9

1.4 `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis~ epilogi rogorc Txzulebis

daTariRebis wyaro........................................................................ 10

1.5 `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis~ avtorobasTan dakavSirebuli

sakiTxebi............................................................................................. 12

1.6 teqstologiuri SeniSvnebi............................................. 15

1.7 Teimuraz meoris Semoqmedebis folkloruli wyaroebi......... 24

1.8 Teimuraz meoris literaturul-esTetikuri Sexedulebani......25

1.9 `literaturis partiulobis~ principis xelisSemSleli roli

Teimuraz meoris Semoqmedebis srulyofilad Seswavlis saqmeSi……... 30

1.10 `ganzraxvani da vedrebani~_Svideul dReTa locvebis krebuli

... ............................................................................................................................................. 36

Tavi II _ bibliuri siuJetebi Teimuraz meoris `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~

2.1 bibliuri siuJetebis gadmoRebis mniSvneloba XVIII saukunis

saqarTveloSi…………………………...................................................................…… 43

2.2 Zveli aRTqmis siuJetebi `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~............60

2.3 axali aRTqmis siuJetebi `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~...................94

III Tavi _ `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebis~ saxismetyveleba

3.1 naTlisa da bnelis tropika Teimuraz meoris ,,dRisa da Ramis

gabaasebaSi~……........................................................................................... 119

3.2uflis metaforebi ,,dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~……....................... 138

3.3 bibliuri winaswarmetyvelebebi `dRisa da Ramis gabaasebaSi~...

142

daskvna..................................................................................................... 150

gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxa….......................................................... 158

Sinaarsi.......................................................................................... 166

168

Documents

T.II da biblia da biblia_rogava.pdf · wyaroTmcodneobiT bazas warmoadgens Zveli da axali aRTqmis sakiTxavebi, amasTan apokrifebi, rogorc xalxuri, ise beWduri xasiaTisa. naSromis mecnieruli