TILMAAMAHA BEERAHA WARAABKA LAGU ...open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12237178.pdfGOGOLDHIG Beeraha waraabka lagu-horumariyo, iyo waxsoosaarka cuntada ee laga-helayo waxay ku-tiirsan-tahay

Wasaaradda Beeraha Xafiiska Beeraha Deegaanka Oromiya Xafiiska Xoolaha, Dalagga iyo Horumarinta Reer Miyiga ee Deegaanka Soomaalida Itoobiya

TILMAAMAHA BEERAHA WARAABKA LAGU HORUMARIYO EE

DEEGAANKA SOOMAALIDA

ITOOBIYA

BUUGAGII EE WARAABIYAANA BEERAHA EE AAGGA GODEY

TIR 2007

JAPAN INTERNATIONL COOPERARION AGENCY (Wakaaladda Iskaashiga Caalamiga Jabbaan)

SANYU CONSULTANTS INC. (Shirkadda La-taliyayaasha Sanyu)

RD

JR

15-015

GOGOLDHIG

Beeraha waraabka lagu-horumariyo, iyo waxsoosaarka cuntada ee laga-helayo waxay ku-tiirsan-tahay arrimo ay ka mid yihiin maaraynta habboon ee biyaha iyo dhul-beereedka. Maaraynta habboon ee waraabka iyo beer-falashada habboon waa qaybo ka-tirsan nidaamka soo-saaridda dalagga oo u baahan fiiro iyo taxgelin sareeya.

Tilmaamahani wuxuu bar-tilmaameedsanayaa sii xoojinta dhinacyada injineeriyadda, beeraha, dhaqaalaha iyo dagaanka (environmetal) ee la-xidhiidha horumarinta beeraha waraabka ku-baxa ee deegaanka Soomaalida. Iyada oo la-eegayo tix-raacyada kooban ee ficilka ku-salaysan ee nawaaxiga Goday, waxaa si gaar ah culayska loo-saarayaa dhinacyada injineeriyadda ee beeraleyda waraabka yar.

Waxaa kale oo loogu tala-galay shaqaalaha horumarinta (DA) si loogaga caawiyo dhinaca adeegyada fidinta beeraha. Waxaa kale oo loogu tala-galay khabiirada heer xaafadeed iyo heer dagmo ee doonaya inay kor u qaadaan kartidooda ku-aaddan si ay wax ugaga qabtaan arrimaha waraabka ee heer-beereed. Sida dhabta ah, tilmaamahani wuxuu isku-dayayaa in isaga oo xidhiidhinaya qaybaha kala-duwan ee horumarinta waraabka ku lug leh uu cilmiga soo jeediyo.

Hindisayaasha iyo dadaalada loo-galay diyaarinta tilmaamahan waxaa loo-arkaa inay kaalin muhiim ah ku yeelanayaan cilmiga deegaankan lagu-baahinayo, gaar-ahaana taba-baridda khabiirada waraabka. Waxaa la-filayaa in mawduuca uu tilmaamahani ka-hadlayo uu taageerayo hawlaha qorshaynta, naqshadaynta, dhismaha, hawlgalka, dayac-tirka iyo hababka maaraynta biyaha ee dhul-beereedka dhexdiisa laga-fulinayo ee ka-tirsan horumarinta waraabka.

Iyada oo guud ahaan la-adeegsanayo khayraadka kala-duwan ee biyaha ee uu deegaanku leeyahay, gaar-ahaan, Wabi Shabeelle, si loo-kordhiyo waxsoosaarka cuntada, tilmaamahani wuxuu taageeri doonaa dhaqangelinta beeraha waraabka. Waxaanu rajaynaynaa in uu tilmaamahani noqon doono dukumeenti muhiim ah oo si guul leh loogu dhaqangelin doono mashaariicda horumarinta waraabka ee deegaanka Soomaalida.

JAPAN INTERNATIONL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)

(Wakaaladda Iskaashiga Caalamiga Jabbaan)

i

TUSMADA

QAYBTA I WARAABKA

CUTUBKA 1 NAQSHADAYNTA WARAABKA .............................................................. I-1 1.1 Horumarinta Khayraadka Biyaha ee Deegaanka Soomaalida .................................... I-1-1

1.1.1 Roobka Nawaaxiga Goday ................................................................................. I-1-1 1.1.2 Sida Nawaaxiga Goday Looga Baahan-yahay Beero Waraabka Lagu

Horumariyo ........................................................................................................... I-1-1 1.1.3 Isha Biyaha ee Nawaaxiga Goday ..................................................................... I-1-2

1.2 Nooca Hababka Waraabka .............................................................................................. I-1-3 1.3 Baahida Biyaha ................................................................................................................. I-1-3

1.3.1 Uumi-baxa ............................................................................................................ I-1-3 1.3.2 Horgalaha (Coefficient) Dalagga iyo Koritaanka Dalagga ............................ I-1-4 1.3.3 Baahiyada Biyaha ee Dalagga ........................................................................... I-1-6 1.3.4 Baahida Biyaha Waraabka .................................................................................. I-1-6 1.3.5 Noocyada Kala Duwan ee Wax ku-oolnimada Habka Waraabka ................. I-1-7 1.3.6 Baahida Biyaha ee Xisaanta Lagu Helayo (WR) ............................................ I-1-8

1.4 Habka Waraabka ee Dhul-Beereedka Dushiisa .......................................................... I-1-10 1.4.1 Kala Hababka Waraabka................................................................................... I-1-10 1.4.2 Hababka Waraabka ee Oogada Sare ............................................................... I-1-10 1.4.3 Waraabka Bilbilidda .......................................................................................... I-1-14 1.4.4 Waraabka tifqinta ............................................................................................... I-1-15 1.4.5 Doorashada Hababka Waraabka ee Aagga Goday Ku-habboon ................. I-1-16

CUTUBKA 2 HAWLGALKA IYO ILAALINTA .............................................................. I-2 2.1 Abaabulka ........................................................................................................................... I-2-1

2.1.1 Kaalinta Ururka Isticmaalayaasha Biyaha (WUA) ................................................ I-2-1 2.1.2 Dhismaha Gudaha ee Ururka Isticmaalayaasha Biyaha ......................................... I-2-3

2.2 Hawlgalka ........................................................................................................................... I-2-5 2.2.1 Hawlgalka Soo Tuuridda (Matoorka) ..................................................................... I-2-5 2.2.2 Nidaamka Qaybina Biyaha .................................................................................... I-2-7 2.2.3 Hababka Qaadashada (Intake) ee Dhul-Beereedka ................................................ I-2-9 2.2.4 Waraabka Dooxada .............................................................................................. I-2-10 2.2.5 Biyaha La-Dhex-Marinayo Khadka Loo-Jeexay ................................................. I-2-11 2.2.6 Waraabinta Xadadka ............................................................................................ I-2-13

2.3 Ilaalinta (daryeelka) .......................................................................................................... I-2-14 2.3.1 Ilaalinta (daryeelka Adeegga Waraabka) .............................................................. I-2-15 2.3.2 Ilaalinta (daryeelka) iyo dayactirka kanaalka....................................................... I-2-16

CUTUBKA 3 TIXGELINTA DEEGAANEED IYO BULSHEED ................................... I-3 3.1 Sharci-Dajinta Deegaaneed iyo Dhismaha Mac’hadeed ee Itoobiya .................................. I-3-1 3.2 Heerka Baadhintaanka Deegaaneed ee Mashaariicda Horumarinta Waraabka ................... I-3-1 3.3 Hannaanka Baadhitaanka Deegaanka ................................................................................. I-3-3

3.3.1 Xadaynta Saamaynta Deegaanka Soo Gaadhaysa ................................................. I-3-3 3.3.2 Baadhitaanka Deegaaneed iyo Bulsheed ............................................................... I-3-4 3.3.3 Tallaabooyinka Dabcinta iyo Dabagalka ................................................................ I-3-6

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QAYBTA II BEERAHA

CUTUBKA 1 HORDHAC ................................................................................................... II-1 1.1 Dhir ................................................................................................................................... II-1-1

1.1.1 Jirridaha ................................................................................................................ II-1-1 1.1.2 Fasaxyada ............................................................................................................. II-1-1 1.1.3 Jawaan .................................................................................................................. II-1-1 1.1.4 Ubax ..................................................................................................................... II-1-1 1.1.5 Firuit ..................................................................................................................... II-1-1

1.2 Arrimaha maxaliga ah kuwaas oo saamayn Koritaanka Dhirta ........................................ II-1-2 1.2.1 Biyaha(Huur) ....................................................................................................... II-1-2 1.2.2 Ciidda iyo Nafaqada ............................................................................................. II-1-2 1.2.3 Nafaqada .............................................................................................................. II-1-3 1.2.4 Cimilada: Qorraxda iyo Heerkulka ...................................................................... II-1-4

CUTUBKA 2 QORSHAYNTA BEERAHA ....................................................................... II-2 2.1 Falanqaynta Xaaladda Beeraha ......................................................................................... II-2-1

2.1.1 Xaaladda Deegaanka ............................................................................................ II-2-1 2.1.2 Xaaladda Beeraha ................................................................................................ II-2-2 2.1.3 Baahiyaha iyo Suuq Dadka .................................................................................. II-2-2

2.2 Hababka Wuxu Abuuray Kala Duwan Iyo Qaababka ....................................................... II-2-3 2.2.1 Hababka Wuxu Abuuray ...................................................................................... II-2-3 2.2.2 Wareegga Dalagyada ............................................................................................ II-2-5

2.3 Sifowdaa Ina Ay Hab Wuxu Abuuray ............................................................................... II-2-6 2.3.1 Xulashada Dalagyada ........................................................................................... II-2-6 2.3.2 Doorashada Xuquuqda Noocyo ........................................................................... II-2-7 2.3.3 Qorshaynta ee Wareegga Dalagyada .................................................................... II-2-8

2.4 Qorshaha beeraha talinayaa Gode ..................................................................................... II-2-9 2.4.1 Xaaladda Beeraha Xaadirka ................................................................................. II-2-9 2.4.2 Talinayo Hab Wuxu Abuuray Iyo Siduu Hanaankeedu...................................... II-2-10

CUTUBKA 3 IYO DHEDDIGA ......................................................................................... II-3 3.1 Kiimikada Bacrin .............................................................................................................. II-3-1

3.1.1 Noocyada Kiimikada Bacrin ................................................................................ II-3-1 3.1.2 Habka of Bacrin ................................................................................................... II-3-2

3.2 Orgaiki Bacrin ................................................................................................................... II-3-3 3.3 Waqtiga Bacrimiyaha Dalbashada .................................................................................... II-3-3

3.3.1 Natirojin ............................................................................................................... II-3-4 3.3.2 Fosfaaras .............................................................................................................. II-3-4 3.3.3 Potaashem ............................................................................................................ II-3-4

CUTUBKA 4 KONTOROOKA CAYAYAAN, CUDRRO IYO YARANTA ................... II-4 4.1 Noocyada cayayaanka, Cudurada iyo haramaha ............................................................... II-4-1

4.1.1 Cayayaanka .......................................................................................................... II-4-1 4.1.2 Cudurada .............................................................................................................. II-4-1 4.1.3 Haramaha ............................................................................................................. II-4-1

4.2 Xakamaynta Tallaabooyink ............................................................................................... II-4-2 4.2.1 Talaabooyinka Looga Hortago ............................................................................. II-4-2 4.2.2 Kiimikada Xakameynta ........................................................................................ II-4-2

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CUTUBKA 5 CAAFIMAADKA GARAFYADA TALINAYAA WARAABKA .............. II-5 5.1 Arrimihii Laga Garafyada Shaqeeyaan Gode ................................................................... II-5-1 5.2 Dalagga ............................................................................................................................. II-5-3

5.2.1 Gallay (Zea mays L., Qoyska Graminaceous / Poaceae) ..................................... II-5-3 5.2.2 Hadhuudhka (Hadhuudhka Bicolor) .................................................................... II-5-4

5.3 Dalagyada Pals: Digir digirta (Phaseolus vulgaris.L) ....................................................... II-5-6 5.4 Beeraha saliida .................................................................................................................. II-5-9

5.4.1 Sisinta (indicum Sesamum.L ............................................................................... II-5-9 5.4.2 Looska (arachis hypogaea.L) ............................................................................. II-5-10

5.5 Qudaarta .......................................................................................................................... II-5-12 5.5.1 Basasha (Allium cepa L.) ................................................................................... II-5-12 5.5.2 Tamaandho (Lycopersicon esculeutum) ............................................................. II-5-13

5.6 Dalagyada Calafka .......................................................................................................... II-5-14

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SOO GAABINTA EREYADA

DA Wakiilka koritaanka DM Qalalan La Taaban CEO Madaxa Maamulka Fulinta CRV dhexe Rifti Vaal EIA Agagaarka Qiimaynta Saamaynta EIAR Hay'adaha Ethiopian ah cilmibaarisyadii u Beeraha EPA Hay'adda Ilaalinta Deegaanka FAO Ururka Cuntada iyo Beeraha Ea Oolnimada codsiga beeraha Eb Beeraha Waxtarka Codsiga Maris Biyaha Ec Karti Gaadhsiin, Ep Guud ahaan Pirojekt Karti ER Roobabka wax ku ool ah ET Uumi iyo Biyo Khasaaro Iyada Oo Caleemo Etc Shuruudaha Dalagyada Biyaha FAO Ururka Cuntada iyo Beeraha JICA Japan Agency Iskaashiga Caalamiga Irg Baahiyada guud ee waraabka IRn Baahida guud ee waraabka MOA Wasaaradda Beeraha MP Muriate Potash PA Qiimaynta hordhac ah QSD Qiimeynta Saamaynta Dagaaneed QHH Qiimeynta Heerka Hore RREP Horumarinta kabsada Miyiga Pirojekt SFS Sarkaalka Sare ee Fulinta ShH Shaqaalaha Horumarinta SoRPARI Gobolka dhaqatada Soomaaliyeed iyo beero-iyo-xoola-dhaqatada ee Machadka

Cilmi TOR Shuruudaha Ref. TSP Saddex jeer Super Phosphate WID Wakaaladda Ilaalinta Dagaanka WR Shuruudaha Biyaha WUA Urur-faa'iideystayaal Biyaha

BADDALIDDA CABBIRADA

1 mitir (m) = 3.28 foodh 1 kilomitir(km) = 0.62 mayl 1 hiktaar(ha) = 2.47 akriyo 1 akri = 0.405 hiktaar 1 foodh = 12 iinji (30.48 cm) 1 iinji = 2.54 seentimitir

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LIISKA SHAXYADA:

QAYBTA I WARAABKA

CUTUBKA 1 NAQSHADAYNTA WARAABKA Shaxda 1.1.1 Uumi-baxa Xillilaha (ET) Baahiyada Dalagyada Kala-duwan ................................ I-1-1 Shaxda 1.3.1 Eto-ga Nawaaxiga Goday, oo lagu xisaabiyey CROPWAT 8.0 ................................ I-1-4 Shaxda 1.3.2 Marxaladda Koritaanka Dalagga iyo Horgalayaasha Dalagga ................................. I-1-5 Shaxda 1.3.3 Cadadka Guud ee Roobka Billaha ah ee Laga Diiwaangeliyey Saldhigga Goday iyo

Cadadka Roobka Midha-dhalka ah ee Xisaabta Lagu Soo Saaray ......................... I-1-6 Shaxda 1.3.4 Baahida Biyaha ee Gallayda ee Xisaabta Lagu Soo Saaray (litir/ilbidhiqsi/hiktaar)I-1-8 Shaxda 1.3.5 Baahida Biyaha ee Sisinta ee Xisaabta Lagu Soo Saaray (litir/ilbidhiqsi/hiktaar) ... I-1-9 Shaxda 1.3.6 Baahida Biyaha ee Atarka ee Xisaabta Lagu Soo Saaray (litir/ilbidhiqsi/hiktaar) ... I-1-9 Shaxda 1.4.1 Shuruudaha loo-adeegsanayo go’aaminta cabbirka dooxada ................................. I-1-12 Shaxda 1.4.2 Baaxadda dhulka dooxada oo lagu-cabbiray m2 oo loogu tala-galay cabbiro

kala-duwan oo mugga qulqulka biyaha iyo noocyada carrada ............................. I-1-12 Shaxda 1.4.3 Dhararyada Lagu Talinayo ee Dhulka Cabbirada Foorarka (Taagga), Noocyada

Kala-duwan ee Carrooyinka iyo Waraabinta Biyaha ............................................ I-1-13 Shaxda1.4.4 Arrimaha Dhinaca Farsamada ee Saamaynaya Xulashada Habka Waraabka ......... I-1-16

CUTUBKA 2 HAWLGALKA IYO ILAALINTA Shaxda 2.3.1 Hannaanka lagu-dhimayo muusinta biyaha ee daanta kanaalka ............................. I-2-17 Shaxda2.3.2 Hannaanka dayactirdda meesha tifqinaysa ............................................................. I-2-18 Shaxda2.3.3 Hannaanka Dib-u-naqshadaynta iyo Balaadhinta Gudubka uu Carra-guurka

u-dhacay ............................................................................................................... I-2-18 Shaxda 2.3.4 Hannaanka dayacitirka meelaha qarqaraxsan iyo meelaha dhaawacan ee ku-yaalla

dhinacyada kanaalka ............................................................................................. I-2-19

CUTUBKA 3 TIXGELINTA DAGAANKA IYO BULSHADA Shaxda 3.2.1 Noocyada Mashruuca u Baahan in Lagu-sameeyo Qiimeynta Saamayna

Deegaanka .............................................................................................................. I-3-2 Shaxda 3.3.1 Tusaale laga-bixinayo Qiimeynta Deegaaneed ee Mashruuca Waraabka ee

Godayy ................................................................................................................... I-3-4 Shaxda 3.3.2 Tusaale laga-bixinayo tallaabooyinka dhimidda waxyeellada .................................. I-3-7

QAYBTA II BEERAHA

CUTUBKA 2 QORSHAYNTA BEERAHA Shaxda 2.1.1 Hubi Waxyaabaha Xaaladda Deegaanka ................................................................ II-2-1 Shaxda 2.1.2 Hubi Waxyaabaha Xaaladda beeraha ...................................................................... II-2-2 Shaxda 2.1.3 Hubi Items on Baahiyaha Iyo Suuq Dadka ............................................................. II-2-2 Shaxda 2.2.1 Siyaabo Kala Duwan Oo Ka Mid Ah Inter-Abuurka Oo ........................................ II-2-4 Shaxda 2.3.1 Magaca Qoyska Iyo Isku Dalagyada ...................................................................... II-2-9 Shaxda 2.4.1 Tusaale wuxu abuuray Qaabka 2 sab -Shirqoolkiii kesi ....................................... II-2-11 Shaxda 2.4.2 Tusaale wuxu abuuray Qaabka 3 arrimaha sub-Shirqoolkiis ................................ II-2-12 Shaxda 2.4.3 Tusaale wuxu abuuray Qaabka 4 arrimaha sub-Shirqoolkiis ................................ II-2-13

CUTUBKA 5 CAAFIMAADKA GARAFYADA TALINAYAA WARAABKA Shaxda 5.2.1 Dhaqdhaqaaqa garafyada taliyay Gallay ................................................................ II-5-3

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Shaxda 5.2.2 Oo laga sii daayay Noocyo Galley Hagaagay ugu yaraan Roobabka Ates in EthiopiaII-5-4 Shaxda 5.2.3 Talinayo garafyada Hawlaha Hadhuudhka ............................................................. II-5-5 Shaxda 5.2.4 Sii Daayay Noocyo Masagada Soo Hagaagtay Agagaarka Roobab Yaraan

Agagaarka Ethiopia ................................................................................................ I-5-6 Shaxda 5.2.5 Talinayo garafyada Hawlaha Digirta Digir ............................................................. II-5-7 Shaxda 5.2.6 Oo laga sii daayay Hagaagay Noocyo digirta Digir u minimum Rainfall

Qiyaastii in Ethiopia ............................................................................................... I-5-8 Shaxda 5.2.7 Talinayo garafyada Hawlaha Sisinta ....................................................................... II-5-9 Shaxda 5.2.8 Oo laga sii daayay Noocyo Sisinta La Wanaajiyey Ee Low Roobabka

agagaarka, Ethiopia .............................................................................................. I-5-10 Shaxda 5.2.9 Talinayo garafyada Hawlaha looska ..................................................................... II-5-11 Shaxda 5.2.10 Oo laga sii daayay Noocyo Sisinta La Wanaajiyey Ee Roobka Ugu Yaraan

Qiyaastii, Ethiopia ................................................................................................ I-5-12 Shaxda 5.2.11 Talinayo garafyada Hawlaha Basash .................................................................... II-5-12 Shaxda 5.2.12 Talinayo garafyada Hawlaha tamaandho .............................................................. II-5-14 Shaxda 5.2.12 Hawlaha Guud ee balka ........................................................................................ II-5-15

LIISKA JAANTUSYADA:

QAYBTA I WARAABKA

CUTUBKA 1 HORDHAC IYO UJEEDDO Jaantuska 1.1.1 Cadadka Guud ee Roobka Billaha ee Laga Diiwaangeliyey Saldhigga Goday ........ I-1-1 Jaantuska 1.1.2 Dooxada Wabi Shabeelle .......................................................................................... I-1-2 Jaantuska 1.1.3 Xidhiidhka ka-dhexeeya Roobka iyo Ququlka Wabiga ee Saldhigga Goday ........... I-1-2 Jaantuska 1.3.1 Afarta Marxaladood ee Rasmiga ah ee Koritaanka ................................................... I-1-4 Jaantuska 1.3.2 Garaafka Dalagga Midha-dhalka ah (Gallayda, Midhaha) ....................................... I-1-5 Jaantuska 1.4.1 Tusaale laga-bixinayo Waraabka Luuqa Xadka ...................................................... I-1-11 Jaantuska 1.4.2 Sawir muujinaya waraabka dooxada ...................................................................... I-1-12 Jaantuska 1.4.3 Naqshadda Waraabka Khadka Biyaha Loo-Jeexayo (Furrow Irrigation) ............... I-1-14 Jaantuska 1.4.4 Nidaamka Waraabka Bilbilidda ee Asalka ah ......................................................... I-1-14 Jaantuska 1.4.5 Qaybaha ku dhex-jira nidaamka waraabka tifqinta ................................................. I-1-15

CUTUBKA 2 HAWLGALKA IYO ILAALINTA Jaantuska 2.1.1 Nidaamka Waraabka ee uu WUA Maaraynayo ......................................................... I-2-3 Jaantuska 2.1.2 Dhismaha Gudaha ee Ururka Isticmaalayaasha Biyaha ........................................... I-2-4 Jaantuska 2.2.1 Biriijyo (Breaches) .................................................................................................... I-2-9 Jaantuska 2.2.2 Siifoonyada ............................................................................................................... I-2-9 Jaantuska 2.2.3 Isbiilyada ................................................................................................................... I-2-9 Jaantuska 2.2.4 Habka Keenitaanka Biyaha ee Tooska ah ............................................................... I-2-10 Jaantuska 2.2.5 Habka Biyaha Hoos u Dhacaya ee Keenitaanka Biyaha ......................................... I-2-10 Jaantuska 2.2.6 Naqshadda Ugu-wanaagsan ee Qoynta ................................................................... I-2-11 Jaantuska 2.2.7 Khadka biyaha loo-jeexayo oo mid dhaaf ah .......................................................... I-2-11 Jaantuska 2.2.8 Naqshado kala-duwan oo ah qoynta khadadka biyaha loo-jeeday dhexdooda, oo

ku-salaysan nooca carrada .................................................................................... I-2-12 Jaantuska 2.2.9 Naqshadda Ugu-wanaagsan ee Qoynta ................................................................... I-2-12 Jaantuska 2.2.10 Saamaynta uu taagga gudubka ah ku-yeelanayo Socodka Biyaha ee Xadka ........ I-2-13

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Jaantuska 2.2.11 Mugga miyaha durdurka oo aad u yaraada ........................................................... I-2-14 Jaantuska 2.2.12 Mugga biyaha durduraya ee aad u weyn ............................................................... I-2-14 Jaantuska 2.3.1 Ka-guridda Haramaha, Nadiifinta iyo Ka-xaadhidda Carrada ............................. I-2-16

QAYBTA II BEERAHA

CUTUBKA 1 HORDHAC Jaantuska 1.1.1 Maamulaha Qaybo ka mid ah a Dhirta la sameysay ............................................... II-1-1 Jaantuska 1.1.2 Galley reflejo .......................................................................................................... II-1-1 Jaantuska 1.1.3 Sinsinta mid-cotyledon iyo laba-cotyledon ............................................................ II-1-2 Jaantuska 1.2.1 Waxa uu ka koobanyahay carrada ........................................................................... II-1-2 Jaantuska 1.2.2 Tirada qaraabada ah hawlaha Ciidda ...................................................................... II-1-3

CUTUBKA 2 QORSHAYNTA BEERAHA Jaantuska 2.2.1 Tusaalooyinka wareegga Beeraha ee Gobolka kala duwan ee Ethiopia ................. II-2-5 Jaantuska 2.3.1 Dalagyada kala duwan isagoo Hida kala duwan ..................................................... II-2-6 Jaantuska 2.3.2 Soo koobid ku beelay Dalagyada Qorshaynta wareegga ........................................ II-2-8 Jaantuska 2.3.3 Labadii sanaba saraca la beeranayo sida GALEYDA, MASAGADA iYO, SIDA

Digirta IWM ......................................................................................................... II-2-8 Jaantuska 2.3.4 Tusaale Cycle wareegga .......................................................................................... II-2-9

CUTUBKA 5 CAAFIMAADKA GARAFYADA TALINAYAA WARAABKA Jaantuska 5.1.1 Xiliga saraca ku haboon ee la beeranayo ................................................................ II-5-2

QAYBTA I WARAABKA

CUTUBKA 1

NAQSHADAYNTA WARAABKA

Ethiopia Rural Resilience Enhancement Project

JICA I-1-1 MOA

CUTUBKA 1 NAQSHADAYNTA WARAABK

1.1 Horumarinta Khayraadka Biyaha ee Deegaanka Soomaalida

1.1.1 Roobka Nawaaxiga Goday

Cimilada Deegaanka Soomaalidu waa mid ka-tirsan nooca badhtamada dhulka (equatorial) ee qayb-oomanaha ah. Waxaa astaan u ah cadad roob oo lagu-qiyaasayo illaa 260mm oo sanadkii laba xilliyood ka da’a; heer-kul sareeya oo uumi-bax badan keena. Waxaa si weyn u kala-duwanaada roobka sanadaka ka-da’a. Cadadka celceliska roobka billaha ah ee saldhigga Goday waxaa lagu-muujiyey Jaantuska 1.1.1. Jaantuska waxaa si cad looga fahmi karaa in uu gootaasi roobku ka da’o laba xilliyood; xilliga koowaad wuu dheeryahay, waxaana lagu-magacaabaa Gu, wuxuuna socda muddada u dhaxaysa bisha Maarji illaa bisha Meey ee tirsiga taariikhda Yurub; xilliga labaad ee roobka waxaa la-yidhaahdaa Dayr, wuxuuna socdaa bisha Oktoobar illaa bisha Nofeembar ee tirsiga taariikhda Yurub. Waxaana arrintan loo arkaa mid ka timaadda “gobolka isku-imaatika tiroobikaalka” (inter tropical convergence zone).

Bisha Cadadka Billaha (mm)

Dir Yek Mag Miy Gin Sane Ham Neh Mes Diq Hid Tah Wadar

Celcelis 0.3 2.8 13.7 76.1 52.9 0.7 0.9 0.1 4.6 60.6 43.8 3.2 260

1.1.2 Sida Nawaaxiga Goday Looga Baahan-yahay Beero Waraabka Lagu Horumariyo

Shaxda 1.1.1 waxay muujinaysaa uumi-baxa xillilaha (ET) ee baahida uu dalag-welba yeelanayo. Sida uu tilmaamayso Shaxda 1.1.1, dhammaan dalagyadu waxay xilli welba u baahan-yihiin biyo uu cadadkoodu Ka badan yahay 300mm. Gaar ahaan, maadaama ay gallaydu tahay midhaha sida balaadhan looga cuno nawaaxiga Goday, waxaa xilli welba loo-baahanayaa biyo uu cadadkoodu ka badan yahay 500mm. Maadaama cadadka guud ee roobka nawaaxiga Goday ka da’a uu yahay illaa 260mm, waxaa loo-baahan yahay in Goday iyo guud ahaan Deegaanka Soomaalida in la-fasho beeraha waraabka lagu-horumariyo.

Shaxda 1.1.1 Uumi-baxa Xillilaha (ET) Baahiyada Dalagyada Kala-duwan Dalagga ET-ga Xillilaha (mm) Dalagga ET-ga Xillilaha (mm)

Muus (kulaylaha), 1200-2200 Qaji (qoyan) 600-900

Atar (cagaar) 300-500 Baradho 500-700

Kaabeej 380-500 Bariis 350-700

Cudbi 700-1300 Masaggo 450-650

Canab 500-1200 Ala-sonkor 1500-2500

Loos 500-700 Yaanyo 400-600

Gallay (hadhuudh) 500-800 Xabxab 400-600

Basal (qalalan) 350-550 Qamandi 450-650

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Jaantuska 1.1.1 Cadadka Guud ee Roobka Billaha ee Laga Diiwaangeliyey Saldhigga GodayIsha: Macluumaadka Saldhigga Saadaasha Hawada ee Goday (1966-2010)

“Gu”

“Der”

Isha: Waxa-soo-saarka oo korodhka biyaha la-kordhay. Waraabka iyo dukumeentiga uu lambarkeedu yahay 33 ee biyo ka-miiridda, FAO horgalayaasha dalagga, (wax-laga-baddalay).

Rural Resilience Enhancement Project Ethiopia

MOA I-1-2 JICA

Jaantuska 1.1.3 Xidhiidhka ka-dhexeeya Roobka iyo Ququlka Wabiga ee Saldhigga GodayIsha: Macluumaadka Saldhigga Saadaasha Hawada ee Goday (1966-2010)

Relation Rainfall and River f low

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1.1.3 Isha Biyaha ee Nawaaxiga Goday

Si aynu nawaaxiga Goday waraabka uga isticmaalno, waa in aynu isha biyaha helno. Marka laga eego dhinaca isha biyaha waxaa jiri kara laba fursadood; midi waxay tahay biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ku-jira, meesha ay tan kale ka tahay biyaha Wabi Shabeelle. Maadaama uu waraabku biyo aad u badan u baahan-yahay, sida qaalibka ah biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ku-jira ee loo-baahan-yahay aadbu u badan-yahay. Waxaa khasab noqonaysa in la-helo kayd biyood oo soo saari kara biyo uu qulqulkoodu yahay 200L/ilbidhiqsi oo loogu waraabinayo dhul-beereed ay baaxaddiisu tahay 100 hiktaar. Sida dhabta ah, waxaa aad u yar jiritaanka kayd biyo dhulka hoostiisa ku-jira oo laga heli karo uu cadadkoodu intaasi dhan-yahay, waxayna xaqiiqadu tahay in biyo badan oo dhulka hoostiisa oo intaasi dhan aan laga helin agagaarka Goday.

Laakiin, Wabi Shabeelle, waa wabiga kaliya ee aan marnaba gudhin ee Deegaanka Soomaalida ka-jira, taas oo qasab ka-dhigaysa in uu noqdo isha laga helayo biyaha waraabka. Baaxadda guud ee ay dooxada wabigani ku-fadhido waxaa lagu-qiyaasayaa illaa 202,220 km2 (eeg Jaantuska 1.1.2). Qulqulka Wabi Shabeelle wuxuu muujinayaa in biyihiisu ay sanadkii laba jeer aad u kordhaan; waxayna labadaasi jeer kala yihiin Miyaasiya (Abriil) iyo marka kale oo ku-beegan bisha Diqimqti (Oktoobar), taas oo lagu-muujiyey Jaantuska 1.1.3; korodhkaasi biyuhuna waa mid ka imanaya roobabka ka da’aya goobaha ay biyahoodu wabiga ku-dhacaan. Cadadka qulqulka biyaha ee wabigu sanadka gudihiisa si aad ah ayey isku-badabaddalaan. Tusaale: cadadka ugu-yar ee qulqulka biyaha wabigu wuxuu muujinayaa in bisha Dir (January) uu yahay 226.7 m3/ilbidhiqsi, kaas oo in ka-badan 10-jeer bilaha kale ka-badan. Celceliska sanadka ee qulqulka biyaha Wabi Shabeelle ee nawaaxiga magaalada Goday waxaa lagu-qiyaasayaa 113.0 m3/ilbidhqsi; haddaba iyada oo qulqulkaasi wabiga laga-duulayo mugga biyaha wabiga ee sanadku wuxuu noqonayaa illa 3.5 billyan oo m3.

Bisha Qulqulka Billaha ee Biyaha Wabi Shabeelle (m3/ilbidhiqsi)

Dir Yek Mag Miy Gin Sane Ham Neh Mes Diq Hid Tah Wadar

Celcelis 20.3 31.9 61.6 190.6 202.8 78.4 106.6 226.7 179.7 145.0 68.6 38.7 113.0

Jaantuska 1.1.2 Dooxada Wabi Shabeelle (Isha: OCHA)


JICA I-1-3 MOA

1.2 Nooca Hababka Waraabka

Cabbirka foorarka Wabi Shabeelle ee nawaaxiga Goday wuxuu yahay 1:2,500, taas oo uu macnaheedu yahay in uu foorar daggan yahay. Sidoo kale, waxaa la-ogaaday in gunta iyo gudubka wabigu ay u dhexeeyaan 8m illaa 14m iyo 80m illaa 150m, oo ah sida ay iskugu xigaan. Dhulka waraabka lagu-horumarin karana waa mid aad u siman oo uu foororkiisu aad u hooseeyo oo uu kan wabiga la mid yahay, kaas oo ah kaliya 1:2,500. Haddaba iyada oo xaaladdaasi laga-duulayo, haddii uu injineer waraab uu qorshaysanayo in uu adeegsado habka aan matoorka loo isticmaalayn ee laga faa’iidaysanayo nidaamka xoogga soo jiidashada dhulka (gravity), ee soo leexinta biyaha ee kor loo wadayo, wuxuu u baahanayaa in uu dhararka kanaalka weyn ka dhigo in ka-badan 20km si uu u baabi’iyo faraqa joogga dhulka ee u dhaxeeya barta biyaha laga soo weecinayo iyo dhulka waraabka lagu-horumarinayo ee ka-jira nawaaxiga magaalada Goday.

Sidaas-awgeed, waxaa iska-cad in dhismaha nidaamka waraabka ee loo-adeegsanayo xoogga soo jiidashada dhulka oo laga sameeyo nawaaxiga Goday uu culays badan yeelanayo, marka laga eego dhinaca kharashka ku-baxaya dhismihiisa iyo ilaalinta kanaalkaba. Sidaas-darteed, waxaa loo-baahan-yahay in la doorto hab kale oo loo-adeegsan karo horumarinta waraabka oo goobtaasi la-socon kara. Haddaba habka kaliya ee bannaan wuxuu noqonayaa in la-adeegsado matoorada biyaha soo jiida oo la-dhigo meel u dhaw beerta la-waraabinayo, iyada oo biyahana si toos ah wabiga looga soo jiidayo.

1.3 Baahida Biyaha

1.3.1 Uumi-baxa

Dhul beereedka qoyan iyo dhirta qoyan wuxuu biyuhu ugaga baxaa geeddi-socod uu biyuhu hawada ku-galayo oo la-yidhaahdo uumi-bax (E), kaas oo keenaya in biyaha dareeraha ahi uu uumi isku-baddalo, kaddibna uu hawada galo, sidaasna ay biyihii ku-tagaan. Waxaa jira geeddi-socod kale oo ay biyuhu ku-lumaan (ku-baxaan), waxaana la yidhaahdaa tiraansipayreeshin (T), kaas oo ah uumi-baxa ay ku-lumaan biyaha ku dhex-jira unugyada dhirta, waxayna biyahaas ka dhex-baxayaan daldaloolada calaanta dhirta ku-yaalla. Isku-dhafka labadan habab ee ay biyuhu ku-lumaan waxaa loogu-yeedhaa “evapo-transpiration” (ifaabo-tiraansibaayreeshin) (ET). Uumi-baxa tooska ah ee biyaha (Evaporation) iyo biyaha uumi ahaan dhirta kaba baxa waa laba geeddi-socod oo isku-bar dhaca oo ay kala-soociddoodu adagtay.

Arrimaha ugu waa-weyn ee uumi-baxa tooska iyo kan dhirta (evapo-transpiration) saameeya waxaa ka mid ah sababaha cimilada la-xidhiidha, dabeecadaha dalagyada, ficilada maaraynta iyo xaaladaha dagaanka. Sababaha ugu waa-weyn ee cimilada la-xiddhiidha waxaa ka mid ah ilayska qoraxda, heer-kulka hawada, heerka uumiga (qoyaanka) hawada ku dhex-jira iyo xawaaraha ay dabayshu ku-socoto. Waxaa kale oo uumi-baxa biyaha ee tooska ah iyo kan dhirta saameeya nooca dalagga, kala-gadisnaanta iyo marxaladaha koritaanka dalagga. Marka ay dalagyadu ku-beeran-yihiin goobo ay ka jiraan xaalado isku-mid ah oo dagaaneed, kalad-duwanaanshaha dhinaca u adkaysiga uumi baxa ee uu dalaggu leeyahay, adadaygga dalagga, humaag-celinta, caleemaha dhirta caleemaha balbalaadhan ee daaha u noqonaysa, iyo dabeecadaha xidiiddada dalagyada kala-duwan ayaa iyaguna ah arrimo kale oo saamayn ku yeelan kara heerka uumi-baxa tooska ah ee biyaha iyo biyaha dhirta ka-baxa (evapo-transpiration).

Uumi-baxa biyaha ee tooska ah iyo kan dhirta ka-baxa ee oogada tix-raaca laga-dhiganayo ee ayna biyo yari ka-jirin waxaa loogu yeedhaa evapo-transpiration”-ka dalagga tix-raaca, waxaana lagu-magacaabaa “Eto”. ETo waxaa laga xisaabsan karaa macluumaadka saadaasha hawada kaliya. Waxaa imika lagu-taliyaa in habka kaliya ee rasmiga ah ee loo-adeegsado qeexitaanka iyo xisaabinta uumi baxa ee dalagga tix-raaca laga-dhiganayo uu yahay habka FAO Penman-Monteith. Waxaa la-ogaaday in uu habkani yahay mid lagu heli karo natiijo ay saxnimadeedu xooggan tahay oo lagu


MOA I-1-4 JICA

saadaalin karo Eto-ga ka-jira goobo iyo cimilooyin kala-duwan. Habkani wuxuu ku-siinayaa qiimayaal si aad ah u waafaqsan isticmaalka biyaha ee dhabta ah ee dhirta ee adduunka oo dhan laga isticmaalo.

Sidaas-awgeed, waxaa tilmaamahan dhexdiisa lagu isticmaalay habka “FAO Penman-Monteith”, kaas oo loo-adeegsanayo go’aaminta tix-raaca uumi-baxa tooska ah ee biyaha iyo biyaha uumi ahaan dhita uga baxa (evapo-transpiration) (ETo) ee mashruuca horumarinta waraabka ee qorshihiisa la-dajinayo. Macluumaadka loo-adeegsanayo qiyaasidda cadadka uumi-baxa biyaha ee tooska ah iyo biyaha dhirta ka-baxa ee loo-isticmaalayo habka “Penman-Monteith” waa qiimayaasha celceliska billaha ah ee heer-kulka, qoyaanka ama cadadka uumiga ee hawada ku dhex jira ee isbarbardhigga ah, jajabka soo-baxaya marka cadadka dhabta ah ee muddada ilayska qoraxda la-barbar-dhigo muddada ilayska qoraxda ee ugu sareeya ee la heli karo, xawaaraha ay dabayshu ku-socoto. Eto-ga iyo macluumaadka cimilada ee laga-diiwaangeliyey saldhigga ka-shaqeeya arrimaha saadaasha hawada ee Goday oo wada-socda ayaa si kooban loogu-muujiyey qaybta hoos ku-qoran:

Shaxda 1.3.1 Eto-ga Nawaaxiga Goday, oo lagu xisaabiyey CROPWAT 8.0 ETo-ga Tix-raaca Billaha ah ee Uumi-baxa Biyaha ee Tooska ah iyo Biyaha Dhirta Ka-baxa oo Waafaqsan Habka Penman-Monteith

Saldhigga saadaasha hawada :Qiyaasaha cimilada ee dagaanka (Goday) Waddanka :Itoobiya

Joogga dhulka : 260 m. Ko’ordhineetyada :W 5o 58’ , B43o 30’

Bisha Heer -kulka

ugu-yar

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Penman

(mm/maalin

Dir 21.2 35.3 48 184 9.7 22.6 6.08

Yek 22.1 36.4 46 196 10.2 24.5 6.75

Meg 23.9 37.1 47 205 9.9 24.8 7.12

Miyr 23.9 35.8 59 165 8.2 22.0 5.89

Gin 23.9 34.5 62 187 8.1 21.1 5.64

Sen 23.5 33.9 56 294 7.2 19.3 6.28

Ham 23.1 33.2 54 339 6.6 18.6 6.53

Neh 23.0 33.6 54 327 7.4 20.4 6.73

Mes 23.5 35.2 52 258 8.6 22.6 6.86

Diq 23.0 34.4 58 159 7.6 20.6 5.44

Hid 21.5 33.8 58 135 9.0 21.7 5.12

Tah 21.0 34.9 51 151 9.7 22.1 5.54

Celcelis 22.8 34.84167 54 217 8.5 21.7 6.2

Isha: JICA Kooxda Daraasadda

1.3.2 Horgalaha (Coefficient) Dalagga iyo Koritaanka Dalagga

Si loo xisaabiyo baahida biyaha ee dalagga iyada oo lagu salaynayo halka xabo ee dalagga ka-tirsan, waxaa khasab noqonaysa in la xisaabiyo ET-ga Dalagga. Waxaa la-isticmaalayaa Kc-ga horgalayaasha habboon ee dalagga, kaas oo matalaya xidhiidhka ka-dhexeeya baahida biyaha ee dalagga tix-raaca iyo uumi-baxa biyaha ee tooska ah iyo biyaha dhirta ka-baxaya (evapo-transpiration) (kaas oo ah ETo x Kc = ET dalagga). Waa in horgalaha dalagga la-xisaabiyo iyada oo la-tixgelinayo afarta marxaladood ee koritaanka

Jaantuska 1.3.1 Afarta Marxaladood ee Rasmiga ah ee Koritaanka (Isha:FAO (1998))


JICA I-1-5 MOA

dalagga. Waxaa jira arrimo badan oo saamaynaya Kc, waxaana kuwaasi ka mid ah nooca dalagga, isbaddalidda ku imanaya dabeecadaha dalagga ee muddada koritaanka dalagga iyo, illaa xad kooban, xaaladaha jawiga hawada. Cimilada qalalan ee sii kordhaysa iyo xaaladaha xawaaraha dabaysha oo sii weynaada ayaa yeelanaya qiimayaal sareeya oo Kc.

Kc uu dalaggu leeyahay wuxuu isbaddallo samaynayaa xilliga uu koritaanka ku jiro, taas oo ah joogga dalagga oo sii kordhaya iyo saleemihiisa oo sii waynaanaya siina badanaya, wuxuu isbaddalkaasi keenayaa in uu sii kordho baaxadda dhul-beereedka ee uu dalaggu dabalooyo (ama uu dadayo).Marka Kc-da la-dooranayo waxaa la-aqoonsadaa afar marxaladood oo koritaan, waxayna afartaasi marxaladood kala-yihiin: marxaladda bilowga ah, marxaladda koritaanka dalagga, marxaladda badhtamaha xilliga iyo marxaladda ugu-dambaysa (Eeg Januuska 1.3.1). Qiimaha Kc ee dabayaaqada marxaladda xilliga ugu-dambeeya (Kc ugu-dambaysa) waxay muujinaysaa filicda lagu-maareeyo ama lagu-fuliyo dalagga iyo biyaha. Haddii dalagga marar badan biyaha waraabka la-waraabiyo illaa isaga oo aan engegin laga-guranayo, waxaa saraynaya qiimaha Kc. Haddii dalagga beerta lagu-daayo oo aan la-guran illaa uu ka-engagayo, qiimaha Kc-ga ugu-dambeeya wuxuu noqon doonaa mid yar. Sidaas-awgeed, xisaabinta qiimaha Kc waxay ka-koobnaanaysaa tallaabooyinka guud ee hoos ku-qoran:

garashada marxaladaha korintaanka dalagga, go’aaminta dhararka muddada ay soconayaan iyo iyo doorashada qiimayaasha Kc ee waafaqsan,

Qiimayaasha Kc ee la soo doortay oo laga dhigo kuwa waafaqsan soo noqnoqoshada inta-jeer ee qoyaanka ama xaaladaha cimilada ee muddada ay marxalad-welba socoto,

Samaynta garaafka muujinaya horgalaha (coefficient) dalagga (iyada oo qofka loo-oggolaanayo in uu go’aaminayo qiimayaasha Kc ee muddo welba inta lagu jiro muddada koritaanka), iyo

Xisaabinta ETc oo noqonaysa natiijada ka soo baxaysa isku-dhufashada ETo iyo Kc.

FAO (1998, tirsiga taariikhda Yurub) wuxuu soo jeedinayaa dhararyada guud ee afarta marxaladood ee koritaanka ee sida cad u kala-soocan iyo muddada guud ee koritaanka ee noocyada kala-duwan ee cimilooyinka iyo goobaha. Guud-ahaan, dalagga lagu-beero nawaaxiga Goday ee ku-baxa biyaha waraabka waxaa sanadkiiba la soo goostaa 2 jeer. Midi wuxuu socdaa muddo 3 bilood ah (90 maalmood), taas ah inta u dhaxaysa bisha Miyaasa (April, tirsiga taariikhda Yurub) illaa bisha Sane (June, tirsiga taariikhda Yurub), iyo ka kale oo soconaya muddada u dhaxaysa bisha Diqimti (October, tirsiga taariikhda Yurub) illaa bisha Taahisaas (December, tirsiga taariikhda Yurub). Marka ay xaaladdani jirto, sida lagu-muujiyey jaantuska hoose ka-muuqda horgalayaasha gallayda (midhaha), sisinta iyo atarka, oo ah midho si aad loogu beero gudaha iyo agagaarka Goday, ayaa tusaale laga-bixiyey.

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Jantuuska 1.3.2 Garaafka Dalagga Midha-dhalka ah (Gallayda, Midhaha) Isha: Baahiyada Biyaha ee Dalagga Lam..24 FAO Qormada Waraabka iyo miiridda


MOA I-1-6 JICA

Shaxda 1.3.2 Marxaladda Koritaanka Dalagga iyo Horgalayaasha Dalagga

Dalagga Marxaladaha koritaanka dalagga / Kc

Muddada Guud ee KoritaankaBilowga

Koritaanka Dalagga

Badhtamaha Xilliga

Xilliga Dambe

Gallalyda maalmaha

Kc 16

0.35 26

0.78 29

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90

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100

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Isha: Baahiyada Biyaha ee Dalagga Lam..24 FAO Qormada Waraabka iyo miiridda

1.3.3 Baahiyada Biyaha ee Dalagga

Iyada oo ay baahida biyaha ee dalaggu tilmaamayso biyaha uu dalaggu isticmaalayo, baahida waraabku waxay tahay biyaha khasabka ah in laga-bixiyo dhinaca nidaamka waraabka si loo xaqiijiyo in uu dalaggu helayo cadadka biyaha ee uu u baahan yahay. Haddii uu waraabku yahay isha kaliya ee uu dalaggu biyaha ku helayo, baahida waraabku waa inay noqoto mid ugu-yaraan u dhiganta baahida biyaha ee dalagga. Haddii uu dalaggu qayb biyihiisa ka tirsan uu ilo kale (roobka, iwm.) ka helo, baahida waraabku waxay noqon kartaa mid ka-yar baahida biyaha ee dalagga. Baahiyada biyaha ee dalagga waxaa laga soo xisaabin karaa macluumaadka arrimaha cimilada iyo kuwa dalagga, oo ah ETc = ETo x Kc.

1.3.4 Baahida Biyaha Waraabka

Baahida biyaha waraabka waxaa la-xisaabiyaa iyada oo la isticmaalayo baahiyada dalagga, laakiin waxaa la-tixgeliyaa roobka midha-dhalka ah ee la-helayo. Waxaa lagala soo baxaa qaacidada (formula) ah ETc- ER (roobka midha-dhalka ah). Dhammaan roobka da’da midha-dhal ma’aha, sidaas-awgeed wuxuu qaar biyaha roobka ka tirsan uu ku-lumaa biyaha oogada sare ee dhulka mara iyada oo aan laga faa’iidaysan, qaybta biyaha ee dhulka ka dhex muusa ee hoos ugu daadagga meelaha fog-fog ee gudaha dhulka, ama uumi-baxa biyaha ee tooska ah. Sida aasaasiga ah biyaha roobka ee midha-dhalka ah waa qaybta biyaha roobka ka-tirsan ee dhex fadhisata qaybta ay xidididda dhirtu ku-dhex-jiraan ee ay dhirtu ka-faa’iidaysan karto. Si loo xisaabiyo roobka midha-dhalka ah ee nawaaxiga Goday, waxaa la tix-raaci karaa qaaciidada hoos ku-qoran ee FAO/AGLW:

Pe= 0.6 Ptot - 10 (for Ptot≤ 70 mm/bisha)

Pe= 0.8 Ptot - 24 (for Ptot > 70 mm/bisha)

Xusuus-qor: Pe iyo Ptot waxay kala-yihiin celceliska billaha ee roobka midha-dhalka ah iyo celceliska billaha ee cadadkiisa lagu-cabbiray mm.

Shaxda 1.3.3 Cadadka Guud ee Roobka Billaha ah ee Laga Diiwaangeliyey Saldhigga Goday iyo

Cadadka Roobka Midha-dhalka ah ee Xisaabta Lagu Soo Saaray Cadadka

Roobka Billaha Bisha

(mm) Dir Yek Meg Miy Gin San Ham Neh Mes Diq Hid Tah WadarCelceliska

R00bka 0.3 2.8 13.7 76.1 52.9 0.7 0.9 0.1 4.6 60.6 43.8 3.2 260

Roobka Midha-dhalka

- - - 21.6 21 - - - - 26 16 -

Isha: Macluumaadka Saadaasha Hawada ee Saldhigga Goday (1966-2010), JICA Kooxda Daraasadda

Sida ka-muuqata Shaxda 1.3.3, qiimayaasha roobka midha-dhalka ee la xisaabiyey bilaha intooda badan waxay yihiin tiro negaatif (negative) ah. Xataa bilaha kale ee soo hadhay ay qiimayaashu noqdaan tirooyin boosative (taban), cadadyadoodu ma’aha kuwa la tixgelin karo. Sidaas-awgeed, waxaa lagu talinayaa in mashruuca gudaha Goday iyo nawaaxigeeda biyaha roobka ee midha-dhalka laga soo qaado eber ( aan jirin), taas oo uu macnaheedu yahay in marka la-qorshaysanayo horumarinta waraabka in aan la tixgelin roobka midha-dhalka ah.


JICA I-1-7 MOA

Baahida Saafiga ee Waraabku (IRn) waa gunta biyaha ee loogu baahan-yahay si heerka qoyaanka ee carrada ee ku dhex-jirta gobolka xididka ee midha-dhalka ah loo soo gaadhsiiyo awoodda bannaanka (field capacity). Waxaa la xisaabiyaa iyada oo la isticmaalayo xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya baahida biyaha ee dalagga (ETc) iyo roobka midha-dhalka ah. Dhinaca kalena, baahida duuduubka ah ee biyaha waraabka waxay muujinaysaa cadadka biyaha ee lumaya muddada biyaha la soo gudbinayo iyo marka loo-adeegsanayo bannaanka. Waxaa tan lagu muujiyaa wax-ku-oolnimada, marka la xisaabinayo baahiyada guud ee waraabka ee mashruuca oo laga soo qaadanayo baahida saafiga ah ee waraabka, taas oo ah:

IRn = ETc- ER

IRg = IRn/Ep

Irg : Baahida duuduubka ah ee waraabka (Gross irrigation requirements) (mm) Irn : Baahiyada saafiga ah ee waraabka (Net irrigation requirements} (mm) ER : Roobka midha-dhalka ah (Effective rainfall) (mm) ETc : Baahida biyaha ee dalagga (Crop water requirement) (mm) Ep : Wax ku-oolnimada guud ee mashruuca (Overall project efficiency)

1.3.5 Noocyada Kala Duwan ee Wax ku-oolnimada Habka Waraabka

Wax ku-oolnimada waraabka waa tuse (tilmaame) muujinaya heerka uu gaadhsiisan yahay midha-dhalnimada nidaamkaasi waraabku. Wax-qabadka habkan waxaa lagu go’aaminayaa wax ku-oolnimada biyaha lagu soo gaadhsiinayo habka waraabka ee lagaga keenayo saldhiga biyaha soo tuuraya (matoorka), qaybinta biyahaasi soo baxaya illaa dhulka la-waraabinayo, iyo weliba ku-filaanshaha biyaha iyo sida isku-bixiska ah (siman) ee dhul-beereed welba lagu soo gaadhsiinayo. Waa wax ku-oolnimada guud ee ay ku wada jiraan dhammaan arrimahani.

1) Wax ku-oolnimada soo gudbinta biyaha (Ec)

Wax ku-oolnimada soo gudbinta biyuhu waa jajabka muujinaya sida ay isku yihiin biyaha soo gaadhaya barta ay ka soo galayaan iyo bilookyada dhul-beereedka biyaha lagu siidaynayo, kaas oo ah biyaha ka soo baxaya saldhigga biyaha soo tuuraya ee mashruuca. Arrimaha wax ku-oolnimadan ssaamayanaya waxaa ka mid ah oogada sare ee kannaalka, uumi-baxa biyaha kanaalka, adeegyada biyaha kantaroolaya ee dhinaca farsamada iyo maaraynta, iyo waxyaalaha kale ee la midka ah. Wax ku-oolnimada soo gudbinta biyuhu waxay mid saraysa noqonaysaa marka biyaha waraabka loo-adeegsanayo la soo dhex-mariyo dhuumo xidhan (dadan); laakin waxay ku-oolnimadaasi yaraanaysaa haddii biyaha la soo dhex-mariyo kanaal furan, maadaama biyaha meesha furan soo dhex-maraya ay si aad ah ugu nugul yihiin in uu cadad badan oo biyahaasi ka mid ah uu uumi-baxa ku-lumo.

2) Wax ku-oolnimada Kanaalka Banaanka (Eb)

Tani waxay tahay jajabka ka dhexeeya biyaha soo gaadhaya barta soo galintaanka ee bannaanka iyo biyaha laga helayo barta bilookyada dhulka. Arrimaha wax ku-oolnimadan samayn kara oo kala-duwan waxaa ka mid ah, nooca oogada sare ee meesha ay biyuhu soo marayaan maadaama ay taasi sababi karto cadad kala-duwan oo ah dhinaca biyaha hoos u muusaya ee sidaasna ku-lumaya, waxaa kale oo ka mid ah kanaalada ay biyuhu soo dhex-marayaan iyo kolba sida biyahaasi loo-maaraynayo. Sida dhabta ah biyaha waraabka ee la soo dhex-marinayo nidaamyada dhuumaha xidhan (qasabadaha) ayey wax ku-oolnimadooda kanaanlka bannaanku ka badnaanaysa biyaha waraabka ee la soo dhex-marinayo nidaamyada biyo-gudbinta ee loo-adeegsanayo kanaalada furan; sababtuna waxay tahay sida kor lagu soo sheegay ee ah biyaha kanaalada furan dhex-maraya oo ay biyo badani kaga lumayaan uumi-baxa biyaha.


MOA I-1-8 JICA

3) Wax ku-oolnimada Isticmaalka Bannaanka (Ea)

Tani waxay tahay jajabka ka dhexeeya biyaha sida tooska ah dalagga soo gaadhay iyo biyaha soo gaadhaya barta bannaanka ee soo galitaanka biyaha. Arrimaha jajabkan saamayn kara waxaa ka mid ah xawliga keenitaanka biyaha, xawliga ay biyuhu ay carrada ku dhex-galayaan, awoodda kaydinta (sii haynta) biyaha ee goboka xididka, sinaanta dhulka, iyo waxyaalaha kale ee la midka ah. Waraabka biyaha la-marinayo dhulka loo-jeexay iyo marrinada xadka, biyuhu waxay badanaa ku-lumaan muusidda ay carrada dhex-galayaan ee ka-dhacaysa meesha ay biyuhu u socdaan iyo biyaha qulqulaya ee xagga dambe ah, meesha ay waraabka dooxada ay biyuhu badanaa ku-lumaan hoos u muusidda biyaha ee qotada dheer iyo uumi-baxa, maadaama ay dooxadu xidhantahay.

4) Wax ku-oolnimada Guud ee Waraabka (Ep)

Wax ku-oolnimada guud ee mashruuca waraabku waa jajabka ka dhexeeya biyaha dalagga la soo gaadhsiinayo iyo iyo biyaha ka soo baxaya saldhigga biyaha soo tuuraya (matoorka). Wuxuu yahay natiijada ka soo baxaysa (dhufsanaha) saddex wax ku-oolnimo, kuwaas oo kala ah: wax ku-oolnimada soo gudbinta (Ec), wax ku-oolnimada kanaanka ee bannaanka (Eb) iyo wax ku-oolnimada isticmaalidda (dhaqangelinta) ee bannaanka (Ea), waxaana loo-muujiyaa sida hoos ku-qoran. Waxaana la tix-raacayaa

Dukumeentiga uu lambarkiisu yahay No.24 ee Waraabka iyo biyo shubka ee FAO, soo gudbinta, qaybinta, isticmaalidda iyo wax ku-oolnimada guud ee mashruuca ee kala ah 90%, 80%, 60% iyo 45 % oo loo-adeegsanayo habka waraabka ee matoorka (soo tuuridda biyaha) ee oogada sare, waxaana loo-adeegsan akraa gudaha iyo nawaaxiga Goday, oo ah sida ay iskugu xigaan.

Ep = Ec x Eb x Ea

(90%, 80%, iyo 60% waxaa loo-adeegsan karaa mid-kasta oo wax ku-oolyada ka tirsan)

1.3.6 Baahida Biyaha ee Xisaanta Lagu Helayo (WR)

Shaxda 1.3.4 illaa Shaxdae 1.3.6 waxay muujinayaan baahiyada biyaha ee gallayda, sisinta iyo atarka. Sida shaxyadaasi lagu muujiyey, baahida ugu saraysa ee biyuhu waxay meesha ugu saraysa gaadhaysaa bisha Sane (bisha June, tirsiga taariikhda Yurub) ee ka tirsan xilliga dalagga la-beero. Iyada oo laga-duulayo ETo-ga ugu sareeya ee ah 6.28 mm/maalinta, horjoogaha dalagga ee ah 1.15, gudaha bisha Sane (June), baahida biyaha ee naqshadaynta ee halkii ilbidhiqsi ee dhulka baaxaddiisu tahay hal hiktaar waxay noqonaysaa sida hoos lagu muujiyey:

WR = ETo x Kc / Ep = 6.28 mm / maalin x 1.15(Kc) / Ep (0.9 x 0.80 x 0.6) = 16.7 mm/maalin = 16.7 mm/maalin /(60 x 60 x 24) x 10000 = 1.93 litir/ilbidhiqsi/hiktaar (24-saac oo waraab ah) bisha Sane (June) = 2.32 litir/ilbidhiqsi/hiktaar (20- saac oo waraab ah) bisha Sane (June) = 2.4 litir/ilbidhiqsi/hiktaar (halka hal-beeg ee baahida biyaha ee la naqshadeeyay, 20-saac oo

waraab ah oo la isticmaalay)

Shaxda 1.3.4 Baahida Biyaha ee Gallayda ee Xisaabta Lagu Soo Saaray (litir/ilbidhiqsi/hiktaar) Dir Yek Meg Miy Gin San Ham Neh Mes Diq Hid Tah

Heer kulka ugu hooseeya (°C) 21.2 22.1 23.9 23.9 23.9 23.5 23.1 23.0 23.5 23.0 21.5 21.0

Heer kulka ugu sareeya (°C) 35.3 36.4 37.1 35.8 34.5 33.9 33.2 33.6 35.2 34.4 33.8 34.9

Heerka qoyaanka hawada (%) 46 47 59 62 56 54 54 52 58 58 51 51

Xawaaraha dabaysa (km/maalin) 196 205 165 187 294 339 327 258 159 135 151 151

Ilayska qoraxda (saacado) 10.2 9.9 8.2 8.1 7.2 6.6 7.4 8.6 7.6 9.0 9.7 9.7


JICA I-1-9 MOA

Shucaaca (MJ/m2/maa

lin) 24.5 24.8 22 21.1 19.3 18.6 20.4 22.6 20.6 21.7 22.1 22.1

ETo (mm/maalin) 6.75 7.12 5.89 5.64 6.28 6.53 6.73 6.86 5.44 5.12 5.54 5.54

Horgalaha dalagga Kc 0.78 1.15 1.15 0.78 1.15 1.15 1.15

ET x Kc (mm/maali) 4.59 6.49 7.22 4.24 5.89 6.37 6.37

Wax ku-oolnimada soo

gudbinta Ec 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

Wax ku-oolnimada

kanaanlka ee bannaanka Eb 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Wax ku-oolnimada

Isticmaalka Bannaanka Ea 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

Saacadaha waraabka (saacad) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Baahida biyaha ee 24

saacadood

(litir/ilbidhqsi

/hiktaar) 1.23 1.74 1.93 1.14 1.58 1.71 1.71


saacadood

(litir/ilbidhqsi

/hiktaar) 1.48 2.09 2.32 1.37 1.9 2.05 2.05

Isha: Kooxda JICA, oo tix-raacaysa baahiyad biyaha ee dukumeentiga waraabka iyo biya shubka ee FAO ee lambirkiisu yahay 24

Shaxda 1.3.5 Baahida Biyaha ee Sisinta ee Xisaabta Lagu Soo Saaray (litir/ilbidhiqsi/hiktaar) Dir Yek Meg Miy Gin San Ham Neh Mes Diq Hid Tah



Heerka qoyaanka hawada (%) 48 46 47 59 62 56 54.4 54 52 58 58 51

Xawaaraha dabaysa (km/maali

n) 184 196 205 165 187 294 339 327 258 159 135 151


Shucaaca (MJ/m2/m

aali) 22.6 24.5 24.8 22 21.1 19.3 18.6 20.4 22.6 20.6 21.7 22.1

ETo (mm/maali

n) 6.08 6.75 7.12 5.89 5.64 6.28 6.53 6.73 6.86 5.44 5.12 5.54

Horgalaha dalagga Kc 1 0.78 1.15 1.15 1 0.78 1.15 1.15

ET x Kc (mm/maali

n) 6.08 4.59 6.49 7.22 6.53 4.24 5.89 6.37


gudbinta Ec 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

Wax ku-oolnimada

kanaanlka ee bannaanka Eb 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Wax ku-oolnimada

Isticmaalka Bannaanka Ea 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

Saacadaha waraabka (saacad) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20


saacadood

(litir/ilbidh

qsi/hiktaar

)

1.63 1.23 1.74 1.93 1.75 1.14 1.58 1.71


saacadood

(litir/ilbidh

qsi/hiktaar

)

1.96 1.48 2.09 2.32 2.10 1.37 1.9 2.05


Shaxda 1.3.6 Baahida Biyaha ee Atarka ee Xisaabta Lagu Soo Saaray (litir/ilbidhiqsi/hiktaar) Dir Yek Meg Miy Gin San Ham Neh Mes Diq Hid Tah



Heerka qoyaanka hawada (%) 48 46 47 59 62 56 54 54 52 58 58 51

Xawaaraha dabaysa (km/maalin) 184 196 205 165 187 294 339 327 258 159 135 151



MOA I-1-10 JICA

Shucaaca (MJ/m2/maal

i) 22.6 24.5 24.8 22 21.1 19.3 18.6 20.4 22.6 20.6 21.7 22.1

ETo (mm/maalin) 6.08 6.75 7.12 5.89 5.64 6.28 6.53 6.73 6.86 5.44 5.12 5.54

Horgalaha dalagga Kc 0.78 1.05 0.9 0.78 1.05 0.9

ET x Kc (mm/maalin) 4.59 5.92 5.65 4.24 5.38 4.99


gudbinta Ec 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

Wax ku-oolnimada

kanaanlka ee bannaanka Eb 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Wax ku-oolnimada

Isticmaalka Bannaanka Ea 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

Saacadaha waraabka (saacad) 20 20 20 20 20 20


saacadood

(litir/ilbidhqsi

/hiktaar) 1.23 1.59 1.51 1.14 1.44 1.34


saacadood

(litir/ilbidhqsi

/hiktaar) 1.48 1.91 1.81 1.37 1.73 1.61


1.4 Habka Waraabka ee Dhul-Beereedka Dushiisa

Maaraynta habboon ee waraabku waxay bartilmaameedsanaysaa isticmaalka saxda ah iyo ka-faa’iidaysiga wax ku-oolka ah ee biyaha si loo-gaadho heerka ugu-wanaagsan ee wax-soo-saarka dalagga, iyada oo isla-markaana meesha ugu yar la-gaadhsiinayo biyaha lumaya (khasaaraya). Waxaa jira habab badan oo kala-duwan oo biyaha loo-gaadhsiiyo oogada sare ee carrada. Hababkan waraabka waxaa loo-isticmaalaa si dalagga loogu waraabiyo, ujeeddada ugu weyn ee laga leeyahayna waxay tahay si siman biyaha loogu fadhiisiyo gobolka midha-dhalka (effective) ee xididdada, iyo iyada oo la-gaadhsiinayo cadadka ugu sareeya ee loo-baahan-yahay, iyo weliba si loo-xaqiijiyo in cadadka biyaha ee lumaya looga dhigo meesha ugu hoosaysa iyo si wax-soo-saarka dalagga looga dhigo mid sayeeya oo ay tayadiisuna gaadhsiisan tahay heerka la-doonayo.

1.4.1 Kala Hababka Waraabka

Hababka maamulaha loo isticmaalo codsanaya biyaha waraabka dalagga waraabka isku raacsan yihiin mihimsan:1) waraabka dhulka korkiisa (xadka, iyo berkedda weysada iyo xasilloon); 2) waraabka damiya (shabaha roob aan dabiici ahayn); iyo 3) waraabka faleebo (ama u dareerin waraabka ama mararka qaar waxaa loo bixiyey waraabka goosgoos). Guud ahaan, habka waraabka kasta waxa uu leeyahay faa'iidooyinka iyo dhibaatooyinka qaarkood oo la ansixiyay waa ku saleysan yahay mabaadi'da qaarkood. Doorashada habka ugu haboon waa in sidaas lagu ku salaysan set oo ah shuruudaha in ay ugu adeegaan si loo yareeyo khasaaraha biyaha iyada oo la hubinayo saarka dalagyada korodhay.

1.4.2 Hababka Waraabka ee Oogada Sare

Hababka waraabka ee oogada sare waa habab dhul-beereedka loogu-waraabinayo iyada oo la adeegsanayo awoodda soo jiidashada dhulka (gravity), kaas oo biyaha carrada ku dul baahinaya, biyahaasi oo ka soo maraya kanaalka loo-jeexay oo biyaha ka soo qaadaya meel dhul-beereedka ka saraysa. Habkani waraabku waa kan ugu badan ee sida balaadhan loo isticmaalo ee dhul-beereedka lagu waraabiyo, wuxuuna yahay 95% dhammaan waraabka dhul-beereedka ee adduunka oo dhan laga isticmaalo, waana hab kumayaal sano loo adeegsanayey waraabinta dalagyada lagu-beero noocayda kala-duwan ee carrada. Habkan waraabku, gaar-ahaan dalka Itoobiya, wuxuu ka yahay kan sida weyn loo-isticmaalo ee ay ka-faa’iidaystaan beeralayda dhul-beereedka yar-yar fasha. Waxaa jirar habab


JICA I-1-11 MOA

hoose oo habkan waraabka hoos yimaadda, waxayna kala-yihiin waraabka xadka (border irrigation), waraabka dooxada iyo nooca waraabka ee biyaha la dhex marinayo kanaalada yar-yar ee dhul-beereedka laga dhex jeexayo.

1) Waraabka xadku

Waraabka xadku (border irrigation) waa waraabin daad xakamaysan oo dhul-beereedka biyaha la-waraabinayo loogu kala-qaybinayo qaybo isbar-bar yaalla. Waxaana dhulkaasi la qayb-qaybiyey lagu kala soocayaa xariiqyo carro ah oo kor u kacsan. Goboladasaasi (qaybahaasi) dhul-beereedka ayaa mid welba mar la-waraabinayaa, iyada oo laga soo bilaabiyo qaybta ugu saraysa ee xigta jihada ay biyuhu ka imanayaan oo la sii wadayo illaa qaybta ugu hoosaysa. Habkan waraabku waa mid loo-naqshadeeyay si biyaha xadka la soo mariyey si siman loogu baahiyo dhulka loo kala-qayb-qaybiyey jajabyada yar-yar. Dhulka waxaa loo-qaybinayaa marino taxan oo uu gudubkoodu yahay 3 illaa 30 m, guud-ahaan dhararkooduna gaadhayo 60 illaa 300 oo mitir. Dhinaca taagnimada marka laga-eegana, cabbirka taagnimada saxda ahi waa 0.2 illaa 0.4 boqolkiiba, inkasta oo uu suuragel noqon karo dhulka uu taagnimadoodu weyn-yahay haddii taxaddar weyn laga-muujiyo dhinaca mugga biyaha la-waraabinayo.

Dhulka u dhaxeeya meelaha kor loo-taagay ee dhinacyada xiga waa la-simayaa, waxaana sidaasi loo-samaynayaa si uu biyaha waraabku u maro luuqaasi dhuuban oo biyuhu u socdaan qaybta kor illaa cidhifka hoose. Marka ay waraabinta dhulku bilaabanto xawliga u muusidda gudaha ee biyuhu waxay ku weynyahay cidhifka sare ee xadka, laakiin markay carrada biyaha ka dharagto, caaradda hore ee biyaha ayaa bilaabaysa inay hoos u qulqusho. Meelaha taagan xadka dhulka samaynaya waa in celceliksa ay dhulka intiisa kale kor ugaga taagan yihiin 20 illaa 25 cm. Marka marin kasta oo dhulkaasi la-qayb-qaybiyey ka-tirsan waraabka lagu samaynayo waa in ku siidaynta biyaha laga-bilaabo qaybta kore, kaddib marka ay biyaha waraabku hoos u socdaan illaa 80%-ka dhararka xadka waa in biyaha laga joojiyo si ay biyaha baaqiga ahi u sii gaadhaan illaa xidhifka hoose.

Habka xadku wuxuu ku-habboonyahay carrooyinka ay awooddooda qaadashada biyuhu ay gaadhsiisan-tahay dhexdhexaad illaa dhexdhexaad sare. Noocan waraabku wuxuu si aad ah ugu-habboon yahay dalagyada sida isku dhaw u baxa (kuwa aan kala durugsanayn), sida kuwa ay iniinyahoodu yar-yar yihiin ee ay ka mid yihiin qamandida iyo heedda, gallayda, baradhaha, qaar ka mid ah khudaarta, bataatiga, raadhiish, alfaalfaa iyo cawska. Faa’iidooyinka ugu waa-weyni waxay yihiin: dhulka samaynta taagagga kor loo-qaadayo iyo kanaalada biyaha loo jeexayo ku lumaya oo yaraanaya; wax-ku–oolnimada waraabinta biyaha oo noocyada kale ka saraynaysa; iyo cududda shaqaalaha loo-baahanayo oo aad u yaraanaysa. Dhibaatooyinka habkan ka jira waxaa ka mid ah arrimaha hoos ku-qoran: iyada oo ay lagama-maarmaan noqonayso in dhulka si sax ah loo simo; kharashka hore ee ku-baxaya diyaarinta dhulka iyo kharashka ku-baxaya kala-saraysiinta dhulka oo badan’ iyo habkan oo aan ku-habboonayn dhulka ay carradiisu qota gaaban-tahay ee aan siinayn iyo nooca meelaha kor u kacsan iyo kuwa hoos u godan ay ku-badan yihiin.

Jaantuska 1.4.1 Tusaale laga-bixinayo Waraabka Luuqa XadkaIsha: Kay, 1986


MOA I-1-12 JICA

2) Waraabka Dooxada

Dooxadu waa dhul gudul u yaalla oo uu dhul kale ku-wareegsan-yahay, waana dhul ay biyuhu si dhammaystiran u gaadhayaan marka maraabka la-samaynayo. Waraabka dooxadu waa nooca badanaa loo isticmaalo waraabka oogada sare ee dhulka. Gaar-ahaan, waxaa loo-adeegsadaa beerashada bariiska. Dhul-beereedka bariska lagu-beero biyo badan ayaa lagu-qarqiyaa. Laakiin dhulka noocaas oo kale ahi waxaa kale oo uu waxtar kaasi la mid ah u yeelan karaa dalagyada kale ee sida masaggada heedda, qamandida, iyo kuwa kale ee la midka ah, geedaha midhaha dhala iyo dhirta xoolaha la-siiyo (calafka xoolaha) – beerashada dalagyada noocan oo kale ahi waxay u baahan-tahay in biyaha waraabku uusan muddo aad u dheer dhulka fadhiisan. Sida ugu-wanaagsani waxay tahay in uusan biyuhu dhulka korkiisa fadhiisan muddo ka-badan 24-48 saacadood. Waxaa kale oo waraabkan loo-adeegsadaa si cusbada carrada ku dhex-jirta looga saaro oo loogu dhex muusayo meelo fog-fog oo dhulka hoostiisa ah. Sawirka waraabka dooxada waxaa lagu-muujiyey jaantuska 1.4.2.

Cabbirka dooxada waxay si aad ah muhuum ugu tahay naqshadaynta habkan waraabka, guud-ahaana waxaa jirta in dooxooyinka si wanaagsan loo-waafajin naqshadaha kala-duwan ee uu dhul-beereedku yeelan karo ee kala ah sida afar-gees ama afar-gees ay afartiisa dhinacba isle’eg-yihiin. Shaxda 1.4.1 waxay muujinaysaa oo ay soo koobaysaa shuruudaha guud ee lagu soo xulanayo cabbirka dhulka dooxada, iyo weliba Shaxda 1.4.2 oo soo koobaysa cabbirka dooxada ee lagu-talinayo ee waafaqsan miisaanka mugga qulqulka biyaha iyo weliba noocyada carrada. Waxaa la-soo-jeediyey in cabbirka dhulka dooxada la sii weynayn karo maadaama biyaha si degdeg ah loogu baahin loona gaadhsiin karo dhul balaadhan.

Shaxda 1.4.1 Shuruudaha loo-adeegsanayo go’aaminta cabbirka dooxada (FAO, Tilmaamaha Waraabka, 2002) Shuruudaha Cabbirka yar ee dooxada Cabbirka weyn ee dooxada

Nooca carrada Bataax leh Dhoobo (clay) Mugga qulqulka Yar Weyn Gunta waraabka Yar Weyn

Foorarka dhulka Taag sare Taag yar ama siman oo mashiin

lagu-hagaajiyey Diyaarinta dhulka Gacanta ama xoogga xoolaha

Shaxda 1.4.2 Baaxadda dhulka dooxada oo lagu-cabbiray m2 oo loogu tala-galay cabbiro kala-duwan oo

mugga qulqulka biyaha iyo noocyada carrada (FAO, Tilmaamaha Waraabka, 2002)

Mugga qulqulka

biyaha (I/sec)

Baaxadda dulka dooxada oo lagu cabbiray m2

Bataax Bataax iyo carro

(loam)

Dhoobo iyo carro

(loam) Dhoobo (clay)

5 35 100 200 350

10 65 200 400 650

15 100 300 600 1000

30 200 600 1200 2000

60 400 1200 2400 4000

90 600 1800 3600 6000

Jaantuska 1.4.2 Sawir muujinaya waraabka dooxada (Isha: FAO, 1985)


JICA I-1-13 MOA

3) Waraabka dhulka loo jeexayo (Furrow Irrigation)

Noocan waraabka ee dhulka loo-jeexayo wuxuu tilmaamayaa biyaha waraabka oo loo-jeexayo meel ay biyuhu maraan oo u dhexeeysa laba saf ee dalagga. Habkan waraabku wuxuu hababka kale ee waraabka dooxada iyo waraabka xadka kaga duwan yahay biyaha oo qoynaya dhinacyada carrada uu dalaggu ku-qotomo, biyahaasina si tartartiib ah ayey gudub ugu soconayaan oo ay u gaadhayaan carrada engagan ee uu dalaggu ku-qotomo (habka guuritaanka biyaha ee “capillariiga”), waxaa kale oo ay biyuhu hoos ugu-muusayaan carrada ku-jirta gunta hoose ee gobolka xididdada. Habkani wuxuu yaraynayaa cadadka biyaha ee uumi-baxa ku lumaya, wuxuuna wanaajinayaa galintaanka hawada ee gobolada xididdada, wuxuuna yaraynayaa dhooqoobidda oogada sare carrada taasi oo fududaynaysa in waraabka kaddib si degdeg ah beerta loo-fasho.

Guud-ahaan, dhararka dhulka la-jeexayo ee ay biyuhu marayaan wuxuu noqon karaa 60 m illaa 300 m ama in ka-badan. Mabda’a ahaan, dhararka dhulka biyaha loo-jeexayo ee ay marayaani wuxuu gabaanayaa haddii carrada la-waraabinayo ay tahay mid kuus-kuusan; haddii lagu waraabinayo carrooyin culus dhararkooda waa la kordhinayaa. Marka dhinacaasi laga eego, beeraha khudaarta ee daaradaha khadka biyaha loo-jeexayo ee ay biyuhu marayaan waxay noqon karaan kuwa gaaban oo ku kooban 10 illaa 20 mitir kaliya, meesha uu dhararka khadadkaasi biyaha waraabka loo jeexayo ee beeraha waa-weyn ee mashiinada loo-adeegsado uu gaadhi karo illaa 500 m. Habka waraabka ee loo-adeegsanayo khadka dhulka biyaha loo-jeexayo ee wax-ku-oolka ah wuxuu mar-welba yeelanayaa nidaam biyaha lagu-balqinayo iyo mid biyo shub loogu samaynayo oo lagu samaynayo cidhifka dambe oo jihada qumaadika ah u saaran. Shaxda 1.4.3 waxaa lagu-muujiyey dhararyada ugu sareeya ee khadadka beerta dhexdada ah ee biyaha waraabka loo-jeexayo ee carrooyinka kala-duwan iyo cabbirada fooraryada (taagga) ee kala-duwan.

Shaxda 1.4.3 Dhararyada Lagu Talinayo ee Dhulka Cabbirada Foorarka (Taagga), Noocyada Kala-duwan

ee Carrooyinka iyo Waraabinta Biyaha

Taagga khadka

biyaha

loo-jeexayo,

(%)

Qulqulka

ugu-sareeya ee

biyaha halkii

ilbidhiqsiba

(l/ilbidhiqsi)

Dharaka khadka (m)

Noocyada carrada iyo qoyaanka carrada oo ah mm/m ee gunta carrada

Dhoobooyinka(Clays) Carrooyinka

(Loams) Bataaxyada

50 75 150 100 150 50 75 100

0.05 3.0 120 300 400 270 400 60 90 150

0.10 3.0 180 340 440 340 440 90 120 190

0.20 2.5 220 370 470 370 470 120 190 250

0.30 2.0 280 400 500 400 500 150 220 280

0.50 1.2 280 400 500 370 470 120 190 250

1.00 0.6 250 280 400 300 370 90 150 190

1.50 0.5 220 250 340 280 340 80 120 190

2.00 0.3 180 220 270 250 300 60 90 150

Isha: Tilmaamaha Beeraha ee Waraabka, Nuqulka la-naqtiimay, Wasaaraddii hore ee Beeraha /ADD, March 1990, Addis Ababa

Habka waraabka ee biyaha la-dhex-marinayo khadka dalagga dhexdiisa looga jeexayo waa habka ugu habboon ee loo-adeegsan karo dalagyada ee safka loo-beero ee ay safafkooda u dhaxayso masaafo ka-badan 30cm sida khudaarta, gallayda, looska, ala-sonkorka, cudbiga, iyo baradhaha. Khadadka biyaha loo-jeexayo waxay sida qaalibka ah yeelanayaan naqshada dhinaceeda gudubku uu yahay sida xarafka “V” ee Ingiriisiga, oo balacooda kore uu yahay 25- 30 cm, guntooduna ay hoos u dheertahay 15-20 cm, oo ay guntoodu mid gaaban noqonayso haddii ay carradu fududdahay, haddii ay culustahayna ay guntoodu hoos u sii fogaanayso. Sida qaalibka ah masaafada u dhaxaysa khadadka biyuhu maraan ee carrada bataaxa leh way gaaban-tahay (waa cidhiidhi), laakiin masaafada u dhaxaysa khadadka biyuhu maraan ee carrooyinka culus way dheertahay (way balaadhan-tahay). Masaafada loo dhaxaysiinayo khadadka biyaha la-mariyo ee carrooyinka bataaxa leh waa 60 illaa 80 cm inta u dhaxaysa, nooca carrada ee dhoobada ah waxay masaafadaasi noqonaysaa 75 illaa 150 cm,


MOA I-1-14 JICA

nooca carrada la-yidhaahdo “loam” waxay tahay 60 illaa 80 cm inta u dhaxaysa. Dalagyada ay dhaw-yihiin iyo meel kale laga soo fujiyey ee dib loo tallaalay waxay u baahan-yihiin balac (gudub) yar iyo gun gaaban, meesha ay dalagyada ay xididdadoodu hoos u fog-yihiin ay yeelanayaan khad ay biyuhu maraan uu baliciisu weyn-yahay oo qota dheer.

Faa’iidooyinka laga helo nooca waraabka ee khadka biyha loo-jeexo waxay yihiin habkan oo biyo badan lagu tashiili karo marka la-barbardhigo hababka kale ee oogada sare ee dulka loo-adeegsanayo, iyada oo qulqul biyo oo muggiisu kala duwan-yahay la isticmaali karo, wax-ku-oolnimada waraabinta oo aad u saraysa marka la-barbardhigo hababka kale ee loo-adeegsado oogada sare ee dhulka, habkan oo carrooyin noocyo badan leh lagu waraabin karo, kaliya qayb dhulka ka-tirsan oo lagu qoynayo iyo iyada oo uu yaraanayo biyaha ku-lumaya uumi-baxa, fatihidda iyo hoos u muusidda qotaha dheer, iyo cusbooyinka oo ku ururaya qaybta kore ee xadka kor u kacsan ee kala-soocaya khadadka biyuhu marayaan ee dhul-beeradka dhexdiisa, koritaanka dalagga ku dhex-yaalla carrada kor u kacsan ee khadadka biyaha kala-soocaya oo uusan saamayn ba’an u gaysanayn.

1.4.3 Waraabka Bilbilidda

Habkan waraabka bilbiliddu waa mid iyada oo cadaadis la-adeegsanayo biyaha lagu bilbilayo nooc lagu-matalayo sida roobka oo kale. Waraabka noocan ah waxaa lagu-fulinayaa nidaam dalagga ka koreeya oo biyaha lagu bilbilayo qasabado daldalooshan iyada oo biyaha cadaadis lagu riixayo, waxaana la-adeegsan karaa kurar ama carrado ay noocyadoodu kala-duwan yihiin oo qasabadda lagu xidhayo oo biyaha bilbilaya, kaddibna biyaha korka ka soo bilbilmaya ayaa hoos ugu soo dhacaya dalagga iyo dhulka ka hooseeya. Niidaamyada qasabaha ee biyaha lagu-bilbilayo waxay noqon karaan kuwa hal meel si joogto ah loogu rakibayo, ama kuwa meel-ka-meel loo rari karo, ama kuwa qayb ahaan meel-ka-meel loogu rari karo ama kuwa socda. Noocyada caaradaha qasbadda lagu-xidhayo ee biyaha bilbilaya iyo tirada la isticmaalayaba waxay ku-xidhan-yihiin naqshadda xawliga waraabka ee la-doonayo iyo naqshahada qoynta ee la-rabo.

Waxaa jira faa’iidooyin uu nooca waraabinta ee bilbiliddu uu dheeryahay nooca waraabka ee biyaha oogada sare ee dhulka maraya; hase-yeeshe, waxaa jira dhibaatooyin habkan waraabka la-socda: habkan oo u baahan rasmuul badan oo bilowga ah lagu hawlgalayo oo nidaamka lagu-rakibayo; kharashka tamarta ku-baxaya oo fulinta habkan waraabka bibilidda qaali ka-dhigaya; waxaa loo-baahan-yahay shaqaalaha farsamada ee ka-shaqaysiinaya, ilaalinta (daryeel) ku-samaynaya; si ayna

Jaantuska 1.4.4 Nidaamka Waraabka Bilbilidda ee Asalka ah

Isha: FAO,Waraaka iyo B-Shubka, qormor. Rooma, 1984

Jaantuska 1.4.3 Naqshadda Waraabka Khadka Biyaha Loo-Jeexayo (Furrow Irrigation) Isha: Doneen, L.D.,iyo Wescot, D.W. Ficilka Waraabka iyo Maaraynta biyaha, Qormo, Rooma, 1984.


JICA I-1-15 MOA

carradu u xidhmin waxaa loo-baahan-yahay in la-isticmaalo biyo nadiif ah; nidaamkan oo unugul saamaynta ka soo gaadhi kara jawiga dabaysha leh, kaas oo kharibaya qaybsanaanta siman ee biyaha bilbilmaya; biyaha oo uumi-baxa kaga lumaya oogada sare ee dhulka iyo caleemaha balbalaadhan ee dhirta; halista dhinaca karoorsamidda cusbada soo falaysa dhirta la-qoynayo, taas oo u baahanaysa xirfado aad u murugsan oo dhinaca naqshadaynta ah iyo taageero laga-bixinayo isla-beerta dusheeda, iwm.

1.4.4 Waraabka tifqinta

Waraabka tifqintu waa dhulka biyaha loogu waraabinayo hab xawli gaaban ku-socda oo la adeegsanayo kaliya biyo dhibco-dhibco u soo baxaya, laakiin si soo noq-noqod leh u soo daadanaya oo aan kala-go’ayn iyada mugga biyaha soo baxayana uu yahay mid si sax ah u cabbiran oo ka soo baxaya daldaloolo yar-yar oo loo-sameeyay oo lagu-magacaabo “emitters” ( soo saarayaal) oo ku-yaalla meel wax yar uun dhulka ka-koraysa (illaa 300 mm iyo in ka-saraysa) oo toos carrarada uga koraysa si biyaha loo-waraabiyo goob kooban oo ku-waragsin geed-welba oo dhirta (dalagga) ka-tirsan. Habkani wuxuu ku-habboon-yahay goobaha uu kulka sareeya ka-jiro ee uu khayraadka biyaha ee ka-jira kooban-yahay ama qiimaha biyuhu uu qaali yahay. Waraabka tifqintu wuxuu ku-habboon-yahay noocyada carrooyinka intooda badan iyo qaababka uu dhulku u yaallo intooda badan. Nidaamkani wuxuu noo saamaxayaa in si sax ah loo-fuliyo hawsha waraabinta, lana yareeyo cadadka biyaha lumi kara, ee ka imanaya uumi-baxa biyaha, qaybinta liidata iyo muusidda biyaha, ama waraabinta xad-dhaafka ah.

Habkani waa habka waraabka ee ugu-carisan ee ee ay waraabintiisu ugu wax-oolsan tahay oo ay gaadhsiisan-tahay 90 illaa 95%. Biyaha waraabku waxay u dhacayaan si isdaba-joog ah oo dhibco ahaan u socda oo hal meel ku-dhacaya oo carrada dhex-galaya, gudubna u soconaya oo gobolka xididdada si qumaati ah u qoynaya isaga oo ku-soconaya xoogga soo jiidashada dhulka, gudubna ugu soconaya habka socoshada biyaha ee la-yidhaahdo “capillary”, oo ay sidaasna dhulka ay dhibcuhu qoynayaani yeelanayo naqshadda basasha oo kale. Goobta ay dhirtu ku-beerantay qayb-ahaan kaliya ayey qoyantahay. Waraabka tifqintu wuxuu wanaajiyaa koritaanka dalagyada qiimaha badan, maadaama uu si toos ah u waraabinayo gobolka ay xididdadu ku-jiraan. Tallaabadanina biyo badan ayey badbaadinaysaa, maadma kaliya ay biyuhu ku-hagaagayaan qaybaha muhiimka ee dhirta la-waraabinayo. Waxaa kale oo uu habkan waraabku naga-caawinayaa in koritaanka haramaha beerta ka-baxaya uu yaraado, maadaama aynu biyaha waraabka ku-waraabinayo dalagga kaliya, waxaa kale oo intaasi-dheer carrada geedaha dalagga u dhaxeeya oo qalalsanaanaysa, taasi oo fududaynaysa ka-shaqaynta dalagga beerta ku-yaalla.

Jaantuska 1.4.5 Qaybaha ku dhex-jira nidaamka waraabka tifqinta Isha: FAO, Dukumeentiga Waraabka iyo Biyaha Shubka,. Rooma, 1984


MOA I-1-16 JICA

Hase-yeeshe, waxaa jira dhibaatooyin la-socoda nidaamka waraabka tifqinta. Kharashka bilowga hore ee nidaamkan ku-baxaya oo badan, gaar-ahaan lacagta ku-baxaysa rakibidda nidaamka rasmiga ah ee tifqinta (dhibcinta); dad badan oo xirfadaysan oo ay hawsha naqshadaynta ee nidaamkani ay u baahanayso, maaraynta iyo ilaalinta (daryeelka); daloolka ay biyuhu ka soo baxayaan oo ay bataxaa iyo carradu xidhayaan, kiimikooyinka ka soo baxaya biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ku-jira iyo dhirta cagaaran ee la-socota biyaha dhulka dushiisa socda (algae) ee ku-dhex-ururayaa ayaa ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka ugu waa-weyn ee nidaamkan waraabka lagala kulmi karo; biyaha waraabka oo ku-kooban goobta xididdada dalagga kaliya iyo geedka dalagga oo ay waxyeello ka soo gaadhi karto biyaha hoos-fadhisanaya, maadaama xididdada uu geedku ku-qotomo ay dabcayaan, cusbada biyaha la-socota oo xididdada dalaga ku hoos ururaysa, taas oo baahanaysa in xilli-welba cusbadaasi laga nadiifiyo; geedka dalagga halis u galaya waxyaalaha dhaawici kara (mechanical damage); waxaa kale oo nidaamkan lagala kulmi karaa saamayn soo-gaadha cimilada-yar (micro-climate) iyo biqlidda dalagyada oo noqon karta mid liidata.

1.4.5 Doorashada Hababka Waraabka ee Aagga Goday Ku-habboon

Marka la-dooranayo hababka ugu-habboon ee waraabka arrimaha tixgelinta u baahan waxaa ka mid ah kuwa hoos ku-qoran: 1) nooca dalagyada la-beeranayo iyo dhararka gunta xididdadooda; 2) dabeecadaha carrada ka-jirta dhul-beereedka la-waraabinayo, sida nooca carrada, dhararka gunta, iyo sida ay biyuhu u dhex-marayaan; 3) jiritaanka ilaha biyaha iyo mugga durdurka biyaha waraabka; 4) cadadka biyaha waraabka ee waraab-kasta beerta ku soo galaya; 6) baahida tamarta; 7) kharashka maalgelinta ee bilowga hore ee nidaamkan waraabka, iwm. Shaxda 1.4.4 ayaa soo koobaysa hababka waraabka iyo arrimahaasi, kaas oo uu tilmaamahani ku-talinayo in hababka waraabka ee aagga Goday ku-habboon yihiin Habka Waraabka Dooxada (Basin Irrigation) iyo Habka Waraabka ee Khadka Biyaha Looga Dhex-Jeexiyo Dhul-Beereedka (Furrow Irrigation Method), gaar-ahaan iyada oo la-tixgelinayo beeraleyda oo ah beeraley yar-yar:

Shaxda 1.4.4 Arrimaha Dhinaca Farsamada ee Saamaynaya Xulashada Habka Waraabka

Habka Dalagyada Carrooyinka Shaqaalaha

(S/hi/war..)

Baahida

Tamarta

Wax-ku-ool-n

imada, %

Kharashka

Rasumaalk

a

Xadka dhammaan dalagyada, marka

laga-reebo bariiska

Dhoobada (clay),

loam 3.0 Hoose

60 Hoose Dooxada dhammaan dalagyada

Dhoobada (clay),

loam 0.5 - 1.5 Hoose

Khadka

dhammaan dalagyada, marka

laga-reebo bariiska & dalagyada

dalooshan

Dhoobada (clay),

loam 4.0 Hoose

Bilbiliddar dhammaan dalagyada, marka

laga-reebo bariiska

Dhoobada (clay),

loam 1.5- 3.0 Sare 75

Dhexdexaa

d

Tifqinta dalagyada safka, okhaadhyada all soils 0.2- 0.5 Dhexdexaad 90 Sare

Isha: Tilmaamaha maaraynta biyaha iyo horumarinta waraabka, FAO, 1996.

CUTUBKA 2

HAWLGALKA IYO ILAALINTA


JICA I-2-1 MOA

CUTUBKA 2 HAWLGALKA IYO ILAALINTA

2.1 Abaabulka

2.1.1 Kaalinta Ururka Isticmaalayaasha Biyaha (WUA)

1) Hordhac

Ururka Isticmaalayaasha Biyuhu (WUA) waa mid hab mutadawacnimo u dhisan, oo aan dawli ahayn, aan macaash loo-dhisin oo ay maamulayaan koox beeraley ah oo nidaamka waraabka ka-tirsan. Isticmaalayaashu biyuhu waxay ka kooban yihiin beeraleyda maalkooda, qalabkooda iyo khayaadkooda dhinaca farsamada isku keenay oo doonaya in ay kordhiyaan wax-soo-saarkooda beeraha waraabka iyaga oo cuskanaya habka qaybsashada biyaha ee caddaaladda ku-salaysan iyo isticmaalka wax-ku-oolka ah ee nidaamyada waraabka. Beeraleydu haddii ay ururka isticmaalayaasha biyaha (WUA) ku soo biiraan waxay helayaan qaar ka mid ah ama dhammaan faa’iidooyinka hoos ku-qoran:

Iyada oo aan lagu-xidhayn goobta ay ku-yaallaan beeraha beeralaydu, iyada oo aan loo eegayn nooca beertooda ama aan lagu xidhayn weynada ama yarida beertooda ayey helayaan qaybsi biyo oo hab caddaalad ah ku-salaysan,

Isku-halayn dheeraad ah oo helitaan biyo,

Helitaanka biyaha oo noqonaya mid hab sii wanaagsan ugaga jawaabaya baahida biyaha ee dalagga,

Xal u raadin degdeg ah oo heer deegaan lagu dhammayn karo khilaafyada dhaca,

Kanaalada oo si wanaagsan ugu ilaashanaanaya (soo yaraynta waqtiga waraabka, maadaama uu habka waraabku noqonayo mid salaxan oo aan si aad ah isku-badbaddalayn, biyaha lumaya oo yaraanaya, iwm.), iyo

Xatooyada biyaha oo yaraanaysa.

2) Ujeeddada Ururka Isticmaalayaasha Biyaha (WUA)

WUA oo noqonaysa qaab-maamuleedka heer goobeed, iyo isaga oo noqonaya mulkiilaha nidaamka waraabka ee goobta ka jira, wuxuu noqonayaa qaab-dhismeed ujeeddooyin kala-duwan leh, isla-markaana yeelanaya mas’uuliyado iyo shaqooyin ku-aaddan dhinaca geeddi-socodka horumarinta ee nidaamka waraabka. Ujeeddooyinka kala-duwan ee uu ururkani leeyahay waxaa ugu waa weyn kuwa hoos ku-qoran:

Xidhiidhinta ka-qayb-qaadashada iyo soo galintaanka mushtamacyada ka faa’iidaystayaasha ee hawlaha loo-galayo qaybsiga biyaha waraabka ee cadaaladda ku salaysan ee beeraleyda dhex-maraya iyo nidaamka awaamiirta arrintan ku-aaddan ee la-bixinayo,

Si looga shaqeeyo loona fuliyo shaqooyinka hawlgelinta khayraadka (lacagta adeegga waraabka, ku-deeqidda adeegga muruqa, ku-deeqidda qalabka, iwm.),

Si loo-baajiyo khilaafaad iyo isku-dhacyo dhex-mara ka-faa’iidaystayaasha biyaha waraabka, kuwaas oo laga yaabo in ay ka yimaaddaan isticmaalka aan habboonayn ee biyaha,

Si loo xidhiidhiyo loona fuliyo hawlaha joogtada ah ee ilaalinta, iyo

Si loo salaxo fidinta waraabka iyo shaqada xakamaynta biyo shubka oo laga samaynayo meelaha looga baahan-yahay ama shabkadda kanaalka.


MOA I-2-2 JICA

3) Kaalinta Ururka Isticlaamlayaasha Biyaha (WUA)

Kaalinta ama doorka balaadhan ee ururka isticmaalayaasha biyaha (WUA) wuxuu yahay in ka-faa’iidaystayaasha nidaamka waraabka ka-tirsan looga caawiyo in ay meel iskugu keenaan khayraadyadooda kala-duwan (maalkooda, cududda shaqaalaha iyo aqoontooda) si hab sii midha-dhalsan loogu fuliyo hawlaha biyaha la-xidhiidha. Aasaasidda Ururka Isticmaalayaasha biyuhu waxaa kale oo uu isticmaalayaasha ka caawin doonaa in ay ku-guulaystaan arrimaha ay ku-muujinayaan xeer-hoosaadyadooda iyo shuruucdooda nidaamkaasi waraabka la-xidhiidha. Marka kowaad wuxuu xubnihiisa u suuragelinayaa in ay wax-ka-qabtaan baahiyadooda dhinaca horumarinta dhul-beereedka waraabka. Waxaa hoos ku-qoran doorarka uu yeelanayo Ururka Isticmaalayaasha biyuhu (WUA):

Ilaalinta danaha dhammaan xubnaha ururka isticmaalayaasha biyuhu iyo isticmaalayaasha kale ee ka-tirsan goobta uu hawlgelku ka-socdo,

Biyaha oo hab la isku-halayn karo loogu qaybiyo isticmaalayaasha biyaha,

Xal u raadinta khilaafaadka dhici kara ee la-xidhiidha isticmaalka biyaha iyo maaraynta waraabka oo habka xallinta laga dhigo mid habboon oo ay cad-caddaani ku dheehantahay oo dimuqraaddiyad ku-salaysan,

Maaraynta maaliyadda iyo maalka kale ee uu leeyahay Ururka Isticmaalasha biyuhu (WUA),

Ilaalinta, baxnaanaynta, iyo wanaajinta nidaamka waraabka ee ka-jira goobta uu ururku ka hawlgalo,

Soo iibsashada, baddalidda iyo ilaalinta qalabka loo adeegsado hawlaha waraabka,

Qaadidda tallaabooyin lagu-ilaalinayo dagaanka, laguna maaraynayo arrimaha tikhoobidda dagaanka, ka hortagidda cusbada iyo biyaha carrada dhex fadhiisanaya, maadaama ay dhibaatooyinkani saamayn xun ku yaalan karaan ka faa’iidaysiga nidaamka waraabka, iyo

Xubnaha la siiyo taba-bar ka caawinaya isticmaalka macquulka ee biyaha waraabka iyo horumarinta farsmooyin iyo sancooyin cusub oo dhinaca maaraynta waraabka ah.

4) Nidaamka Maaraynta Waraabka ee Ka-qayb-galinta Leh

Jaantuska 2.1.1 ee hoose wuxuu isku-dayayaa in uu soo koobo sida, fikir ahaan, ay ururrada isticmaalayaasha waraabku ay u noqon kara kuwa keena ka-faa’iidaysiga qulqulka biyaha. Waxaa jira laba arrimood oo waa weyn oo keena in ay beeraleydu aasaasaan Ururrada Isticmaalayaasha Waraabka (WUAs), waxaana arrimahaasi ka mid ah: baahida loo-qabo is-abaabulidda iyo hawlgelinta khayraadka la haysto ee aan lacagta ahayn (tusaale: shaqada muruqa ee mutadawacnimada) iyo lacagta caddaanka ah (lacagta adeegga waraabka). Waxaa iska-cad in kharashka labadan arrimood ku-baxaya ay beeraleydu daboolayaan.

Hase-yeeshe, marka dhinaca faa’iidada laga eego, waxaa jira ilaalin sii wanaagsan oo lagu samaynayo kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha iyada oo loo-adeegsanayomaaliyadda iyo kaalinta waxyaalaha aan lacagta la xidhiidhin iyo weliba ka-qayb-qaadashada qorshaynta iyo fulinta shaqooyinka la-xidhiidha. Waxaa kale oo intaasi dheer, xidhiidhka u dhaxeeya maareeyayaasha (keenidda) iyo beeraleyda (baahida) oo sii wanaagsanaanaysa, taas oo sii kordhin karta wax-ku-oolnimada iyo isku-halaynta biyaha laga helayo nidaamka waraabka. Dadaalka dhinaca dhexdhexaadina iyo xal u raadinta khilaafka iyo maaraynta heer dagaan ee biyaha ee ay samaynayaan Ururrada Isticmaalayaasha Waraabku (WUAs) waa in ay keenaan qaybin biyo oo ay caddaaladnimadoodu sii sarayso. Dhammaan natiijooyinkani waa in ay keenaan faa’iidooyin dhab ah oo ay beeraleydu helayaan oo ah dhinaca kordhinta wax soo saarkooda beeraha, kordhinta noocyada dalagyada ay goosanayaan ee ay suuqa gaynayaan, kuwaas oo


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ay ku-gaadhayaan dakhliyo aad u sareeya.

5) Mabda’yada Hawlgalka ee Ururka Isticmaalayasha Biyaha

Waxaa hoos ku-qoran mabda’yada hawlgalka ee WUA:

Ku-dhiirigelinta xubnaha WUA in ay ka-qayb-qaataan hawlgalka iyo maaraynta nidaamyada waraabka,

U hoggaansanaanta mabda’yada dimuqraadiyadda, caddaaladda, iyo sinaanshaha caddaaladda ku-salaysan, iyo tixgelinta talooyinka, iyo fikradaha ka imanaya dhammaan xubnaha ururka,

In u dhammaan xubnaha WUA la siiyo xogta ku-saabsan hawlgalka iyo maaliyadda,

Xaqiijinta saxnimada iyo qaybsiga siman ee biyaha ee yeelanayaan xubnaha WUA, iyo

Xaqiijinta isticmaalka taxaddarka iyo wax-ku-oolnimada leh ee biyaha waraabka.

2.1.2 Dhismaha Gudaha ee Ururka Isticmaalayaasha Biyaha

Kaalinta iyo awoodda loo-leeyahay qorshaynta, go’aaminta iyo dhaqangelintu waa in ay noqoto mid si cad uga dhex qeexan ururka isticmaalayaasha biyaha (WUA), taas oo ah sida lagu-muujiyey jaantuska 2.1.2. Tusaale, marka uu ururka isticmaalayaasha biyuhu (WUA) ka-fikirayo dalagga jiilaalka xiga, waxay marayaan geeddi-socodka qorshaynta isticmaalka biyaha iyo qoondayntiisa, go’aaminta qorshaha, iyo fulinta qorshaha la-ansixiyey. Waxaa khasab ah in awoodda saddexdan arrimood loo-leeyahay ay noqdaan kuwa madax-bannaan marka la-taagan-yahay heerarka Guddiyada Qorshaynta, Fadhiga Loo-dhan-yahay, iyo Guddiga Fulinta.

Jaantuska 2.1.1 Nidaamka Waraabka ee uu WUA Maaraynayo


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Sida lagu-muujiyey Jaantuska 2.1.2 ee kore, qaybta ugu-saraysa ee Ururka Isticmaalayaasha Biyaha (WUA) waa in uu noqdo Fadhiga Sare ee ay ku-jiraan dhammaan xubnaha ururka ka-tirsan. Qaybtani waa tan ugu saraysa ee Ururka Isticmaalayaasha Biyaha (WUA) ee gaar-ahaan yeelanaysa awoodda go’aaminta. Waa in dhammaan qorshayaasha loo-gudbiyo golaha loo dhan-yahay kaas oo go’aamada soo saaraya, taas oo uu macnaheedu yahay in dhammaan go’aamada muhiimku ay noqdaan kuwa ay u dhan-yihiin dhammaan xubnaha ururku.

Fadhiga loo dhan-yahay ee ururka waxaa hoos imanaya guddiga fulinta. Guddiga fulintu wuxuu mas’uul ka noqonayaa fulinta iyo maaraynta maalin-welba la-samaynayo ee la-xidhiidha barnaamijka waraabka ee ururka. Xubnaha guddiga fulinta waxaa dooranaya fadhiga loo dhan-yahay ee ururka, waxayna xubnuhu guud-ahaan ka koobnaan doonaan: 1) Guddoomiyaha, 2) Guddoomiye ku-xigeenka, 3) Mas’uulkaO&M, 4) qasnajika, 5) hanti dhawrka, iyo 6) xubno. Qaabkan ay xubnaha guddiga fulintu iskugu dhafan-yahay waxaa loo-baddali karaa kolba sida ugu habboon ee uu fadhiga loo-dhan-yahay u go’aamiyo.

Qorshaynta waxaa samayn doonaa guddiyada sida guddiga horumarina beeraha ama guddiga biyaha, iyada oo laga-duulayo kolba arrinta matadawiciinta la-dhisi doono ama dadka ururka dhexdiisa laga soo dooranayo (eeg safka saddexaad ee Jaantuska 2.1.2 ee kor ka-muuqda marka korka laga soo tiriyo). Guddiyadani waxay noqon karaan kuwa ay hoggaamiyaan xubnaha guddiga fulinta; tusaale: waxaa dhici karta in uu guddoomiye ku-xigeenku hoggaamiyo guddiga Horumarinta Beeraha, sidoo kale waxaa dhici karta in mas’uulka O&M uu hoggaamiyo Guddiga Maaraynta Biyaha, waxaa kale oo dhici karta in uu qasnajigu hoggaamiyo Guddiga Maaraynta Maaliyadda. Doorka aasaasiga ah ee

Fadhiga Guud

Guddiga Fulinta

Go’aaminta

Qorshaynta

Kooxda Hoose-4

Xubin, Xubin, Xubin

Xubin, Xubin, Xubin,

Member, Member, Member, Member,

Xubin, Xubin, Xubin Xubin, Xubin, Xubin Xubin, Xubin, Xubin

Xubin, Xubin, Xubin, Member, Member,

Member, Member, Xubin, Xubin, Xubin,

Member, Member, Member, Member,

Xubin, Xubin, Xubin r,

Xubin, Xubin, Xubin

Xubin, Xubin,

Xubin Xubin

Xubin, Xubin, Xubin Xubin, Xubin, Xubin

Xubin , Xubin Member, Member,

Member, Member,

Xubin, Xubin, Member, Member,

Member, Member, Xubin, Xubin, Xubin

Xubin, Xubin, Xubin Xubin, Xubin,

Kooxda Hoose-1 Kooxda Hoose-2 Kooxda Hoose-3

Dhaqangelin

Waa in qorshaha-welba loo soo gudbiyo Fadhiga Guud si ansixintiisa loo helo.

Guddiga Horum. Beeraha

Jaantuska 2.1.2 Dhismaha Gudaha ee Ururka Isticmaalayaasha Biyaha

Guddiga Maaraynta Maaliyadda

Guddiga Maaraynta Biyaha

Go’aan-kasta oo uu fahdiga guud gaadhayo waa in ay fuliyaan dhammaan xubnuhu iyaga oo ku-hawlgalyo kormeerka Guddiga Maaraynta.


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guddiyada qorshaynta u yaalla waa diyaarinta, iyo qorshayaasha ay diyaariyeen oo ay u gudbinayaan Fadhiga Loo Dhan-yahay.

Xubnaha guddiga fulinta ku-jira waxay noqon doonaan hoggaamiyayaasha kooxaha hoose (eeg safka 4aad , marka korka laga soo tiriyo). Kooxaha hoose waxaa dhisaya biloogga waraabka, kaas oo ah goobta waraabka ee amarka ka-qaadanaya kanaalo gaar ah oo dhul-beereedka ka-jira. Waxaa jira 4 kooxood oo hoose oo loo-dhisayo hab barnaamijka waafaqsan. Kooxdan hoose waxay mas’uul ka noqonaysaa hawlgalka, ilaalinta iyo maaraynta ka-jirta goobta waraabka ee ay iyagu leeyihiin. Tusaale: ilaalinta (daryeelka) kanaalka weyn waxaa samayn doona dhammaan xubnaha ururka, ama xubno laga soo kala-doortay koox-welba oo hoose, sida ilaalinta (daryeelka) ku-wajahan biloogga waraabka waxaa samayn doonaa dhammaan xubnaha ka-tirsan kooxaha hoose.

Kaadreega ugu hooseeya ee Ururka Isticmaalayaasha Biyuhu (WUA) waa xubnaha caadiga ee ururka. Waxay hoos tagayaan kooxahooda hoose. Waxay ka jiraan kaadreega ugu hooseeya ee ururka, iyaga awooddooda ugu saraysa ka-fulin kara heerka fadhiga loo-dhan-yahay, taas oo noqonaysa mar-kasta oo ay soo saarayaan go’aamo muhiim ah. Waxay yihiin qayb ka-tirsan qaybta ugu awoodda saraysa ee ururka; taas oo ah fadhiga loo-dhanyahay, iyaga oo isla-markaana ah dhaqangeliyayaasha heerka ugu hooseeya ee ururka. Marka dhinaca go’aaminta laga eego xubnaha ururku waxay ku sugan-yihiin heerka ugu sareeya ee awoodda, laakiin marka ay dhinaca dhaqangelinta noqoto waxay aasaaska ururka.

Sida kor lagu soo sheegay, mabda’ ahaan, guddiga fulintu wuxuu mas’uul ka-yahay maarayn-maalmeedka barnaamijka waraabka. Wuxuu taas macnaheedu yahay in uu guddiga fulintu uu mas’uul ka-yahay kormeerka hawlaha dhaqangelinta. Sida dhabta ah dhaqangelintu waxay u fulaysaa hab waafaqsan go’aanka ka soo baxay fadhiga loo-dhan-yahay. Guddiga fulintu awood uma yeelanayo go’aaminta, laakiin wuxuu awood u yeelanayaa kormeeridda dhaqangelinta go’aamada ka soo baxay fadhiga loo-dhanayahay. Marka dhinacaasi laga eego, guddoomiyaha guddiga fulintu waa fuliyaha sare ee ururka (CEO).

2.2 Hawlgalka

2.2.1 Hawlgalka Soo Tuuridda (Matoorka)

Waxaa sayladda ka-jira matooro noocyo badan. Dhammaan soo saarayaasha matooradaasi waxay matooradooda soo raaciyaan tilmaamo ku-saabsan habka loo isticmaalo iyo sida loo ilaaliyo (daryeelo). Waxaa khasab ah in toos loo-raaco tilmaamaha matoorka la socda ee uu soo-saaruhu u diyaariyey, waxayna taasi keenaysaa in matoorka loogu shaqaysto sida ugu wanaagsan ee loogaga faa’iidaysan karo loogana ilaaliyo cilado soo gaadha. Iyada oo ay jiraan tilmaamo si aad ah u kala duwan oo waafaqsan kolba nooca matoorka la haysto, laakiin waxaa meeshan lagu soo bandhigayaa kaliya tilmaamo guud oo matoorada la-xidhiidha.

1) Kicinta Matoorka

Ka-hor intaan matoorka la-kicin waxaa jira hannaanyo gaar ah oo la-raacayo oo uu soo saaraha matoorka ku-talinayo. Kaddib marka la-rakibo badhitaanada kicinta matoorka ka-horeeya ee lagu-talinayo waxaa ka mid ah hubinta in xadhka matoorku ay si sax ah u xidhan-yihiin, sida ay iskugu xidhan-yihiin irdaha matoorka (valves), usha weyn iyo furnaanta gilaandhiga (gland). Waa in la xusuusnaado matoorka oo la-kiciyo marka ay hawadu qalalantahay in ay keeni karto in qaybaha matoorku ay isqabqabsadaan ama uu burbur ka soo gaadho isliska dhex maraya. Sidaas awgeed, matoorada aan iskood isku-kicinayn ama kuwa kicinta soo nuugidda leh, waa in ka-hor intaan la-kicin kicinta loo-diyaariyo (primed).


MOA I-2-6 JICA

2) Kicinta Matoorka

Matoorka waxaa la-kicinayaa iyada oo ay iridda soo galintu (gate valve) xidhan-tahay. Waxayna sababtu tahay matoorka oo shaqaynaya kaliya marka culayska saaran uu yahay 30-50% culayska buuxa ee uu xamili karo. Kaliya marka uu matoorka uu isha biyaha ka hooseeyo, ayaa matoorka la-kicin karaa iyada oo ay iridda soo galintu (gate valve) furantahay. Si ayna u dhici isku-dhicidda biyaha iska-horimanaya, waa in “gate valve”-ga si tartiib tartiib ah loo furo illaa uu si buuxda u furmayo. Intaan matoorka la-kicin ka-hor, waxaa waajib ah in la-qabto hawlaha soo socda: 1) fur iridda (valve) soo nuugidda, iyo 2) fur khadadka dib-u-warwareejinta ama qaboojinta.

3) Hawlgalka Matoorka

Marka matoorka la-hawlgalinayo, tixgelinada guud ee fiirada u baahan waxaa ka mid ah kuwa hoos ku-qoran:

Iyada oo la-adeegsanayo iridda (valve) khadka soo tuurista biyaha ayaa la-badbaddalayaa awoodda matoorka. Marnaba qulqulka ha ka xidhin dhinaca uu matoorku biyaha ka soo nuugayo, maadaama ay tani keeni karo in awoodda waxqabadka ee matoorku ay hoos u dhacdo, oo uu meeshaasi ka soo baxo kulayl aan la-filayn, oo uu qalabka waxyeello u gaysto.

Ha saarin culays saa’id ah qaybta matoorka dhaqaajinaysa, maadaama uu culayskaasi saa’iidka ahi uu kulayl aan la-filayn, taas oo qalabka dhaawacaysa. Culayska soo fuulaya qaybta matoorka dhaqaajinaysa waxaa ka mid ah xaaladaha hoos ku-qoran: 1) Cufnaanshaha dareeraha la soo jiidayo oo ka-weynaada intii la-filayey, iyo 2) dareeraha la soo jiiday oo kor u dhaafa cabbirka quluqlka ee matoorka loogu tala-galay.

Hubi in uu matoorku ku-shaqaynay xadka cabbirada loogu tala-galay ama qiyaas cabbirkaasi u dhadhaw. Haddii taas la-samayn-waayo, dalooshamid ama soo noqnoqoshada dareehaha oo matoorka soo gaadhaysa ayaa matoorka dhaawici karaysa. La-soco dhammaan qaybaha cabbirada qaadaya ee matoorka si aad u hubisid in uu matoorku ku-shaqaynayo xadka cabbirka loogu tala-galay ama meel u dhadhaw iyo in muraayadda soo jididda ee matoorku ayna biyaha ka-buuxsamin ( waa marka la-isticmaalayo).

Marnaba nidaam-kasta oo soo jidid (matoor) dareere ha ka-shaqaysin iyada oo ay meesha ay biyuhu ka soo galayaan iyo meesha ay biyo ka-baxayaan oo xidhan (owdan). Matoorka oo xaaladaha noocan ah ku-jiro, haddii xataa muddo gaaban laga-shaqaysiiyo, dareeraha (biyaha) ku-dhex abudhsan ayaa si xad-dhaaf ah u kululaanaya ayaa keeni kara in uu qarax xoog badan yimaaddo. Waxaa khasab ah in hawlgalka matoorku uu noqdo mid sii maraya dhammaan tallaabooyinka loo-baahan-yahay si xaaladdan looga badbaado.

4) Daminta (Joojinta) matoorka

Tallaabada ugu-horaysa ee matoorada lagu-joojinayo waxay tahay in la-xidho iridda uu biyuhu ka soo galayo (valve). Tallaabadani waxay meesha ka-saaraysaa gujo xooggan oo ka iman karta xidhitaanka kadiska ah. Marka hawshan la-qabto, waxaa kaddib xidhmaya ama damaya dhaqaajiyaha muhiimka ah. Kaddib marka la-xidho, haddii uu matoorku muddo dheer bilaa camal sii ahaado, wuxuu si tartiib tartiib ah uga lumaysa awooddiisa muhiimka ah. Sidaa-awgeed, waxaa khasab noqonaysa in qofku matoorka ka-shaqaysiinaya ka-hor intuusan matoorka shidin in marwelba uu dib u diyaariyo (re-prime). Laba tallaabooyin ee muhiimka ah ee matoorka lagu daminayo waxay kala yihiin: 1) in si tartiib ah oo daggan loo xidho iridda uu biyaha ka soo saarayo (valve), iyo 2) in la-xidho kaddibna la-qufulo qaybta matoorka wadaysa si looga hortago wareegid lama filaan ah.


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2.2.2 Nidaamka Qaybina Biyaha

Biyaha dhex-maraya kanaalka weyn waxaa habab badan loogu qaybin karaa shabakad kanaalo oo heer labaad ah (beerta dhexdeeda). Hababkaasi waxaa ka mid ah in biyaha hab isku dheeli-tiran loogu qaybiyo kanaaladan heerka labaad ah; habka kale wuxuu yahay in la-qaybiyo waqtiga keenitaanka biyaha oo sidaasna qulqulka biyaha si kaltan ah loogu weeciyo mid-kasta oo ka mid ah kanaalada heerka labaad; habka saddexaadna wuxuu noqonayaa in biyaha kanaalka labaad la-mariyo marka sidaas la-codsado.

1) Qaybinta Isku-Dheelitiran

Qaybinta isku-dheeli-tiran ee biyaha waraabku wuxuu macnaheedu yahay in qulqulka biyaha kanaalka maraya uu si siman ugu qaybsan-yahay laba ama in ka-badan oo kanaalo yar-yar ah (dhul-beeredka dhexdiisa. Mugga qulqulka biyaha ee kanaaladan dhex-maraya wuxuu u dhigmayaa baaxadda dhulka lagu-waraabinayo mid-kasta oo kanaaladaasi ka mid ah. Qaybahani waxay ku-aaddan-yihiin baaxadda guud ee dhulka kanaalkaasi lagu waraabinayo. Waxan tan sidaas looga soo qaadayaa biyaha kanaalka weyn dhex qulqulaya oo loo-qaybinayo kanaalada heerka labaad (kuwa dhul-beereedka dhex-maraya).

2) Qaybinta Wareegga

Qaybinta macquulka ah ee biyaha waraabku waxay tahay dhammaan biyaha kanaalka weyn dhex qulqulaya oo si kaltan ah (marba mid) loogu weecinayo kanaalka heerka labaad. Tusaale, marka ay arrintu taagan-tahay kanaalada heerka labaad (kuwa dhul-beereedka dhex-maraya), wuxuu taas macnaheedu yahay in uu jirayo waqti uu mid-kasta oo kanaalada heerka labaad ka-tirsan uu biyo la’aan noqonayo, marka biyaha lagu soo weeciyana ay ku soo hagaagayaan dhammaan miyihii weeynaa in la soo jiiday. Mid taasi la mid ah ayaa ku dhaqangalaysa qaybinta biyaha ee lagu samaynayo kanaalada heerka labaad ee galaya kanaanada beerta dhex-maraya, waxaana qaybinta wareegga laga dhex samayn karaa kanaalada beerta dhex-maraya.

3) Keenitaanka Biyaha Marka La-codsado

Keenitaanka biyaha la-codsanayo waxay ku-salaysnaan kartaa codsiyada biyaha ee ka imanaya beeraleyda ama koox beeraleyda ka-tirsan. Marka uu jiro nidaamka keenitaanka biyaha ee noocan oo kale ah, waxaa biyaha lagu-hagaajinayaa kaliya kanaalada biyaha gaadhsiinaya beeraleyda sheegay in ay biyaha u baahan-yihiin. Maadaama ay baahidu kala-duwaan karto, waxaa khasab noqonaysa in muddada ay biyuhu qulqulayaan ama mugga biyaha qulqulaya, ama in labadaba, la-xakameeyo si kal-duwnaanshahan loo-waafajiyo. Si loo-xakameeyo biyaha loo siidaynayo kuwa codsadaya, waxaa loo-baahan-yahay in shabakadda kanaalka lagu-sameeyo waxa loogu yeedho ‘xukumayaasha gudubka ah’ (cross regulators).


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< Tusaalaha Barnaamijka Horumarinta Waraabka ee Goday >

Barnaamijka horumarinta waraabka ee Goday wuxuu doortay nidaamka “Gode irrigation development scheme has selected a “Qaybinta Wareegga” (Rotational Distribution). Goobta adeegga waxaa loo-qaybinayaa 4 goobood, (oo ay mid-weliba tahay 25 hitaar, oo ay isku-geyntoodu tahay 100 hiktaar), waxaana biyaha waraabka 4-taasi goobood loogu qaybinayaa hab-weeg (kaltan) ah oo 4-tii maalmoodba mar noqonaysa. Waxaa hoos lagu-muujiyey habka qaybinta biyaha ee barnaamijka horumarinta waraabka ee Goday:

Baaxadda dhulka : 4 goobood x 25 hiktaar =100hiktaar

Interval of water supply: Every 4-day

Waraabka (Maalinta 1aad)

Waraabka (maalinta 2aad) Waraabka (maalinta 3aad )

Waraabka (maalinta 4aad )

Goobta la-waraabinayo



Water supply area


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2.2.3 Hababka Qaadashada (Intake) ee Dhul-Beereedka

1) Biriijyo (Breaches)

Biriij (eeg Jaantuska 2.2.1) waa meel la-gooynayo oo kanaalka (dhul-beeriidka dushiisa) dhiniciisa ah oo biyaha u fududaynaya in ay beerta ku-shubmaan. Kaddib marka waraabka la-dhammaystiro, shakhsiga beeraleyda ah waxaa laga sugayaa in uu dhinaca (darbiga) kanaanlka ee la-furay uu dib u xidho. Si tifqin biyo ama carra-guur yimaadda looga hortago waa in hawshan si taxadder leh loo-qabto. Habkan ayaa badanaa loo-adeegsadaa biyaha kanaalada laga soo daynayo, laakiin waxaa kale oo uu habkani noqon karaa midka ugu waxyeellada badan. Kaliya xakamaynta biyaha soo baxaya, balse waxaa kale oo uu dhinaca (darbiga) kanaalka soo gaadhi karta carra-guur uu sida-qaalibka kabitaankiisu adkaanayo.

2) Qaadashada Iridda leh

Qaab-dhismeedka qaadashada (intake) ee iridda leh waxaa laga sameeyaa geed, dagax la-dhisay ama shub, waxaana loo sameeyaa irid (albaab). Qaab-dhismeedka noocan oo kale ahi wuxuu xubinka beeraleyda ah, ama qofka iridda ka-shaqaynaya, u suuragelinayaa in uu xakameeyo biyaha soo galaya. Hase-yeeshe, marka habka biriij (breach) ee kor lagu soo sheegay la-barbardhigo habkani waa qaali, sababta oo ah isaga oo u baahan qalabyo dad-samee ah oo ay ka mid yihiin sibidh, biraha shubka lagu-xoojiyo, biraha nooca stiilka ah, iwm. Dhinaca kalena, qaadashadu (intake) waxay si wanaagsan ugu xakamayn kartaa ququlka biyaha, iyada oo adeegsanaysa culayska shaqada ee ugu-yar.

3) Siifoonyo (Siphons)

Siifoonyadu waa dhuumo u dhex-roorkoodu (diameter) yar-yahay oo loo-isticmaalo si biyaha loogu gudbiyo dhinaca (darbiga) kanaalka (eeg Jaantuska 2.2.2). Ugu-yaraan waa in la-diyaarsado duumo (qasabado) ay tiradoodu badan-tahay, kuwaas oo la-dhigayo meesha kore ee ay biyuhu ka soo dhacayo illaa meesha hoose ee ay u soo dhacayaan. Maadaama ayna u baahnayn in biriijka(breach) ee darbiga kanaalka ka soo kacaya, oo uu ka-duwan-yahay nooca lagu muujiyey Jaantuska 2.2.2, wuxuu keeni karaa in daanta kanaalku ay ilaashanaato.

4) Isbiilyo (Spiles)

Isbiilyadu waa dhuumo (qasabado) yar-yar khadka biyaha loo-yeexay daantiisa lagu dhex aasayo (eeg Jaantuska 2.2.3). Nidaamku waa mid aad u fudud, laakiin wuxuu u baahan-yahay in qalabka (qalabyada) loo-diyaariyo si dhuumaha (qasabadaha) loo gufeeyo marka aan loo-baahnayn biyaha waraabka. Qalabyada dhuumaha (qasabadaha) lagu gufaynayo waxay badanayaa yihiin carrada nooceeda dhoobada ah oo malaasan, ama maro duug ah, iwm.

Jaantuska 2.2.2 SiifoonyadaIsha :FAO, Maaraynta Biyaha Waraabka

Jaantuska 2.2.3 Isbiilyada Isha :FAO, Maaraynta Biyaha Waraabka

Jaantuska 2.2.1 Biriijyo (Breaches)Isha :FAO, Maaraynta Biyaha Waraabka


MOA I-2-10 JICA

2.2.4 Waraabka Dooxada

1) Habka Tooska ah

Biyaha waraabka waxaa si toos ah looga soo qaadaa kanaanlada dhul-beeredka dul-maraya, waxaana la-gaadhsiinaya dooxada, iyada oo la sii marinayo biriijyada, siifoonyada, ama isbiilada, taas oo noqonaysa sida kor lagu soo sheegay. Jaantuska 2.2.4 ee hoos ka-muuqda wuxuu muujinaya in “Habka Keenitaanka Tooska ah ee Biyaha” waraab lagu-sameeyay, iyo wixii la mid ah. Waxaa habkan loo-adeegsan karaa noocyada dalagyada intooda badan, wuxuuna ku-habboon-yahay carrooyinka intooda badan.

2) Habka Biyaha Hoos u Dhacaya

Dhulka foorora ee carro-celinta gudbani (terrace) ay ku-dhisantahay, biyaha waraabka ee la-waraabinayo waxaa laga soo bilaabayaa carro-celinta gudban ee ugu saraysa, kaddibna uu biyuhu hoos ugu sii dhaadhaco safka ka hooseeya, kaasina uu ugu sii gudbiyo kan ka sii hooseeya, illaa uu biyuhu ka-gaadhayo dhammaan dhul-beereedka la-waraabinayo. Jaantuska 2.2.5 waxaa lagu-muujiyey biyaha waraabka ee dhulka foorora oo laga soo bilaabayo carro-celinta ugu koraysa, illaa uu biyuhu hoos ugu soo daadagayo dafka ka hooseeya, kaasina uu u sii gudbinayo kan ka sii hoosaya, illaa uu biyuhu ka-gaadhayo meesha ugu hooseeysa ee dhulka la-waraabinayo, waxaa buuxsamaya (b.1), (b.2) iyo (b.3), iyo wixii la midka ah.

Habkani waa mid wanaagsan oo loo-isticmaalo dhulka ay ku-yaryihiin biyaha hoos u muusitaanka ku luma. Hase-yeeshe, dalagyada kale ee ku-beeran carrada bataxaa leh ama carrooyinka loo-yaqaano “loom-ka” waxaa hoos u muusidda ku lumin karaan biyo aad u badan, taas oo dhacaysa marka ay biyuhu safka ugu sareeya ee carro-celinta ka soo dagayaan oo ay u gudbayaan safka ku hooseeya iyo kan ka sii hooseeya illaa ay meesha ugu hoosaysa gaadhayaan, waxaa kale oo ay gaysan karaan carro-guud ba’an, taas oo dhulka qaawinaysa, waxaa kale oo intaasi dheer oo dhici karta in ay cudurro kala-duwan si sahlan ugu kala-gudbaan safafka carro-celinta ee dhulkaasi foorora ku dul dhisan.

Jaantuska 2.2.5 Habka Biyaha Hoos u Dhacaya ee Keenitaanka Biyaha Isha :FAO, Maaraynta Biyaha Waraabka

b.3

b.2

a.3

a.2

a.1 b.1 c.1

c.2

c.3

Jaantuska 2.2.4 Habka Keenitaanka Biyaha ee Tooska ah Isha :FAO, Maaraynta Biyaha Waraabka

Habka Tooska ah ee Keenitaanka Biyaha ee Beerta Tusmahada ah ee Goday Gode Demonstration Farm


JICA I-2-11 MOA

Jaantuska 2.2.6 Naqshadda Ugu-wanaagsan ee Qoynta

Isha::FAO, Maaraynta Biyaha Waraabka

3) Naqshadaha Qoynta (Wetting Patterns)

Haddii ay dalagyadu helaan biyo aad u yar, waxay saamayn xun kala kulmayaan cadaadiska kaga imanaya biyo la’aanta, waxaana hoos u dhici kara waxsoosaarkooda. Haddii la-waraabiyo biyo si xad-dhaaf ah u badana, waxaan dhacaysa in ay biyuhu hoos ugu muusaan meelo fog-fog oo dhulka dhexdiisa ah oo ay sidaasna biyuhu ku-lumaan, gaar-ahaana waxay xaaladdaasi ka-dhacaysa carrada nooca dhoobada ah, taas oo keenaysa in biyuhu si joogto ah u fadhiistaan oo ay dhirta liqaan. Sidaas-awgeed, sida baahsanaanta siman ee biyaha ka-dhici karta gobolka xididdada ayaa noqonaysa arrinta in laga fiirsado u baahan.

.Si loo helo gobolka xididdada oo si siman oo isku-bixis ah u qoyan, waxaa qasab noqonaysa in oogada sare ee dooxada la-simo iyo biyaha waraabka si degdeg ah loo-waraabiyo. Jaantuska 2.2.6 wuxuu muujinayaa naqshadda ugu wanaagsan ee qoynta.: dooxadu way simantahay, waxaana la-waraabiyey cadadka saxda ah ee biyaha iyo cabbirka (size) saxda ah. Sida laga-dheehan karo Jaantuska, suuragel ma-noqon karayso in la-yeesho naqshada qoyn iyo gobolka xididdada oo si dhammaystiran la isla-helo.

4) Ilaalinta (daryeelka) dooxooyinka

“Bunds” waxay unugul yihiin carro-guurka kaas oo ka iman kara, roobka, daadaka, ama qoobabka dadka lugta ku-maraya ee ka-dhiganaya wadiiqo la-maro. Waxaa dhici karta in uu jiirku godad ka-qoto dhinacyada “bunds”. Sidaas-awgeed, waxaa muhiim ah in si joogto ah loola socda iimaha ay yeelanayaan oo isla-markaaba dayactir lagu-sameeyo wixii cilad ah ee lagu arko, ka-hor intayna waxyeello weyni iman. Xilli-beereed-kasta ka hor, waxaa waajib ah in dooxooyinka la-baadho oo la-hubiyo in sidoodi hore u siman-yihiin. Xilliga waraabka ka-horeeya waxaa si fudud loo arki karaa meelaha kor ugu kacsan iyo meelaha hoos u godan, sidaas-awgeedna, waa khasab noqonaysa in la-simo. Waxaa kale oo loo-baahan-yahay in kanaalada dhulka maraya laga ilaaliyo harma ku-dul baxa iyo carro ku dhex karooranta.

2.2.5 Biyaha La-Dhex-Marinayo Khadka Loo-Jeexay

1) Habka Biyaha La-Dhex-Marinayo Khadka Loo-Jeexay

Biyaha soo dhax-maraya kanaalka bannaanka la soo mariyey ayaa lagu-weecinayaa khad-kasta (furrow) oo biyaha loo-jeexay, iyada oo siifoonyo ama isbiilsiyo la-isticmaalayo. Marka ay biyo yari jirto, waxaa suuragel noqon karta in la xadeeyo cadadka biyaha waraabka iyo la-isticmaalayo ‘ khadka waraabka ee kaltanka ah’. Habkan waxaa ka mid ah in biyaha waraabka oo la dhex-marayo khadadka biyaha loo-jeexay iyada oo la-adeegsanayo hannaan mid dhaaf ah, meeshii mid-welba biyaha la dhex-marin lahaa. Meeshii khad-welba biyaha loogu weecin lahaa 10 maalmood kaddib, waxaa ka-wanaagsanaanaysa in khadadka biyaha ee 1, 3. 5, iwm., biyaha lagu-weeciyo 5 maalmood kaddibna iyo in khadadka biyaha loo-jeexay ee 2, 4, 6, iwm, 10 maalmood kaddib biyaha lagu-weecayo. Biyo uu cadadkoodu yar-yahay oo marar badan la-waraabiyo ayaa dalagga ugu fiican in biyo badan la-waraabiyo waqtiyo dheer kaddib.

Biyaha cidhifka dambe ee khadadka biyaha loo-jeexay ayaa dhibaatooyin u keensan kara dhulka

Jaantuska 2.2.7Khadka biyaha loo-jeexayo oo mid dhaaf ah

Isha:FAO, Maaraynta Biyaha Waraabka


MOA I-2-12 JICA

foororka ah. Biyahan fakanaya wuxuu gaadhi karaa illaa 30%-ka biyaha soo galay, xataa marka xaaladaha wanaagsan lagu-jiro. Sidaas-awgeed, waa in marwelba cidhifka dambe ee bannaanka lagu sameeyo biyo shubyo aan ay guntoodu gaaban-tahay. Marka aan biyo shub ( biyo faaruqin) la-samayn waxaa dhici karta in dhirta ay waxyeello ka soo gaadho biyaha fadhiisanaya. Meesha uu biyo shubku ka-dhacayo oo dhir fudud lagu-beero waxay ka-hortagi kartaa carro-guurka. Biyaha saa’iidka ee fakanaya (fatahaya) waxaa lagaga hortagi karaa biyaha in biyaha soo-galaya oo la-dhimo kaddib marka ay biyuhu gaadhaan cidhifka dambe ee khadadka biyaha loo-jeexay. Waxaa tallaabadan lagu-magacaabaa hakinta waraabka. Waxaa kale oo suuragel noqon karta in biyaha soo fatahay oo laga sii isticmaalo qaybaha hoose ee dhul-beereedka.

2) Naqshadaha qoynta

Si loo helo gobol xididdo oo si isku-mid ah oo isku-bixis ah u qoyan, waxaa khasab ah in khadadka biyaha loo-jeexay sida habboon loo kala-durkiyo, oo loo-sameeyo fooror (slope) isku mid ah oo biyaha waraabkana si xawli-dheer leh loogu shubo. Maadaama ay waajib tahay in qooyo carrada taagan ee khadka biyaha la-marinayo kor ugaga kacsan ee gobolka xididda, hoos u socodka biyaha ayaa ka-waxtar yaraanaysa biyaha gudub carrada u dhex soconaya (ama gudub) u socoshada biyaha. Sida laga arki karo Jaantuska 2.2.8, gudub u socoshada biyaha iyo hoos u socoshada biyuhu, labaduba waxay ku-salaysan-yihiin nooca carrada.

Marka xaaladda ugu-wanaagsan lagu-jiro, naqshadaha qoynta ee isku-xiga way isa-saarmayaan, waxaana jiraysa kor-u-socoshada biyaha (kor-u-kicidda loo-yaqaano “capillary) oo qoynaya dhammaan safka kor u dhisan ee carrada, oo sidaasna biyaha ku-gaadhsiinaya gobolka xididdada.

Si loo-helo bahaasanaan siman oo biyaha oo ku-fidda dhararka khadka biyaha loo-jeexay ee dhul-beereedka, waxaa aad muhiim u noqonaysa in la-yeesho taagan (fooror) siman iyo durdur biyo oo ku-filan si ay markaas biyuhu khadka biyaha loo jeexay ay si dhaqso ah ugu durduraan. Habkaasna waxaa lagu baajin karaa biyaha ku-lumaya hoos u muusidda ka-dhacaysa madaxa hore ee biyaha

Jaantuska 2.2.9 Naqshadda Ugu-wanaagsan ee Qoynta Isha :FAO, Maaraynta Waraabka Biyaha

Jaantuska 2.2.8 Naqshado kala-duwan oo ah qoynta khadadka biyaha loo-jeeday dhexdooda, oo ku-salaysan nooca carrada

Isha :FAO, Maaraynta Biyaha Waraabka

(a) Nooca Carrada (Bataax)

(b) Nooca Carrada(Loam) (c) Nooca Carrada (Dhoobo)


JICA I-2-13 MOA

Jaantuska 2.2.10 Saamaynta uu taagga gudubka ah ku-yeelanayo Socodka

Biyaha ee Xadka Isha :FAO, Maaraynta Biyaha Waraabka

dhex-maraya khadka looga jeexay dhul-beereedka dhexdiisa. Xeerka “quarter time” (waqtiga rubuca ah) ayaa la-isticmaalayaa si loo-go’aamiyo waqtiga uu biyuhu qaadanayo masaafada u dhaxaysa kanaalka bannaanka maraya illaa xidhifka khadka biyaha loo-jeexay ee dhul-beereedka dhexdiisa, si loo yareeyo biyaha hoos u muusidda ku-lumaya. Naqshadaha qoynta ee liidata.

3) Ilaalinta (Daryeelka) Khadadka ay Biyuhu Dhex-maraan

Kaddib marka la-dhiso, waa in nidaamka khadka uu biyuhu marayo ee dhul-beereedka dhexdiisa si joogo ah loo-ilaaliyo (daryeelo); muddada waraabka la-samaynayo waa in la-hubiyo in uu durdurka biyuhu gaadhayo cidhifka dambe ee dhammaan khadadka biyaha loo-jeexay ee dhul-beereedka dhexdiisa. Waa in ayna jiraan goobo ama meelo qalalan oo ay biyuhu fadhiistaan. Waa in ayna biyuhu kor u dhaafin xadadka kor ugu kacsan ee khadadka biyuhu marayaan u dhaxeeya. Kanaalada bannaan soo dhex-maraya iyo khadadka biya-shubka waa in haramaha laga xoreeyo oo laga ilaaliyo.

2.2.6 Waraabinta Xadadka

1) Habka Xadadka Loo-Waraabiyo

Xadadka (xuduudaha) waxaa lagu-waraabiyaa biyo durdur ah oo laga soo leexinayo kanaalka oo lagu soo hagaajinayo cidhifka sare ee xadka. Biyaha ayaa u qulqulaya hoos daadagga (fooroka). Marka xadka la soo gaadhsiiyo cadadka biyaha ee loo-baahan-yahay, durdurkii biyaha ayaa laga weecinayaa. Arrintani waxay dhici kartaa ka-hor intayna biyuhu gaadhin cidhifka xadka. Ma-jiraan shuruuc gaar ah oo go’aankan xukumaya. Hase-yeeshe, haddii uu biyaha durduraya durba la-xidho waxaa dhici karta in biyuhu ku-filan xadka gaadhi waayaan oo ay waraabintu sidaasi ku-noqon-waydo mid dhammaystiran oo gaadhsiisan cidhifka ugu shisheeya ee xadka. Haddii durdurka biyaha si aad ah loo-dheereeyo, waxaa dhici kartaa in ay biyuhu ka sii gudbaan cidhifka shishe oo nidaamka biyo-shubka ku-biiraan oo uu biyuhu sidaas ku khasaaro. Tilmaanta meeshan laga-bixinayo waxay tahay, biyaha xadka ku soo qulqulaya waxaa loo-joojin karaa sida hoos ku-qoran:

・ Marka uu nooca carradu yahay dhoobo (clay), Biyaha ku soo qulqulaya waxaa la-joojinayaa marka uu biyuhu daboolo cabbir u dhaw 60%-ka xadka. Tusaale: haddii uu dhararka xadku yahay 100 m, ul dheer ayaa la-dhigayaa meel 60 m u jirta kanaalka beerta. Marka uu madaxa hore ee biyuhu uu usha soo-gaadho ayaa la-joojinayaa biyaha soo qulqulaya ee soo galaya.

・ Nooca carrada ee la-yidhaahdo “loamy”, waxaa biyaha ku soo qulqulaya la-joojinayaa marka ay biyuhu daboolaan 70 illaa 80%-ka xadka.

・ Nooca carrada bataaxa leh, ka-hor intaan qulqulka biyaha la-joojin waa in uu biyaha waraabku daboolo dhammaan xadka.

2) Naqshada Qoynta

Si la mid ah hababka kale ee waraabka, waxaa muhiim ah in la-xaqiijiyo in biyo waraab oo ku-filan la-gaadhsiiyo xuduudaha si marka uu biyuhu hab siman ugu-buuxiyo gobolka xididdada. Hase-yeeshe, waxaa jira dhibaatooyin badan oo si aad ah loola kulmo oo ka yimaadda qaybin xumada biyaha. Waxaa kuwan ka mid ah kala-qaybinta dhuulka oo liidata, cabbir khaldan oo mugga durdurka biyaha oo la-adeegsado, biyaha beerta ku soo qulqulaya oo la-joojiyo waqti aan joojinta ku-habboonayn.

2.1) Cabbirka Mugga Khaldan ee Durdurka Biyaha

Cabbirka mugga durdurka biyaha oo mid aad u yar noqda wuxuu keenaya in meel u dhaw kanaalka


MOA I-2-14 JICA

biyaha ee bannaanka ka-jira ay qayb biyaha ka mid ahi ku lunto hoos u muusidda dhulka dhexdiisa (Jaantuska 2.2.11), gaar-ahaan carrooyinka bataaxa leh dushooda.

Haddii uu mugga durdurku aad u weyn-yahay, wuxuu biyuhu si aad ugu dhaqso badan u gaadhayaa xadka iyo barta ay khasabka noqonayso in qulqulka biyaha lagu joojiyo ka-hor intaan biyo ku-filan laga buuxin gobolka xididdada (Jaantuska 2.2.12). Marka xaaladdan oo kale lagu-jiro, waxaa loo-baahan doonaa in lagu daayo si ay biyuhu ugu socdaan illaa gobolka xididdada laga-buuxinayo biyo ku-filan, waxayna tani keenaysaa in ay biyo aad u badan ku lumaan qulqulka biyaha ee oogada sare ee dhulka. Waxaa kale oo dhici karta in mugga badan ee biyaha durduraya uu sababo carra-guur dhulka soo gaadha.

2.2) Biyaha soo-galaya oo la-joojiyo waqti aan ku-habboonayn

Haddii biyaha soo galaya waqti saxda ahaa oo aan la-gaadhin si dagdag ah loo-joojiyo, waxaa dhici karta in xataa biyuhu gaadhi waayo xadka ugu-dameeya. Taasi cagsigeeda, haddii biyaha soo galaya ay waqti aad u dheer socdaan, biyaha ka fatahaya cidhifka dambe ee xadka oo ku-biirayaa nidaamka biyo-shubka (drainage system), biyahaasina sidaas ayey ku-lumayaan.

3) Ilaalinta (daryeelka) Xadadka (xuduudaha)

Ilaalinta (daryeelka) xuduudaha (xadadka) waxaa ka mid ah xuduudaha oo laga ilaaliyo lagana nadiifiyo haramaha iyo cabbirka foorarka oo mid isku-bixis ah laga dhigo. Waxaa khasab ah in la-dayactiro waxyeello-kasta oo soo gaadha khadadka ay biyuhu marayaan, waana in kanaalka bannaanka soo maraya si joogto ah haramaha looga guro. Khadadka biyaha iyo kanaalka oo mar-welba kormeer baadhitaan ah lagu-sameeyo, ciladda jirtana dayactir degdeg ah lagu-sameeyo, waxay fududaynaysaa in waxyeello dheeraad ah oo timaadda laga hortago.

2.3 Ilaalinta (daryeelka)

Waxaa la-filayaa in habka waraabka cusub ee la-dhisay uu noqdo mid soddon sano ama in ka-badan sii shaqeeya. Waxyaalaha ay ka mid yihiin baaburka ama mootadu aadbay uga cimri gaaban-yihiin adeegga waraabka ee la-dhistay, cimriga ay alaabta noocaasi ahi sii jirayso badanaa waxay ka-yartahay 10 sano. Iyada oo ay xaqiiqadu noocaasi tahay, haddana, waxaa dhacda in meelo badan oo adeegga waraabka laga dhisto ay tayadiisu hoos u dhacdo, adeeggiisana ku-gabo kaliya muddo dhawr sano ah gudahood; dhinaca kalena, waxaa la heli karaa baabuur iyo mootooyin uu cimrigoodu gaadhay shan iyo toban ama labaatan sano oo weli shaqaynaya. Sheegadani waxay noqon kartaa tusaalo wanaagsan oo muujinaysa waxtarka badan ee ay ilaalinta (daryeelka) habboon ay leedahay.

Jaantuska 2.2.11 Mugga miyaha durdurka oo aad u yaraada Isha :FAO, Maaraynta Biyaha Waraabka

Jaantuska 2.2.12 Mugga biyaha durduraya ee aad u weyn

Isha :FAO, Maaraynta Biyaha iyo Waraabka


JICA I-2-15 MOA

2.3.1 Ilaalinta (daryeelka Adeegga Waraabka)

1) Ilaalinta (Daryeelka) caadiga ah ee mar-welba la-sameeyo

Ilaalinta caadiga ah ee maalin-welba la-sameeyo ee aan xirfadaha gaarka ah u baahnayn waxaa ka mid ah: 1) subkidda irbaha ay biyuhu maraan (greasing of gates); 2) kanaalada iyo khadadka biyo-shubka oo dhirta laga-nadiifiyo; 3) kanaalada, khadadka biyo-shubka iyo qaab-dhismeedyada oo laga-nadiifiyo carrada ku karoosamaysa. Dhinaca kalena, hawl-maalmeedyada kale ee u baahan farsama-yaqaanada xirfadaha leh ee sida makaaniigga, fuundiga dhagaxa dhisa, nijaarada iyo kuwa ranjiyeeya, waxaa ka mid ah: 1) dayactirka lagu-samaynayo irdaha iyo qaadidda cabbirada qaab-dhismeedyada: 3) rakibidda mitirada heerka biyaha lagu-cabbiro; 4) ilaalinta (daryeelka) iyo dayactirada yar-yar ee lagu-samaynayo bambooyinka iyo matoorada.

Shaqooyinka kor ku-xusan waxaa kale oo dheer, ilaalinta adeegga waraabka lagu samaynayo waqtiyada xilliga ka-baxsan ee loo fulinayo kolba sida loogu-baahdo, waxaana ka mid ah: 1) dayactirka weyn ama baddalidda lagu-samaynayo irdaha ay biyuhu ka soo galaan, kana baxaan (gates), bambooyinka, iyo matoorada; 2) Hawlgalka heerka sare ah ee kanaalada iyo khadadka biyo-shubka lagaga xaadhayo carrada ku karsoonta; iyo 3) ilaalinta (daryeelka) lagu-samaynayo waddooyinka iyo dhinacyada kanaalada.

2) Shaqooyinka Gurmadka (Degdegga)

Shaqooyinka gurmadku waxay u baahan-yihiin tallaabo degdeg ah oo ay shaqaalaha dawladda iyo beeraleydu ay si wada-jir ah u qabtaan, si looga hortago ama loo-dhimo saamaynta ka iman karta dhacdooyinka lama filaanka ah ee sida: 1) biriij ama dhinacyada kanaalka ama meesha biyuhu marayaan ee wabiga oo kor loo dheereeyo, taas oo fatahaad keenaysa; 2) bambooyinka ama shaqooyinka hore u wadidda biyaha oo si weyn loogu guul-daraysto, taas oo keenaysa in qulqulka biyaha waraabku uu kala-go’o; iyo 3) masiibooyinka dabiiciga ee sida daadadka, dhul-gariirka ama duufaanada.

3) Wanaajinta Adeegga Waraabka

Ilaalinta (daryeelka) caadiga ah iyo dayactirada gurmadka ee kor lagu soo sharaxay waxaa dhammaantood loogu tala-galay si kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha ee farsameed loogu sii hayo sidii ay ahaayeen markii la-dhisay ee ay cusbaayeen oo ayna ciladi u soo gaadhin. Hase-yeeshe, waxaa jira sababo badan oo arrinta ka-dhigaya kaliya in aan lagu soo koobin in adeeggan la ilaaliyo oo lagu sii hayo xaaladdiisa hore ee markii uu cusbaa, balse loo-baahanayo in xataa si tartiib-tartiib ah loo sii wanaajiyo. Sababaha ugu waa-weyni waxay yihiin kuwa hoos ku-qoran:

Adeegga waraabka ee cusub ee la-dhisay mar-welba ma-noqon karo mid dhinac-walba ka-dhammaystiran. Marar badan waxaa dhacda in loo-baahdo in meelaha qaarkood wax-laga-baddalo si uu u noqodo adeeg dhammaystiran oo si buuxda u hawlgali kara.

Mararka qaarkood waxaa wanaagsan in dhismaha adeegga waraabka laga dhigo awoodda ugu-hoosaysa, laguna dhiso kharash yar. Kaddibna, haddii uu adeeggu noqdo mid lagu-guulaystay, si tartiib-trtiib ah ayaa loo sii fidin karaa, qaab-dhismeedyadiisana loogu baddali karaa qaybo joogto ah.

Haddii ay xaaladaha gudaha iyo dibadda ee adeegga waraabka ay labaduba isbaddalaan, waxaa loo-baahanayaa in la-qaado talaabooyin wanaajin ah oo lagu xaqiijinayo sii adeegga waraabka ee waafaqsan baahiyada beeraleyda ka-faa’iidaysanaysa.

4) Maaraynta hawlaha ilaalinta (daryeelka)

Ujeeddooyinka maarayna ilaalinta (daryeelka) ilaalinta adeegga waraabku waxay yihiin: 1) si adeegga


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waraabka loo ilaaliyo oo uu u noqdo mid looga faa’iidaysto si aan kala-go’ lahayn; 2) si loo sii dheereeyo cimriga uu adeegga waraabku sii jirayo ee lagu shaqaysanayo; iyo 3) si kharashka ku-baxaya ilaalinta (daryeelka) adeegga waraabka loo-gaadhsiiyo meel hoosaysa (yar). Baahida loo-qabo in adeegga waraabka dayactir lagu-sameeyo waxay noqon kartaa mid ka imanaysa: 1) kormeerka caadiga ah ee uu shaqaaluhu/ka-faa’iidaystayaashu ku-samaynayaa, 2) kormeerka xillalaha ee ay samaynaan shaqaalaha dawladdu, 3) jabitaan, iyo 4) arrimaha gurmadka u baahan (daad, bambada oo shaqay-wayda, iwm.).

5) Qorshaynta Ilaalinta (daryeelka)

Hawlaha qorshaynta ilaalinta (daryeelka) waraabka wuxuu macnahoodu yahay go’aaminta noocyada hawlaha in la-qabto ay khasabka noqonayso, cidda hawlahaasi qaban doonta, iyo xilliga la-qabanayo. Qorshayntu waxay noqonaysaa mid arrimahaasi ku-saabsan. Baahiyada jiritaankooda lagu-ogaanayo kormeer (baadhitaan) sanadeedka lagu-samaynayo adeegga waraabka dhammaantoodu ma-noqonayaan kuwa isku-mid kadis u ah oo u baahan tallaabooyin degdeg ah. Hawlaha kale ee sida kanaalka oo laga nadiifinayo (laga xaadhayo) carro ku karoosantay ama dhir laga-gurayo, waxay noqon karaan shaqooyin si daggan loo-qorshaysto oo dhawr bilood kaddib la-qaban karo. Marka hawlaha la-qabanayo la-kala-horaysiinayo (mudaanta la kala-siinayo) arrimaha la-tixgelinayo waxay u badan yihiin: 1) ammaanka/halista soo gaadhi karta nafta aadanaha iyo halista ku-addan burbur soo gaadhi kara qaab-dhismeedka adeegga waraabka; iyo 2) saamaynta uu ku-yeelanayo wax-soo-saarka dalagga ee ka iman kara kala-gu’itaanka biyaha la-helayo.

2.3.2 Ilaalinta (daryeelka) iyo dayactirka kanaalka

1) Hordhac

Haddii kanaalada waraabka nadiif laga-dhigo oo tifqinta biyahana laga-ilaaliyo waxaa sii soconaysa habsami u shaqayntooda. Haddii nidaamka waraabka la siin waayo fiirada uu u baahan-yahay, waxaa dhici karta in ay dhirku ka dhex-baxdo oo ay timaaddo dhibaatada cusbada dhex fadhiisanaysa. Waxaa dhibaatadaasi kaba sii daran oo lala kulmi karaa in kanlaadu ay biyaha tifqiyaan. Xataa marka kanaalka si wanaagsan loo-ilaaliyo, waxaa dhici karta in lala-kulmo dhibaatooyin ba’an oo dhinaca farsamada ah. Waxaa khasab noqonaysa in dhibaatooyinka noocan oo kale ah daryactirid ama shaqooyin wanaajin ah lagu saxo. Sida qaalibka ah waxaa khasab noqonaysa in hawsha dayactirka loo-fuliyo sida ugu dhaqsaha badan ee la-awoodi karo. Waxaa dhici karta in hawsha dayactiridda waqti kale dib loogu dhigo illaa laga-gaadhayo dhammaadka xilli-waraabinta, xilligaasi oo ay kanaaladu qalalan-yihiin.

2) Ilaalinta (daryeelka) kanaalka

Barnaamijka ilaalinta (daryeelka) ee wanaagsan wuxuu dheerayn karaa cimriga kanaalada. Waa in hawsha ilaalinta (daryeelka) kanaaladada sanad-welba iyo xilli-welba loo-fuliyo si joogto ah oo dhammaystiran. Sida qaalibka hawsha ilaalinta (daryeelka) waraabka waxaa la-qabtaa waqti u dhexeeya laba xilli-waraab oo isku-xiga, ama waqtiyada ay hoosayso baahida biyaha waraabka loo-qabo. Ilaalinta (daryeelka) waraabku wuxuu ka-kooban-yahay nadiifinta, guridda haramaha, ka-baabi’inta cusbada, dib-u-naqshadaynta (re-shaping), iyo fulinta dayactirada yar-yar (eeg Jaantuska 2.3.1).

Jaantus2.3.1 Ka-guridda Haramaha, Nadiifinta iyo Ka-xaadhidda Carrada



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3) Hoos u dhimidda Biyaha ku-lumaya muusitaanka

Qaybo ka mid ah daananka kanaalka ama dhammaan daanka kanaalka ayaa noqon kara mid si aad ah biyuhu u dhex-maraan (uga dhex muusaan). Biyaha ka-dhex-muusa daananka kanaalku waxay noqonayaan biyo waraabkii ka-lumaya oo dhulka bannaanka ee kanaalka ka-baxsan iyo waddooyinka kanaalka u dhow fadhista (balli noqda). Waxaa jira lababa habab oo lagaga gudbi karo dhibaatooyinka muusidda biyaha; waxayna kala-yihiin in la-yareeyo muusinta biyaha ee daanta kanaalka ka-jirta ama in darbiga kanaalka ee dhinaca biyaha xiga lagu-sameeyo shay ayna biyuhu dhex-mari karayn (sida sibidhka oo kale).

4) Dhimidda muusinta biyaha ee daanta kanaalka

Muusinta biyaha ee daanta kanaalka waxaa lagu-yarayn karaa badhtamaha dhinacyada kanaalka oo aad loo-nabo. Marka hore waxaa la-jeexayaa oo carrada laga-soo-saarayaa dhinacyada kanaalka, kaddibna meesha carrada laga soo qoday ayaa lagu-baddalayaa carro kale oo lakabyo loo-dhigayo, waxaana carradaasi xoog loogu nabayaa lakab-lakab. Badhtanka daanka kanaalka ee xoog loo-nabay waa in uu gaadhsiisnaadaa meel heerka biyaha ka-saraysa. Hannaanka waxaa lagu-muujiyey Shaxda 2.3.1.

Shaxda 2.3.1 Hannaanka lagu-dhimayo muusinta biyaha ee daanta kanaalka Tallaabada Jaantuska

Tallaabada 1:

Daanta kanaalka iyo qaybtiisa kore ka-gur dhirta.

Tallaabada 2:

Meel u dhaw dhinaca gudaha ee daanta kanaalka gudub u

jeex. Meesha la-jeexayo ee carrada laga soo saarayo waa

in ay ka tirsan-tahay qaybta kanaalka ee biyaha

muusinaysa. Balaca meesha daanta kanaalka laga

dhex-jeexayo waa in ay ugu yaraan noqoto 0.5 x gunta

biyaha kanaalka ku-dhex-jira. Salka meesha daanta

laga-jeexayo waa in heerkii hore ee oogada sare ee dhulka

ka hooseeyo 20cm..

Talaabada 3:

Hoos u nab salka meesha daanta kanaalka laga-jeexay;

waxaanad ku-nabtaa gacantaa, carradana baddal adiga oo

adeegsanaya lakabyo ay mid-welba qaradiisu tahay 5 illaa

10 cm.

Tallaabada 4:

Meesha gudub loo-jeexay ee daanta kanaalka carro

ka-buuxi oo hoos u nab illaa aad ka-gaadhaysid qaybta

sare.

Isha: FAO, Maaraynta Biyaha Waraabka


MOA I-2-18 JICA

5) Dayactiridda meesha tifqinaysa

Kanaalada waraabka waxay intooda badani noqon doonaan kuwa biyaha tifqinaya. Maadaama meelaha ku-xiga kanaalka biyahay tifqinaya ay qoyi doonaan, waxaa si sahlan loo-heli karaa meesha dalooshan ama qaraxsan ee kanaalka ku-taalla ee ay biyuhu ka-fakanayaan ee kanaalka ku-taalla. Laakiin haddii uu qarax ama dalool ka-jiro gogosha kanaalka, waxaa adkaanaysa in daloolkaasi ama qaraxaasi la-arko, kaliya haddii kanaalka oo engagan lagu-samayn baadhitaan si taxadar badan loo-fuliyey. Waxaa khasab noqonaysa in meelaha tifqinaya isla-markaaba dayactir lagu-sameeyo. Hannaanka dayactirka lagu-samaynayo waxaa lagu-muujiyey Shaxda 2.3.2.

Shaxda 2.3.2 Hannaanka dayactirdda meesha tifqinaysa

Tallaabo Jaantuska

Tallaabada 1:

Kanaalka faaruqi oo meesha tifqinayaa ku-qotomi qor/bir

aad tilmaan ka-dhiganaysid. Waxaa la-qotominayaa

meesha laga-galayo ee ku-taalla gogosha kanaalka iyo

meesha uu ka-baxayo ee ku-taalla dhinaca dibadda ee

daanta kanaalka.

Tallaabada 2:

Dhirta ka-gur oo kala durki. Daanta kanaalka qof oo

carrada ka-saar illaa meel ka-hoosayso dhinacna ka-xigta

meesha tifqinaysa. Daanka kanaalka ee tifqinaysa waxaa

la-qodayaa sida jaranjarta oo kale oo ay tan ugu-hoosaysa

ay ka hoosaynayso meesha tifqinaysa.

Tallaabada 3:

Adiga oo ka-buuxinaya lakabyo carro qoyan ah, kanaalka

dib-u-dhis, kaddibna lakab-welba si wanaagsan hoos

ugu-nab oo adkee.

Isha: FAO, Maaraynta Biyaha Waraabka

6) Dib-u-naqshadaynta gudubka uu carra-guurku ku-dhacay

Hawsha dib-u-naqshadaynta balaadhinta gudubka uu carra-guurku soo-gaadhay waxay ka-kooban-tahay tallaabooyinka hoos ku-qoran (Shaxda 2.3.3).

Shaxda 2.3.3 Hannaanka Dib-u-naqshadaynta iyo Balaadhinta Gudubka uu Carra-guurka Ku-dhacay Tallaabo Jaantuska

Tallaabada 1:

Dhis moodo geed ka-samaysan. Haddii ay taagagi

(fooraryadii) dhinacayada ahaa ee asalka ahaa si

aad u taagan u dhisnayaan oo loo-dhisay oo ayna

daganayn, moodada samee si ay taagaga cusub ee

dhinayadu ay u noqdaan kuwa daggan. Kaddibna

balaca dhinaca kore ayaa weynaanaya, balaca

salakuna sidiisi hore ayuu ahaanayaa. Waa in laga

taxaddaro si uusan cidhiidhi u noqon balaca

dhakada sare ee daankii asalka ahaa ee daanka

kanaalka.


JICA I-2-19 MOA

Tallaabada: 2

Geedka/birta gaaban ee tix-raaca laga-dhiganayo

labada dhinac ee kanaalka ku-qotomi oo hoos

ugu-garaac. Gogoshada iyo dhinacyada gudubka

kanaalka ee uu carra-guurku soo-gaadhay hab

jaranjarooyinka oo kale ah u qod illaa ay wax-yar

ka-hoosaynayaan heerkii gogosha kanaalka ee

dhabta ahaa si markaa carrada cusub ee la-saarayo

si ka-wanaagsan carradii hore ee asalka ahayd ay

dhulka ugu-qabsato..

Tallaabada: 3

Carrada qoyan lakab-lakab ugu-buuxi oo hoos u

nab, waxaanad adeegsataa moodada lagu soo

saarayo naqshadda ugu-dambaysa. Waxaa

loo-baahan-yahay in qarada uu lakab-weliba

yeelanayo ayna ka-badan 5 illaa 10 cm.

Tallaabada 4:

Adeega oo adeegsanaya moodada (template) iyo

geedaha/biraha (kurtumada) la-tix-raacayo hubi

gudubka iyo heerarka daanta ee kanaalka.


7) Dayactiridda meelaha qarqarxasan iyo meelaha dhaawacan ee dhinacyada kanaalka

Hawsha dayactirka lagu-samaynayo meelaha qarqaraxsan iyo meehaha dhaawaca ah ee ka-jira dhinacyada kanaalka waxaa ka mid ah tallaabooyinka hoos lagu-muujiyey (Shaxda 2.3.4).

Shaxda 2.3.4 Hannaanka dayacitirka meelaha qarqaraxsan iyo meelaha dhaawacan ee ku-yaalla dhinacyada kanaalka

Tallaabo Jaantuska

Tallaabada 1:

Ka-gur dhirta ku-taalla meesha ay dhinacyada

kanaalku ka-qarqarxeen iyo meelaha biyaha

kor-u-dhaafaya ama roobabka culculus ay

dhaawaceen.

Tallaabada 2:

Marka ay jiraan qarqaraxyo iyo dhaawacyo

waa-weyn, qof qayb ka tirsan dhinaca kanaalka ee

uu dhaawucu ku-yaallo. Qarqaraxyada yar-yar

waxaa lagu-buuxinayaa carro daqiiq ah, kaddibna

carradiibaa la-qoynayaa, hoosna waa loo-nabi.

Tallaabada 3:

Adeega ku-buuxinaya lakaybo carro qoyan ah oo

hoosna u nabaya danaanka kanaalka dib-u-dhis.



MOA I-2-20 JICA

< Horumarinta Adeegga Waraabka ee Goday oo Tusaale ahaan loo-adeegsanayo >

Nawaaxiga Goday ee deegaanka Soomaalida, muddada u dhaxaysa bisha Sebteembar iyo illaa Juun ee tirisga taariikhda Yurub waxaa ka-dhaca dabaylo xoog badan oo bataxaa kiciya. Haddaba adeeggan noocan oo kale ah ee laga-dhisayo aagga Goday ee deegaanka Soomaalida waa in uu noqodo mid isku-diyaarinaya dabayalaha xoogga badan ee goobtaasi ka-dhaca, isla-markaana ku-xisaabtamaya ilaalinta (daryeelka) kanaalka weyn iyo kanaalada bannaanka ee nidaamka waraabka lagaga nadiifinayo bataaxa ay dabayluhu ku soo shubayaan. Maadaama uu bataaxu daqiiq yahay, dabayshu si sahlan ayey kanaalka waraabka ugu soo shubi kartaa. Sidaas-awgeed, adeegyada waraabka ee deegaanka ka-jira waa in ay yeeshaan habab dabaylaha ka-difaacaya, waxaana loo-baahan-yahay in ilaalin (daryeel) xillile ah lagu-sameeyo oo bataxaa soo galay laga-guro, ka-hor intuusan bilaabmin xilliga waraabka ee xiga.

Difaaca dabaysha

Xaadhidda kanaalka weyn

Xaadhidda K. bannaanka

CUTUBKA 3

TIXGELINTA DEEGAANEED IYO BULSHEED


JICA I-3-1 MOA

CUTUBKA 3 TIXGELINTA DEEGAANEED IYO BULSHEED

3.1 Sharci-Dajinta Deegaaneed iyo Dhismaha Mac’hadeed ee Itoobiya

Distuurka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Federaalka Itoobiya ee soo-baxay sanadkii 1995 ee tirsiga taariikhda Yurub wuxuu caddaynayaa in naqshadaynta iyo dhaqangelinta barnaamijyada iyo mashaariicda horumarineed ayna noqonayn kuwa deegaanka dhaawaca ama burburiya; sidaas-awgeedna, ay dawladda iyo muwaadiniinta ay mas’uuliyadi ka-saarantahay ilaalinta deegaanka (Qodobka 92). Waxaa kale oo intaasi-dheer, Siyaasadda Deegaanka Itoobiya ee soo baxay sanadkii 1997 ee tirsiga taariikhda Yurub ayaa dajinayaa siyaasado deegaanka lagu-qiimaynayo, waxaana kuwaasi ka mid ah:

1) Si loo-xaqiijiyo in bilowga iyo qiimaynta buuxda ee saamaynta ay mashriicdu deegaanka ku-yeelanayaan ayaa waxaa fulinaysa wakaaladda dhaqangelinta ee ay khusayso (qayb dawli ah ama mid si khaas ah loo-leeyahay) iyo weliba si loo-xaqiijiyo dabagalka joogtada ah ee lagu-samaynayo mashaariicda la-dhaqangaliyey;

2) Si loo-xaqiijiyo in qiimaynta lagu-samaynayo saamaynta deegaaneed ay noqoto mid aan tixgelinayn kaliya saamaynada muuqaaleed (physical) iyo baayooloojiyeed, balse ay ka-hadlayso xaaladaha bulsho-dhaqaaleed, iyo

3) Si loo-xaqiijiyo in mashaariicda iyo barnaamijyada horumarineed ee xilli hore aqoonsanaya saamayno-kasta oo deegaaneed oo lala kulmi karo oo hababka loo-joojin karana ku soo daraya geeddi-socodka naqshadda horumarinta.

Wakaaladda Ilaalinta Deegaanka (EPA) oo markii hore la-aasaasay sanadkii 1997-kii ee tirsiga taariikdha Yurub la-aasaasay oo kaddibna sanadkii 2002-da ee tirsiga taariikhda Yurub lagu-aqoonsaday bayaanka uu tirsigiisu yahay 295, ayaa ah qaybta kaliya ee u xil-saaran wax-ka-qabashada arrimaha deegaaneed ee Itoobiya. Wakaaladda waxaa hoggaamiya Maareeye Guud, oo leh ku-xigeen iyo la-taliye caawiya. Ujeeddada Wakaaladda Ilaalinta Deegaanku waxay tahay dajinta siyaasadaha, khidadaha, xeerarka iyo heerarka horumarinta bulsheed iyo tan dhaqaaleed u naaxinaya hab horumarinaya bad-qabka dadka iyo amniyaynta joogtada ah ee deegaanka, hormuudnimada dhinaca xaqiijinta midha-dhalnimada geeddi-socodka dhaqangelintooda.

3.2 Heerka Baadhintaanka Deegaaneed ee Mashaariicda Horumarinta Waraabka

Bayaan uu tirsigiisu yahay 299/2002 ayaa loo-soo-saaray Qiimaynta Saamaynta Deegaaneed. Bayaankani wuxuu sheegayaa: qeexitaanada erey-bixinta deegaanka la-xidhiidha, arrimaha la-tixgelinayo ee lagu-go’aaminayo saamaynada deegaaneed, mashaariicda u baahan EIA, waajibaadyada saaran taageerayaasha, dhaqangalnimada ansixinta, ka-qayb-qaadashada dadweynaha, iwm. Dhinaca mashaariicda u baahan EIA, bayaankani kaliya wuxuu soo jeedinayaa in mashruuc-welba oo soo-galaya qayb-kasta oo ka mid ah kuwa ku dhex taxan tilmaan-kasta oo loo soo saaray hab bayaankan waafaqsan wuxuu noqonayaa mid lagu-samaynayo qiimaynta deegaaneed.

Sidaas-awgeed, dawladda ayaa soo-saartay Tilmaanta uu tirsigeedu yahay 1/2008 kaas oo go’aaminaya in mashaariicda lagu-samaynayo baadhitaan lagu ogaanayo saamaynta ay deegaanka u gaysan karaan. Shaxda 3.2.1 waxay soo-koobaysaa mashaaricda u baahan in lagau-sameeyo baadhitaanka samaaynta ay deegaanka ku-yeelan karaan (EIA). Shaxdu waxay sheegaysaa mashaariicda horumarinta waraabka ee u baahan in qiimayn lagu-sameeyo saamaynta ay deegaanka u gaysan karaan (EIA), kuwaas oo baaxadda dhulka lagu-waraabinayo ay gaadhayso 3,000 oo hiktaar ama in ka-badan. Xaaladaha intooda badan mashaariicda noocaas oo kale ahi kama-dhaqangalaan deegaanka Soomaalida, gaar-ahaan agga Goday. Waxaa kale oo intaasi-dheer, waxaa la-ogaan karaa in goobaha waraakabka lagu-samayn karo ee deegaanka Soomaalida ka-jira, gaar-ahaan aagga Goday,


MOA I-3-2 JICA

in ay ku-oolin meelo u nugul dhibaatooyin deegaanka soo-gaadha, sida (seero qaran, goobaha xaywaanka duur-joogta ah lagu-hayo, dadka daggan gobaha ka-jiraan dhirta iyo xayawaanka halista ugu-jira in ay baaba’aan) sida waafaqsan tirsiga 17aad ee shaxda.

Shaxda 3.2.1 Noocyada Mashruuca u Baahan in Lagu-sameeyo Qiimeynta Saamayna Deegaanka Tir. Noocyada Mashruuca

1. Sahaminta macdanta ee u baahan in oggolaansho looga helo Dawladda Federaalka

2. Biyo-Xidheenka iyo Dhismaha Kaydka

Joogga biyo-xidheenkda ee ah 15 mitir ama in ka-badan, ama

Meel kayd ah oo qaadi karta 3 malyuun oo m3 ama in ka-badan, ama

Soo-saaridda quwadda korontada ee dhan 10 MW (Mega Wat) ama in ka-badan.

3. Horumarinta Waraabka

Goobta waraabka lagu-sameeyay ee dhan 3,000 oo hiktaar ama in ka-badan

4. Dhismaha Waddooyinka (Heerka Naqshadaynta DS1, DS2 iyo DS3) oo qulqulka baabuurta maraysa

uu yahay 1000 ama in ka-badan

Dhismaha Khadka Taraynka

5. Kaluumaysiga Haraha Laga-Samaynayo ee Heerka Ganacsi

6. Khabiir qaabilsan horumarinta beeraha khudaarta iyo ubaxa

7. Warshadda Maryaha

8. Warshadaynta Hargaha

9. Miiridda Ala-sonkorka

10. Warshadda Sibidhka

11. Warshadda Taayarada (shaagagga) ee ay awooddeeda wax-soo-saarku tahay 15,000 Kg/maalintiiba ama in

ka-badan

12. Dhismaha adeegyada qashin-qubka ee magaalooyinka iyo warshadaha

13. Warshadda Warqadaha

14. Goobta xoolaha lagu-gawraco ee ay awooddeedu tahay 10,000/sanadkiiba ama in ka-badan

15. Dhismaha Cusbitaal

16. Warshadda soo-saaridda kiimikooyinka aasaasiga ah iyo alaabta kiimikooyinka laga-sameeyo

17. Mashruuc-welba oo loo-qorsheeyay in laga-dhaqan-geliyo goobaha ilaashan ama meelaha u dhadhaw

18. Warshadda biraha ka-shaqaysa ee muggeeda wax-soo-saarka ee maalinluhu yahay 24,000 Kilogram ama in

ka-badan.

19. Dhismaha Gagada Dayaaradaha

20. Rakibidda goobta saliidda shidaalka lagu-kaydiyo ee uu muggeeda qaadku yahay 25,000 Litir ama in ka-badan.

21. Aasaasidda Gobolka Warshadaha Laga-Dhiso

22. Dhismaha Gurayaha Wada-jirka (koondhoominiyamka)

Isha: Tilmaanta uu tirsigeedu yahay 1/2008, ee loo soo saaray si loogu go’aamiyo mashaariicda lagu-samaynayo qiimaynta

saamaynta ay deegaanka ku-yeelan karaan

Xeerka taxanaha ah ee hannaanka ee Qiimeynta Saamaynta Deegaanka 1 (2003) ee ay EPA daabacday waxaa kale oo intaasi-dheer oo uu sheegayaa in kaliya mashaariicda loo-malaynayo in ay deegaanka ku-yeelan karaan saamayn ba’an ay u baahan-yihiin in lagu-sameeyo qiimeyn dhammaystiran oo dhinaca saamaynta deegaanka ah (EIA), iyada oo ay kuwa kale u baahanayaan kaliya qiimeyn hordhac ah (PA). Sida uu dukumeentigani dhigayo, hawlaha beeraha (waraabka) ee laga-fulinayo dhul-beereed ka-yar 500 oo hiktaar uma=baahanayo Qiimeynta Saamaynta Deegaanka (EIA), laakiin waxay u baahanayaan kaliya Qiimeynta Hordhaca ah (PA). Sida dhabta ah, mashaariicda laga-fulinayo deegaanka soomaalida, gaar-ahaan aagga Goday, waxay noqonayaan kuwa aan ka-fulayn dhul-beereed ka-badan 500 oo hiktaar oo horumarin waraab lagu-samaynayo. Sidaas-awgeed, mashaariicda horumarinta waraabka ee deegaanka somaalida laga-fulinayo intooda badan, gaar-ahaan aagga Goday, khasab ma-noqonayso in Qiimeyn Dhammaystiran Lagu-sameeyo Saamaynta Deegaaka (EIA), kaliya


JICA I-3-3 MOA

waxay u baahan-yihiin Qiimeynta Hordhaca ah (PA) kaliya.

Marka laga-eego dhina arrimaha kor ku-qoran, tilmaantani waxay ka-hadlaysaa kaliya mashaariicda horumarinta waraabka ee aan u baahnayn Qiimeynta Saamaynta Deegaanka (EIA) oo dhammaystiran laakiin kaliya u baahan Qiimeynta Hordhaca ah (PA). Qiimeynta hordhaca ah (PA), ama hannaan-kasta oo baadhitaan deegaaneed ah wuxuu ku-bilaabmaa xadaynta saamaynada deegaaneed ee laga-yaabo in lala-kulmo, waxaana ku-xigaya diyaarinta xeerarka la-tix-raacayo (terms of reference) ee loo-adeegsanayo baadhitaanka deegaanka ee arrimaha xadaynta lagu-ogaaday, baadhitaanka deegaanka iyo bulshada oo iyadu ah qaybta ugu-weyn PA, diyaarinta tallaabooyinka lagu-dabcin karo saamaynadaasi xun ee lala-kulmi karo, iyo weliba dabagalidda diyaarinta qorshaha.

3.3 Hannaanka Baadhitaanka Deegaanka

3.3.1 Xadaynta Saamaynta Deegaanka Soo Gaadhaysa

Xadaynta waxaa la-fulinayaa marka la-qaadayo tallaabada ugu-horaysa ee dhinaca baadhitaanka deegaanka iyo bulshada, taas oo lagu-samaynayo mashruuca horumarinta waraabka ee la-qorshaystay. Ujeeddada xadayntu waxay si loo-ogaado arrimaha hoos ku-qoran: 1) arrimaha muhiimka ah ee loo-baahan-yahay in la-tixgeliyo marka la-samaynayo baadhitaanka deegaanka iyo bulshada, 2) waqtiga habboon iyo xuduudaha goobeed ee daraasadda deegaanka, 3) xogta loogu-baahan-yahay in go’aan laga-gaadho bal mashruuca la-fuliyo iyo in kale, in loo-baahan-yahay in arrimaha qaarkood wax-laga-baddalo, ama in mashruuca la-iskaba-daayo iyo in kale, iyo 4) natiijooyinka muhiimka ah iyo arrimaha u baahan in sida qotada-dheer loo-baadho ee hoos imanaya baadhitaanka deegaanka iyo bulshada.

Maatriksiga (matrix) xadaynta saamaynada deegaaneed iyo bulsheed ee la-xidhiidha mashruuca waraabka ayaa la isku-diyaarin doonaa. Waxaa la-fulin doonaa xadayn aan kaliya daboolayn wajiga dhismaha, balse waxay kale oo ay gaar u daboolaysaa wajiga hawlgalka, waxaana la-go’aamin doonaa arrimaha deegaaneed, iyada oo la tix-raacayo tusaalooyinka la midka ah, iyo weliba iyada oo tix-raac lagu-samaynayo tilmaamaha (Tusaale: tilmaanta deegaaneed ee JICA, Abriil 2010 ee tirsiga taariikhda Yurub). Sida qaalibka ah waxaa xadaynta lagu-ogaanayaa in ayna jirin saamayn xun oo weyn oo mashruuca laga-filayo, iyada oo la-ogaan karo, sida lagu-muujiyey “B. parameter”, in arrimaha qaarkood ay saamayn xun yeelan karaan.

Muddada dhismaha lagu-jiro arrimaha “B” ahaan loo-ogaan karo waxay noqon karaan: isticmaalka dhulka iyo ka-faa’iidaysiga khayraadka deegaanka ka-jira, isku-dhacyada danaha ee deegaanka ka-dhacaya, Caafimaadka iyo faya-dhawrka, fiditaanka/qarxidda cudurrada biyaha ka-dhasha iyo cudurrada biyaha la-xidhiidha, fadaroobidda carrada, iyo shilalka. Arrimaha noocan oo kale ah ee deegaaneed ee “B” ahaan loo-ogaaday, waa in ay maraan khadka baadhitaanka deegaaneed oo ay la-socdaan tallaabooyinka dabicinta saamaynada, marka sidaas loo-baahdo. Dabcan, baadhitaanka ka-hor, waxaa la-diyaarin doonaa TOR (Xeerka la-tix-raacayo).

Marka xadaynta la-marayo waxaa dhici karta in ay jiraan arrimo aan la-garanayn, kuwaas oo noqon kara sida qaybsashada faa’iidada oo noqon-wayda mid loo-siman-yahay, xuquuqaha biyaha iyo xuquuqda waxyaalaha sida wada-jirka ah loo-leeyahay, tayada biyaha oogada sare ee dhulka socda iyo kuwa dhulka hoostiisa, carra-guurka, xaaladda biyaha la-xidhiidha, qulqulka wabiga, tikhoobidda hawada, tikhoobidda biyaha, qashinka, jabaqda iyo gariirka (vibration), karoormidda carrada iyo waxyaalaha kale, iwm.Waxaa kale oo la-baadhayaa arrimahan si loo-ogaado bal in ay leeyihiin saamayn xun iyo in kale, haddii ay saamayn xun jirtana, waxaa khasab noqonaysa in la sii diyaariyo tallaabooyinka saamaynta xun lagu dabcin karo.


MOA I-3-4 JICA

3.3.2 Baadhitaanka Deegaaneed iyo Bulsheed

Kaddib iyada oo la-cuskanayo natiijooyinka xadaynta ka soo baxay marka la-diyaariyo xeerarka la tix-raacayo (TOR), waa in la-fuliyo baadhitaanka deegaaneed iyo bulsheed oo lagu-samaynayo arrimaha deegaaneed ee “saamaynta xun keensanaya” ama “aan la-garanayn”. Guud-ahaan, baadhitaanka la-samaynayo wuxuu noqon doonaa mid ku-salaysan xogta laga-helay sahanka bannaanka laga-fuliyey; natiijooyinka ka soo baxay kulan-cilmiyeedyada (workshops); su’aalaha la-waydiinayo dadka ku-dhaqan goobta mashruuca; iyo wadahadalada dhinaca farsamada ee lala-yeelanayo saraakiisha ay arrintu khusayso. Baadhitaanku waa in uusan noqon kaliya mid lagu-samaynayo saamaynada xun-xun, balse waa in uu noqdo mid lagu-samaynayo saamaynada wanaagsan ee ka imanaya mashruuca waraabka.

Natiijooyinka ku-saabsan saamaynada deegaaneed iyo kuwa bulsheed ayaa la soo koobayaa si isbarbar-dhig loogu-sameeyo kuwii marxaladda xadaynta. Waxaa tusaale laga-soo-jeediyey Shaxda 3.3.1 ee hoos ku-qoran, taas oo marka hore lagu-taxay arrimaha deegaaneed, kaddibna natiijooyinka ka soo baxay marxaladda xadaynta ayaa lagu-muujiyey 4-heer oo loo-qoray A – D, waxaana lagu-xijisiiyay natiijooyinka mar-kale la hoos dhigay 4-heer ee baadhitaanka marxaladdan taagan, waxaana la-raacinayaa sababaha/faallooyin. Waxaad u fiirsataa in natiijooyinka ka soo baxay marxaladaha xadaynta iyo baadhitaanka (labadaba) mar-kale lagu sii baadhi doono wajiga dhismaha iyo wajiga hawlgalka.

Shaxda 3.3.1 Tusaale laga-bixinayo Qiimeynta Deegaaneed ee Mashruuca Waraabka ee Goday

Dee

gaan

ka B

ulsh

eed

Tir. Arrimaha

Deegaaneed

Qiimeynta Xadaynta Natiijooyinka

Baadhitaanka Sababta

Wajiga

dhismaha

Wajiga

hawlgalka

Wajiga

dhismaha

Wajiga

hawlgalka

1 Dib-u-dajinta aan

rabitaanka

ku-salaysnayn

D D D D Ma-jirto dib-u-dajin la-qorshaystay.

Dhulka waraabka lagu-sameeyay waa

mid ayna cidna lahayn oo ay dawladda

ugu tala-gashay horumarinta.

2 Dhaqaalaha

deegaanka, sida

shaqaalaynta iyo

nolosha, iwm.

+B +B +B +B Dhismaha oo abuuraya fursado shaqo,

iyo weliba waraabka oo laga helayo

nolol beeraha ku-dhisan

3 Isticmaalka dhulka

iyo ka-faa’iidaysiga

khayraadka

deegaanka

-B -B -B -B Isku-dhacyo faa’iidooyinka mashruuca

la-xidhiidha oo deegaanka gudihiisa ka

dhici kara. Gaar-ahaan, waxay

dhibaatadani ka-imana kartaa soo

xulashada dadka mashruuca

ka-faa’iidaysanaya.

4 Mac’hadyada

bulsheed/dhaqamee

d ee go’aaminta

D D D D Waa mashruuc cabbir, sidaas-awgeed,

lama-filayo in uu wax saamayn ah u

gaysto nidaamka go’aaminta ee habka

dhaqameed.

5 Kaabayaasha

dhaqeeleed ee

bulsheed ee soo

jireenka ah iyo

adeegyada

D D D D Nawaaxiga goobta mashruuca,

kama-jiraan kaabayaal dhaqaale.


JICA I-3-5 MOA

6 Dadka saboolka ah,

waddaniga ah ee

qabiil ku-dhisan

D D D D Ma-khuseeyo dadka waddaniga ah iyo

kuwa qabiilka ku-dhisan. Dadka

saboolka ah ee ku-nool tulooyinka

ka-faa’iidaystayaasha ah, ayaa

mudaanta ugu hoarysa la-siinayaa

7 Sinaan-la’aanta

dhinaca qaysashada

dhinaca faa’iidada

C C -B -B Waxaa dhici karta in dadka qaarkood

ay helaan faa’iidooyin dheeraad ah,

meesha ay kuwa kale ka-helayaan

faa’iidooyin yar, gaar-ahaan dhinacaya

qaybinta dhulka.

8 Dhaxalka

dhaqameed

D D D D Ma-khusayso

9 Isku-dhacyada

danaha ee

deegaanka

-B -B -B -B Isku-dhacyo ka imanaya faa’iidooyinka

mashruuca oo ku-saabsan qoondaynta

dhulka, iyo weliba xulashada

ka-faa’iidaystayaasha.

10 Xuquuqaha biyaha

iyo xuquuqta

waxyaalaha

wada-jirka

C C D D Biyo badan ayaa wabiga ku-jira,

sidaas-awgeed, dhammaan

ka’faa’iidaystayaashu biyo way heli

karaan

11 Caafimaakda iyo

fayadhawrka

-B C -B D Muddada marxaladda hawlgalka,

marka laga-reebo lambarka 12aad

ma-jirto saamayn la-filayo.

12 Baahitaanka/qarxidd

a cudurrada biyaha

ka-dhasha iyo

cudurrada biyaha

la-xidhiidha

-B -B -B -B Biyaha waraabka, waxaa la-socda qaar

ka mid ah cudurrada biyaha

la-xidhiidha,sida cudurka kaneecada

ayaa baahi kara

Dee

gaan

ka D

abiic

iga

13 Qaabka

dhulka/muuqaalka

jooqraafiyadeed

D D D D Adeegyada waraabku way yar yihiin,

sidaas-awgeed ma-jirto wax saamayn

ah oo la-filayo.

14 Tayada biyaha

dhulka dushiisa iyo

biyaha dhulka

hoostiisa ku-jira

C C -B -B Isticmaalka kiimikooyinka beeraha ayaa

xumayn kara tayada biyaha dhulka

dushiisa iyo biyaha dhulka hoostiisa,

haddii si xad-dhaaf ah loo-isticmaalo.

15 Carra-guurka C C D -B Marka dhulka biyo badan la-waraabiyo,

waxaa iman karta carra-guur.

16 Xaaladda arrimaha

biyaha

D C D D Biyaha wabiga laga soo jiido aadbay u

yar-yihiin marka la-barbardhigo

cadabka biyaha ee wabiga dhex

qulqulaya.

17 Qulqulka wabiga D C D D Sida kor ku-qoran

18 Noocyada

kala-duwan ee dhirta

iyo xayawaanka

D D D D Ma-khusayso

19 Saadaasha hawada D D D D Ma-khusayso

20 Muuqaalka dhulka D D D D Kanaalada waraabka iyo

qaab-dhismeedyada biyuhu waa heer

yar, sidaas-awgeed isbaddal weyn

lama-filayo.


MOA I-3-6 JICA

21 Kululaanshaha

Adduunka

D D D D Ma-khusayso T

ikho

obid

da

22 Tikhoobidda

Hawada

C C D D Waa heer aad u hooseeya,

sidaas-awgeed ma-jirayso saamayn

soo gaadhaysa nawaaxiga goobaha.

Waxaa kale oo intaasi-dheer, ma-jiraan

adeegyo dadweyne oo ay dadku ku

soo ururayaan oo ka-jira nawaaxiga

meelaha uu dhismuhu ka-socdo.

23 Tikhoobidda Biyaha C C D D Waa dhismo yar iyo mashruuc waraab

oo heer hoose ah, sidaas-darteed,

ma-jirto saamayn la-filayo

24 Fadaroobidda

Carrada

-B -B -B -B Hawlaha dhismaha awgood iyo

kiimikooyinka beeraha ee dhulka

waraabka laga-isticmaalayo awgood.

25 Qashinta C D -B D Muddada ay shaqooyinka dhismuhu

socdaan, haddii sida habboon loo

xakamayn waayo waxaa dhici karto in

uu qandaraasluhu qashin soo-daayo

26 Sawaxan iyo Gariir C C D D Nawaaxiga goobaha dhismaha

kama-jiraan adeegyo dadweyne oo ay

dadku ku-soo ururayaan,

sidaas-awgeed wax dhibaato ahi

ma-jirayso.

27 Dhicitaanka dhulka D D D D Ma-khuseeyo

28 Qadhmuun D D D D Ma-khuseeyo

29 Carro/hadhaa

karoosamaya

D C D -B

+B

Isticmaalka biyaha wabiga ee

dhooqaysan awgeed, isticmaalka

biyaha qasan ee wabiga, kanaalka

ayey carro dhex

fadhiisanaysaa.Dhinaca kalena biyaha

qasani waxay nafaqaynayaan dhulka.

30 Shilalka dhacaya -B C -B D Muddada lagu jiro marxaladda

dhismaha, haddii uu qandaraasluhu

ka-taxaddari-waayo dadka meeshaasi

maraya waxaa laga-yaabaa in ay shilal

dhacaan. Muddadda hawlgalka,

maadaama la-filayo socod aad u yar,

wax saamayn ahi ma-dhici doonto.

Cabbirada:

-A: Waxaa la-filayaa saamayn xun oo weyn. +A: Saamayn wanaagsan ayaa la-filayaa.

-B: Waxaa la-filayaa xoogaa saamayn xun ah. + B: Waxaa la-filayaa xoogaa saamayn wanaagsan ah.

C: Lama-garanayo baaxadda saamaynta, laakiin waxaa dhici karta in ay saamayntu caddaato marka ay daraasaddu hore u sii

socoto.

D: Ma-khusayso (Ma-jirto saamayn la-filayo).

3.3.3 Tallaabooyinka Dabcinta iyo Dabagalka

Hannaanka kor lagu soo sharaxay, waxaa dhici karta in saamayno xun lala-kulmi karo. Haddaba si loo-yareeyo saamaynada laga-cabsi-qabo, ka-hor intaan la-bilaabin mashruuca dhismaha, waxaa la sii diyaarinayaa tallaabooyin lagu-dhimayo saamaynta xun ee la-filayo. Dabcan, tallaabooyinka


JICA I-3-7 MOA

saamaynta xun lagu-dhimayo, waxay noqonayaan kuwa loo-diyaarinayo arrimaha deegaanka ee waxyeellada keensan kara, waxyaalaha tallaabada ku-jiraya, iyo qaybta tallaabada qaadaysa iyo weliba cidda qaadaysa mas’uuliyadda dabagalidda. Qaar ka mid ah saamaynada xun-xun waxay noqon karaan kuwa ku kooban kaliya muddada lagu-jiro marxaladda dhismaha, tusaale: tikhobidda hawada, qashinka iyo sawaxanka/gariirka, waxaana tallaabooyinka saamaynadaasi lagu-dhimayo fulinaysa shirkadda shaqada dhismaha qabanaysa. Shaxda hoos ku-qoran waxay soo jeedinaysaa tusaale ku-saabsan tallaabooyinka saamaynada xun-xun lagu-dhimayo.

Shaxda 3.3.2 Tusaale laga-bixinayo tallaabooyinka dhimidda waxyeellada

Arrimaha Deegaaneed

Fikirka Qorshaha Maaraynta Deegaanka Hay’adda Dhaqangelinay

sa

Hay’adda Dabaglka/ma

s’uulka ah Wajiga dhismaha Wajiga hawlgalka

3

Isticmaalka dhulka iyo ka-faa’iidaysiga khayraadka deegaanka

Waxaa khasab ah in la-yeesho guddi qaybinta dhulka fulinaya oo ka-kooban wakiilo ka-socda dadka ka-faa’iidaystayaasha ah iyo saraakiil dawladda ka-tirsan, waxaana looga-baahanyahay in ay tixgeliyaan mudnaanta la-siiyey qoysaska saboolka ah, si ay markaasi u helaan hab ay ku-wanaajiyaan xaaladdooda nololeed.

Guddiga qaybinta dhulka

Xafiiska Goday

Qallaafo

7 Caddaalad la’aanta dhinaca qaybinta faa’iidada

Sida kor lagu soo sheegay ee ku-saabsan qaybinta (qoondaynta) dhulka.

Qaybinta biyaha waraabka, ururka isticmaalayaasha biyaha ee goobta waraabka ka-dhisan ayaa fulin doonaa hab wareeg (kaltan) ah oo si siman biyaha loogu qaybin karo.

Guddiga qaybinta dhulka

Ururka

isticmaalka biyaha

Xafiiska Goday

Qallaafo

12

Baahidda/qarxidda cudurrada biyaha ka-dhasha iyo cudurrada biyaha la-xidhiidha

Muddada dhismaha lagu-jiro, waa laga hortago jiritaanka biyo meel fadhiista. Waxaa khasab ah in uu qandaraasluhu diyaariyo hab biyo-shub oo habboon..

1) Muddada hawlgalka lagu-jiro, waa in aan la-samayn waraabin isdaba-joog ah, si markaa kanaalka loo-engejiyo oo loogaga hortago cudurrada biyaha ka-dhasha. 2) Iska-ilaali biyo bannaanka fadhiista, waxaana taasi lagu-samayn karaa beeraleyda oo qabata shaqooyin dhulka lagu-simayo si ayna u jirin meel godan oo ay biyuhu fadhiistaan.

Shirkad Dhismo

Ururka

isticmaalka biyaha

Xarun

caafimaad

Xafiiska Goday

Qallaafo

15 Carro-guur

- Shaqaalaha bambada ka-shaqaynaya waa in taba-bar la-siiyo si loo-helo biyaha waraabka ee la-naqshadeeyay, loogana hortago waraabinta biyaha xad-dhaafka ah.

Xafiiska Goday Qallaafo

Xafiiska Goday

Qallaafo

30 Shilal

1) Dabagal ku-samee oo hubi in uu qandaraasluhu u hoggaansan-yahay tallaabooyinka rasmiga ah ee amniga, waxaa kale oo aad shaqaalaysaa dad waardiyayaal dadka tuulada ka-ilaalinaya in aysan soo galin goobaha uu dhismuhu ka-socdo. 2) Si aad shilal dhaca aad ugaga hortagtid, diyaari meel ay maraan baabuurta iyo mashiinadu.

- Shirkad Dhismo

Xafiiska Goday

Qallaafo

Isha: Kooxda Mashruuca JICA

Muddada lagu-jiro marxaladaha dhismaha iyo hawlgalka, waxaa lala-kulmayaa saamayno xun oo dhinaca deegaanka iyo bulshada ah, waxaana la sii diyaarsanayaa tallaabooyin aad ku-dhimi karaysid waxyeellada ka imana karta saamaynada xun-xun oo ah sida kor lagaga soo hadlay. Waxaa la-samaynayaa hubin lagula-soconayo in tallaabooyin-kasta oo la-diyaariyey loo-dhaqliyey si loogu yareeyo waxyeellada ka iman karta saamaynada xun ee deegaanka soo gaadhi kara. Si dhaqabgekub


MOA I-3-8 JICA

iyo dabagal adag loo-sameeyo, waxaa la-diyaarinayaa qorshe-dabagal oo la-socda dajinta tallaabooyinka lagu yaraynayo waxyeellada ka iman karta saamaynada xun-xun. Qorshuhu waa in uu noqdo mid si cad u tilmaamaya arrimaha deegaaneed, oo waafaqsan kuwa lagu dhex-taxay Shaxda 3.3.2, habka dabagalka, ilaalinta waqtiga habboon/muddada u dhaxaynaysa dabagalada la-samaynayo, iyo qaadaysa mas’uuliyadda fulinta hawsha dabagalka.

QAYBTA II BEERAHA

CUTUBKA 1

HORDHAC


JICA II-1-1 MOA

CUTUBKA 1 HORDHAC

1.1 Dhir

Si ay u helaan aqoonta ku shaqeeya beeraha, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la fahmo qaab-dhismeedka iyo shaqada dhirta iyo jawiga deegaanka oo saamayn ku kadsoomi.

1.1.1 Jirridaha

Laamo ku jira qaabab kuwaas oo taageeri ubbooyin iyo caleemaha iyo u adeega dhuun lagu qaado biyaha, macdanta, iyo sonkorta. Saddex qaybood gudaha weyn ee stem ah waa xylem, phloem, iyo cambium ah. Xylem iyo phloem yihiin qaybaha ugu waaweyn ee nidaamka tubular warshad ee.

1.1.2 Fasaxyada

Irridda caleen waa qaab ay isku ballaariyeen khafiif ah labada dhinac ee midrib ah. Waxaa kala duwan oo dherer ah iyo waxaa laga yaabaa in gebi ahaanba ka maqan mararka qaarkood meesha daab caleen waxa lagu tilmaamay sessile ama dabasocdaa yar. Shaqada maamulaha caleemo waa si uu u nuugo qoraxda u soo-saarka ee sonkorta warshad in hannaanka loo yaqaan photosynthesis. Caleemo horumariyo sida dusha simay si ay u soo bandhigaan goob ballaaran ee nuugista hufan ee tamarta iftiinka.

1.1.3 Jawaan

Hawlaha maamulaha iyo xididdadiisa waa inay dhuuqa nafaqada iyo qoyaanka, in dayntooda geedka ciidda, in la siiyo taageero jireed ee asliga ah, iyo in ay u adeegaan sida xubnaha kaydinta cuntada. Dhirta qaar ka mid ah waxaa laga yaabaa in ay la isticmaalo iyada oo loo adeegsanayo faafinta.

tiro iyo qaybinta iyo xididdadiisa warshad waa mid aad u muhiim ah maxaa yeelay, labadan arrimood leeyihiin saamayn weyn ku nuugista qoyaan iyo nafaqada. Qotada iyo faafinta ee xididada ku xidhan tahay sifooyinka koritaanka aasaasiga ah ee warshad iyo texture iyo qaab-dhismeedka ciidda.

1.1.4 Ubax

Hawsha kaliya ee ubaxa, kaas oo guud ahaan waa qayb ka mid ah showiest geedka, waa taranka. Iyada oo qayb ka ah taranka geedka ubaxa ku jira manka lab iyo / ama ovule daray siyaada ah qaybaha dumar ah sida-madow, sepals, iyo qanjidhada dheecaanka miraha.

1.1.5 Firuit

Midhoo ka kooban oo ka mid ah ovules bacarimisani iyo qaan, oo la yiraahdo abuurka, iyo derbigii ugxansidaha, kaas oo noqon kara looxyo, sida in cambe, ama mid qalalan oo adag in midho Maple ah. Kaliya qaybo ka mid ah midhaha taasoo hiddo metelin labada lab iyo ubax dumar yihiin miraha (weynayn ovules). Inta kale ee midhaha soo baxdo ka geedka hooyada, oo sidaas daraaddeed waa hiddo in waalidka in. Abuurku ama ovule qaan wuxuu ka kooban yahay saddex qaybood. Embriyuhu waa warshad Ghadafi

Jaantuska 1.1.2 Galley reflejo laga soo qaatay:http://article.sapub.org

/10.5923.j.ijaf.20120203.09.html

Jaantus 1.1.1 Maamulaha Qaybo ka mid ah a Dhirta la sameysay

Laga soo qaatay : Master Arizona beerta Manual, beeraha kolej, Jaamacadda Arizona


MOA II-1-2 JICA

ee gobolka an la xiray ee horumarinta. Miraha badankood waxaa ku jira sahay ka dhisay-in cunto loo yaqaan endosperm ah (orchid waa ka reebban). Endosperm ayaa waxaa la samayn karaa ilaa brotiin, carbohydrates ama dufan. Qaybta saddexaad waa dabool adag, dibedda loo yaqaan abuur jaakad. Wuxuu ka hortagaa abuurku ka cudur iyo cayayaanka, iyo biyo soo galaan kuwaasoo ah iniinihii aad bilaabi lahaa geeddi-socodka koritaanka waqtiga saxda ah ka hor ka hortagaa.

1.2 Arrimaha maxaliga ah kuwaas oo saamayn Koritaanka Dhirta

Dhirta koritaanka iyo qaybinta ayaa ku xaddidan deegaanka. Haddii qof sababta deegaanka ka yar yahay fiican waxa uu noqon doonaa mid xaddidan ee koritaanka dhirta. Factors Yareeya sidoo kale mas'uul ka ah juqraafiga ee qaybinta warshad yihiin. Tusaale ahaan, keliya dhirta ku habboon qadaro kooban oo biyo ku noolaan karaan lamadegaanka. Dhibaatooyinka dhirta intooda badan waxaa sababa walaaca deegaanka, si toos ah ama si dadban. Sidaa darteed, waxaa muhiim ah in la fahmo dhinacyada deegaanka oo saamayn ku kadsoomi. Arrimahan waxay yihiin biyaha (qoyaan), ciidda (nafaqada), iyo cimilada (iftiinka iyo heerkulka).

1.2.1 Biyaha (Huur)

Biyaha waa qayb aasaasiga ah ee koritaanka dhirta si gaar ah ay u photosynthesis. Waxay haysaa cadaadis turgor ama adayg oo ah cad iyo gaadiid nafaqooyinka oo dhan geedka. Biyaha waxa kale oo ay bixisaa cadaadis oo ah in la kordhiyo oo xididdada carrada ka. Ka mid ah doorarka biyaha ee ugu muhiimsan waa in ee dareeraha ah ee macdanta galay warshad dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo carbohydrates u dhaqaaqo ay isticmaalo ama lagu kaydiyo.

1.2.2 Ciidda iyo Nafaqada

(25%) iyo arrinta macdanta oo ay ku jirto arrinta organic (50%), iyo furnishes taageero si farsamaysan iyo nafaqada dhirta kordhaya. Waxaa uu ka kooban jajabkii dhagaxa weyn weathered iyo haraaga qalalaya dhirta iyo xayawaanka (organik laha).

1) Macluumaad Ciidda iyo halabuurka

Qurub ciidda wuxuu u muuqdaa in uu taabto kasta oo kale, laakiin xaqiiqdu waxay leeyihiin meel bannaan ee u dhexeeya. Meelaha Kuwaan waxaa loo yaqaannaa daloolada. Marka ciidda yahay "qalalan", daloollada waxaa intooda badan ka buuxsamay hawada. Ka dib waraabka ama roobab, daloollada waxaa intooda badan ka buuxshay biyo. Waxyaabaha nolosha waxaa laga helaa ciidda ah. Waxay noqon

Jaantuska 1.1.3 Sinsinta mid-cotyledon iyo laba-cotyledon Laga soo qaatay : Master Arizona beerta Manual, beeraha kolej, Jaamacadda Arizona

Jaantuska 1.2.1 Waxa uu ka koobanyahay carradalaga soo qaatay: Waraabka Maamulka Biyaha:

Hordhaca waraabka

Soil particle

WaterAir

Root


JICA II-1-3 MOA

kartaa xididdadiisuna nool iyo sidoo kale kuwa lamid ah, kolkaasaa dirxi galay, dirxiga iwm Waxay kaa caawin in aerate ciidda iyo sidaas loo abuuro xaalado kordhaya wanaagsan doog soo afjarno.

2) Guryaha wajiga

guryaha jirka ah ee ciidda ah waa kuwa sifooyin kaas oo lagu arki karin isha ama dareemay inta u dhexeysa suulka iyo faraha. Waa natiijada qalabkan waalidka ciidda lagu qabtey qodobo cimilada (sida roobka iyo heerkulka), iyo kuwa ay saameeyeen muuqaalka guud ee dhulka (jiirada oo jiho, ama dhinac) iyo noocyada nolosha (nooca iyo qaddarka, sida kaynta, caws, ama ciidda xoolaha) muddo ka badan waqtiga. Guryaha Muhiim jirka ah ee ciidda ah waa midabka, texture, qaab-dhismeedka, dheecaan, qoto dheer, iyo muuqaalada dusha (stoniness, dhaadhaca, iyo nabaad guurka).

2.1) midabka

Marka ciidda la baarayo, midabka waa mid ka mid o waxyaalihii hore dareentay. Waxay muujinaysaa xaalado aad u muhiim ah ciidda. Guud ahaan, midabka la go'aamiyo by: i) content arrinta organic, ii) xaaladaha dheecaan, iyo iii) heerka qayilo (baaxadda cimilada).

2.2) Dareen

Ka sameysan yahay waxaa loola jeedaa in qadarka qaraabo ah oo qayb ka ciidda kala duwan oo cabbirkooda, ama fineness / coarseness ee gabalada macdanta ee ciidda ah. Texture Ciidda ku xiran tahay xaddiga qaraabo ah ciid, bacaad, iyo Dhoobo. In fasalka texture kasta, waxaa jira kala duwan ee qadarka ciid, bacaad, iyo dhoobo in fasalka ku jira. Ciidda textural fasalada magacyadooda ka qaybahan size walxaha (ciid, bacaad, iyo dhoobo) iyo sidoo kale ka qaybta loo yaqaan loam qaado. Loam waa fasal textural ee ciidda in uu leeyahay qiyaaso dhexdhexaad ah ciid, bacaad, iyo Dhoobo. Waa siman yahay marka la taabto marka qalalan, laakiin markii qoyan, waxa uu noqonayaa mid xoogaa kubadheysashada ama dheg.

2.3) QAAB-DHISMEEDKA

Qaab-dhismeedka Ciidda loola jeedaa isutagga ee gabalada ciidda (ciid, bacaad, iyo dhoobadii, arrinta organic iyo bacrimin) galay xeryaha usahashay. Kuwaan waxaa loo yaqaannaa isku celceliyo. Qaab-dhismeedka Ciidda sidoo kale waxaa loola jeedaa heshiis ka mid ah kuwan isku celceliyo kala daloolada iyo dildilaac. Marka la joogo in dihnayd, a-dhismeedka blocks weyn soo galo oo biyo ah; biqilka abuurka waa adagtahay sabatoo ah tuulista saboolka ah. Dhinaca kale, haddii dihnayd waa granular, biyaha si fudud gala iyo dhalashada abuurku waa ka sii wanaagsan. Si ka duwan texture, qaab-dhismeedka ciidda ma aha mid joogto ah. Iyada oo la adeegsanayo hab-dhaqanka beerashada (Dillaacin, hadda taagan, iwm), ninka beerrey ahu wuxuu isku dayaa inuu helo qaab dihnayd granular u beerihiisa inuu.

1.2.3 Nafaqada

Dhirta u baahan tahay 18 xubno u yahay koriinka. kaarbona, hydrogen, iyo oxygen waxaa la helay in hawada iyo biyaha. Nitrogendoksid (N), fosfooraska (P), potassium (K), magnesium, calcium, iyo baaruud laga helo ciidda ah. Dambe lix arin oo waxaa loo isticmaalaa in waxooga badan oo ay dhirta iyo waxa loo yaqaan macronutrients. Waxa jira sagaal xubno kale oo loo isticmaalo in xaddiyo badan oo yar yar, kuwaas waxaa loo yaqaan nafaqada ama xubno raad. Nafaqada, oo waxaa la helay in ciidda, ay bir yihiin, zinc, molybdenum, nickel, manganese, boron, copper, Cobalt, oo chlorine. Dhammaan

Jaantuska 1.2.2 Tirada qaraabada ah hawlaha Ciiddalaga soo qaatay: Arizona Master Gardener Manual,

College of Agriuculture, the University of Arizona


MOA II-1-4 JICA

18 walxood oo labada macronutrients iyo nafaqada, ayaa muhiim u ah koritaanka dhirta.

1.2.4 Cimilada: Qorraxda iyo Heerkulka

1) Ilayska qorraxdu

Qorraxdu u leeyahay saddex sifooyinka maamulaha in uu saameyn ku koritaanka geedka: tirada, tayada, iyo muddada. Quantity loola jeedaa xoojinta ama ka-fiirsashada ee qoraxda iyo kala duwan leh xilli ee sannadka. Tayada loola jeedaa midabka ama wavelength oo gaarey dusha warshadda. Duration ama photoperiod loola jeedaa qadarka wakhti in dhirta la kulmin qoraxda.

2) Heerkulka

Heerkulka saameeyaa wax soo saarka iyo kobaca ee warshad ku xidhan tahay in kala duwan warshadda waa xilli kulul ama qabow dalagga xilli ciyaareedka. Haddii heerkulka jira sare iyo dhererka, maanta waa maalin dheer, dalagga qabow xilli ciyaareedka sida kaabajka iyo shaciir xidh doonaa halkii ay ka soo saari ubaxa. Heerkulka oo aad u yar ama mid badan ee dalagga diiran xilli uu ka hortagi doonaa go'an miro. Heerkulka inay sarreeyaan dalagga diiran xilli ciyaareedka sida basbaas ama yaanyo waxay keeni kartaa pollen si ay u noqdaan mabsuud oo aan rimiyaan ubax.

CUTUBKA 2

QORSHAYNTA BEERAHA


JICA II-2-1 MOA

CUTUBKA 2 QORSHAYNTA BEERAHA

Geedaha ka bixi kartaa meel meel kasta iyo inta uu xaaladda deegaanka sida biyaha, ciidda iyo cimilada waa wanaagsan. Tusaale ahaan, Galayda waxay u baahan tahay cimilada kulul iyo ciidda Sable-gooynayaa, la barbardhigo basasha jecel yahay xad qabooji cimilada iyo gooynayaa-Dhoobo ciidda.

Soosaarka dalagga' waa fal aadanaha si ay u koraan geedaha sida cuntada ama ujeedooyin kale oo la hagaajiyo sifo runta ah ee warshad xaaladda deegaanka ama hab ka horjeedaan. Saasuuna waxaa xitaa macquul ah si ay u koraan nooc kala duwan ee dalagga ee isku beerta sida galayda iyo basasha adigoo isticmaalaya kala duwan iyo xeelado ku haboon.Si kor loogu qaado dhalid soo saarka miraha beeraha ah, Qorshayaasha beeraha ah waa la baaraa oo faah ku salaysan xaaladda dhabta ah beeraha.

Laga bilaabo hordhaca ah falanqaynta xaaladda beeraha, Cutubkan wuxuu muujinayaa hab kala duwan ee miruhu iyo hanaanka, ka dibna ay tusaale u ah qorshaha beeraha ee Gode.

2.1 Falanqaynta Xaaladda Beeraha

Si loo fahmo xaaladda dhabta beeraha, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah si loo hubiyo ugu yaraan kuwii 3 dhibcood oo kala ah; xaaladda deegaanka, xaaladda beeraha dhabta ah iyo suuq-geynta.

2.1.1 Xaaladda Deegaanka

Geedaha Koraayo Ku Xiran Tahay Biyaha, Nalka, Hawada Iyo Nafaqada, Iwm Sidii Hore Loo Sharxay. Sida laga soo xigtay arrimo kuwa, dalag beereed beeran iyo / ama ay suurtagal tahay in ay koraan way kala duwan yihiin. Ka mid ah xaaladda deegaanka, cimilada, ciidda iyo khayraadka Biyaha qeexaya Arrimahaas kor ku xusan, sidaas koritaanka dalagyada ka. dhibcood oo muhiim ah si loo hubiyo waxa lagu tusayaa jadwalka soo socda:

Shaxda 2.1.1 Hubi Waxyaabaha Xaaladda Deegaanka

waxaa ku jira hababka

Cimilada ciidda khayraadka Biyaha

Muuqaalka iyo taabashada

- Xilli iyo muuqaalada ay - nooca Daaqsinka - Dabaylaha

- Midabka - darantahay ingeega, - dhiismeedka

- Nooca - Goobaha - Helitaanka

Cabbiraadda - Saacadaha qoraxdu - Heerkulka - dhididku - roobab (roobabka)

- boqolkiiba of hydrogen - Nafaqo (NPK) - Qaab-dhismeedka - Biyaha awoodda haysta

- baaxada oo biyo ah - Macdanta � ku jira

Arrinta la mid ah - Arrinta la bartamihii ah � sare - Isbadalka cimilada horumar

- Daaqsinka - Hab-nololeedka ah - lahaanshaha dhulka

- Daaqsinka - Hab-nololeedka ah - barashada isticmaalka biyaha

Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) (Ilo) : kooxda RREP

Wax ay ku qorantahay 'muuqaalka' la eegi karo indhaha oo gacanta ama waraysiyo beeralayda ay khusayso, halka kuwa isku xigta 'Cabbiraad' waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in ay la isticmaalayo qalabka sida heerkulbeegga, Roob cabbiraha iyo wixii la mid ah ama waa la baadhaa a shaybaarka gaar ah. Haddii alaabta oo dhan laga saxo, waxa fiicnaan lahayd la sameeyo qorshe wax ku haboon beeraha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee waxaa khasab ma aha loo daboolo dhammaan loogu sameyn lahaa qorshe beeraha ah. Iyada oo alaabta lagu hubiyaa iyadoo kulan uu u saftay kuwa sida xilli ciyaareed, midabka ciidda iyo qalbi engegnaantooda aawadeed, helitaanka biyo siin karaa tilmaamo qaar ka mid ah la ogaado xaaladda beeraha. Dhibcood waa in ay aqoonsadaan waxyaabaha dabiiciga ah iyo ifafaale ogaado dalagga, sida hannaankii abuurka oo, ku dhaqanka garafyada iyo dhalid iyo inay ka fekeraan sidii loo horumarin lahaa oo loo hagaajiyo xaaladda beeraha inay qaadato wax ku ool ah oo xisaabtana lagu daraayo xaaladda deegaanka.


MOA II-2-2 JICA

2.1.2 Xaaladda Beeraha

Baahnayn la sheego, xaaladda beeraha dhabta faham ku salaysan xaaladda deegaanka ay tahay lagama maarmaan la sameeyo qorshe horumarinta beeraha wanaagsan. Jaantusyada soo socda waxay ku tusaysaa tusaalooyinka agabka baaritaan ku saabsan xaaladda beeralayda ah:

Shaxda 2.1.2 Hubi Waxyaabaha Xaaladda beeraha

Wax soo Saarka Beeraha Dhulka Isticmaali Garafyada Dhaqanka &

Farsamooyinka Qaar kale

- Dalaggii Main iyo kuwa muuqaalka jireed

- Goobta Production ⁃ dalagga

- Tirada caadiga ah ee lagu hayo beeraha (ha / HH)

- Hihi ⁃ per ha ama HH - Dhalid la fili karo halkii unit- Dhibaatooyinka iyo

caqabadaha

- Kalandarka wuxu abuuray - Wuxu abuuray nidaam - Naqshad wuxu abuuray - Dhulka isticmaali nidaaminaya - Goobaha beeraha loo isticmaalo oo loo baahan yahay

- dhaqanka Major agronomical ah beeralay

- Heerarka iideysiga wanaagsanaaday beero-iyo-gashiga - Haysashada mashiinka, qalab iyo Xoolaha beerah - u maaraysay goynta ka dib

- Qiimaha la gelin Beeraha - Adeeg Kordhinta - Jiritaanka ⁃ ah iskaashato iyo ururada

Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) (Ilo) : Kooxda RREP

Xafiisyada habboon xukuumiga ah ee beeraha iyo machadyada waa in ay haystaan tirakoobka ee xogta la-soo-saarka beeraha iyo macluumaadka dhammaan alaabta kale ee kor ku xusan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka la waraysanayo beeralayda iyo hubinta beereed waxaa loo baahan yahay in la fahmo xaaladda dhabta ah ee ku saabsan beeraha mar kasta oo qorshe beeraha ah waxaa lagu sharaxay.

Saas waxaa ugu wacan xaaladda beeraha iyo baahida on beeraha waxaa mar kasta kala jaad in isbeddelka cimilada, oo caawimaad ah farsamo iyo arrimaha suuq-geynta, iwm uma baahna in, fahamka xaaladda beeraha dhabta ah waa lagama maarmaan ma aha oo kaliya loogu sameyn lahaa qorshe beeraha ah, laakiin waxaa sidoo kale loogu sii faahfaahin dheeraad beeraha qorshaha.

2.1.3 Baahiyaha iyo Suuq Dadka

Inkasta oo xaalada deegaanka iyo caqabado kale oo la xadido saarka miraha beeraha, qorshaha beeraha ah waa in ay la kulmaan dadka baahida iyo dalabka suuqa sida ugu badan ee dadka soo saaro dalaga beeraha gaar ahaan isticmaalka guriga iyo / ama dakhliga lacag kaash ah ay iibiyaan badeecada. Si loo fahmo baahiyaha dadka iyo xaaladda suuqa, waxyaabaha soo socda u baahan yihiin in la hubiyaa;

Shaxda 2.1.3 Hubi Items on Baahiyaha Iyo Suuq Dadka Xaalada Dhaqan-Dhaqaale Ammaanka Cuntada Suuq Qaar kale

⁃ Astaamaha asaasiga ah habka dhaqan-dhaqaale ee beeralayda (da'da, tirada qoyska, heerka waxbarasho iwm)

Dakhliga iyo kharashka per HH

Warbixin waxqabad iyo subsistences Heerka labaad

⁃ Dalagyada nooc iyo tiro soo saaray

⁃ Heerarka baxo uuna-isticmaalka iyo iibka miraha soo saaray

⁃ Helitaanka fursadaha cuntada; tiro iyo tayo leh

⁃ Khasaaro Dalagyada (salaysan nooca dalagga).

⁃ dhaqdhaqaaqa qiimaha cuntada ee Billaha

⁃ beeraha albaabka iyo khasaaraha albaabka dheeraad ah-beereed Qiimaha Domestic iyo International ⁃ oo badeecooyin in koboca,

⁃ Dhismaha ee soo dejinta cuntada ee sanadlaha ah iyo kharashka

Awoodaan si ay u helaan loaninsurance, iwm


Dadka ku Gode koraan dalagga ma aha oo kaliya u wanaagsaneyn isticmaalka bini'aadamka, laakiin sidoo kale xoolaha. Bishii la soo dhaafay, waxay ahaayeen ex-xoolo-dhaqatada, ayaa koray galley, laakiin inta badan caleemo loogu talagalay inay xoolahooda iyo si loo helo lacag kaash ah. Sababtaas awgeed, macaahidda beeraha ee dawladda iyo xafiisyada dhawaan bilaabay bandhigid waxsoosaarka balka raashinka xoolaha iyo dhiiri dadka in ay soo bixino midho galley sida cuntada daruuriga ah. Jalleeco, xaaladda noocaas ah, qorshaha beeraha ee lagu faah waa in ay ka fiirsanayaan horumarinta reer miyiga.


JICA II-2-3 MOA

Macluumaadka lagama maarmaanka ah waxaa laga qaadan karaa oo keliya marka la waraysanayo beeralayda, ganacsatada iyo dadka ka shaqeeya iyaga waxaa la jiray ee degaanka miyiga ah. Waraysi Group kale oo suuragal ah si loo helo codad beeralayda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa loo baahan yahay su'aalaha ay wareysigii si habsami leh. Su'aalaha waa in ay su'aalo fudud, oo aan aad u badan oo aan tiro aad uga yar si loo ha jaasuusiin oo kale si fudud oo aan ka jawaabi si ay u daalaan. Ka hor inta galaya waraysiga beeraleyda badan ama kooxo ay, wareysi raad loo yaqaan 'pre-wareysi' a si weyn lagu talinayaa si loo hubiyo waxa ku jira su'aalaha iyo ka beddel sida loogu baahan yahay.

2.2 Hababka Wuxu Abuuray Kala Duwan Iyo Qaababka1

Isku dar Qaar badan oo ka mid ah dalagga lagu arkay waxaa laga yaabaa in Gode iyo Gobolka Soomaalida, iyo beeralayda maareeyo isku jira kasta si ka duwan. Tusaale ahaan, beeralay ah ugu kori kara meel u dhow babayga in isaga / iyada guriga, iyadoo la isticmaalayo digada iyo waraabka Dheeraadka ah, iyada oo deedka ku hareeraysan dhagarta si uu u xafido. Beeralay kale oo dheeraad ah oo ay marti ku beeri laga yaabaa in badarka ee beeraha, iyadoo aan waraabka laakiin isticmaalaya abuur la hagaajiyay iyo bacrimin kiimikada.

Beeralayda leeyihiin sababo badan oo ka dhigaysa xulashadooda. Kala duwan yihiin oo ay, waxay leeyihiin noocyada kala duwan ee ciida, oo waxaa laga yaabaa in istaajineyso ama dhulka a dabaqyada. Waxaa laga yaabaa in qaar kamid ah beeralayda ma haysan waqti ay u aasaan ama harame waqtiyada qaarkood sano. Maxay ay warshad ku xiran tahay sida qoyaan badan iyo nafaqo yihiin ciidda, wakhtiyada roobabka ama helitaanka bamka biyaha. Dabcan, waxay ku xiran tahay waxa famers doonayaan in ay koraan oo ay quutaan iyo xoolaha, iyo inay iska iibiso. Ka dib markii la joogo sida ay u xulayaan dalaggii beeraha, ka dibna kala duwan hababka abuurka oo iyo hanaanka.

2.2.1 Hababka Wuxu Abuuray

Beeralayda dooran karaa noocyo badan oo kala duwan oo Beero, oo iyaga ku beeri in isu-gaynta kala duwan. Halkan waxaa ku fursadaha qaar ka mid ah:

1) Mid ka mid ah abuurka oo

Tusaale: beerashada sano galleyda ka dib sano oo duurka isku mid ah.

Tani waa beer halkaas oo beerta loo isticmaalo si ay u koraan oo kaliya hal xilli dalagga ka dib markii xilli ciyaareedkii (eeg Photo 2.1). Tani waxay leedahay dhowr faa'iido darrada, way adag tahay la joogteeyo daboolida ciidda; waxay ku dhiirigalinaysaa cayayaanka, cuduro iyo haramaha; oo waxay hoos u dhigi karaa bacriminta ciidda iyo waxyeellaynin qaabka ciidda. Sidaa darteed, abuurka oo duxdu waa in laga ilaaliyaa haddii ay jirto counter Beegidda kasta oo ka dhan ah dhibaatooyinka noocan ah. Waxa fiican in ay isku shaandheyn dalaggii beeraha, ama isticmaal intercropping ama haddii kale lehna way abuurka oo.

2) Warejin Dalagyada

Tusaale: galleyda laga beerto hal sano, iyo sisinta soo socda. Taas macnaheedu waxa weeye beddelo nooca dalagyada koray oo duurka ku xilli ciyaareedkan, siii xoojiyo xilli ciyaareedka

1 Ref: Chp.6 Ilaalinta Beeraha ee FAO

Sawir 2.2.2 Dallaga wareegga Galley iyo SisinIlo (Laga Soo Qaatay) : Kooxda RREP

Sawir 2.2.1 Mid ka mid ah abuurka oo Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) : Kooxda RREP


MOA II-2-4 JICA

ama haddii kale sano (ama ka bedelanayso dalaggii in aan beernayn). Warejin Dalagyada waa mabda 'muhiim ah ee ilaalinta beeraha tan iyo kor-dhismeedka carrada iyo bacriminta, iyo sababta oo ah waxay kaa caawinaysaa in haramaha ku hayaan, cayayaanka iyo cudurada (eeg 2.2.2 faahfaahin dheeraad ah).

3) Abuurka Oo Isku Xig Xiga

Tusaale ahaan: Laga beerto ee roobabka, markaas digir inta lagu guda jiro roobabka gaaban: tusaale ahaan.

Tani waxay ku lug leedahay laba dalaggii beeraha duurka ku isku mid ah, mid ka dib markii kale ee isla sanadkaas sii kordhaya. Meelaha qaarkood, xilli-roobaadka waa dheer oo ku filan si ay u koraan laba dalaggii: ama laba dalaggii ugu weyn, ama mid ka mid dalagyada ugu muhiimsan ee ku xiga dalagga cover a. Koraaya laba dalaga beeraha ayaa sidoo kale laga yaabaa in ay suurtogal tahay haddii ay jiraan labadii xilli roobaad, ama haddii uu jiro qoyaan hadhay oo ku filan ciidda si ay u koraan dalagga labaad. Haddii dalagga way kala duwan yihiin, taasi waa warejin dalagyada (fiiri kor).

4) Inter-abuurka oo

Tusaale ahaan: beerashada talantaalli saf oo galley iyo digir, ama sii kordhaya dalagga cover a ee u dhexeeya saf firida oo kacay.

Inter-siii xoojiyo hab laba ama ka badan oo dalaga beeraha duurka ku isku sii kordhaya waqti isku mid ah. Dhibaatada A suurta gal ah waa in labaan ayaa laga yaabaa in la dalagyada ugu muhiimsan ee lagu shidi lahaa, biyaha iyo nafaqada kaas oo yareyn kara soona ee labada dalag beereed tartami. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxa ay noqon doontaa suurtagal ah in la yareeyo harame laakiin ay adag tahay in loo maareeyo cayayaanka iyo cudurada. Marka laga soo tago dhibaatooyinka Kuwaas waxaa ku jira isu-gaynta la dhacsanayn; tus galleyda aan korin kartaa yaanyo fiican u dhow. Waxaa macquul ah in la sameeyo intercropping oo siyaabo kala duwan ku cad jaantuska soo socda:

Shaxda 2.2.1 Siyaabo Kala Duwan Oo Ka Mid Ah Inter-Abuurka Oo Hababka ee Inter-abuurka oo Sharaxaad

fujiyo Inter-abuurka oo: saf no

Warbaahinta miraha labada dalag beereed, iyo dibbling seeds Urur- ka dib heshiiskii ay isku xigta kasta. Arrintan waxaa lagu magacaabaa intercropping isku qasan. Waa ay fududahay in la sameeyo laakiin ka dhigaya jaridda dhirta, iyo dheddiga iyo goynta adag. Dhirta Individual laga yaabaa in qaarkood qaarka kale la tartami sababtoo ah waxay aad u wada xiro.

Saf Inter-abuurka oo: iyada oo saf qaabab kale oo

galley iyo digir

Beerashada dalagyada ugu muhiimsan ee saf ka dibna uu baahiyey miraha labaan (sida dalagga ded ah).

Saf inte-siii la saf qaabab kale oo badarka iyo dalagga

cover doog ah

Beerashada dalagyada labada ugu muhiimsan iyo labaan ee saf. Arrintan waxaa lagu magacaabaa intercropping isku xigta. Saf ayaa ka dhigi jaridda dhirta iyo miro badan ka sahlan la fujiyo Inter-abuurka oo.

Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) (Ilo) : Dalagyada Chp.6 iyo nidaamyada wuxu abuuray, Ilaalinta Beeraha, FAO


JICA II-2-5 MOA

5) Karbaash / ururinayey abuurka oo

Tusaale: beerashada talantaalli ah u jarjartaa oo galley, digir iyo haruurka.

Tani waxay ku lug leedahay in aad abuurto strips ballaaran oo dhowr dalaggii beeraha duurka ku ah. Strip kastaa waa 3-9 m ballaaran. On dhaadhacyadii, strips waa laga dumin karo teedsan dusha ah si looga hortago nabaad guurka. Sanadka soo socda, ninka beerrey ahu wuxuu isku shaandheyn karaa dalaga laga beerto strip kasta la dalagyada kala duwan.

Abuurka oo harag bay leedahay faa'iidooyin badan ee intercropping: waxay soo saartaa noocyo kala duwan oo dalaggii beeraha, legume uu soo hagaagayo bacriminta ciidda, iyo rogista naga caawineysaa inaan yareyno dhibaatada cayayaanka iyo haramaha. hadhaa ka mid strip loo isticmaali karaa cover ciidda strips deriska ah. Isla mar ahaantaa, abuurka oo strip iska ilaalisaa in qaar ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka ay leeyihiin ee intercropping: maareeyo dalagga hal gudahood strip waa u fududahay, iyo tartanka u dhexeeya dalagga waxa la dhimay.

Haddii wakhtiga beeridda waxaa ay daahiyaan in todobaad qaar ka mid ah dalagga beeraha strip, waxa la yidhaahdaa waa sidayaan wuxu abuuray. Dib u dhac Tani waxay kaa caawinaysaa ka fogaadaan tartan u dhexeeya dalagga ugu muhiimsan iyo labaan ka. Waxa kale oo uu isticmaalaa beerta muddo dheer, tan iyo dalagga daboolka inta badan joogto ah u koraya ka dib markii dalagyada ugu muhiimsan waxaa lagu goostay.

2.2.2 Wareegga Dalagyada

Warejin Dalagyada waa hal waji oo farshaxanka iyo sayniska ee maamulka beer, taasoo loola jeedaa in la gooyo dalagyada koray oo duurka ku gaar ah, oo ay ku jiraan dalagga iibka, dalagga cover iyo caleemo kunoqdaacagaaran. Tusaale ahaan qaar ka mid ah qorshaha warejin dalagga ee Ethiopia

waxaa ku cad Tirada 2.2.1. Qorshayaasha waxay ka kooban yihiin in ay qaataan xaaladda deegaanka oo caan ku dalaggii beeraha. Tusaale ahaan, dalagga gaaban ku bislaada waxaa lagu soo xulay xilli gaaban roobaadka. Waxaa intaa dheer si loo siiyo nitrogen ah oon qodayn lakabka, dalagga leguminous waxaa lagu soo xulay beerista.

Waxyaabaha sida qoyska dalagga, waa Mugdiyo Qaarkood rooting dhirta iyo baahida bacriminta

Jaantuska 2.2.1 Tusaalooyinka wareegga Beeraha ee Gobolka kala duwan ee EthiopiaIlo (Laga Soo Qaatay) :: Kooxda RREP ku salaysan Chp.6 Dalagyada iyo abuurka oo nidaam, Ilaalinta Beeraha,

FAO

1st YearLong rainy season

1st YearShort rainy season

2nd YearLong rainy season

2nd YearShort rainy season

Dire dawa

Oromia lowland

Oromia highland Teff+Wheat

Maize+Haricot bean/Teff

Maize+Haricot bean

Field pea/Faba bean

Haricot bean

Chick pea

Wheat/Barley

Maize+Wheat

Maize+Sweetpotato

Teff

Check pea

Maize

sawir 2.2.3 Harag siii xoojiyo la Hadhuudhka, digirta iyo galayda

Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) :: http://r4dreview.org/2010/09/ the-quiet-revolution


MOA II-2-6 JICA

dalagga la tixgeliyo markii la samaynaayo jadwalka warejin dalagga a. Meerto yihiin labiska dalagyada meel iyo waqti labadaba. Warejin beeraha ay dhowr ah faa'iidooyinka ay ka mid yihiin:

Waxay hagaajinaysaa dhismeedka ciidda: dalaggii qaarkood waxay leeyihiin xidido ku xooggan oo qoto dheer. Waxay jebin kartaa ilaa hardpans (adag, dhulka ishaysta), iyo qoyaanka iyo nafaqooyinka ka qoto dheer in ciidda u milicsan. Qaar kale waxay leeyihiin ganaax badan iyo xididdada-gacmeed. Waxay u milicsan nafaqooyinka u dhow dusha u beddeshaa ciidda. Waxay u sameeyaan godad bay badan oo yar yar si hawada iyo biyaha ka heli kartaa galay ciidda.

Waxay kordhiyaan bacriminta ciidda: fuulka (sida looska iyo digirta) hagaaji nitrogen carrada. Marka qaybo iyo xididdada green ay qudhmi, nitrogen waxaa loo isticmaali karaa dalagyo kale sida galayda. Natiijada waxaa weeyaan soona sare oo ka xasilloon, oo aan u baahan in la codsado qaali ah bacrimin ka imanba.

Waxay kaa caawinaysaa haramaha ku hayaan, cayayaanka iyo cudurada: beerashada dalagga la mid ah ka dib markii xilli ciyaareedkii ku dhiirigalinaysaa haramaha qaarkood, cayayaanka iyo cudurada. Beerashada dalaga beeraha oo kala duwan jebiyo meertada nolol iyo hortaagan tarmo.

Waxay soo saarta noocyada kala duwan ee wax soo saarka: Koraaya oo isku jira ee hadhuudhka, digirta, khudaar iyo calafka waxaa loola jeeda cunto dheeraad ah oo kala duwan oo noocyo badan oo ah wax soo saarka si ay u iibiyaan.

Waxay yaraynaysaa halista: dalagga A hal dhici karta sababta oo ah abaarta. Waxaa la weerari karo cayayaanka. Ama qiimaha ay suuqa laga yaabaa in yar yahay waqtiga markuu yimaado si ay u iibiyaan. Soo saarista dhowr dalaggii kala duwan yareeyo khatarta ka mid ah.

In siyaabo qaar ka mid ah, warejin dalagga qaadataa meeshaan ku qodaya laba ciidda, waxay ka caawinaysaa aerate ciidda, recycles nafaqada, iyo waxay ka caawisaa haramaha ku hayaan, cayayaanka iyo cudurada.

2.3 Sifowdaa Ina Ay Hab Wuxu Abuuray

2.3.1 Xulashada Dalagyada

Inta badan dadka ku nool Gode yihiin inta aan khibrad u-soo-saarka dalagga oo u baahan in la ogaado oo isku day ay dalagga kala duwan si ay u hagaajiyaan hab-nololeedka ah. On xisaabta, saraakiisha dawladeed iyo cilmi machadka beeraha mararka qaarkood isku daydo inay soo saarto dalag beereed cusub, laakiin waxaa la Dhawa loo yaqaan kaas oo ay dalagga noqon kartaa suiShaxda ee Gode iyo / ama ku jiro xaalad dhul-beereed u gaar ah. Wixii su'aashan, natiijooyinka on Falanqaynta xaaladda beeraha ee kor ku xusan ee 2.1 siinayaa tilmaamo. Sida laga soo xigtay natiijooyinka, marka la dooranayo dalaggii beeraha, waxyaabaha soo socda ayaa loo qaddarin doonaa; Maxaa la soo saaro? Maxay tahay in la adkeeyo oo soo bandhigay? Waxa dalagyada cad soo saaro waxyaabo badan oo kala duwan: cunto, calafka xoolaha, xaabada, iyo xataa sida dawooyinka loo isticmaalo. Qaar ka mid ah beeralayda ganacsi beerayn qaarkood (sida basasha) inta badan dakhliga lacag caddaan ah ujeedada. Wixii dalagyo kale, sida badarka ama sisin, waxa laga yaabaa inay iska

Jaantuska 2.3.1 Dalagyada kala duwan isagoo Hida kala duwan Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) : Kooxda RREP ku salaysan Chp.6 Dalagyada iyo

abuurka oo nidaam, Ilaalinta Beeraha, FAO


JICA II-2-7 MOA

iibiyaan waxa beeralayda ha isticmaalin naftooda u awoodaan. Waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado dalaggii lagama maarmaan ah iyadoo la tixgelinayo sugnaanta cuntada iyo beeraha kale ka shaqeeya xaaladda dhaqaale iyo sameeyay asagoo xaqiijinaya in uu jiro suuqa a saarka ee xad-dhaaf ah.

Waa maxay xididada u eg? Cereals Tall (galley, masaggo), millets farta iyo digiraha qaar ka mid ah (tusaale ahaan, xamaam digir) ay leeyihiin xidido ku xooggan oo qoto dheer geli ciidda ilaa 1.2 m. Salkeeda hagaajiyo qaab dhismeedka ciidda iyo porosity, sidaa darteed waa doorasho wanaagsan, haddii ciidda la is dulfuulan.

Waxaa sidoo kori doono? Tani waxay ku xiran tahay natiijada ay ku 'xaalad Environmental'; xaddiga roobka iyo biyo la siiyaa waraabka, ama qoyaanka iyo qaab-dhismeedka ciidda, nafaqada iyo cimilada. Maxaa la geliyey ayaa loo baahan yahay? Intee in le'eg shaqo ayay qaadanaysaa si ay u koraan dalagga? Beeralayda heli karaa abuur? Ma beeralayda u baahan gashiga kale, sida lagu bacrimiyo ama dilaaga cayayaanka?

Ma loo hagaajiyo bacriminta ciidda? Fuulka wanaajiyo bacriminta ciidda nitrogen si qamaar ka hawada. Waxay isticmaalaan qayb ka mid ah baahidooda u gaarka ah, iyo ka tago inta kale ee ciidda ah. Dalagga iyo dhirta kale isticmaali kartaa nitrogen haddii ay intercropped la legume ah, ama haddii ay koray sidii dalagga soo socda ee rogista. Ma dabooli ciidda ma hagaagsan yihiin? Cereals Tall ma dabooli ciidda si fiican sababtoo ah waxay qabaan caleemo qumman yahay oo ay ku beeray sii kala fogaysay. Cows Short iyo digiraha badan (digir digirta, laws, iyo digir) dhulka ku daboolo si dhakhso ah kadib markii ay ku beeray. Marka si ay u isticmaalaan weyn ee arrinkaasi waa in uu kuu hayo, waxaan wici waxaa dabooli Gaalada dalaggii beeraha. Haddii ay u isticmaalaan ugu weyn waa in ay cunto siiyaan, waxa aynu ku magacaabaynaa digiraha cuntada (digir digirta, looska).

Ma la dalagyo kale u shaqeeyaan? Isku day si aad u hesho xidhiidhada Dalagyadii midba midka kale si fiican u soo dhawaynayaan. Tusaale ahaan, cereals si fiican u koraan leh oo heed (legumes cunto ama dalaga beeraha cover): cereals uu ka faa'iidaysan ka nitrogen ka go'an legume ah. Laba digiraha kala duwan ama laba badarka kala duwan oo badanaa ma wada fiican u shaqeeyaan. Haddii beeralayda qabto dhibaatooyin la harame Striga berrinka ku dhex yaal, beeralayda sida yaabaa inay doonayaan inay beerayn dabin sida Crotalaria ama Tephrosia si loo dhiiri geliyo Striga ee dalaga iyo dhintaan marka ay aadan heli wax kasta oo dhirta ku habboon (sida galayda ama haruurka) iyagu way ka tegi karo baxay.

Waxaa laga yaabaa in ay adag tahay in la helo daawa sax dalagyada loogu talagalay xaaladaha ka jira Gode ama xaalad dhul-beereed u gaar ah. Iyada oo beeralayda, khubarada beeraha ee dawladda iyo wakiilada horumarinta isku dayi kartaa isku dar cusub si loo arko kuwa ka khayr shaqada. Ama beeralayda la jirka kuwa khubarada, wakiilada horumarinta iyo cilmi ama beeralayda sare ee tuulooyinka kale ka eegi kartaa inay arkaan wixii ay soo jeediyaan.

2.3.2 Doorashada Xuquuqda Noocyo

Beeralayda ogaataan in aan galley dhan waa isku mid. Noocyo Qaar baa dhakhso u kora oo soo saari dhalidda ah ee waqti gaaban. Qaar kale waxay ku qaadataa waqti dheer ilaa beergooyska. Qaar ka mid ah waa inaga badan kuwa kale, ama soo saaraan caleemo dheeraad ah. Qaar ka jawaabaan wanaagsan in lagu bacrimiyo, oo qaarkood ay aad uga dulqaad abaarta ama shimbiraha. Sawirku waa isku mid dalagyo kale.

Kala duwan yihiin Kuwa ka mid noocyo badan yihiin cajiib ah marka la is barbar kala duwan oo wanaagsanaaday. Kala duwan soo hagaagtay qabtaan badan ka khayr badan ugu kuwa maxalliga ah marka la eego dhalid ama dulqaad halis. Si kastaba ha ahaatee waxaa lagu talinayo in aan si taxaddar la'aan soo bandhigo noocyo kuwa haddii nidaamka qaybinta waxaa hore u dhismay iyo beeralayda


MOA II-2-8 JICA

leeyihiin awoodooda ay ku soo iibsato. Intii suurtogal ah, xitaa ka mid ah noocyo maxalliga ah, waxaa muhiim ah in aad doorato noocyo kala duwan oo ah in ay beeralayda iyo / ama baahida suuqa iyo sidoo kale abuur tayo leh waa la heli karo.

2.3.3 Qorshaynta ee Wareegga Dalagyada2

Wareegga waa in ay tixgeliyaan waxa ay dalag waa in la beeray sanadka soo socda galay, oo sannad in ka dib. Meerto Dalagyada u baahan tahay fikirka nadu iyo maamulka warejin baahan in la fahmo labada Beerta oo dhan iyo field kasta oo gaar ah oo isu dheelitira go'aamada field- iyo beer-u-dhis. Beeraha guul, qorshaynta warejin waxa weeye geedi socod rogid oo ajiibaa a.ku cad Tirada ah: 2.3.2.

1) Dhul-beereed u Qaybiyo Iyo Qoyska Dalagga

Si loogu fududeeyo qorshaynta, waxaa wanaagsan in aad qaabayso qaybaha wareeg ah size la mid ah. Qaybahan, markaas waxaa jiri kara dheeraad ah kala qaybsanyihiin lagu salaynayo tirada wax soo saarka iyo dhulka loo baahan yahay dalagga kasta, ama lagu kordhiyo gaaban qorshaha abuurka oowareeg ah.

Waxa dalagyada loo qeybin lahaa qoyska, sidaa dalagga isla ama si dhow ula xidhiidha aan la koray oo isku xigta si toos ah. Waxaa sidoo kale laga yaabaa inay faa'iido u nolow dalaggii shuruudaha dhaqanka iyo maareynta, qaab-dhismeedka naqshadda, koritaan, taariikhda beer goosasho, iwm nidaamka gaaban goobta, isbedel waa loo soo bandhigay mar kasta oo ay suuragal tahay; waxaa ka mid ah waxaa laga yaabaa isbeddel ah ee kala duwan dalagga ama wax lagu kordhiyo dalagyada cover cool-xilli ama caleemo kunoqdaacagaaran.

2) Qoysaska Dalagyada Iyo Wareegga Warejin

Dalaggii beeraha oo hal qoys ah gudahood ayaa guud ahaan u nugul ay cayayaan isku mid ah iyo cudurrada. Warejin ka badan afar sano ah iyadoo la isticmaalayo dalaggii oo aan u nugul ay jirooyinka

2 Dallaga wareegga; Annette Wszelaki, Sarah Broughton, Field of Science Geedaha

Jaantuska 2.3.2 Soo koobid ku beelay Dalagyada Qorshaynta wareegga, Source: wareegga Dalagyada on beeraha organik,

Qorshaynta buuggooda , Cherles L. Mohler& Sue Ellen Johnson

Jaantus 2.3.3 Labadii sanaba saraca la beeranayo sida GALEYDA, MASAGADA iYO,SIDA Digirta IWM Source: RREP based on Chp.6 Crop and cropping systems, Conservation Agriculture, FAO


JICA II-2-9 MOA

la mid ah guud ahaan yareeyo doonaa dhibaatooyinka ka jirooyinka ciidda ka dhasha, marka laga reebo qaar ka mid ah. Inkastoo laba sano ah waxaa loo arkaa inay ku filan si loo yareeyo dhacdooyinka cudurrada foliar iyo cayayaan, qaar ka mid ah dalaggii sida yaanyo, qare iyo kaabajka u baahan tahay 3 - 5 sano qadashadda si loo yareeyo dhibaatooyinkan. Dura dalagyada u nugul yihiin kala duwan dalaga beeraha ku xiran tahay xaaladaha deegaanka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkasta oo ay u dhaxaysa lagama maarmaan xitaa la caddeeyo, way adag tahay la raaco dhan oo iyaga ka mid ah, maxaa yeelay danaha beeralayda. Haddii dadka u baahan protein ka badan sabab la'aanta ah ee nafaqada, ay soo sari karaa xilli kasta wuxu abuuray digir qaar ka mid ah.

Ujeedadu waxay isku rogrogi dalagga waa ay ka fogaadaan abuurka oo duxdu iyo abuurka oo u nugul sida ugu badan ee suuragalka ah. Dheeraad ah, waxaa lagu talinayaa la soo saaro dalaga beeraha taas oo la saaro isku dhaf ah oo fiican ka hor iyo ka dib sida ku cad Shaxda 2.3.1; tus haddii aad ku koraan xilligan, digir digirta cas u fiican yahay xilli ciyaareedka soo socda. Waxaa badi waxtar leh si loo naqshadeeyo halkaas oo qoysaska dalagga la raadinayaa, oo inta kasta oo lagu beeray doonaa.

Shaxda 2.3.1 Magaca Qoyska Iyo Isku Dalagyada

magaca Qoyska Waxa dalagyada Isku darka Good Ka Dib Dalagga

Khaanadda Labaad

Poaceae Galayda, Hadhuudhka, jsl cawska, Panicum Bini digirta, Yaanyo, kaabash

Alliaceae Basasha Qaraha Yaanyo, kaabash

Cucurbitaceae: Qaraha, qajaarka, xabxabka, Bocor Galayda, basasha

Fabaceae Digir digirta, bean Soy, Digir Galayda, Hadhuudhka, jsl cawska, Panicum

Apiaceae Karooto, dhir Basasha, kaabash

Solanaceae Baradho, tamaandho, basbaaska, geedka ukunta Kaabash

Convolvulaceae baradho la Sisinta

Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) (Ilo) : Dallaga wareegga; Annette Wszelaki, Sarah Broughton, Field of Science Geedaha

2.4 Qorshaha beeraha talinayaa Gode

2.4.1 Xaaladda Beeraha Xaadirka

Beeraha ee deegaanka Gode waxa lagu gartaa sida nooca qalalan tropical, heerkulkuna xad sare oo aridity sannadka oo dhan. Saasuuna dalaggii sida galleyda, masagada, sisinta, digirta digirta, yaanyo, qare, basal iyo waxsoosaarka balka dabaqaa xaaladaha cimilada kulaylaha ah ayaa la soo saaray. Cultivations.The guud ahaan laba jeer ku dhaqma sano ah, inta lagu guda jiro xilli dheer roobka ka March inay May loo yaqaan 'Gu', iyo xilli roob gaaban ka October Nov.r yaqaan 'Der'. Dalaggii Dalagga iyo sisinta ayaa inta badan la koray la beerayo roob-falatada inta badan inta lagu jiro xilliga Gu'ga.

Bedka waxaa xigsanaya la deegaanno beeraha iman kara sida heerkulka, ciidda iyo xaalad Jooloojiyadda. ka duwan, waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo arrimaha dhibaatada. Walaaca ugu weyn waa la'aan cuntada iyo lacagta caddaanka ah ee wax soo saarka dalaga beeraha beeralayda. Waxaa la sheegay sababta aysan geliyo beeraha ee lagama maarmaanka ah iyo farsamooyinka, wax soo saarka ee aagga Gode had iyo jeer waa yar yahay, inkasta oo ay jiraan muuqataa ay gargaar qaar ka mid ah gashiga beeraha iyo farsamooyinka ay xafiisyo dawladeed iyo machadka cilmi-baarista. Intaa waxaa dheer, la'aan suuqa weyn sidoo kale waxa uu ku xadidayaa wax soo saarka beeraha iyo qeybaha

Jaantus 2.3.4 Tusaale Cycle wareegga Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) : Kor u Dejinta iyo

ordaya beerta dugsiga a, FAO


MOA II-2-10 JICA

ganacsiga.

Weheliso farsamooyinka beeraha ee aasaasiga ah oo ku habboon iyo wacyi sare oo ku saabsan hawlaha beeraha, horumar ah ee wax soo saarka beeraha iyo wax soo saarka ee aagga lagu gaari karaayey taariikh hore. Haddii beeralayda kor ugu qaadi karo wax soo saarka, ay u helaan raashin ku filan ka firileyda iyo wax soo saarka garaaca marka hore, ka dibna ay noqon karta mid xiiso u soo saara dalagga iibka ka badan sida sisinta iyo basasha. Markii hore helay sumcad sare ee dalagga iibka ee Gode, haddii noocaas ah ee horumarinta beeraha la yimaaddo ajasha wax xaaladda suuqa laga yaabaa inuu sidoo kale la ballaadhiyo.

2.4.2 Talinayo Hab Wuxu Abuuray Iyo Siduu Hanaankeedu

Siii xoojiyo nidaamka iyo hanaanka soo jeediyay banaan Gode ujeedadoodu tahay ay soo saaraan galleyda si ay u maareeyaan isticmaalka sannadle ah oo hadhuudh guri walba iyo si loo wanaajiyo digir digirta iyo wax soo saarka sisinta is-isticmaalka iyo sidoo kale dakhliga. naqshadaha soo jeediyay abuurka oo waxaa lagu Halkan ka go'an sidii xuddun galley, digir digirta iyo sisinta kaabaya dalagyo kale ee foomka of abuurka oo wareeg ah oo ka dhexeeya abuurka oo meesha caadada sii kordhaya iyo sifooyinka gaarka ah ee dalagyo kale si buuxda loo isticmaalo, iyo beeraha oo dhan kari waxaa lagaga dhaqmayaa ku darsato shaqada hoose iyo kharashka. Ku saabsan dhalidda ee galayda la eego qiyaasta dhulku la waraabiyo, waxa lagu qiyaasay ay ku gaadho 4.0 t / h iyada oo la tixraacayo natiijada wareysi at machadyada ay khuseyso haddii abuur ah loo hagaajiyo waxaa loo isticmaalaa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, bilowga ah ee beeraha lagu waraabiyo, waxaa lagu qiyaasay 2.4 t / ha, oo u dhiganta 60% ka mid ah dhalid la beegsanayey, iyo ka badan 5-sano Muddada u Qorshayn Karo Si Loo Gaaro 4.0 T / Ectare Sida Dhalidda Unit Oo Galley Ah.

Sida laga soo xigtay siyaasadda dawladda ah, ka wayn yahay 1.0 ha kasta oo la waraabin karo goob dhul beereed waa loo qaybiyo dadka qariib ee degaanka Gode ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sidii kulli shuqulkii beeralayda ah ee la sameeyo ay shaqo gacana, iyo iyada oo ku xiran helitaanka ciidamo shaqada ee qoys kasta, meelo ka mid ah dhul beereed laga yaabaa weli aan lagu tabcay. Sida oo kale, waxay arrintu tahay dalka oo beer 1.0 ha siiyo waxa loo qaybin doonaa 4 sub-shirqooladaas galay iyo beeralayda lagu hanuuniyey ugu yaraan ay u aasaan 2-hoosaadyada la suulaan (0.5 ha). Naqshadaha wuxu abuuray wuu ahaan doonaa, haddaba, waayo, xaaladood oo tiro oo kala duwan (2-4) ee-shirqooladaas oo sub dhul beereedka hab beeralayda dooran kartaa dalagyadii ay ku xiran tahay xaaladda qoyska.Naqshad Wuxu Abuuray 2-Shirqooladaas Oo Sub Kiis (Iyadoo La Isticmaalayo Inta Badan 0.5 Hektar)

1) Beerashada Dalagu Waa Dhaqma Ee 2-Hoosaadyada La Suulaan (0.5ha Ee Total) Ka Mid Ah 1ha Dhul-Beereed Loo

kala qaybiyaa 4 suulaan. Mid ka mid ah waxaa loogu talagalay beerashada galleyda ee kala duwan hore qaan la tixgeliyo xaaladda abaarta lama filaan ah. Abuurka oo double of this, 1.2-2.0 t / sanadkii la damaanad qaadaa karaa qoyskiiba (2.4-4.0 t / ha x 0,25 ha = 0.6-1.0 t / ha). Mid kale oo goob-hoosaadka waa beeray la dalagga iibka xaalad cusub la qabsan kara kuwa xaaladaha cimilada kala duwan halkaas oo kor u kacay dakhliga lacagta kaashka ah waxa la doondoonay, isagoo noocyo badan oo miro ay kala duwan ee Gu (xilli roobaadka dheer ka March inay May) iyo Dyer (xilli roobaadka gaaban ka October ee November) .

Sida tusaale u dalagga iibka ah, digirta sisinta iyo digirta cas ayaa lagu bilaabaa 2 sub-shirqooladaas. Dhalid target ayaa lagu wadaa at 1.5 t / ha iyo 3.5 t / ha u kala horreeyaan sida ay waraysiyo at machadyada cilmi-baarista ku habboon. Soona Waa ujeedo lagu gaadhi karo muddo 5-sano ah laga bilaabo 60% ka mid ah kuwa. Ugu dambayn, ee la suulaan sub ah Baydkaaga sharafta, mid weli asal ahaan sida jeexan iyo abuurka oo wareeg ah waxaa lagaga dhaqmayaa 2 sano ka hore 2 sub-shirqooladaas oo leh. Wixii ka soo haray sub-goob, dalagga calafka dilka waxaa lagu bilaabi karaa


JICA II-2-11 MOA

oo la filayo ay ka aamin cuntada xayawaanka ku darsato shaqada ugu yar. Nidaamyada iyo farsamooyinka abuurka oo talinayaa ayaa hoos lagu muujiyey.

Shaxda 2.4.1 Tusaale wuxu abuuray Qaabka 2 sab -Shirqoolkiii kesi Qaabkani, Lana Siii Kooban Oo Ku Saabsan Falashada

1da

xilli

ga a

buur

ka

Gu sanadkii 1aad ee (xilli dheer

roobaadka)

Shirqoolkii-1: Weli Asal ahaan sida aan beernayn laakiin ay suuragal

tahay in ay ku beeri khudaarta isticmaalka guriga.

Shirqoolkii-2: Abuurka oo Sisin ah ee dakhliga lacag caddaan ah, hore

gaamurtay iyo noocyo kala duwan oo badan oo miro sida

E-kala duwan yahay ugu dabaqi karo.

Shirqoolkii-3: Dalagga calafka xoolaha ee Sudan cawska iyo Guinea

doog oo kale waa ay abaartu dulqaad iyo sare dhala.

Shirqoolkii-4: Galayda isticmaalka guriga. Si loo yareeyo khatarta

waraabka, hore qaan Melkasa-1 ayaa lagu talinayaa. Si

kastaba ha ahaatee, Melkasa-4 waxa suurto gal ah

haddii sahayda waraabka loo helo.

Xill

iga

abuu

rka

dal

agya

da 2

aad

Der sanadkii 1aad ee (xilli gaaban

roobaadka)

Shirqoolkii-1: Qaan digirta cas bean deg deg ah loogu isticmaalka

guriga

Shirqoolkii-2: Der waa xilli gaaban roobaadka oo hore qaan kala duwan

galleyda lagu beeray.

Shirqoolkii-3:Si aad u goosataan ku laan iyo Phloem ka dalagga calafka

beeray ka.

Shirqoolkii-4:Ka tag aagga sida aan beernayn. Wixii abuurka oo yaryar,

digirta iyo khudaar caleen leh muddo Dad gaaban oo la soo

bandhigay.

3-de

edii

xilli

ga a

buur

ka


roobaadka)

Shirqoolkii-1: Faa'idaysanayaan content nitrogen go'an beeraha hore,

galleyda lagu beeray doonaan. Noocyo la soo xulay

doonaan waxayna ku xiran tahay xaaladda waraabka.

Shirqoolkii-2: Haray asal ahaan sida jeexan jabsada, laakiin ay suuragal

tahay in ay ku beeri yaryar vegeShaxda isticmaalka guriga

ujeedada.

Shirqoolkii-3: Laan Dalagga iyo caleen ka dalagga calafka

hore loo beeray.

Shirqoolkii-4:Abuurka oo Sisin ah ee dakhliga lacag caddaan ah

ujeedada. Degdeg ah gaamurtay iyo noocyo kala duwan oo

leh iniino sare sida E-kala duwan yahay inta badan ay

khuseyso.

4th c

ropp

ing

seas

on


roobaadka)

Shirqoolkii-1: Weli asal ahaan sida jeexan jabsada, laakiin ay suuragal

tahay in baaqbaaq khudaarta isticmaalka guriga.

Shirqoolkii-2: Soo bandhig hore qaan digirta cas bean is-isticmaalka.

Shirqoolkii-3: Laan Dalagga iyo caleen ka dalagga calafka taagnaa ee.

Shirqoolkii-4: Geedaha deg deg qaan kala duwan galleyda



MOA II-2-12 JICA

Ka dib afar xilli ciyaareed ee miruhu, kuwaas oo laba sano, dalagga calafka xoolaha loo kala badali doonaan inay sub-Shirqoolkii 4 iyo dadka kale ee Shirqoolkii Shirqoolkii sidii ay ku shaqeysan karaan beeraha wareeg ah 3 sub-Shirqoolkiis sida lagu muujiyey fallaadhaha sida ay muujinayaan in ay tiradaasi u xilliga abuurka oo 4-tii.

2) Naqshad Wuxu Abuuray 3 Kiis Sabi-Shirqoolkiis (Iyadoo La Isticmaalayo Inta Badan 0.75 Hektar)

in qaabkani, dalagga kala du.an oo mid walba sub-Shirqoolkii lagu beeray doonaan kasta wuxu la 1 sub-Shirqoolkii lagu beeray muddo 2 sano ah waxsoosaarka balka dilka. Ka mid ah 3 sub-Shirqoolkiis, dalagga ee is-isticmaalka iyo dalagga iibka ah waxaa lagu soo bandhigay mid ka mid sub-Shirqoolkii ay u kala horreeyaan. mid ka harsan noqon doonaan of abuurka oo isku dhafan ama isku-abuurka oo ay gallayda ama hadhuudhka ah iyo digir (digirta cas bean, digir iyo dhulka nuts iwm) ee isticmaalka guriga ujeedada. Ujeedada isku-filnaanshaha cuntada, goosta filayaa waa 0.7 t / ha (2.8 t / ha x 0,25 ha) ee Shirqoolkii beeritaanka gallayda iyo 0,35 t / ha Shirqoolkii ugu beeraha isku dhafan si loo aamin 2.1 t / sanadkii 2 siii sanadkii. In isku qasan beereedka Shirqoolkii, iyadoo la isku dhirta qoyska Gramineae makiinad sida stem qumman yahay iyo nidaam xididdo dhaadheer iyo qoyska Fabaceae makiinad sida stem u sujuuda iyo nidaamka xidid-gacmeed wada ah, yareynta of haramaha iyo horumar ciidda guryaha jirka waxaa la filayaa in marka laga soo tago wanaagsan ee saamayn ah si qamaar content nitrogen, waa la fahmey yaraynta shaqada beerta.

Shaxda 2.4.2 Tusaale wuxu abuuray Qaabka 3 arrimaha sub-Shirqoolkiis Qaabkani, Lana Siii Kooban Oo Ku Saabsan Falashada

1da

xilli

ga a

buur

ka


roobaadka)

Shirqoolkii-1:Sisinta sida dalag lacageed. Sarkamo kala duwan waxaa

lagula talinayaa in ay uga faa'iidaysato dhala sare.

Shirqoolkii-2:Beeraha fujiyo (Inter-abuurka oo) oo hadhuudh cunto

is-isticmaalka iyo digir. Soo bandhig masagada la dulqaadka

dhaawac shimbiraha ama hore qaan kala duwan oo galley ah.

Shirqoolkii-3:Waxsoosaarka balka ee abaarta dulqaad

iyo sare caynkooda ah sida Sudan cawska ama cawska

Guinea

Shirqoolkii-4:Qodista oo galley ah isticmaalka guriga. Iyadoo isagoo

counter Beegidda s halis waraabka ee kale sub-Shirqoolkiis,

soo bandhigo noocyo kala duwan oo leh iniino sare (Tusaale:

Melkasa-2)

Xill

iga

abuu

rka

dal

agya

da 2

aad


roobaadka)

Shirqoolkii-1:Beeraha ee ahaa hadhuudh cunto is-isticmaalka iyo digir

soo fujiyo. Der waa muddo gaaban xilli roobaadka oo galley

hore qaan lagu talinayaa.

Shirqoolkii-2:Kordhinta la goosto gallay ah waxaa la doondooni doonaa

iyada oo isticmaalka of nitrogen go'an dalagga hore oo kala

duwan oo leh iniino sare.

Shirqoolkii-3:Laan Dalagga iyo caleen ka dalagga calafka taagnaa ee.

Shirqoolkii-4:In aragtida suuq fiican, basasha ayaa lagu talinayaa

laakiin wax dalagga iibka kale ee la beeray karaa Gramineae

iyo Fabaceae mooyee.

3de

edii

xilli

ga

abuu

rka


roobaadka)

Shirqoolkii-1:Kordhinta la goosto gallay ah waxaa la doondooni

doonaa iyada oo isticmaalka of nitrogen go'an dalagga hore

oo kala duwan oo leh iniino sare.

Shirqoolkii-2:Sisinta sida dalag lacageed codsiga Sarkamo kala duwan

la dabeecadda sare dhala.


JICA II-2-13 MOA

Shirqoolkii-3:Dalagga ee jirida iyo phyllome ka dalagga calafka

taagnaa ee.

Shirqoolkii-4:Beeraha oo hadhuudh la is-isticmaalka iyo digir soo

fujiyo. Masagada Ama dulqaad dhaawac Shimbirtu ama hore

qaan, galley la soo bandhigi doonaa.

Xill

iga

abuu

rka

oo

4-ta

Der sanadkii 2aad ee (xilli gaaban roobaadka) Shirqoolkii-1: Beeraha fujiyo ama inter-abuurka oo hadhuudh ah cunto

iyo digir. Der waa xilli gaaban roobaadka iyo doorashada la

siiyaa hore galley qaan badan masagada.

Shirqoolkii-2: isticmaalka nitrogen ka go'an dalagga hore,

beerashada galleyda ayaa la soo bandhigay.

Shirqoolkii-3: Dalagga ee jirida iyo phyllome ka taagan cawska.

Shirqoolkii-4: Laga soo bilaabo suuq sare, waxaa lagu talinayaa in

basasha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax dalagyo kale lacag

kaash ah kula muddo sii kordhaya gaaban lagu beeray karaa

marka laga reebo qoyska Gramineae iyo qoyska Fabaceae.

Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) (Ilo) ：Kooxda Rrep

Sabi-Shirqoolkii. Sidaa darteed, dalagga calafka xoolaha loo kala badali doona ka dib afar xilli ciyaareed ee miruhu; kuwaas oo ahaa at sanadkii saddexaad codsan doonaan si la mid ah sida uu u sheegay in kiiskan of 2 sub-Shirqoolkiis, iyo saddex siii sub-Shirqoolkiis sida lagu muujiyey fallaadhaha sida ku cad Jaantuska ee xilli beereedkii 4-tii.

3) Naqshad wuxu abuuray 4 kiis sub-Shirqoolkiis (iyadoo la isticmaalayo inta badan 1.0 hektar)

Xaaladdan oo dhan 4 sabiShirqoolkiis la beeran karo, waxaa ka fiican oo haddii abuurka oo wareeg ah waxaa lagaga dhaqmayaa laga yaabaa inuu ku soo bandhigid dalaggii badan intii suurto gal. Xaaladdan oo kale, si kastaba ha ahaatee, isku darka dalagyada uu noqonayaa halkii ay u adag oo sahlan / nidaam sahlan oo la mid ah in dhaqanka la joogo waxaa soo jeedinaya, tusaale ahaan halkaas oo galley ah ee cuntada iyo sisinta dakhliga lacagta ayaa xuddun u tahay. Under naqshad beeraha isticmaalaya buuxa 4 sub-Shirqoolkiis, sida ugu badan ee 2.5 t / sano oo galley ah waa in la soo saaray.

Shaxda 2.4.3 Tusaale wuxu abuuray Qaabka 4 arrimaha sub-Shirqoolkiis

Qaabkani, Lana Siii Kooban Oo Ku Saabsan Falashada

1da

xilli

ga a

buur

ka


roobaadka)

Shirqoolkii-1: Qodista oo galley ah is-isticmaalka. Iyadoo isagoo

counter Beegidda halis waraabka, soo bandhigo noocyo

kala duwan oo leh iniino sare (Tusaale: Melkasa-2)

Shirqoolkii-2, Shirqoolkii-3: Qodista ee sisinta sida dalag lacageed.

Sida ay u baahan tahay iniinaha 2 deegaanka

sub-Shirqoolkii, oo deegaanka laga heli karaa Kelafo-74

waxaa inta badan lagu taliyaa.

Shirqoolkii-4: Si aad u diyaariso khatarta ay suurtogal tahay

waraabka, 50:50 beerashada galleyda iyo masagada ayaa

la qorsheeyey. Wixii masagada, noocyo kala duwan leh

dulqaad dhaawac shimbiraha waa lagama maarmaan.


MOA II-2-14 JICA

Xill

iga

abuu

rka

dal

agya

da 2

aad

Der sanadkii 1aad ee (xilli gaaban roobaadka) Shirqoolkii-1:Laga soo bilaabo iman kara suuq ah, waxaa lagu

talinayaa in basasha. Laakiin nooc kasta oo ka mid ah

dalagga iibka muddo Dad gaaban marka laga reebo

Gramineae iyo Fabaceae qoyska waa u suurtoobaan.

Shirqoolkii-2, Shirqoolkii-3: Baaqbaaq galley hore qaan

Shirqoolkii-4:Soo bandhig dalaggii beeraha qoyska bean si ay u

ilaaliyaan bacriminta ciidda. Haddii u baahan cunto

xoolaha, soo bandhigo digir.

3-de

edii

xilli

ga a

buur

ka

Gu sanadkii 2aad ee (xilli dheer roobaadka) Shirqoolkii-1:Si aad u diyaariso khatarta ay suurtogal tahay

waraabka, 50:50 beerashada galleyda iyo masagada ayaa

la qorsheeyey. Kala duwan Hadhuudhka noqon doonaan

dulqaad u geysato shimbiraha.

Shirqoolkii-2, Shirqoolkii-3: Sisinta sida dalag lacageed. Si aad

aamin seeds 2 deegaanka sub-Shirqoolkii, oo deegaanka

laga heli karaa Kelafo-74 waxaa inta badan lagu taliyaa.

Shirqoolkii-4:Falashada Galley is-isticmaalka. Iyadoo counter

Beegidda Yeesheen halis waraabka, noocyo kala duwan

oo leh iniino sare (Tusaale: Melkasa-2) in la dalbadaa

doonaan.

Xill

iga

abuu

rka

oo

4-ta

Der sanadkii 2aad ee (xilli gaaban roobaadka) Shirqoolkii-1:Laga soo bilaabo suuq wanaagsan, waxaa lagu

talinayaa in basasha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nooc kasta

oo ka mid ah dalagga iibka muddo Dad gaaban waxaa la

codsan karaa marka laga reebo Gramineae iyo Fabaceae

qoyska.

Shirqoolkii-2, Shirqoolkii-3: Degdeg ah galley qaan lagu beerayaa.

Shirqoolkii-4:Si loo dhowro bacriminta ciidda, dalagga qoyska bean

lagu soo bandhigay doonaan. Haddii ay jirto xaalad u

baahan tahay cunto xoolaha, digir waa in lagu beerayaa.

Dib ugu noqo dalagga ee 1-da ka sano ee soo socda

Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) (Ilo) ：Kooxda Rrep

Isla sida qaabab kale abuurka oo, dalagga beerida iyo siduu hanaankeedu ahaa warejin waa layna beddeli doonaa 2 sano kasta sida ku cad fallaarta sida ku cad Jaantuska ee xilli beereedkii 4-tii. In qaabkani, gaar ahaan, laba sub-Shirqoolkiis sida Shirqoolkii-2 iyo 3 ee shaxda waa in la kaliya beeray gallayda iyo sisinta muddo 2 sano ah oo aan lacagta ka soo warejin la dalagga garaaca wadnaha iyo basasha oo sii hagaajin karo xaaladda ciidda la heli karaa. Shirqoolkii-2, tusaale ahaan, waxaa lagu beddeli doonaa ka galley in basasha sannaddii saddexaad, ka dibna galley ah / masaggada-garaaca dalaggii-galayda la raaci karo.

CUTUBKA 3

IYO DHEDDIGA


JICA II-3-1 MOA

CUTUBKA 3 IYO DHEDDIGA 1

Yaraanshaha Nafaqo waa mid ka mid ah siyaabaha ugu badan, kuwaas oo xumida dhulka oo saamayn ku-soo-saarka. Sidaa darteed, waxaa muhiim ah in shaqaalaha dheeraad beeraha ee ah in laga war xujada Eebe u dhaca sida in dhirta sii kordhaya. Xaaladaha badankood, by markii ugu yaraanshaha nafaqo yihiin daliil aan caadiga ahayn ee soo bandhigidda muuqaalka ah ee warshad, durbadiiba waxaa goor dambe tahay in la saxo yarida ka jirta waqti ay saamayn soona hadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii wax soo saarka dheeraad ah tahay in la ilaaliyo ama kor u kacay, waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado, sida ay suurtogal tahay, sababta aan caadi ahayn ka.

Sidaa darteed, Bacriminta waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo kordhiyo wax soo saarka miraha beeraha oo ay ku daray in ay ciidda kuwa nafaqada ku jira gabaabsi iyo baadigoobka iyo dhawridda bacriminta ciidda, tan iyo qayb badan oo ka mid ah nafaqada dhirta ayaa laga soo qaadaa ciidda la goynta. Bacriminta aan isku raacsan yihiin qaybsan Bacriminta kiimikada iyo Bacriminta organic. Geedaha nuugo karaa oo keliya nafaqada loo baahan yahay kaliya haddii ay joogan kiimiko ah kala diri si fudud yihiin. Labada of Bacriminta kiimikada iyo organic bixiyaan kiimiko ah loo baahan yahay isku mid ah.

3.1 Kiimikada Bacrin

Bacrimin kiimikada ah, in si kale loo dhigo ama bacriminta macmalka ah, wuxuu ka kooban yahay maaddooyinka kale synthetic oo aan dabiici ahayn warshadaysan iyo diyaar u ah inay isticmaalaan by dhirta. Bacriminta kiimikada ah u bixiyaan faa'iidooyin qaar ka mid ah sida saamaynta degdeg ah oo sare, fududahay in la xakameeyo xaddiga nafaqo ah, raqiis ah oo ay fududahay in la codsado. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa ay sidoo kale siisaa khasaare in qaar ka mid ah sida waxyeelo geedka feejignaan sare iyo acidification ee ciidda. Si looga fogaado kuwan saamaynta taban ciidda, waxa si weyn lagu talinayaa in aad ku tababarato isku dhaf ah oo la isticmaalayo ee Bacriminta organic iyo ka imanba.

3.1.1 Noocyada Kiimikada Bacrin

Sida caadiga ah saddex kaliya dhirta hoose nafaqo leh waa in la siiyaa, kuwaas oo Nitrogendoksid (N), Fosfaaras (P) iyo Potaashem (K). The units dhiganta muujiyaan baahidooda lagu bacrimiyo yihiin:

N = Ammooniyam, P2O5 = Fosfaaras pentoxide, K2O = terminaal cusbo

Nafaqo An sare ee muhiimka ah waa Sulphur (S), taas oo waxa ay joogtaa Bacriminta badan. Mid kale oo Calcium nafaqo sare (Ca) waxaa laga yaabaa in la joogo ee Bacriminta qaarkood. Xaaladaha aadka u gaar ah, xubno ka raad sida Boron (B) waa lagu daray in lagu bacrimiyo.

Baasay lagu sameeyey udhexeeya Bacriminta 'toosan', oo ay ku jiraan mid ka mid ah xubno ka hoose oo kaliya, 'isku dhamaystirnayn' oo ka kooban laba arin (N + P, N + K ama P + K), oo 'isku dhameystiran', oo ka kooban dhammaan saddexda shey. Kuwa dambe ayaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan 'bacrimin xarunta’.

Tusaalooyinka Bacriminta toosan yihiin:

Nitrogenous bacrimin:

Amooniyam: NH4NO3 la 34.5% N Urea: NH2CONH2 la 45-46% N Ammonium sulfate: (NH4) 2SO4 la 20.5-21% N, 23-24% S Chloride ammonium: NH4CL la 25-26% N Sodium Ammooniyam: NaNO3 in ka badan 16% N

1 Dhinaca beeraha ah Waxsoosaarka Beeraha la waraabiyo, Waraabka Module Buugga 3, FAO 2002.


MOA II-3-2 JICA

Cyanamide Calcium: CaCN2 la 20-23% N

Phosphatic bacrimin:

Single Super Phosphate: 14-20% biyaha P2O5 emulgatoor Ca (N2PO4) 2 H2O + CaSO4 2H2O

Terminaal cusbo lagu bacrimiyo: Muriate of terminaal cusbo: KCL 61-63% K2O Potaashem sulfate: K2SO4 50-53% K2O

Bacriminta soo socda waxaa laga heli karaa xarunta:

Xarunta C Bacrin = 6: 17: 15 (6% N, 17% P2O5, 15% K2O)

Xarunta D Bacrin = 8: 14: 7 (8% N, 14% P2O5, 7% K2O)

Xarunta J Bacrin = 15: 5: 20 (15% N, 5% P2O5, 20% K2O) + 3.4% S + 0,04% B

Xarunta L Bacri = 5:18: 10 (5% N, 18% P2O5, 10% K2O) +0,25% B

Xarunta S Bacrin = 6: 17: 6 (6% N, 17% P2O5, 6% K2O) + 0,04% B + 9% S

Cadarka Buuxi waa waxa ugu qaalisan halkii nutritive, halka ay fududahay in la codsado iyada oo fursad yar ee qalad marka loo barbar dhigo 'straights' yihiin. Waxay aad ayaa loo jecel la users arag ahayn, tan iyo joogitaanka kaliya hal ama laba component nutritive waa ku filan oo ay ku soo baxaan, si weyn. Waxaa loo adeegsan karaa sidii 'oo dan isku dar' for stallholders engagied ee wax soo saarka ganacsiga iyo beerta guriga of dalagga cuntada, khudaar iyo geedo midho leh.

3.1.2 Habka of Bacrin 2

The Bacriminta kiimikada guud ahaan codsatay in dalaggii beeraha oo raacaya hab oo kala duwan:

1) Loo Shubay Broad

Bacriminta waxay ku faafaan gacanta ku dheganaado ciidda kula jireen beeraha diyaarinta ee la soo dhaafay ka hor inta beero ka soo farcamay ama beerashada of geedo. Habkani waxa loo yaqaan "application warbaahin", waxaana jira laba nooc oo ah habka baahinta ee codsiga lagu bacrimiyo ku xiran tahay wakhtiga codsiga sida soo socota: · Broad tuuray ee la beeray: bacrimiyayaasha ku baxa in la wasakheeyo wax yar ka hor la beeray. Bacriminta Applied waa lagu daray in ciidda ay beerta jeexayaan oo ku xiga la beeray.

· Top maqaar saar: bacrimin Dalbashada ee taagan dalagga waxaa loo yaqaan 'Top-xirashada'. Guud ahaan, nitrogenous iyo bacrimin potassic lagu dabaqey noola sida labiska tan ugu sareysa.

2) Qaabkaaga

Waa hab ka mid ah gelinayn bacriminta ciidda ka hor beero ama ka dib beero miraha beeraha. Hoos waxa ku hababka caadiga ah ee this category:

Dillaacin Qaabkaaga hal: Bacriminta waxaa la geeyaa keliya ee mixaraatka saara ka dib markii ay furan u qodo by mixaraatka saara oo xasilloon waxa daboola si degdeg ah ugu dul yaal jeexjeexyada soo socda isagoo la soo diiday.

Deep Qaabkaaga: Bacriminta Gaar ahaan nitrogenous yihiin qoto dheer kaalinta ee lakabka hoos u doonayaan in la joojiyo denitrification. 2 Agronomy Facts & Approaches, Dr. A.K. and Dr. P. Das, 2013.


JICA II-3-3 MOA

Ciid Sub Qaabkaaga: Phosphatic iyo bacrimin patassic waxa lagu meeleeyaa ee ciidda-hoosaadka iyaga oo gargaar ah isticmaalaan mashiino culus, si looga fogaado in ay u qardarin ciida si adag acidic.

3) Teelteel Ah Qaabkaaga

Waa hab lagu meelaynayo bacrimin galay dhow ee ciidda si farcan ama dhirta. Xididdada dhalinyaro ah warshad ka heli kartaa nafaqada sida ay shuruud ka bacrimin ka codsatay habkan by. Habkani waa hab inta badan la adeegsadaa marka tiro yar oo lagu bacrimiyo waxaa laga codsadaa. Qaabkaaga ku kooban yaraynaysaa u qardarin of Fosfaaras iyo potaashem .

3.2 Orgaiki Bacrin

Abuurka oo Continuous la'aan wixii lagu daray ama dib u celinta cusub ama baaliyoobay arrinta organic waxay keeni doontaa in hoos u dhaca ku ciida arrinta organic iyo hoos u dhac ku dhismeedka ciidda. Heerkulka ugu sareeya ee kulaale iyo subtropics keeni daatay degdeg ah iyo mineralization ee arrinta organic. In la joogteeyo heerka humus ee ciidda ah, qiyaastii 15 tons / ha digada organic (30% arrinta qalalan) waa in xaqiiqda in sannad kasta looga baahan yahay, iyada oo ku xiran heerkulka jirta. Nasiib darro, tiradahan aan guud ahaan la heli karo si miqa ah. Waa habka ugu fiican ee u leenahay tiro ee u diyaar ah miraha iyo khudaarta, tan iyo midhahaas la siiyo soo celinta ugu sareeya inay isagoo intaa ku daray caleemo kunoqdaa. Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo ah digada organic sida soo socota:

Digada Farmyard: Kuwani waa saarka adag oo dareere ah oo xoolo ah, guud ahaan qasan qashinka loo isticmaalo ay gogosha. The ka kooban oo tiro badan, sida laga soo xigtay nooca xoolaha, quudinta iyo nooca qashinka loo isticmaalo. Lacagta sannad walba ah arrin cusub soo saaray by sac aan si fiican loo quudiyo dadka waaweyn caanaha waxay noqon kartaa 10 tons (30% arrinta qalalan). Wixii xoolo maxaliga ah u dhawray sida xayawaanka qabyo ah, tiro taas waa ay u kala 2-3 tons oo keli ah, sida caadiga ah la content qalalan-arrin ay waxyar qaali tahay.

Komposti : Komposti ka kooban yahay qalabka qayb ahaan baaliyoobay ee dhirta, xayawaanka ama asalka aadanaha, keli ahaan ama in la isku daro. Curinta ee digada ku filan hadday hodan yihiin ama qashinka keeni waa in heerkulka ka badan 60 degrees Celsius, taas oo gudaha taallo carro ku dili doonaa cudurada iyo cayayaanka noolaha

Warshadaha isagoo intaa ku daray caleemo kunoqdaa : noocaan ah manures inta badan ka kooban by-soo-saarka ee khudradda laga baaraan shidaalka iyo cuntooyinka xoolaha. Cake Oil ee sisinta laga been abuurtay degaanka Gode sida wax wanaagsan for digada organic.

hadhaa Dalagyada: hadhaa beeraha ayaa ganacsatada ka muhiimka ah ee arrinta organic in ay ciidda. Tiro daro badan ee ku harta ayaa weli ku jira dhul-beereed ah by dalagga ee la soo dhaafay. Koraaya oo ah noocyo gallayda, tusaale ahaan, wuxuu keeni karaa 2-3 tons / ha cawska laga siin jiray.

dalaggii digada Green: Practice dembiyadiisa un-baaliyoobay tissue dhirta cagaaran ciidda loo gudbiyo manuring sida cagaaran iyo manures helay habkan by loo yaqaan digada cagaaran. Dalagga digada green Leguminous waa kale oo muhiim ah in la barbardhigo in aan digiraha sida nitrogen dheeraad ah ku daray digiraha, faa'iido u lahaa carrada iyo sidoo kale dalagyo ka dib markii manuring cagaaran.

3.3 Waqtiga Bacrimiyaha Dalbashada 3

Waqtiga codsiga labada Bacriminta kiimikada iyo organic waxay kaalin muhiim ah ku leh go'aanka ay

3 Guideline on Irrigation Agronomy, Ministry of Agriculture Ethiopia, 2011.


MOA II-3-4 JICA

ka faa'iidaysiga wax ku ool ah oo ay dhirta. Aadiyay si mug leh codsiga lagu bacrimiyo la go'aamiyo waa in ay u baahan yihiin si ay u sameeyaan nafaqooyinka laga heli karaa muddo ah ama caadada ee dalagga ee u baahan waqti isku mid yareeyo halista ah ee khasaaraha ka mid ah nafaqooyinka laga heli karaa lakabka sare ee carrada, halkaas oo cajab nafaqo firfircoon dhacayso by xididka dalagga. Markii ugu haboon oo codsanaya bacrimiyo ku xiran tahay ciidda, cimilada wanaagsan, iyo nafaqooyin iyo dalagga laftiisa. Marka la eego factor ciidda, carradu aad bay u kala duwan yihiin xawaaraha ku soo dhexgalka biyaha iyo awoodooda si uu u xaliyo nafaqada dhirta. Cimilada waa muhiim in la tixgeliyo mid ka mid ah codsiga lagu bacrimiyo. Inta ay roobabka ama helitaanka biyaha waraabka ee u dhexeeya wakhtiga codsiga oo wakhtigii ka faa'idaysiga by warshadda saamayn ku yeelan doontaa tayada mid ah waxyaabaha la. Waxaa intaa dheer, heerkulka saameeyaa helitaanka arrimo qaar ah; tusaale ahaan, in la sii daayo nitrogen, Fosfaaras iyo baaruud arrinta organic. Waxaa sidoo kale saamayn ku nitrification iyo dheefshiid ee Fosfaaras iyo potaashem by dhirta.

Dabeecadda of dalagga laftiisa ayaa loo eegi doona baahida loo qabo in codsiga ku daatay. Dalaggii beeraha oo kala duwan waxay u baahan yihiin nafaqooyinka kala duwan ee marxaladda kala duwan ee koritaanka iyo horumarka dalagga. Marka tan la eego, gaar ahaan digada organic waa in lagu dabaqo ugu yaraan 2-3 bilood ka hor inta aan la beeray iyo in lagu daro oo ciid ku jira si ay waqti ugu filan in mineralization iyo sii daayo nafaqada si fudud loo heli karo dhirta. Markii ugu of codsigaaga lagu bacrimiyo macdanta waxaa looga hadlay hoos ku qoran:

3.3.1 Natirojin

Nitrogen waa in lagu dabaqo marka beeralayda baaqbaaq ama talaalka. Sidaas, bacrimin ah in si wanaagsan loo isticmaali doono dheeraad ah si hufan. Inta badan dalaggii muddo gaaban leeyihiin dalabka yar oo nitrogen-yada seedling koritaanka, waxaana soo raacay baahida weyn inta lagu jiro xilliga koritaanka daaqsinka ku wanaagsan soo go'in. Nitrogen waa nafaqo aad u mobile oo ku xiran yahay in khasaaro by volatilization iyo leaching haddaan si wanaagsan u codsatay hor dalagga waxay qaadan kartaa ilaa iyo u isticmaalaan.

Under xaaladaha roobabka oo yar ama dhexdhexaad ah oo la dalagga a dhaqsida leh u kordhaaya waxa ay noqon karaan kuwo ku qanci karo si aad u codsatid dhan bacriminta nitrogen marka la diyaarinayo ee la soo dhaafay ka yihin. Dhinaca kale, halkaasoo roobabka noqon kartaa sare intii lagu jiray koritaanka dalagyada, ama muddo ama koritaanka ay dheer tahay meesha, codsiga u qeybsataan faashad yar in ay ka yihin oo hal ama in ka badan top-Duubista inta lagu jiro koritaanka dalagyada ka noqon doonaa intan ka waxtar badan. Tani waa particularity run hoos xaalad waraabka.

3.3.2 Fosfaaras

Dalaggii Annual u baahan fosfooraska jira wadamo badan wareega hore ee koritaanka. Geedo Young u baahan tahay tirada badan ee P in unugyo ay koritaanka hore iyo horumarinta xididka. Marka la barbardhigo nitrogen, ma aha mobile ciidda, halkii waxa ay leedahay astaamaha lagu si degdeg ah go'an in colloids ciidda iyo waxaa ugu fiican ka dalbatay in ay ciidda iyo in lagu daro waxaa la inta lagu jiro beerashada. Waa habka ugu fiican ee aad u codsan fosfooraska biyaha ku milmaya ah diyaarinta ka yihin ama waqtiga la beeray. Haddii a biyaha bacriminta fosfooraska beelaya sida phosphate rock loo isticmaalo, codsiga waa in la sameeyo dhowr asbuuc ka hor beertiisa abuur ah si ay u Nasaarada Qaarkeed faa'iidaysto fosfooraska ay diyaar u tahay dhirta. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa muhiim ah in la xasuusto in codsanaya P, isago isla N waxay ka caawisaa kicin P-dhaafka ah.

3.3.3 Potaashem Potaashem loo baahan yahay by dalagga muddo ka dheer waqtigii mid ka badan fosfaaras, laakiin waxaa dhif sakhiray in khasaare aad u xun, maxaa yeelay waxaa jira ciidda ama ay bixiyeen biyaha waraabka. Potaashem codsiga lagu bacrimiyo kala duwan ah gaarsiisey ka yihin waxay siisaa nafaqada ee wax ku ool ah in dalagga la lahayn wax halis ah appreciable waxaa ka lumay.

CUTUBKA 4

KONTOROOKA CAYAYAAN, CUDRRO IYO YARANTA


JICA II-4-1 MOA

CUTUBKA 4 KONTOROOKA CAYAYAAN, CUDRRO IYO YARANTA 1

4.1 Noocyada cayayaanka, Cudurada iyo haramaha

4.1.1 Cayayaanka

Cayayaanka waa cayayaan, arachnids, jiirka iyo snails ay dhibaato u geystaan dalagga a ilaa xad ah oo keentay hoos u dhaca dhalid ama burburinta guud ee dalagga. Ilaa hadda sida cayayaanka ka walaacsanahay, ujeedooyin wax ku ool ah ay ku haboon tahay la kala saaro jaqaan (S) iyo calalinta (C) cayayaan. Cayayaanka Nuugista waa nqoto (jilicsan, cayayaanka pear-qaabeeya), iyo Diqsiga madow iyo caddaan. Ka sokow hayso dhaawac uu nuugo, waxay sidoo kale qaadsiin kartid cudurada vairas dhaawac leh, iyo wax yaabaha ka sayaxa malab sonkor leh ay sameeyaan qeybo ka soo gaartey dhegdheg oo u nugul koritaanka fangas soury.

Cayayaanka kale jaqaan waa ku ridaysa caaro, cayayaanka mealy, miisaanka, sameeyayaal midabka , urin cayayaanka iyo thrips (yar, iyo ifafaalaha halkii ay xawli ku cayayaanka afkooda raaco danab ifi). Dhammaan cayayaanka jaqaan tartamaan assimilates, oo waxaan ka dhigi qallalaahore iyo daadinta caleemaha iyo burooyinkoodii. Cayayaanka Cunista ka mid ah dhirta ilmaha , caleen iyo diir midho (dirxiga aboor ama dirxi), istaajiyo iyo dhuunqabad midho, kuwa lamid ah oo weevils, kabajaan oo kale, ayax ah, ayax iyo dadkay qaar ay weeraraan geedo. Nemaatoda, Gooryaanka dullin unsegmented isagoo ah ifafaalaha, jirka dhululubo qaab sida eelworm iyo roundworm, waa mid aad u waxyeelo leh dalaggii beeraha.

4.1.2 Cudurada

Dhimista a ee koritaanka dalagyada waxaa laga yaabaa natiijada sahayda la rabey macdanta warshadda u baahan yahay ama ay hawshu ka mid ah walxaha sunta ah ee bakteeriyadu, fangaska iyo fayrusyada. Dabeecada gudaha ee cudurada ugu macnaheedu waxa weeye dhaawac badan waxaa badanaa laga sameeyaa ka hor calaamadaha ayaa ka muuqan kara, taas oo ka dhigaysa xakamayn aad u adag. Cudurrada bakteeriyada khudaar badan oo ku jira ciida ka dhasha. Sidaa darteed warejin dalagga shaqeyn karaan hab ka hortag ah. Hagaajinta xaaladda biyo mareenka ah dalka ayaa sidoo kale ku yeelan karaa saameyn wanaagsan. Qashina dhirta miyaad iyo dhintaan si degdeg ah.

Cudurada fangas ka muuqan kara sida saxiixi caleemaha iyo miraha (tusaale ahaan, ama caariyaysi naqan), sida daahan budada ah ee caleemaha iyo miraha (tusaale ahaan, ama caariyaysi budada ah) ah, sida stem ama xididka qudhunka ku keeni karo qallalaaiyo dhimanayaan, sida qudhunka madow ee arooriyeyaasha ama jirridaha ku keeni karo dhimanayaan, ama sidii dhibco caleen ka yar, wasakhda, engegaa ama miridhku . Cudurada fangas aad u culus muuqan kara sida cudurka Panama (Fusarium spp.) Ee muuska, sida stem ama xidid waa qudhunka ciidda ka dhasha (Phytophthora) lala xiriirinayay biyo-jaridda sharci ee liinta, ama haynta ilmaha wasaqeysan ee avocado, babayga, iyo cananaaska. Dheeraad ah, cudurada viral waxaa keeni kara cudurka vairas . Waxay keeni kara khasaare ah oo sii luminayey, dhalidda iyo tayo leh, kuwaas oo waxaa wehelin kara dhakhsa ah isu badalaya midabaynta.

4.1.3 Haramaha

Haramaha tartami oo beertaan dalagyada loogu talagalay qoyaanka, nafaqada iyo Nuurka, taas oo keentey saarka dalagyada hoose. Waxay yihiin sidoo kale ku casuuma tiro ka mid ah cayayaanka iyo cudurada. Xaaladaha aadka u ba'an, exudates xididdada ka haramaha 'waxa uu saameyn aan sun on warshad dalagga karo. Tartanka haramaha gramine waa ka sii daran yahay kii gocondhadii, ballaadhkooduna wuxuu irdo. Waxa dalagyada yihiin ugu xasaasi ah ay tartan harame cusub yihiin oo ka mid ah koritaanka. Tartan lagu jiro 1/4 koowaad ee sii kordhaysa ee u horseedi kara dhaawaca soo

1 Dhinaca beeraha ah Waxsoosaarka Beeraha la waraabiyo, Buugaagta Buugga Waraabka 3, FAO 2002.


MOA II-4-2 JICA

kaban, dalagga iyo inta badan keenta wadar ahaan dalagii ba'ay.

4.2 Xakamaynta Tallaabooyinka

Waxaa jira habab kala duwan oo loo xakameeyo cayayaanka, cuduro iyo haramaha: tallaabooyin ka-hortag, markaa gacanta ku kiimiko ah, oo markaa gacanta ku ee bayoolajiga . Fikrad ahaan, kontaroollada isku dhafan waa lagu dabaqo si ay tallaabooyin kasta oo suurta gal waxaa loo isticmaalaa bay'adda cod ah iyo, beeralay ah, hab dhaqaale ahaan laysku halayn karo.

4.2.1 Talaabooyinka Looga Hortago

Tallaabooyinka ka hortagga ee ugu muhiimsan yihiin warejin dalaga iyo ay dhawraan nadaafadda dalagga. Nadaafadda Dalagyada ka mid ah gubashada ama bacrimin u kulul oo ku saabsan qalab ay saameeyeen iyo saarista hadhaa dalagga, caws iyo jirrid laga goostay ka dib. Waxaa kaloo muhiim ah la helo miraha laga helay ilo lagu kalsoon yahay, si loo daaweeyo qalab abuur ama dhirta iyo si loo wanaajiyo maareynta yihin. Waa loo isticmaalaa noocyo caabida ama dulqaad. Beeridda iyo dheecaannada iyo habab looga hortago biyo-jaridda sharci waa lagu dabaqo. Sidoo kale a sahayda macdanta dheeli tiran waa la siiyaa. Talaabooyinka looga hortago yaranta waxaa loola jeedaa ka hortagga sii faafidda haramaha. Waxaa jira habab dhowr ah oo ay ka mid beerashada hore iyo isticmaalka abuur ma wasakhaysan , dabargoynta ee haramaha ka hor inta midha loo bilaabo, ilaalinta kanaalada waraabka nadiif ah, qashinka saxa ah ee digada iyo ka hortagga ciidda iyo biyaha Tantanka.

4.2.2 Kiimikada Xakameynta

Xakamaynta Kiimikada loola jeedaa isticmaalka kiimikada la burburiyo cayayaanka iyo noolaha cudurka keena, si ay u xakamayn karaan hawlaha ama looga hortago ka-yeeleynin. Kiimikooyinka waxaa inta badan loo cayimay magaca oo ah walaxda firfircoon. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, beeralayda, wakiilada horumarinta iyo Kuwii dukaamada badan yihiin yaqaanaan magaca ganacsiga ah. Dadku inta badan waxay u muuqdaan ay aad u taxadar la'aan ah la soo saarka khatar ah. Waxa uu waxyeello ku yahay dad ah haddii la mariyo hab aan habooneyn by. Sidaa daraadeed, waxaa muhiim ah la fahmo isticmaalka qoray si sax ah u ah iyo waxa ay isticmaalaan sida ugu haboon. Iyadoo ku xiran cayayaanka iyo cudurada u ilaalsado, ee sunta cayayaanka soo socda waxaa loo isticmaali karaa:

Cayayaanka dilaaga: Cayayaanka

Dilaaga Molluska: mulaca, dixiri jilicsan

Dilaaga jiirka: cayayaanka, jiirka

Caaro dilaaga: Caarada

Doogga: haramaha

Nemaatoda dilaaga: Nemaatoda

Fangas

dilaaga: Fungi

Dishaa Bakteeriyada: BakteeriyoCayayaan loo kala saari karaa sida ay dookhooda koowaad ee ay falsayeen sida soo socota:

cayayaanka dilka taabashada:ay gacanta ku hayso marka ay timaado xidhiidhka ay la cayayaan; ma trans-u heshaan.

Cayayaanka Caloosha: markaa waa la wada cunaa, cayayaan ah si loo xakameeyo


JICA II-4-3 MOA

cayayaanka ka.

cayayaanka guud:Waxaa la nuugo iyo trans-ku yaallaa gudaha warshad ama xayawaan.

Fumigant (sigaarka): waxa ay soo saartaa a gaaska, buurka ama qiiqa la burburiyo cayayaanka, bakteeriyada iyo jiirka

Cayayaan muuqan kartaa foomamka soo socda:

Xoogga la kala diridda baruurta (EC): Raacyadooda Liquid oo ay qayb firfircoon ku timaato ay hanti petroleum ah, oo lagu daray emulsifier ah.

Budada ah, kuwaas oo loo ilmadeeda karaa (WP):A-raacyadooda shaqo budo adag ku daray biyo foomamka ganaax ah loo isticmaalo buufinta.

Dhagaxyo (G): Kaabsal oo yar-yar oo qallalan, isku ururinaaya hooseeyo ee sunta cayayaanka iyo sidayaal , isticmaal badan yahay.

sed (B):Wax la cuni karo ay ku jirto sunta ah iyo soo jiidasho u leeyahay cayayaan ah.

Boorka (D):Arki ogaa oo dhulka cadarka la mideeyo-fiirsashada hooseeyo la side ah (bootar, iyo dhoobadii, dambas).

Socodka awoodi (F):Arki ogaa oo dhulka adag, taas oo uu ganaax ku maqan ee dareere ah oo inta badan la socoshada sare, oo u baahan dilution biyo.

Fumigant (sigaarka):Sunta qaab gaas oo dili karaan marka nuugo ama neefsado.

CUTUBKA 5

CAAFIMAADKA GARAFYADA TALINAYAA WARAABKA


JICA II-5-1 MOA

CUTUBKA 5 CAAFIMAADKA GARAFYADA TALINAYAA WARAABKA

5.1 Arrimihii Laga Garafyada Shaqeeyaan Gode

Dhaqanka garafyada waa taxane ah oo shuqullada beeraha sida diyaarinta dhulka / yihin, beero / beeridda, jaridda dhirta / beerista, codsiga bacrimin, cayayaanka iyo cudurada, wakhtigii beergooyska iyo biyaha maamulka, iwm Dhab shuqulladii iyo talooyin ku dhawaad oo dhan beeraha la mid yihiin . Wakhtiga iyo inta jeer ee shaqada beeraha kasta Si kastaba ha ahaatee way kala duwan yihiin waxay ku xidhan tahay nooca dalagga oo kala duwan, iyo xaaladda deegaanka, halkaas oo dhul-beereed ku yaal.

Iyada oo ku saleysan xaaladda taagan beeraha, dalagyadii talinayaa in Gode jira galley, masaggo, digirta digirta, sisinta, yaanyo, basasha iyo balka. Sababo la iman kara, laws sidoo kale lagu dari karaa kawaas oo ka mid ah Digir ama sisinta digirta sida dalagga saliid. Wixii kasta Beero talinayaa, waqtiga ay shuqullo garafyada laga waraabiyo waxaa lagu muujiyey jaantuskan soo socda (dhibcood qaar ka mid ah dhaqanka garafyada by dalaggii beeraha, tixraac wadahadalo qaybta soo socda ee).

Rural R

esilience Enhancem

ent Project

Ethiopia

MO

A

II-5-2 JIC

A

Raining season

Watering

AgronomicalPractice

Watering

AgronomicalPractice

Watering

AgronomicalPractice

Watering

AgronomicalPractice

Watering

AgronomicalPractice

Watering

AgronomicalPractice

Watering

AgronomicalPractice

Watering

AgronomicalPractice

JanFeb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Onion(Adama red)

Fodder crops(Sudan Grass)

Maize(Melkassa-4)

Sorghum(Meko-1)

Sesame(Kelafo)

Haricot Bean(Ayenew)

Ground nut(Batisedi)

Tomato(Heinz-1350)

Gu DerSandstorm

Fieldmaintenance Important Important Not to be soil too arid that leads

quality degradation

Weeding,Top dressing & Ridging

Land preparation& Fertilization

Pest, Disease and Bird Attack controlSowing

Harvesting Weeding,Top dressing & Ridging

Land preparation &Fertilization


Harvesting




Harvesting

Fieldmaintenance

Important Important



Pest & Disease controlSowing

Harvesting

Fieldmaintenance Watering by rain or irrigation every 10-15daysFast light irrigation

Land preparation &Fertilization Pest & Disease control

Weeding &Top dressing

Sowing

Harvesting

Watering by rain or irrigation every 10-15days


Pest & Disease control

Weeding &Top dressing

Sowing

Harvesting


Pest & Disease control without chemicals

Weeding & Ridging at least every 15-25days , especiallyessential in vegetation stage before establishing canopy

Sowing

Harvesting

Watering by rain orirrigation every 4 days

Watering by rain or irrigation every 7days, not to too dry and wet

Weeding & PruningNursery

preparation&Fertilization

Fieldpreparation &Fertilization


Top dressing Top dressing

Cutting top bud

SowingTransplanting

Harvesting


Watering by rain orirrigation every 6-14 days

Watering by rain or irrigationevery 6-14 days

Watering short interval

Watering by rain or irrigationevery 4-5 days


Weeding

Nurserypreparation&Fertilization

Field preparation&Fertilization


Top dressingSowing Transplanting

Harvesting tillMarch

Fieldmaintenance Watering by rain and irrigation

Land preparation&Fertilization

Pest & Disease control if necessary

Weeding & Top dressing if necessary

Sowing Harvesting tillers when it grows 100cm for 2-3years

Fieldmaintenance Important Important Not to be soil too arid that leads

quality degradation

Fieldmaintenance

Fieldmaintenance

Fieldmaintenance

Fieldmaintenance

Fieldmaintenance

Jaantus 5.1.1 Xiliga saraca ku haboon ee la beeranayo


JICA II-5-3 MOA

5.2 Dalagga

5.2.1 Gallay (Zea mays L., Qoyska Graminaceous / Poaceae)

Galley leedahay awood ugu sareeya dhalidda of dhan dalag. Guud ahaan, waxa ay si fiican u koraa si hoos qorax xoog, hawada qallalan iyo xaaladda ciidda si fiican loo miiro. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira noocyo fara badan oo ah noocyo xaalad cusub la qabsan kara xaaladaha deegaanka kala duwan. Si aad u koraan dalagga si guul leh, waxaa muhiim ah inuu tixgeliyo xulashada kala duwan oo dheeraad ah oo ku habboon xaalad cusub la qabsan kara in hadda ay xilli sii kordhaya iyo degaanka. Noocyo Early qaan sida Malkasa -1 iyo 4 ku haboon ee gudaha iyo hareeraha meesha Gode.

Shaxda 5.2.1 Dhaqdhaqaaqa garafyada taliyay Gallay Hawlaha garafyada

Poyint Faalooyin

Dhul diyaarinta • Ka saar dhan ku hadha iyo haramaha. • In ka badan 2-3 jeer oo Dillaacin beeridda ka badan sidii hore. • Heerka beeraha • Nadiifi marinka ugu weyn iyo beeraha

• dhulkiisa beerta Nicmada jabsada ee ciidda hoosteeda, in lagu daro arrinta organik in si ciidda iyo dila haramaha si ay u abuuraan wanaagsan ka badan xaaladaha abuur sariirta.

dheddiga • fiican in la isticmaalo bacrimin organik sida beerahaYard digada ama Compost • lagula talinaayaa inaad codsato bacrimin kiimikada sida Urea iyo DAP waa 50-100kg / ha iyo 100-175 kg / siday u kala horreeya an hektar

• kor u labiska: 40-45 maalmood ka dib beero iyo ka hor degdegga ah ee dhegta • Tirada labiska ugu sareeya waxaa ku xiran tahay kala duwan gallayda iyo xawaaraha sii kordhaya

beeridda • Heerka Seeding 25-30 kg / ha • dheereynta: btw. Saf 75cm & btw 25cm warshad • 2-3 abuurka per jeebka • beero Row waa lagama maarmaan u ah dhinaca waraabka beeraha

• Diyaarinta abuur diyaarinta wanaagsan awood u farcanka soo galo oo xiriir dhow la leh ciidda qoyan oo ay bilaabaan in ay koritaanka ku hoos jira xaalad wanaagsan. • Isticmaalka abuurka loola dhaqmo oo loo yaqaano ee ay taariikhda

maamulka Biyaha • inta jeer Waraabka: mar 21days ah laakiin; beero - 40-45days: waxoogaa ka yar 45 beri - ubax faraq: caadiga ah ubax - Harvesting : keentid

• Jadwalka Waraabka waa in lagu saleeyaa laga fogaado yarida biyaha inta lagu jiro ubax iyo muddo dhalidda siday u kala horreeyaan. Sidoo kale • jaridda Biyaha waa in laga fogaadaa tan iyo galley ah waa mid aad u xasaasi ah.

Jaridda dhirta, khafiifiya & hadda taagan

• jaridda dhirta waa in la sameeyaa 2-3 toddobaad kasta 20 - 30 maalmood ka dib beero: jaridda dhirta

iyo khafiifiya (saarto dhirta daciif ah oo sii luminayey mid)

45 - 50 maalmood ka dib beero: jaridda dhirta iyo hadda taagan, (dhoobo ah ilaa xididka geedka)

• Isku dayga in ay iska hor ubax • Parthenium (weeds kulan) waa dhibaato weyn oo ku Gode. Waxay yihiin kuwo aad u gudagal oo si fudud u fidin karaan.

Cayayaanka iyo Cudurrada gacanta lagu

• daatay ee haraaga burburka Dalagyada • Isticmaal ansixiyey noocyo gallay • wareegga-shaandheyn la gallay la non-badarka • Dabar-cawska weeds y casuuma dadka warshad Saxda ah • Isticmaalka kiimikada si loo xakameeyo dirxi

• Cayayaanka oo waaweyn: Qabad, dixiri Army, aboor, aboor (digada sare dhul beereed bedelay). • Cudurada Main: Head smut cudur, Gray caleen kaalinta, Northern ama Turcicum caleen-engeeg

Dalagga • Dalagga sida ugu dhakhsaha badan cobs galleyda waa qaan, beddesho midab cagaar si cad. lakabka Black oo ku deldesheen oo hoos of forgeetada ayaa ah calaamadaha ugu weyn ee

• Ku keydi cobs la qalajiyey in foggee oo ku duub ay lugaha ka foggee la shabaqa bir siman si looga hortago in jiirka ka kedis ah ilaa in si foggee ah; buufin ka foggee iyo cobs ee ay si joogta ah

• lagu tumo waa geedi socod lagu kala qaybiyo abuur ka cobs iyo samaynta farcanka diyaar in la isticmaalo

• Muddada goynta waxay ku xiran tahay: Nooca kala duwan gallay beeray (extra-hore, hore, dhexe ama dambe) iyo ka faa'idaysiga (cobs cusub, miraha).

• engegan cobs hartay uu saaran yahay meel guri la taaban karo; cobs waxay si sax ah qalajiyey haddii inuusan firdhin markii cobs waxaa hoos u saaran yahay meel la taaban karo ama dhul la malaasay by Digada xoolaha

• Gallay loo samayn karo cunto qaabab kala duwan. Waxaa la cuni karaa dubay, la kariyey ama kale foomamka si gooni gooni ah ama isku qasan dalagyada kale

Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) ) : Liiska noocyo dalag sii daayay & talinayaa howlahooda dhaqanka (EIAR), Hanuunin on Waraabka garafyada (MOA), Diiwaanka Buuxda ee teknoloj cilmibaarisyadii, waayo, gobolka Soomaalida iyo meelaha kale ee la mid ah xoola-dhawrista in Ethiopia (SoRPARI)

Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) ) : Kooxda RREP


MOA II-5-4 JICA

Shaxda 5.2.2 Oo laga sii daayay Noocyo Galley Hagaagay ugu yaraan Roobabka Ates in Ethiopia Magaca Kala

Duwan Sharaxaada Ugu Weyn qabsashada habboon agagaarka

Malkasa -1 • Koritaanka 85 maalmood; ubax 48 maalmood; • Plant height 150-170cm; • U jajabnow 2,5-3,5 t / ha ku sugan xarunta cilmi-baarista; beeralayda beerta 2,5-3,5 t/hektar ; • 1000 abuur miisaanka 300-320 g; • midabka Seed, hurdi; dulqaad si miridhku iyo beera-engeeg, dheeraadka ah ee hore bislaada.

• si sax ah loo habeeyey si ay roobabku ku yar yahay semi-oomane agagaarka of Ethiopia iyadoo roobab u dhexeeya 450-570 mm.

Malkasa -2 • Koritaanka 130 maalmood; maalmood oo ay ku anthesis 65 maalmood; • Plant height 170-190 cm, • midabka Seed cad; • U jajabnow 4.5-5.5 t/hektar ee xarunta cilmi-baarista;, beeraha 4-4.5 t/hektar beeralayda • 1000 abuur miisaanka 360-410 g; • iska caabida in miridhku iyo engeeg.

• dhexe Rift Valley-(CRV), Kobo iyo Ma'eyso iyo-xoola-dhawrista la mid ah agagaarka

Malkasa -3 • Koritaanka 125 maalmood; maalmood oo ay ku silking 64; • Plant height 165-180 cm, • midabka Seed cad; • U jajabnow ee xarunta cilmi 4.5-5.5 t/hektar ; beeralayda beeraha 4.0-5.0 t/hektar ; • 1000 abuur sideed 380-420 g; • iska caabida in rusts iyo engeeg.

• CRV agagaarka, Kobo, hadhey, Sirinka iyo Mieiso.

Malkasa -4 • Koritaanka 105 maalmood; ubax 53 maalmood; • Plant height 40-165 cm, • Resistance in miridhku-yar dulqaad; • Cunno kariyayaal ka dhaqso; • midabka Seed cad; • Seed qaab ilig -semi; • U jajabnow 3.5-4.5 t/hektar ee xarunta cilmi-baarista;beeralayda beeraha 3-3.5; • 1000 miisaanka abuur 350-400g.

• sii daayay abaarta carabka sare bartamihii agagaarka of Ethiopia, Malkasa, Mieiso, Ziway, Wolenchiti.

Melassa-5 • Koritaanka 125 maalmood; anthesis 60 maalmood; • height Plant 185 cm, • caabiga iyo miridhku-yar dulqaad; karinayaan dhakhso;• -white midabka Seed, • Seed qaab ilig -semi; • U jajabnow waa 3.5-4.5 t/hektar ; • 1000 miisaanka abuur 380-400g.

• sii daayay abaarta carabka sare bartamihii agagaarka of Ethiopia, Malkasa, Mieiso, Ziway, Wolenchiti iyo Shewa Robit, • Roobabka ka bilowda 600-800 mm.

Malkasa -6 • Hore bislaada ku saabsan 120 maalmood; • U jajabnow 3-4 t/hektar ee xarunta cilmi-baarista; beeralayda beeraha 3-4 t/hektar ; • 1000 abuur miisaanka 300-320 g.

• talinayo ee roob yaraanta agagaarka (500-800 mm) oo ay ka mid Malkasa, Mieiso, Ziway, Wolenchiti iyo Shewa Robit oo kale la mid ah oo ku wareegsan.

Malkasa -7 • Hore bislaada ku saabsan 120 maalmood, dhalidda , • 4.5-5 t/hektar ee xarunta cilmi in beeralayda • beerta waa 3-4 t/hektar ; 1000 abuur miisaanka • 300-320 g; dheer la dhalidda calafka wanaagsan.

• talinayo ee roob yaraanta agagaarka (500-800 mm) oo ay ka mid Malkasa, Mieiso, Ziway, Wolenchiti iyo Shewa Robit oo kale la mid ah oo ku wareegsan.

Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) ) :Beeraha nidaamka hab-nololeed ku dhisan ee drylands ee macnaha guud ee isbedelka cimilada, FAO

5.2.2 Hadhuudhka (Hadhuudhka Bicolor)

Ma aha oo kaliya cunto laakiin sidoo kale calafka, masaggada laga been abuurtay xitaa in yar yar, haddii beertuna waa suiShaxda oo la heli karo waxa loogu talagalay. Dalagga Tan waxa loo yaqaan 'geel oo midhaha' tan iyo markii ay si weyn iskaga caabbin karaan abaaraha, si ay u inta badan waxaa lagu beerayaa zone semi-u-eke ah ee Ethiopia. Gaar ahaan, Waa suiShaxda u Alluvial ciidda inta badan laga helaa Gode agagaarka iyo si fiican ku hoos jira xaalad qalalan oo kulul koraan; of roobab sanadlaha ah ee 325-425 mm oo ah heer kulka of 27-35 darajo Celsius looga baahan yahay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qoyaan la'aan, bacriminta ciidda dadka saboolka ah iyo nuglaato ay u aasaan magdhow sida Daqsi biqil, hoteelka, qurun dhuxusha iyo qabow waa caqabadaha ugu waaweyn ee dhalidda.


JICA II-5-5 MOA

Shaxda 5.2.3 Talinayo garafyada Hawlaha Hadhuudhka Hawlaha

garafyada Poyint Faalooyin

Dhul diyaarinta • Ka saar dhan ku hadha iyo haramaha. • lagama maarmaanka ah si loo nadiifiyo loona Dehxdeeda iyo field si fiican, 3 - 5 muddooyinka ugu yaraan u-dheellitir. • Nadiifi marinka ugu weyn iyo beeraha

• dhulkiisa beerta Nicmada jabsada ee ciidda hoosteeda, in lagu daro arrinta organik ee ciidda iyo dila haramaha si ay u abuuraan wanaagsan ka badan xaaladaha abuur sariirta.

Dheddiga • 100kg / hektar ee DAP in la basally codsatay • 100kg / hektar ee Urea waa in la dalbadaa laba kala jajabo;

First kala qaybsan tahay 2/3

(65kg) ee Diyaarintii bartamihii 1/3 (35kg) marxalad ubax ah

• Codsiga digada si weyn lagu talinayaa in si ay u kordhiyaan wax soo saarka

Beeridda • Broadcasting waxaa suurtagal ah in ay dhacdo roob-waraabka, laakiin waxa si weyn lagu talinayaa beero isku xigta gaar ahaan in ay dhacdo iyadoo la isticmaalayo waraabka. • Heerka Seed (buste): 25kg / hektar • dheereynta: btw rows75cm iyo btw 25cm warshad • lagama maarmaan ah in lagu beeray at qoto dheer oo aad u gacmeed ama kaliya on top of dhulka jeexi

• Isticmaal shahaado abuur ah oo caan ah ay ka soo jeedo ama ka machadka cilmi-baarista ama shirkadaha lagu kalsoonaan karo abuur. • Heerka Seed waa dhibic ka weyn: hooseeyo waxay keeni kartaa in taaganyihiin dadka saboolka ah iyo natiijooyinka sare ee tartan sare, taas oo aakhirka ay wax soo saarka yar yahay iyo tayo leh.• Wixii beeridda qaybinta si fiican in ay isku daraan ciid iyo beeridda in jihada dabaysha.

maamulka Biyaha

• inta jeer Waraabka: hal mar muddo 21 maalmood ah, laakiin; beero - 40-45 maalmood, xoogaa yar 45 beri - ubax faraq: caadiga ah ubax - Harvesting : keentid

• Hadhuudhka u baahan qoyaan ku filan oo si fiican loo qaybiyo kordhaya xilli ee wax-soosaarkooda ugu badnaan.

Jaridda dhirta, khafiifiya & hadda taagan,

• Laba jaridda gacanta, marka hore inta lagu guda jiro 20-29 maalmood ka dib bixitaanka dalagga iyo jaridda dhirta labaad inta lagu jiro 40-50 maalmood ka dib markii la abuurayo. • 2,4-D ee 1litre / hektar (bixitaanka post) loo xakameeyo Striga iyo haramaha kale broadleaf sannadlaha ah.

• dhalidda ee masagada si weyn u saameeyeen Stringa weeds dulinka. • yaranta joogtada ah iyo maamulka loo baahan yahay wax soo saarka sii kordhaysa oo ah masagada

Cayayaanka, Cudurada iyo Shimbiraha oo kontoroolas

• cadow ugu weyn ee masaggada waa shimbiraha Quella. • yar ay u saameeyeen cudur oo kala duwan, laakiin cudurada masagada badan waxay kala yihiin engeeg caleen, smuts, iyo anthracnose caleen.

• Booqo beerta ku joogto ah si loo ogaado cayayaanka iyo cudurada dhacdooyinka iyo sidoo kale jaridda soo noqnoqda waxaa muhiim ah

Dalagga • dalagga dhan waa la gooyay u dhow heer dhulka. Caleemo The guraa, laga qaado meesha hadhuudhka lagu tumo. • Madaxda laga saaro, qalajiyey iyo miraha waxaa lagu kursiga kala, iyadoo la isticmaalayo xoolaha ama mishiino. Stover waxaa si gooni gooni ah la goostay. • cayayaanka Hadhuudhka kaydinta Common waa Cryptolestes Ferrugineus, Ephestia Cautella iyo confusum Tribolium

• caleemo hurdi, qalajiyo of miraha ama lagu qeybiyo iyo inay Cadha daraadeed of bolls yihiin calaamadaha guud ee qaadashada ilaa wakhtigii beergooyska • MUDDADA goynta waa muhiim inaad ka fogaato khasaaraha inta lagu jiro goosashada • Waxaa roon in goynta dalagga ee nafeeds ba

Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) ) : Liiska noocyo dalag sii daayay & talinayaa howlahooda dhaqanka (EIAR), Hanuunin on Waraabka garafyada (MOA), Diiwaanka Buuxda ee ah cilmibaarisyadii u Tekinoloj: ee gobolka Soomaalida iyo Qiyaastii kale Same-xoola-dhawrista in Ethiopia (SoRPARI)


MOA II-5-6 JICA

Shaxda 5.2.4 Sii Daayay Noocyo Masagada Soo Hagaagtay Agagaarka Roobab Yaraan Agagaarka Ethiopia

Magaca kala duwan Sharaxaada ugu weyn Qabsashada Saxda ah agagaarka

Gambela-1107 • hihi safafka ka iman kara 2.5-3 t/hektar . • Ka faa'ideysiga - fiican u sameynta injera. • Waa xad u adkaysta in cayayaanka iyo cudurada masagada inta badan.

• hihi safafka ka iman Kara 2.5-3 t/hektar . • Ka faa'ideysiga - fiican u sameynta injera. • Waa xad u adkaysta in cayayaanka iyo cudurada masagada Inta badan.

76-T1-23

• kala duwan A mid aad hore bislaada (60-70 maalmood oo ay ku anthesis) kaas oo ku haboon oo sax ah u qalalan semi-oomane wareegsan. • Ka faa'ideysiga - tayada wanaagsan u samaynta injera fadilaad sare ee macaamiisha.

• Wello in Kobbo Alamata agagaarka, Cheffa agagaarka, waqooyiga Shewa iyo Ma'eyso wareegsan.

Melko-1 • hore bislaada, abaar iyo kulayl kala duwan u adkaysata. • Ka faa'ideysiga - abuur cad kula wanaagsan ee tayada qaadashada injera. • wax soo saarka tamarta sare Sidoo kale sidaas darteed waa wanaagsan u quudanaya xoolaha.

• qalaji agagaarka semi-oomane xilli gaaban kordhaya. • Waxaa la sii daayay waqooyiga Shewa, Kobbo oo kale la mid ah oo ku wareegsan.

Gubiye and Abshir • la mid ah in sifooyinka in Melko-1 marka loo eego. • Abaaraha iyo iska caabin kulaylka iyo isticmaalka. • sifo dheeraad ah waa ay iska caabin ah in geedku dulinka loo yaqaan striga.

• Shewa, Kobbo iyo Ma'eyso hareeraha iyo sax ah ay qaateen beeralayda iyo kuwa kale oo qalalan-semi-oomane wareegsan.

Macia • iman kara dhalidda sare ee ku saabsan 3 t/hektar .• kala duwan Tani joogo cagaaran, wuxuu leeyahay caleemo ballaaran la stem qaro bla iyo hadhay dalagga tayo wanaagsan loo isticmaalo cowska xoolaha.

• Waxay si weyn loo la waafajiyey ee semi-oomane hareeraha iyo gaaban hareeraha koraaya oo u qaadis ah ee ka yar 1600 m.

Seredo • Bird u adkaysta, abaaraha dulqaad, la content tannin sare iyo aad u wanaagsan u sameynta arekie (cabitaanka maxalliga ah).

• Dhammaan qalalan semi-u-eke ah dhulka hoose ee gaar ahaan dooxada Rift hareeraha meesha dhibaatada waa caqabadda ugu weyn ee soosaarka haruurka.

Teshale • Hore, maalmo qaan gaadhnimada 100-120. • U jajabnow 3.0-4.5 t/hektar , wax soo saarka tamarta sare loo isticmaalo wax quudanaya.

• dooxada qalalan oo aan sare ka yar 1600 m, hoosaadka wello iyo Shewa.

WSU-387-Melkam • Hore, maalmo qaan gaadhnimada 118, • U jajabnow 3.7-5.8 t/hektar , wax soo saarka tamarta sare loo isticmaalo wax quudanaya.

• dooxada qalalan oo aan sare ka yar 1600 m, hoosaadka wello iyo Shewa.

Qiyaastii Yeju • Hore, maalmo qaan gaadhnimada 120, • hihi ka badan 5.0 t/hektar .

• raacin of welo oo la mid ah <1600 m, qalalan semi-oomane wareegsan.

Raya • Hore, maalmo qaan gaadhnimada 130, • hihi 3.0-3.8 t/hektar .

• raacin of wello, Sirinka agagaarka <1600 m, qalalan semi-oomane wareegsan.

Misiskir • Hore, maalmo qaan gaadhnimada 126, dhali 4.1 t/hektar .


Girana-1 • Hore, maalmo qaan gaadhnimada 122, dhali 4.1 t/hektar .


Gedo • Hore, maalmo qaan gaadhnimada 134, dhali 4.1 t/hektar .


Abshir • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada 100-120, • hihi 1.5 -2.5 t/hektar .


Gobie • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada 100-120, • hihi 1.9 -2.7 t/hektar , striga u adkaysta.


Birhan • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada 100-120, • U jajabnow 4 t/hektar .0striga u adkaysta.


Harmat • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada 100-120, • hihi 1.5-2.5 t/hektar , striga u adkaysta.


MACIA • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada 110-130, • hihi 3.0-4.5 dhala nooca sare, malt.


Redsazi • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada 106-112, • hihi 2.0-4.0 t/hektar , nooca malt.


Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) ) : Beeraha nidaamka hab-nololeed ku dhisan ee drylands ee macnaha guud ee isbedelka cimilada, FAO

5.3 Dalagyada Pals: Digir digirta (Phaseolus vulgaris.L)

Digir digirta cas waa mid ka mid ah dalagga dooxada garaaca soo saaray ee gobolka Soomaalida. Inkastoo ay tahay mid ka mid ah suiShaxda ku wareegsan wax soo saarka iyo sida cuntada daruuriga ah cuno, balse weli ma cadda in ay meelo badan oo gobolka ah, marka laga reebo qaar ka mid ah


JICA II-5-7 MOA

jeebka ku wareegsan oo jooga bannaankii Jijiga. Beeraha waxay leedahay faa'iidooyin badan, waxaa la abuuri karaa in muddo gaaban (2-3 bilood oo keliya), oo kali ah darto tayada farcankaaga dhawr sannadood sababta oo ah nooca is-pollinated ah, iyo hagaajin nitrogen atmosfeerta carrada. Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah si ay u koraan leh 2 - 4 abuurka oo xilli bareeg iyo / ama in ay isticmaalaan abuur wanaagsanaaday adkaysi u jirrada ciidda.

Shaxda 5.2.5 Talinayo garafyada Hawlaha Digirta Digir Hawlaha

Garafyada Poyint Faalooyin

Dhul diyaarinta • dhulka ee H / Digir oo ku xeeran agagaarka ayaa si fiican loo nadiifiyay.

• Dehxdeeda 2-3 muddooyinka in Dheecaan fudud.

• abuur wanaagsan sariirta ay leedahay in loo diyaar garoobo H / Digir ee aasaaska biqilka iyo dhirta ilmaha fiican.

• jaridda dhirta iyo beerista badanaa bilaabataa saddex toddobaad kaddib markii la beero. • beerista Smooth la kaloo lagula talinayaa karaa sida beerista Inter iyo khafiifinta haddii abuur ah ayaa lagu beeraa cayriin laakiin in dhirta ilmaha muddo yar ka.

Codsiga Bacrin • Ma u baahan tahay unugyada labka iyo dheddiga sare laakiin codsigaaga bacriminta, gaar ahaan goobaha digada dhalidda sare.

• dalagga The hagaajin karaa nitrogen atmosfeerta ahaantiisa. • Haddii bacrimin Chemical waxaa laga codsadaa, 100kg / hektar ee Urea iyo DAP siday u kala horreeyaan ayaa lagula talinayaa.

Beeridda • Heerka miraha: approx.45kg / hektar. • beero oo isku xigta ayaa lagu talinayaa laakiin warbaahinta kale oo suuragal ah. • dheereynta: 40cm dhexeeya ceeriin iyo 10cm dhexeeya dhirta.

• beero qaydhiin waa mid ku haboon koritaanka habboon: economize lacagta abuur dhigaya maaraynta dalagga fudud, kordhiyaa wax soo saarka, iwm • dhirta Leave meel fog suiShaxda inta badan 10cm marka laga reebo si dhirta aan buuq iyo 40 cm u dhexeeya saf.

Maamulka Biyaha • Dheecaan muhiim ah: dhir-jaridda biyo dagaalka oo ka soo digirta digirta cas. • Waa in Waraabka in la sameeyo 21 maalmood oo kasta ku xiran roobab ah: in aan qoyan oo aan ku qalalaan.

• beero qallalan laguma talinayo sababtoo ah khatarta biqilka sharciga ay sabab u tahay burbur, load dhirta ilmaha iyo weeds daciif ah, iwm

Jaridda Dhirta, Khafiifiya Hadda Taagan

• beerista isku qasan iyo jaridda dhirta waxaa lagama maarmaan ah: aadka u nugul in waxyeelo caws. Parthenium ama kulan weeds waa dhibaato weyn. • beerista Aan Inter ka dib markii Cinabyo yihiin gurguurta.

• Isku dayga in ay iska hor ubax. • yaranta iyo maamulka waa mid aad muhiim u ah kororka wax soo saarka Digir digirta cas.


• Booqo beerta ku joogto ah si loo ogaado cayayaanka iyo cudurada dhacdooyinka. • Kiimikooyinka loo xakameeyo sida isticmaalka triamefon iyo mancozeb lagu buufiyo ahaayeen wax ku ool ah oo kantaroosha. • In la xakameeyo dhaqanka sida abuurka oo ka dhexeeya la gallay on dhacdooyinka miridhku.

• digirta Common Digir cudurada yihiin miridhku magacyo kale Digir miridhku, miridhku oo digir ah iyo miridhku ku Digir brown. • Isticmaalka noocyo adkaysi iyo hawlaha dhaqanka wanaagsan sida warejin dalagga, ku haboon abuur sariirta diyaarinta, fayadhowrka field (jaridda).

Dalagga • Dalagga waxaa loo sameeyaa by jarida ama saari dalagga iyo Midho la qalajiyey in lagu tumo.• Goosashada waa in la sameeyaa marxalad bisayl, marka lagu qeybiyo Digir lumiyaan midabka. • miraha qallajinta si loo yareeyo qoyaanka ka hor kaydinta ka mid ah / digir H for isla markiiba is-isticmaalka iyo iibka ah. • khasaaro Kaydinta abuur iyo hadhuudh waa mid ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka ugu waaweyn ee wax soo saarka miraha beeraha.

• gaaray Hand of qeybiyo qaan sidoo kale waa hawl d. Sida caadiga ah soo gaaray gacanta loo sameeyaa 2-3 muddooyinka. • Ku kaydi meelo qabow. Nolosha Kaydinta abuur Digir digirta caadiga ah waa gaaban haddii aan lagu kaydiyaa dukaanka qabow. • Store in la habboon hawo. • Nadiifinta kaydinta iyo iska ilaalinta qodan oo farcankii iyo / hadhuudhka oo hadhuudh la soo dhaafay.

Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) ) : Liiska noocyo sii daayay dalagga & talinayaa howlahooda dhaqanka (EIAR), Hanuunin on Waraabka garafyada (MOA), Diiwaanka Buuxda ee Technologies Research, waayo, gobolka Soomaalida iyo Qiyaastii kale Same-xoola-dhawrista in Ethiopia (SoRPARI)

Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) ) : http://californiamediterraneandiet.com/ category/heirloom-foods/


MOA II-5-8 JICA

Shaxda 5.2.6 Oo laga sii daayay Hagaagay Noocyo digirta Digir u minimumRainfall Qiyaastii in Ethiopia Magaca kala

duwan Tilmaanta ugu weyn Qabsashada Saxda Ah Agagaarka

Nasir • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada waa 88. hadhuudhka hore bislaada. • safafka jajabnow ka 2.3-2.5 t/hektar . • Abuurku waa tirada yar.

• Dhammaan Digir gobollada kordhaya .

Dimtu • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada waxaa lagu 86. hore bislaada. • safafka dhalidda Midho ka 2.0-2.3t/hektar. • Abuurku waa tirada yar.


Goberasha • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada waa 90-95. hore bislaada. • safafka dhalidda Midho ka 2.2-2.5t/hektar ; • Abuurku waa tirada yar.

• Jimma oo la mid ah agagaarka SW Ethiopia.

Ayenew • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada waa 90-95. hore bislaada. • safafka dhalidda Midho ka 2.2-2.4t/hektar . • Abuurku waa tirada dhexdhexaadka ah.

• cadceed u kaca iyo cadceed dejinta Hararge.

Gofta •Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada waa 90-95. hore bislaada. • safafka dhalidda Midho ka 2.2-2.4t/hektar . • Abuurku waa tirada waaweyn.

• cadceed u kaca iyo cadceed dejinta Hararge.

Tabor • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada waa 80-90. hore bislaada. • safafka dhalidda Midho ka 2.0-2.4t/hektar . • Abuurku waa tirada yar.

• Hoos jihada Ethiopia.

Wedo • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada waa 74-84. hore bislaada. • safafka jajabnow ka 1.2-2.2 t/hektar . • Abuurku waa tirada waaweyn.

Cadceed kici jihada Ethiopia.

Melka-Dima • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada waa 91. • safafka jajabnow ka 1.8-2.3 t/hektar . • Abuurku waa tirada waaweyn.

• Dhexe Rift Valley iyo jawi la mid ah.

Ibado • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada waa 90-120. • safafka jajabnow ka 2.0-2.9 t/hektar . • Abuurku waa tirada waaweyn.


Omo-95 • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada waa 90-120. • safafka jajabnow ka 1.7-3.2 t/hektar . • Abuurku waa tirada waaweyn.


Haramaya • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada yihiin 100. • safafka jajabnow ka 2.0-3.2 t/hektar . • Abuurku waa tirada waaweyn.

• Cadceed kici jihada Ethiopia.

Dinknesh • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada waa 92. • safafka jajabnow ka 2.5-3.2t / ha. • Abuurku waa tirada waaweyn.

• dhexe Rift Valley oo la mid ah oo ku wareegsan.

Batu • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada waa 75-85. • safafka jajabnow ka 1.8-2.5t/hektar . • Abuurku waa tirada waaweyn.

Dhammaan Digir gobollada kordhaya .

Dame • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada waa 90-115. • safafka jajabnow ka 1.8-3.0 t/hektar . • Abuurku waa tirada waaweyn.


Awash-1 • inta badan ku weynaaday sida dalagga dhoofinta iyo aad ayaa loo doorbiday by bulshada beeralayda ah. • iman kara jajabnow ee xarunta cilmi u dhaxeysa 2.0-2.4 t/hektar oo 1.2-1.5 t/hektar ee beeraha beeralayda.

• habeynayo Gaararkiisa ah, kala duwan oo wuxuu ku qaabeysan semi-oomane hareeraha leh u qaadis hooseeyo iyo roobabka iyo waxa ay gaaban muddo sii kordhaya (aad u maturating 75-90 maalmood) • Waxaa la doorbiday in kordhaya ee Naasared, Awassa oo kale la mid ah oo ku wareegsan. • Waxaa la dhoofin karo dalka kale.

Awash Melka • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada 95-100. • safafka jajabnow ka 2.2-3.2 t/hektar .

• Ku dhawaad dhammaan semi-oomane hareeraha ee dalka oo ay ku jirto la qabsashada ku wareegsan kor ku xusan. • Waxaa la dhoofin karo dalka kale.

Argene • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada 85-90. • safafka jajabnow ka 2.0-2.2 t/hektar . • Abuurku waa tirada yar.

• Waxaa habboon in loo salaxo dooxada Rift dhexe oo la mid ah oo ku wareegsan. • Waxaa la dhoofin karo dalka kale.

TA01JI

• Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada 85-90. • safafka jajabnow ka 2.2-2.5 t/hektar . • Abuurku waa tirada yar.

• Rift Valley Dhexe iyo la mid ah agagaarka, haboon qiyaastii muddo gaaban kordhaya. • Waxaa la dhoofin karo dalka kale.

Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) ) : Beeraha Nidaamka Hab-Nololeed Ku Dhisan Dalalka Qalalan Ee Macnaha Guud Ee Isbedelka Cimilada, FAO


JICA II-5-9 MOA

5.4 Beeraha saliida

5.4.1 Sisinta (indicum Sesamum.L)

Sisinta asal ahaan waa dalag ah tropics iyo gobolka-kulaale sub, laakiin cultivars cusub ayaa kordhisteen kala duwan galay gobollada more qoraxda, inkastoo loo tixgeliyaa in ay asal ahaan bartamaha Africa, inta badan u badan tahay Ethiopia. Dalagga ayaa ku badhaadho habboon on carradu in ay yihiin dhexdhexaad ah rays ah iyo sidoo-miiro, lakiin waa ay ku badhaadho sida habboon on hodan, kan Oomani, ama dhulka isku qasan. Dalagga waxa la koray ee agagaarka weheliyaan Dadkaas Shebele webiga-bangiyada by beeraley yaryar, iyo beeralayda isticmaalaan noocyo maxalliga ah leh rajo masaakiinta dhala. Hadda, noocyo dhowr ah sisin la waafajiyaa xaaladaha deegaanka ee hadda jira ayaa la aqoonsaday oo dalacsiiyay beeralayda ee webiga-bangiyada ee qaybta koonfureed ee Soomaaliya oo ay ka mid yihiin Gode wareegsan.

Shaxda 5.2.7 Talinayo garafyada Hawlaha Sisinta Hawlaha

garafyada Poyint Faalooyin

Dhul diyaarinta • Si fiican u matalo xaadhista muhiim ah: Cayayaanka iyo cudurada oo weerari laga yaabaa in dekedda sisinta ee ciidda. • In ka badan 3-muddo Beerta qoto dheer waa in la sameeyaa ee aasaaska biqilka iyo dhirta ilmaha fiican.

• Diyaarinta Good Dhul muhiim u yahay ka istaagtay wanaagsan. • Sisinta waa qoto-rujin si uu u baahan yahay Beerta qoto dheer loogu talagalay biyo habboon iyo nuugista nafaqo.

Codsiga Bacrin • In maamulaha, uma baahna codsiga sare Bacrin.• Codsiga goobaha bacrimin dhalidda sare ee Somali laakiin dose codsiga waa in lagu xallinayo sida helitaanka biyaha.

• Iyada oo la tixraacayo, kiis ee semi-waraabka leh 200mm baxa roobka, 25kg / hektar ee urea iyo 50kg / hektar ee DAP lagu dabaqi karo: Half of labada bacrimin u hor beeridda iyo badhkii kale ee marka hari waxaa muujinaya kor ku stage pre-taranka.

Beeridda • beero Row waa mid ku haboon koritaanka habboon: Abuurku ka yar lacagta maareynta dalagga sahli, kordhiyaa wax soo saarka, iwm • Heerka Seed: Ror 5kg / hektar, idaacadaha 7kg/hektar • dheereynta: btw. Saf 40cm & btw aasaan 10cm.

• Quman in lagu beeray ciid wanaagsan ku tan iyo sisinta waa u yar. • Beero qallalan laguma talinayo sababtoo ah khatarta biqilka sharciga ay sabab u tahay burbur, dhirta ilmaha tabar iyo culayska haramaha.

Water management

• u muhiim ah in qoyaanka fiican ee beeridda: abuurka baahan qoyaanka gaararkiisa ah waxay u 3-5days. • Ka dib dhalashada abuurka, mar 10-15days Roob yar, mar 21days leh roob qaar 60-70days ilaa dhamaadka of bislaada heer.

• Edbiyey ku salaysan yihiin lacagta guud ee biyaha ee profile ciidda ka hor beeridda iyo dhexeeya beero iyo bisayl nafeedba. • Ka dib markii dooxeen wajiga, waraabinta hana u kordhinnin dhalidda iyo daahin karaa goynta.

Jaridda dhirta, khafiifiya hadda taagan

• Gocondhada nayaa iyo beerista Inter oo aad u nugul haramaha dulinka badanaa bilaabataa 3-4 toddobaad ka dib markii beerto • Parthenium ama kulan haramaha waa dhibaato weyn.

• Sisinta u dul qaadasho tuuro ilaa wasakh on caws-ka caawisaa xakameeyo haramaha yar s socda ee line abuur iyo si qoto dheer u qodo waraabka. • Haddii dhirta eegi jaalaha ah roobka qabow ama aad u badan, beerista caawin doonaa sisinta cagaaran ilaa.


• Ka ilaali cayayaanka iyo cudurada ay gacanta ku dhaqan iyo nafleyda sida warejin dalagga. • Booqo beerta ku joogto ah si loo ogaado cayayaanka iyo cudurada dhacdooyinka.

• Dhammaan kala duwan talinayaa in Gode waa cayayaan adkaysi iyo cudur. • Haddii magdhow waa weyn, loo baahan yahay in la isticmaalo kiimikada sidii ay calaamadaha iyo tilmaamaha

Dalagga • talinayo in la gooyaa jiridda oo dhan ma inay adigoo isticmaalaya baco in aanay faafin abuur ah.• sisinta Dalagga hoos ku 6% qoyaan muhiimka ah; u baahan tahay iniinaha oo qalalan ilaa 10-15 maalmood. • Ku kaydi meelo qabow. Nolosha Kaydinta sisinta sida caadiga ah waa gaaban haddii aan lagu kaydiyaa dukaanka qabow.

• Nadiifinta kaydinta iyo iska ilaalinta qodan oo farcankii iyo / hadhuudhka oo hadhuudh la soo dhaafay. • Haddii kiimikada lagu keydiyo loo isticmaalo raacaan tilmaamaha ku qoran. Store in la habboon hawo.

Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) ) : Liiska noocyo dalag sii daayay & talinayaa howlahooda dhaqanka (EIAR), Hagaha Waraabka garafyada (MOA), Diiwaanka Buuxda ee ah cilmibaarisyadii u Technologies, waayo, gobolka Soomaalida oo kale isla Agro-dhawrista in Ethiopia (SoRPARI)



MOA II-5-10 JICA

Shaxda 5.2.8 Oo laga sii daayay Noocyo Sisinta La Wanaajiyey Ee Low Roobabka agagaarka, Ethiopia

Magaca Kala Duwan Sharaxaada ugu weyn

Qabsashada Saxda Ah Agagaarka

T-85 • Waa abaarta u adkaysta, iyo sidoo kale u gegsan karo cayayaanka waaweyn iyo cudurada ee drylands ah. • Hore bislaada iyo Uruguay oo cadcad oo ka iman kara suuqa sare. • U jajabnow u dhaxeysa xarunta cilmi 1.0 2.0 t/hektar ; field beeralay ee ku saabsan 0.5 t/hektar .

• guuriyay in dooxada qiyaastii ilaa 1250m, iyadoo roobab of 500-700 mm. • Saxda ah in la waafajiyaa oomane oo qalalan semi-oomane wareegsan.

Kalafo-74 • Hore bislaada iyo abaarta u adkaysta. • U jajabnow u dhaxeysa xarunta cilmi 0.6-1.2 t/hektar ; field beeralay ee ku saabsan 0.3 t/hektar .

• guuriyay in dooxada qiyaastii ilaa 1250m, iyadoo roobab of 500-700 mm. • Saxda ah in la waafajiyaa oomane oo qalalan semi-oomane agagaarka gaar Kelafo ku xeeran ee gobolka Soomaalida.

E • abaarta Waaberigii iyo dulqaad cayayaanka. • U jajabnow u dhaxeysa xarunta cilmi 0.6-1.2 t/hektar , field beeralay ee ku saabsan 0.3 t/hektar .

• guuriyay in dooxada qiyaastii ilaa 1250m, iyadoo roobab of 500-700 mm oo buuxin karaa sisinta ugu sii kordhaya wareegsan.

Adi • Hore, abaaraha wareegga gaaban iyo cayayaan u adkaysta. • xarunta cilmi jajabnow 0.6-1.2 t/hektar ; field beeralay ee ku saabsan 0.3 t/hektar .

• guuriyay in dooxada qiyaastii ilaa 1250m, iyadoo roobab of 500-700 mm oo la qabsan karaa si sisinta ugu sii kordhaya wareegsan.

S • U jajabnow hoos roob-falatada waa 0.4-1.0 t/hektar oo 1.2-1.6 waraabka t/hektar ; • Saliida waxyaabaha 44:47%.

Si hareeraha la sii kordhaya gaaban hareeraha la maalmood qaan gaadhnimada 90-115.

Waxaa ku beeri karaa dhamaan dryland hareeraha ee Ethiopia.

Mehado-80 • U jajabnow hoos baxa roobka waa 0.4-1.0 t/hektar oo 1.5-2.2 waraabka t/hektar . • Saliida waxyaabaha 44:47%.

• si fiican loo habeeyey in qiyaastii la sare, iyadoo maalmood qaan gaadhnimada 90-110. • Waxaa ku beeri karaa dhamaan dryland hareeraha ee Ethiopia. Si hareeraha leh gaaban hareeraha koraaya maalmood qaan gaadhnimada 90-115. • Waxaa ku beeri karaa dhamaan dryland hareeraha ee Ethiopia.

Abasena • U jajabnow hoos baxa roobka waa 0.6-1.2 t/hektar oo hoos 1.2-1.9 waraabka t/hektar . • Saliida ka kooban 43-47%.

• si fiican loo habeeyey dalalkan oo qalalan la maalmood qaan gaadhnimada 90-115.

Argene • U jajabnow hoos waraabka waa 1.5-1.8 t/hektar ; • Saliida ka kooban 43-46%.

• Iyada oo maalmo qaan gaadhnimada 95-105. • Waxaa ku beeri karaa dhamaan dryland hareeraha ee Ethiopia.

Serkamo • U jajabnow hoos waraabka waa 1.5-1.8 t/hektar ; • Saliida ka kooban 43-46%.

• Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada 95-105. • Waxaa laga yaabaa in aasaan dhan ah dhul engegan ku xeeran ee Ethiopia.

Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) ) : Beeraha Nidaamka Hab-Nololeed Ku Dhisan Ee Drylands Ee Macnaha Guud Ee Isbedelka Cimilada, FAO

5.4.2 Looska (arachis hypogaea.L)

Laws waa noocyada ah in hooyo qoyska legume in ay South America iyo warshad sanadeed herbaceous kordhaya in 30 ilaa 50 cm. Waxaa inta badan soo ay batroolka adduunka iyo hoos beeraha abuur saliid, laakiin sidoo kale waa in la isticmaalo si toos ah sida cuntada protein sare. Dalagga waxa uu leeyahay iska caabin abaarta wanaagsan iyo dabeecada dulqaad kulaylka iyo tixgeliyo mid ka mid ah dalagga saliid dooxada iyo sax ah u koraya ee cimiladu ay kulushahay ayna diiran, min 25 ilaa 28 darajo Celsius, hoos ku 1600 m sareeya heerka biyaha badda. Dalagga wuxu noqonayaa mid muhiim ah dhanka isticmaalka guriga iyo suuqa maxaliga ah ee Ethiopia oo dhan. Soona Celceliska dhulka nuts ee qolofka ku saabsan yihiin 800 kg / hektar. Weerarkan ayaa ka dhigi ilaa 30% ka mid ah miisaanka.

Source: http://www.selfhelpafrica.org/ie/ethiopia/market-innovation-for-smallholder-groundnut-farmers


JICA II-5-11 MOA

Shaxda 5.2.9 Talinayo garafyada Hawlaha looska Hawlaha

Garafyada Poyint Faalooyin

Dhul diyaarinta

• dhulka waa in lagu habboon loo diyaariyey iyo barbareeyay dhulka fududaato in codsiga biyaha waraabka iyo dhalashada iyo horumarinta xididka degdeg ah. • beerayaa 2-3 muddooyinka si qoto dheer ah 25-30 cm.• lagama maarmaanka ah si ay u diyaariyaan baahi intaa dheereynta 60-80 cm dhexeyso biyaha waraabka.

• Si fiican loo habeeyey inay si fiican u-miiro, friable, dhexdhexaad textured carrada in ay yihiin dabacsan si ay u oggolaadaan musmaarrada in ay galaan ciida si fudud iyo qaaditaanka of dalagga ee muddada goynta sahlanaan doonto. Si fiican loo miiro loams kan Oomani waa ku

habboon wax soo saarka dalagga ka. Codsiga Bacrin

• Inta lagu guda jiro Dhul hadhaa dalagga diyaarinta waa in lagu daro in si carrada. • Tusaale guud ah, DAP ee heerka of 100 kg / hektar waxaa lagula talinayaa in ay isticmaalaan.

• laws aan aad u dalbanaya in la isticmaalo bacrimin sida dalagyada kale legume, inta badan nitrogen looga baahan yahay ee dhulka lowska waxaa bixiya qardarin in qanjira xididkiisu bakteeriyada Rhizobium qirayo ah.

Beeridda • beero Row si weyn lagu talinayaa in ay fududaato in codsiga biyaha waraabka. • leexsan in saf la kala dheereynta of 60-75 cm u dhexeeya saf iyo 10-15 cm u dhaxaysa geedaha iyo si qoto dheer celceliska beeridda ku saabsan tahay 5 cm oo qoto dheer.

• Heerarka Seed way kala duwan yihiin iyada oo ku xidhan nooca ciidda iyo sifooyinka varietal oo kala duwan oo ah 60-80 kg / hektar oo ah miraha unshelled / ama 20-40 kg / hektar oo ah miraha la duqeeyey / lagu talinayaa in la isticmaalo / cadad la yareeyey ah ee heerka abuur lagu talinayaa nooca taagay of noocyo.

Water management

• bareeg Waraabka: 6-14 maalmood ka ilaa 21 cisho ee carrada loam, taas oo ku xidhan heerka evapotranspiration dalagga iyo awooda biyaha haysta ciidda. • Iyada oo lagu dura gaaban inta lagu guda jiro ubax oo hore caadada u sameynta dhalidda.

• Codsiga biyo xad-dhaaf ah oo mara roobab ama waraabka xadka hawl bakteeriyada N-qamaar, ay sabab u tahay oksajiin la'aan.

Weeds ing, Thinning & Ridging

• gacanta ugu horeeya haramaha nayaa markaas dhici doono 30 maalmood ka dib beeridda, halka labaad 40-50 maalmood ka dib beerto iyo kan saddexaad oo u dhexeeya 60-80 maalmood ka dib bixitaanka.

• Xaaladaha waraabka, saddex haramaha gacanta nayaa waa lagama maarmaan si loo yareeyo tartan ka haramaha s hor dalagga waxaa habboon aasaasay.


• Si aad u cayayaan: 1 / beero Hore iyo 2 / XIL of canab ah iyo qashinka beerta ka dib markii goynta. • Si cudur: ganaax 1 / abuur sariirta diyaarinta iyo Iskudarka hadhay dalagga, 2 / dhiso wareegga warejin dalagga ku habboon leh laan iyo Beer vegeShaxda, 3 / saarida hadha oo dhan geedka deg deg ah goosashada ka dib.

• ABW, malabiso iyo kuwa lamid ah ka dhex cayayaanka ugu muhiimsan yihiin. • Cudurka Major: miridhku, kaalinta caleen, engeeg koonfurta, iyo goormaad viral iyo bakteeriyada.

Harvesting • Dalagga ma daahi karo ilaa dhan qeybiyo ay qaan gaadh ah ama khasaare culus keeni doonaa ka go'idda inay xilkii ka musaamiirtooda iyo shanta hablood oo dhicis ah. • dukaamada lowska Ground si nabad ah marka content qoyaan ah nuts la soo dejiyey oo ku saabsan 10% iyo qoyaanka qaraabo ah qolka lagu kaydiyo waa 60%.

• midho ma dhan samayn hagaagaan mar, maxaa yeelay ubax dhacdaa in ka badan 30-40 maalmood oo gaari bisayl ku saabsan 60 maalmood ka dib ubax.

Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) ) : Liiska noocyo dalag sii daayay & talinayaa howlahooda dhaqanka (EIAR), Hagaha Waraabka garafyada (Moa), Diiwaanka guud ee cilmibaarisyadii Technologies, waayo, Somali iyo Same agagaarka Agro-dhawrista (SoRPARI)


MOA II-5-12 JICA

Shaxda 5.2.10 Oo laga sii daayay Noocyo Sisinta La Wanaajiyey Ee Roobka Ugu Yaraan Qiyaastii, Ethiopia

Magaca kala duwan Sharaxaada Ugu Weyn Qabsashada SAXDA AH AGAGAARKA

Nc-4X • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada 130 ilaa 165. • Abaaraha, kulaylka iyo cudur u adkaysta. • U jajabnow 5.0-6.5 t/hektar hoos waraabka iyo 2.0-3.5 t/hektar hoos ba'een. • Saliida ka kooban 44-49%.

• Saxda ah in Haraghie ku wareegsan oo ay ka mid Aaqîba, Besidimo qalalan semi-oomane wareegsan.

NC-343 • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada 130 ilaa 165. • Abaaraha, kulaylka iyo cudur u adkaysta. • U jajabnow 5.0-7.0 t/hektar hoos waraabka iyo 2.0-4.0 t/hektar hoos ba'een. • Saliida ka kooban 44-49%.


Roba • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada 130 ilaa 165. • Abaaraha, kulaylka iyo cudur u adkaysta. • U jajabnow 5.0-6.5 t/hektar hoos waraabka iyo 2.0-3.5 t/hektar hoos ba'een. • Saliida ka kooban 42-49%.


Sedi • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada 130 ilaa 165. • Abaaraha, kulaylka iyo cudur u adkaysta. • U jajabnow 5.0-6.5 t/hektar hoos waraabka iyo 2.0-3.5 t/hektar hoos ba'een. • Saliida ka kooban 44-49%.

• Saxda ah in Haraghie ku wareegsan oo ay ka mid Aaqîba, Besidimo qalalan semi-oomane hareeraha iyo Rift Valley wareegsan.

Manipeter • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada 130 ilaa 165. • Abaaraha, kulaylka iyo cudur u adkaysta. • U jajabnow 5.0-6.5 t/hektar hoos waraabka iyo 2.0-3.5 t/hektar hoos ba'een. • Saliida ka kooban 44-49%.

• Saxda ah in Haraghie ku wareegsan oo ay ka mid Aaqîba, Besidimo qalalan semi-oomane wareegsan. Iyo Rift Valley ku wareegsan.

E • Maalmaha qaan gaadhnimada 130 ilaa 165. • Abaaraha, kulaylka iyo cudur u adkaysta. • U jajabnow 5.0-6.5 t/hektar hoos waraabka iyo 2.0-3.5 t/hektar hoos ba'een. • Saliida ka kooban 44-49%.

• Saxda ah in Haraghie ku wareegsan oo ay ka mid Aaqîba, Besidimo qalalan semi-oomane wareegsan. Iyo Rift Valley ku wareegsan.

Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) ) : Beeraha nidaamka hab-nololeed ku dhisan ee drylands ee macnaha guud ee isbedelka cimilada, FAO

5.5 Qudaarta

5.5.1 Basasha (Allium cepa L.)

Basasha leedahay muhiimad badan ee cuntada Ethiopian maalin kasta oo ay leedahay awood ah loo isticmaalo guryaha iyo warshadaha processing degaaneed. Beeraha waxaa si xoogan u saameeyay saacadood maalintii dhererka iyo qoraxda ay soo saaraan nalalka oo keliya maalin-gaaban iyo qorax kala duwan waxaa loo habeeyey si Ethiopian. Waxaa la abuuri karaa noocyada ciidda kala duwan laakiin dhexdhexaad ah oo si fiican u miiro textured hodan ku content arrinta organik yihiin in ka badan doorbiday. Wixii muddada koritaanka bilowga ah, cimilada qabow iyo biyo ku filan waa faa'iido u lahaa abuuritaanka midhaha oo sax ah, halka inta lagu guda jiro ku fulan diiran, cimilada qalalan waa faa'iido.



JICA II-5-13 MOA

Shaxda 5.2.11 Talinayo garafyada Hawlaha Basasha Hawlaha garafyada

Poyint Faalooyin

maamulka Xannaanada

• Sariirta diyaarinta: sariirta waa lagu oogi karaa, gudhaan ama guri ku xiran tahay xaaladaha cimilada. 1m Width iyo dhererka 5-10m, baby plants kullan 15cm oo isku xigta. • Bacrin: digada Saxda ah ka kooban ama 100 kg / hektar ee Urea. • Heerka Seed: 3-4kg / hektar, 95% biqilka. • ku walaaqaya: doogga qalalan muddo 15 maalmood

• aadka lagula talinayaa inay of nursery qodo oo ku yaalla meel ciid ah beerashada, dhir-jaridda biyo lacag la'aan ah iyo isticmaalka lahayn oo Beero la xiriira ee 2-3seasons. • Inta ay Bacriminta of DAP iyo Urea la wada qasi karo oo codsatay intii lagu jiray diyaarinta yihin. • Maaraynta Plant: daaweynta kiimikada lagu dabaqo yaabaa inuu cudur bakteeriyo iyo faangas

Beeraha Joogtada diyaarinta

• Ka dib markii la falo iyo dheellitir, jeexjeexyada ee dheereynta ah 0,40 m ee codsiga biyaha waraabka waa in loo diyaar garoobo. Markaas waxaa duurka ka la doorbidayo pre-waraabka hal ama laba maalmood ka hor transplanting. • marxalad transplanting: baby plants 13-15 cm dhererka ama 45-55 maalmood jiray, kala dheereynta: 40 x 20 x 10 cm3 2rows / xun. • 200kg / hektar ee Urea iyo 100kg / hektar ee DAP huwanta, oo badhkood wuxuu u baahan yahay waqti ka mid ah transplanting, qeybtii kale ee 45-50 maalmood.

• Basal u baahan kor ku potassium dhan iyo fosfooraska. Sulfur inta badan waa mid aad muhiim ugu aad. • Inta ay Bacriminta oo ah qaab DAP iyo Urea la soo wada qaso iyo codsatay intii lagu jiray diyaarinta yihin. • Waa in lagu bacrimiyo Nitrogendoksid si tartiib tartiib ah oo dhexdhexaad ah siiyo, tan iyo markii uu codsi nitrogen xad dhaaf ah wuxuu keenaa dhismaha iyo katinado ugu weyn in nalalka iyo wax udhima hayo.

maamulka Biyaha • Wixii nursery, waxay u baahan yihiin biyo hore ee aroor iyo galabba. • Wixii xereeyo, codsatay 4-5days kasta toddobaad ee hore iyo 7days kasta markaas ka dib.

• Wixii soosaarkooda si mug leh basasha u baahan tahay biyo 350-550 mm oo dhan ay muddo sii kordhaya. • Basasha waa dalag-gacmeed geelaa aan ka badnayn 30 cm u qoto dheer oo uu u baahan yahay irrigations soo noqnoqda laakiin iftiin.

Jaridda dhirta, khafiifiya & hadda taagan,

• muhiim u ah hawlaha Inter-xigta kaymo iyo weeds ed ugu yaraan 3 caadada muddada koritaanka. • beerista hore iyo jaridda dhirta waa in la sameeyaa muddo 15 maalmood ah transplanting, labaad iyo saddexaad on 30 iyo 50 maalmood ka dib transplanting ka dib.

• yaranta waa mid aad u muhiim u ah wax soo saarka basasha guul. Heerka gaabis ah koritaanka of basasha wajiga hore ee bilowga, marka la isku daro ay caado koritaanka furan of dalagga oo sabab u ah nidaamka xididka gacmeed of dalagga, karti ka haramaha noqon kartaa mid aad u daran. • caariyaysi xaad oo shaabad wasakhaysa guduudan yihiin cudurada ugu waaweyn oo ay weeraraan basasha si ba'an; gaar ahaan inta lagu jiro xilli roobaadka oo markii qoyaan badan tahay.


• Maaraynta Cultural sida warejin iyo abuurka oo ka dhexeeya adkaysan kari waayay cayayaanka iyo cudurada. • Marka 5-10 cayayaanka lagu arkay halkii geedka waxaa suurtagal ah si loo xakameeyo cayayaanka adigoo isticmaalaya ah kiimikada.

• yaranta waa mid aad u muhiim u ah wax soo saarka basasha guul. Heerka gaabis ah koritaanka of basasha wajiga hore ee bilowga, marka la isku daro ay caado koritaanka furan of dalagga oo sabab u ah nidaamka xididka gacmeed of dalagga, karti ka haramaha noqon kartaa mid aad u daran. • caariyaysi xaad oo shaabad wasakhaysa guduudan yihiin cudurada ugu waaweyn oo ay weeraraan basasha si ba'an; gaar ahaan inta lagu jiro xilli roobaadka oo markii qoyaan badan tahay.

Dalagga • nalalka waa in laga miro-ed hor dushooda waxaa si buuxda u engegay, haddii kale guluubka qudhun doonaa xididka • nalalka rid bac ah mesh u furan si ay u dhamaystiraan Daaweynta, hadii uu roob, qalaji basasha hoos hoy.

• Guud ahaan, Basasha noqon kartaa ed goynta gudahood 80 ilaa 100 maalmood ka dib transplanting • talinayaa in goynta iyagoo isticmaalaya qalab gacanta ku habboon sida fargeetooyin, iyo daryeel la qaato waa in aan si dhaawaca maqaarka.

Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) ) : Liiska noocyo dalag sii daayay & talinayaa howlahooda dhaqanka (EIAR), Hanuunin on Waraabka garafyada (MOA), Diiwaanka Buuxda ee Technologies Research, waayo, gobolka Soomaalida iyo Qiyaastii kale Same-xoola-dhawrista in Ethiopia (SoRPARI)

5.5.2 Tamaandho (Lycopersicon esculeutum)

Tamaandho waa dalagga ugu muhiimsan ee soo socota si ay u baradhada ee Ethiopia. Wax soo saarka wuxuu u baahan yahay wax badan oo hawlaha iyo daryeelka sababta oo ah waxa aad loo saamayn ku jawiga deegaanka, gaar ahaan heerkulka taas oo saameyn weyn ku dhammaan marxaladaha kala duwan ee koritaanka geedka. Dhab ahaantii, yaanyo waa maalin dhexdhexaad ah laakiin waxay u baahan tahay maalintii in isbedel heerkulka habeen ee ugu yaraan 5 darajo Celsius inta lagu guda jiro maalmaha dheer in ay wax soo saar leh. Source: ttp://www.writeonnewjersey.com

/2009/05/whatever-happened-to-the-jersey-tomato


MOA II-5-14 JICA

Waxaa la xusay in ay ka fogaadaan halka ay beeraha dalagga hore ahaa baradhada macaan ama dalagga a solanaceous (yaanyo, basbaas, eggplant ama baradho), ama cudurada iyo cayayaanka muuqan.

Shaxda 5.2.12 Talinayo garafyada Hawlaha tamaandho

hawlaha garafyada Poyint Faalooyin

maamulka Xannaanada • Miraha lagu beeray in line on yihin si fiican u diyaarsan oo weliba derejo yar daboolay ciidda. • Ka dib markii 7-10 maalmood ee beero geedo yar yar ee lagu isticmaali sariirta labaad fogaan ah 2-3 cm in labada dhinacba. • Qiyaastii 250-300g abuur ku siin lahaa geedo ku filan si ay ugu daboosho 1 ha of dhulka. • geedo tamaandho diyaar u yihiin beero marka ay ku jiraan 4-5 marxalad caleen in 4-5 todobaad.

• geedo waa in la ilaaliyaa qoraxda xoog badan iyo roobab culus. • Saddex ilaa afar cantoobadiisa muggeed urea diri ee 30 litir oo biyo ah lagu rusheeyey kara sariiro nursery qiyaasta todobaad ee transplanting geedo dhalinyarada sariirta labaad ka dib. • Tamaandho samayn aad u habboon on carradu macdanta intooda badan, waxase ay door bidaan oo qoto dheer, si sax ah miiro loams kan Oomani.

Beeraha Joogtada diyaarinta

• Waxaa lagu beeray waa in sariiro sara kiciyey habboon isuku soo ayadoo marka hore la qodaya ciidda jeestay mixaraatka saara oo dabadeedna la 4-5 ploughings. • Laba saf yihiin beeray on a 1 m ballaaran ka sara sariiraha at kala dheereynta 60 x 60 cm. yaaqada galabtii raacay nuurka • beeraha ayaa lagu dari karaa 15-20 tons digada organik, urea 300 kg, 200 kg qaado (Phosphate), iyo 150 kg MP (Kaliumpermanganat) hektar per in ay kor u dhalid iyo tayada. • Lacagta oo dhan digada organik iyo qaado iyo badh ah xildhibaanka waa in lagu dabaqo inta lagu guda jiro diyaarinta dhulka.

• Beerta ogolaan kartaa wax lays xidid ku filan ee culus carrada nooca dhoobo kaas oo u ogolaanaya u-soo-saarka ee noocyada ciidda ah. • carrada aad u sarayso in arrinta organik laguma talinayo sabab u ah waxa ku jira qoyaan sare ee warbaahinta tan iyo wixii u dhiman nafaqo. • Intaa waxaa dheer ee arrinta organik in carrada macdanta kordhin doonaa dhalidda iyo hagaajiyo tayada. • qeybtii MP soo hadhay oo urea dhan yihiin in lagu dabaqo saddex qaybood loo siman yahay, ugu horeeyay ee muddo 15 maalmood kaddib markii la beero, labaad ee ubax iyo saddexaad ee goob miro.

maamulka Biyaha • dalagga Tan waxa la arkay inay biyo ka soo kacay moolka dhexdiisii ka baxaan ilaa 2 m ciid qaab-dhismeed wanaagsan. • Waraabka • Sidoo kale bixinta waraabka soo daahay ee xilli keeni kartaa in midho-biyood oo tayo liidato.

• tamaandho u baahan waraabka aad u taxaddar taas oo noqon waa ku filan in waqtiga saxda ah. • xaaladaha qoyaanka goosgoos ah ama waraabka culus ka dib markii a Jiilaal dheer waxay keeni kartaa in dagaaal miro.

Hakad iyo gooyaa • da'ada yar ee dhirta yaanyo iyadoo la kaashanayo fiilooyin ama xadhkahoodii la sheegay in ay horumariso wax soosaarka & tayada by hayo dhulka off • caleemaha kooxda gooyaa oo da'ada yar ayaa sheegta in ay dhalidda sare, lebis iyo Midhaha weyn

• da'ada yar ama tababar natiijada in bislaanta hore, dhalidda sare ee miro tayo fiican, cudurku ka yar, howlgalka dhaqamada fudud iyo ba- goynta.


• Major PRST: fruitworm yaanyo, bollworm suuf, armigera Heliobis, whitefly, cutwarms, stinkbugs iyo Namatoda • cudurada Major: engeeg Early, dhalaalaya soo daahay, kaalinta caleen septoria, mildow budada ah, Bakteeriyada iyo wilts Fusarium

• khasaaraha dalagga Aad u khatar ah dhacaan ee yaanyada, dalagii si loo xakameeyo laakiin waa cuduro badan oo ay adag tahay in la xakameeyo inta lagu jiro xilli roobaadka. • talinayo in uu soo saaro yaanyo xilliga abaarta hoos waraabka si loo yareeyo halista cudurka cudur

Dalagga Tamaandho ee suuqa cusub guud ahaan gacanta lagu gaaray. • sale Local ee yaanyada laga yaabaa in canabka tunta in a soo riddo shirkad ama midab cas oo buuxa ka hor inta goynta.

• Kuwa gaaray oo la geeynayo waxaa la gaaray marxalad qaan gaadh ah oo cagaaran iyo buufiyay ethylene 48 saacadood ka hor maraakiibta.

Liiska noocyo dalag sii daayay & talinayaa howlahooda dhaqanka (EIAR), Hanuunin on Waraabka garafyada (MOA), Diiwaanka Buuxda ee Technologies Research, waayo, gobolka Soomaalida iyo Qiyaastii kale Same-xoola-dhawrista in Ethiopia (SoRPARI)

5.6 Dalagyada Calafka

Balka waa mid aad u muhiim ah in Gode agagaarka dadka. Shaxda soo socota waxay soo bandhigaysaa dulmar kooban oo ku saabsan arrimaha ugu waawayn iyo dhacyada caadiga ah ee la xiriirta abuuritaanka daaqa iyo maamulka.


JICA II-5-15 MOA

Shaxda 5.2.13 Hawlaha Guud ee balka

hawlaha garafyada Poyint

1) Seed xulashada • Seed kala duwan & quarity: Hubi in farcanka run ahaantii waa in ee kala duwan ee aad dooneyso in aad geedka. Sida ugu habboon ee tan lagu sameyn waa in la helo abuur ka qaatay repuShaxda laga soo. Tayo waxa lagu qiyaasaa marka la eego khayroon daahirnimo iyo u dhalashada. • Dormancy: cows badan oo ku xiran yihiin dormancy post-goynta, taas oo macnaheedu yahay dhalashada hagaajinaysaa ilaa 12 bilood goosashada ka dib, sida inhibitors biqilka in glumes ku dumin. • abuur Dooga daahirnimo units in waxa loo soo gudbinayaa sida miraha in cows dhab yihiin beerahaan in ay ka kooban yihiin hal ama in ka badan kaarooto subtended by labo ka mid ah glumes. Someperiods jiro caryopsis lahayn (hadhuudhka) aasaasay in spikelet ah inkastoo ay weli u muuqda in ay abuur caafimaad leh. • Daaweynta Seed: Scarification: jubbadda abuur (testa) ee digiraha waa inta badan ka dusi karin in ay biyo, sidaas hakintu biqilka. Waa sax ah si loo hubiyo in farcanka waxaa ku filan scarified in la siiyo 50% dhalashada ee baaritaanka. Goojada :. Haddii uu jiro shaki waa in cadaadis suiShaxda ah rhizobium jirta ciidda, dhaqan oo jeermis la soo bandhigay, sida caadiga ah abuurka, in hannaanka loo yaqaan kulantay. On carradu aad u acid ama kuwa kale meesha molybdenum u badan tahay inuu noqon-yari hayso, iyo noocyada la ah Mo baahida sare.

2) Land Diyaarinta • Ujeedada ugu muhiimsan ee diyaarinta dhulka siinayaan jawi qoyan ee dhalashada, lana yareeyo tartan baby plants koraya. • Wixii biqilka ku ool ah, waxay ku haboon tahay in carro qoyan si dhow u riixeen abuur ah, kaas oo ku habboon gaadhi la ganaax, ka yihin adag. • beerista Someperiods suurtogal ma aha sabab u dabiiciga ah ee dhul-, mana talinayaa, ay sabab u tahay gaadhista halista nabaadguurka. Xaaladaha noocaas ah, haddana waa muhiim in la baabi'iyo tartan dhirta la sameeyay, oo waxaa ku habboon gaadhi isticmaalaya buufiyo ah sida glyphosate.

3) beeridda • beerto daaqa More guuldareystaan iyada oo si qoto dheer beeridda. Sizes Seed iyo texture ciidda go'aan ka gaari kara si qoto dheer beeridda - abuur ah oo yar yar iyo ciidda culus ka, shallower si qoto dheer ugu beero ah. • Inkasta oo ay jiraan qaar ka mid ah noocyada calafka xoolaha waaweyn Uruguay la 5,000-50,000 miraha / kg, forages ugu leeyihiin yar in miraha daqiiqadii (100,000> 10 million miraha / kg). • In oomane dheeraad ah oo ku wareegsan, waxaa laga yaabaa inay faa'iido in beerto dheeraad ah oo qoto dheer si ay awood baby plants koraya si ay u helaan qoyaanka kaydiyaa si fudud. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax-qabad wanaagsan yahay, si loo baahiyo abuur dushiisa, khafiif ah oo ay maraan hab waxaa laga heli karaa daboolaan, oo ay wax miiran ciidda ku wareegsan abuur ah. • beero in saf faa'iido u fududaysa, lo'duna, chemical- ama si farsamo-jaridda u dhexeeya saf oo geedo soo koraya.

4) daaqa / caleen maamulka dhacaya

• daaqo / jaray sidii si joogto ah sida uu yahay macquul ah si loo helo ugu sareeya nuujiyaan oo tayo leh. Waxaa Cunto La Siiyey nayaa hoos u dhac qiimaha degdeg ah la da'da ah ee regrowth, sida xaddiyo sii kordhaysa oo ah lignin waxaa la hoos dhigay. In kasta oo muddo u dhaxaysa daaqa / goynta keeni kartaa in wax-soosaarkooda DM sare, wax soo saarka xoolaha inta badan waa dadka saboolka ahi. • Had iyo jeer sii wado hadhay cagaaran caleen ka dib daaqa / goynta. Heerka regrowth waxaa markii hore si toos ah oo la xidhiidha qadarka caleen hartay ka gaystay iftiin iyo taageero photosynthesis. Iyadoo goynta daran ama daaqa culus, dib u dhac jiro in regrowth firfircoon halka dhirta horumarin Geeduhu ku filan si ay u taageeraan koritaanka. • Waxaa kale oo muhiim ah in la hayn qadar weyn oo caleen on digiraha, sababta oo ah qadarka nitrogen cayiman la xiriira caleen photosynthetic ku wareegsan on geedka. Inta ay nitrogen in nidaam kaxeeya soo saarka nidaamka

5) Maamulka bacrimin burburiyaha

• dhirta oo dhan waxay u baahan yihiin nafaqada dhirta kala duwan ee koritaanka, laakiin way kala duwan yihiin xaddiga kasta oo ay u baahan yihiin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay kaliya bixi doona heerka dhigay by nafaqo ku yareysey. • cows leeyihiin shuruud sare ee N iyo P, iyo sidoo kale K ee noocyada qaar ka mid ah (tusaale ahaan Setaria sphacelata), kuwaas oo ay ku bixinayaa in raaxo ah nafaqo this. • dhiman oo ka mid ah iyo nafaqooyin kale inta badan waxaa lagu ogaan karaa jiritaanka astaamo yaraan sida hurdi caleen, sharaxaada buuxa ee ku jira suugaanta.

6) maamul-dileyaasha • Gocondhada ee abuuritaanka lagu xakamayn karo gacanta ku-jaridda dhirta, ama moobeyl la buufiyo oo la xushay. • doogga Non-la xushay sida glyphosate waxaa loo isticmaali karaa haddii noocyada lagu beeray waa in saf cad. • Iyadoo haramaha in daaqii aasaasay la Sidoo kale xukumi karo, ay gacanta ugu waxtarka badan waa korsashada ee hawlaha maamulka defoliation ka debecsan.

Ilo (Laga Soo Qaatay) ) : Liiska noocyo dalag sii daayay & talinayaa howlahooda dhaqanka (EIAR), Hanuunin on Waraabka garafyada (MOA), Diiwaanka Buuxda ee Technologies Research, waayo, gobolka Soomaalida iyo Qiyaastii kale Same-xoola-dhawrista in Ethiopia (SoRPARI)

Documents

TILMAAMAHA BEERAHA WARAABKA LAGU ...open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12237178.pdfGOGOLDHIG Beeraha waraabka lagu-horumariyo, iyo waxsoosaarka cuntada ee laga-helayo waxay ku-tiirsan-tahay