Adult Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes is caused by a problem in the
way the body makes insulin, which moves glucose into cells. Type 2
Diabetes creates insulin resistance. As a result, glucose does not
enter the cells of fat, the liver, and muscles, leaving high levels
of glucose build up called hyperglycemia. Type 2 Diabetes usually
occurs slowly over time and is most commonly diagnosed to those who
are overweight. Thin people who are diagnosed are usually elderly.
Low activity level, poor diet, and excess body weight increase the
risk for Type 2 Diabetes.
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Adult Type 2 Diabetes Symptoms Bladder, kidney, skin, or other
infections that are more frequent or heal slowly Fatigue Hunger
Increased thirst Increased urination The first symptom may also be:
Blurred vision Erectile dysfunction Pain or numbness in the feet or
hands
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Adult Type 2 Diabetes Complications Eye problems Infections and
sores on the feet and skin Hard to control blood pressure and
cholesterol Nerve damage Kidney damage Prevention Healthy body
weight Active lifestyle Staying up to date with vaccinations
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Adult Type 2 Diabetes Treatment Healthy and balanced diet
Regular exercise Prescribed medicine Blood sugar levels regularly
checked (along with the rest of the body) Family history and genes
seem to play a role in causing Type 2 Diabetes, but the exact cause
has still not been found.
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Macular Degeneration Macular Degeneration, commonly known as
age-related macular degeneration (AMD), describes a variety of
conditions that affect the macula of the eye; therefore, central
vision is greatly affected. The two types of AMD are dry (atrophic)
and wet (exudative or neovascular). AMD is the leading cause of
blindness in the United States for people over the age of 55.
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AMD (Dry) Gradual breakdown of cells in macula resulting in
gradual breakdown of central vision Yellow-white spots called
drusen are found on the back of the eye are the key identifiers for
the dry type People with these spots often have excellent vision
and no symptoms Dry AMD is fortunately more common then the wet
form
Slide 8
AMD (Wet) Abnormal blood vessels grown under the retina These
vessels leak, bleed, and scar the retina often destroying central
vision Unlike dry AMD, wet AMD causes rapid vision loss
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AMD
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Treatment (dry) No curescreening should continue Treatment
(wet) Medications ( Eylea, Lucentis, and Macugen) Laser
photocoagulation Photodynamic therapy (PDT) Common causes Age,
gender, pigmentation, iris color, race, sleep apnea, exposure to
sunlight, certain medications, and family historybut still not
exactly sure what part of the history causes AMD
Slide 11
Hypertension Hypertension (also called high blood pressure) is
a medical condition which occurs when a person's blood pressure is
consistently higher than normal. Blood pressure is a measurement of
the force against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps
blood through your body. The top number is called the systolic
blood pressure, and the bottom number is called the diastolic blood
pressure. Normal blood pressure is when your blood pressure is
lower than 120/80 mmHg most of the time. High blood pressure
(hypertension) is when ones blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or above
most of the time. If the blood pressure numbers are 120/80 or
higher, but below 140/90, it is called pre-hypertension A person is
more likely to be told their blood pressure is too high as they get
older. This is because the blood vessels become stiffer as they
age. When that happens, the blood pressure goes up. High blood
pressure increases the chance of having a stroke, heart attack,
heart failure, kidney disease, and early death.
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High Cholesterol Cholesterol is the waxy substance found in the
fat of the body and helps build new healthy cells. When a person
has high cholesterol, they may develop fatty deposits in their
blood vessels. Eventually, these deposits make it difficult for
enough blood to flow through the arteries. The heart may not get as
much oxygen-rich blood as it needs, which increases the risk of a
heart attack. Decreased blood flow to the brain can cause a stroke.
High cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) can be inherited, but it's
often the result of unhealthy lifestyle choices, and thus
preventable and treatable. A healthy diet, regular exercise and
sometimes medication can go a long way toward reducing high
cholesterol.
Slide 13
Heart Disease and Stroke Heart disease is any condition of the
heart that impairs its functioning. A stroke is the sudden loss of
brain functions caused by an interruption in the supply of blood to
the brain. The leading factors for heart disease and stroke are
high blood pressure, high cholesterol, cigarette smoking, diabetes,
poor diet and physical inactivity, and obesity. The risk for heart
disease and stroke seem to be influenced by genetics, too.
Slide 14
Cancer and Tumors Cancer is a group of many diseases where the
human bodys production of new cells is too active. Cancer can be
treated, but the cure rate depends on which variety the person has,
how soon it was diagnosed, and how healthy the persons body is. A
tumor is a lump of cells that interferes with the bodys normal
functions Many factors can cause cancer including hormonal
imbalances, genetic abnormalities, some viral infections,
nutritional disorders, and immune system disorders.
Slide 15
Cancer and Tumors Prevention You can reduce your chances of
getting some cancers by: Not smoking or using other tobacco
products Using sun safe methods such as hats, long-sleeves, long
pants and sunscreen Eating a health diet Getting daily exercise
Genetics definitely has a role in causing cancer, but the definite
cause is still uncertain. One whose family is known for previously
having cancer will be closely monitored to quickly catch any cancer
and eliminate it.
Slide 16
Bipolar Disorder (Manic/Depressive) It is a major affective
disorder, or mood disorder, characterized by dramatic mood swings
Bipolar disorder is a complex genetic disorder Bipolar disorder was
formerly called manic depression Bipolar disorder usually appears
between ages 15 and 24 and persists throughout a lifetime. Bipolar
disorder is a lifelong condition that can affect both how one feels
and how one acst. It is a mood disorder thought to be caused by
chemical imbalances in the brain that can result in extreme swings
in moodfrom manic highs to depressive lows. There appears to be
some genetic predisposition, although no specific genetic defect
has yet been detected. It usually appears in late adolescence or
early adulthood and continues throughout life. Potential causes,
such as increased stress or a traumatic emotional event, are many
and varied; experts believe a combination of factors may act as a
trigger.
Slide 17
ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD is a problem
with inattentiveness, over-activity, impulsivity, or a combination
The symptoms of ADHD fall into three groups: Lack of attention
(inattentiveness) Hyperactivity Impulsive behavior (impulsivity)
Although the exact causes of ADHD are not known, it is clear that
specific parts of the brain are involved including the frontal
cortex, parietal lobe, and possibly the cerebellum. Studies
comparing the brains of children with ADHD and those without the
disorder show that children with ADHD have weaker brain activation
of the frontal area when responding to tasks that require
inhibition. Children with a parent or sibling with ADHD are 28
times more likely to develop the disorder. Scientists have
suggested at least 20 genes that may make a person more vulnerable
to ADHD or contribute to the disorder in some way. The use of
stimulant drugs has proved to be the most effective treatment for
ADHD. These drugs generally increase the availability of
neurotransmitters in the brain. Researchers believe that this is
related to an imbalance in certain neurotransmitters (the chemicals
in the brain that carry messages between nerve cells). Deficits in
the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine are strongly
suggested.
Slide 18
Alzheimer's Disease Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common
form of dementia among older people. Dementia is a brain disorder
that seriously affects a person's ability to carry out daily
activities. Alzheimers disease begins with memory loss and leads
into more serious affects where the victim must be totally taken
care of (worsens over time). AD usually begins after age 60. The
risk goes up as the person gets older. The risk is also higher if a
family member has had the disease. No treatment can stop the
disease. However, some drugs may help keep symptoms from getting
worse for a limited time.
Slide 19
Alzheimers Disease
Slide 20
Alcohol Dependency Alcoholism (alcohol dependence) and alcohol
abuse are two different forms of problem drinking. Alcoholism is
when one has signs of physical addiction to alcohol and continues
to drink, despite problems with physical health, mental health, and
social, family, or job responsibilities. Alcohol may control their
life and relationships. Alcohol abuse is when ones drinking leads
to problems, but not physical addiction. There is no known cause of
alcohol abuse or alcoholism. Research suggests that certain genes
may increase the risk of alcoholism, but which genes and how they
work are not known. How much one drinks can influence the chances
of becoming dependent. Those at risk for developing alcoholism
include: Men who have 15 or more drinks a week Women who have 12 or
more drinks a week Anyone who has five or more drinks per occasion
at least once a week
Slide 21
Alcohol Dependency Completely stopping the use of alcohol is
the ideal goal of treatment. This is called abstinence. A strong
social network and family support are important in achieving this.
Completely stopping and avoiding alcohol is difficult for many
people with alcoholism. There will be times when it is difficult.
One should aim to avoid drinking for as long as possible. Some
people who abuse alcohol may be able to simply reduce the amount
they drink. This is called drinking in moderation. If this method
does not work, one should try to quit drinking completely.
Slide 22
Autism Spectrum - ASD The Autism Spectrum Disorders are
different levels of autism that affects the humans social
interaction, communication, and behaviors and interests. Each child
with an autism spectrum disorder will have his or her own
individual pattern of autism. Sometimes, a child's development is
delayed from birth. Other children with autism develop normally
before suddenly losing social or language skills. In some children,
a loss of language is the impairment. In others, unusual behaviors
(like spending hours lining up toys) predominate. There are three
main types of autism spectrum disorder, and two rare, severe
autistic-like conditions: Asperger's syndrome, Pervasive
developmental disorder, Autistic disorder, Rett syndrome, and
Childhood disintegrative disorder.
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Autism Spectrum - ASD Common treatments include specialized
therapies, behavioral training and management, and medicines. The
exact cause for the Autism Spectrum is still unkown.
Slide 24
Epilepsy Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which a person has
repeated seizures (convulsions) over time. Seizures are episodes of
disturbed brain activity that cause changes in attention or
behavior. Epilepsy occurs when permanent changes in brain tissue
cause the brain to be too excitable or jumpy. The brain sends out
abnormal signals. This results in repeated, unpredictable seizures.
(A single seizure that does not happen again is not epilepsy.)
Epilepsy may be due to a medical condition or injury that affects
the brain, or the cause may be unknown (idiopathic).
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Epilepsy Common causes of epilepsy include: Stroke or transient
ischemic attack (TIA) Dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease
Traumatic brain injury Infections, including brain abscess,
meningitis, encephalitis, and AIDS Brain problems that are present
at birth (congenital brain defect) Brain injury that occurs during
or near birth Metabolism disorders present at birth (such as
phenylketonuria) Brain tumor Abnormal blood vessels in the brain
Other illness that damage or destroy brain tissue Use of certain
medications, including antidepressants, tramadol, cocaine, and
amphetamines
Slide 26
Epilepsy Treatment for epilepsy may involve surgery or
medication. Complications include: Difficulty learning Breathing in
food or saliva into the lungs during a seizure, which can cause
aspiration pneumonia Injury from falls, bumps, self-inflicted
bites, driving or operating machinery during a seizure Permanent
brain damage (stroke or other damage) Side effects of
medications
Slide 27
Asthma Asthma is a disorder that causes the airways of the
lungs to swell and narrow, leading to wheezing, shortness of
breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Asthma is caused by
inflammation in the airways. When an asthma attack occurs, the
muscles surrounding the airways become tight and the lining of the
air passages swells. This reduces the amount of air that can pass
by. Asthma seems to run in the family, but the exact genetics
involved is unkown. In sensitive people, asthma symptoms can be
triggered by breathing in allergy-causing substances (called
allergens or triggers). Many people with asthma have a personal or
family history of allergies, such as hay fever (allergic rhinitis)
or eczema. Others have no history of allergies.
Slide 28
Asthma Complications: Death Decreased ability to exercise and
take part in other activities Lack of sleep due to nighttime
symptoms Permanent changes in the function of the lungs Persistent
cough Trouble breathing that requires breathing assistance
(ventilator)
Slide 29
An autoimmune disease is a disease resulting from a disordered
immune reaction in which antibodies are produced against ones own
tissues. The result is an immune response that destroys normal body
tissues. This response is a hypersensitivity reaction similar to
the response in allergic conditions.
Slide 30
Type 1 Diabetes Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in
children and young adults, and was previously known as juvenile
diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce insulin.
Type 1 diabetes is a lifelong (chronic) disease in which there are
high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Insulin is a hormone
produced by special cells, called beta cells, in the pancreas. The
pancreas is found behind your stomach. Insulin is needed to move
blood sugar (glucose) into cells, where it is stored and later used
for energy. In Type 1 diabetes, beta cells produce little or no
insulin. Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the
bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to
use this glucose for energy. This leads to the symptoms of Type 1
diabetes. The exact cause of Type 1 diabetes is unknown. Most
likely it is an autoimmune disorder. An infection or some other
trigger causes the body to mistakenly attack the cells in the
pancreas that make insulin. This kind of disorder can be passed
down through families.
Slide 31
Rheumatoid Arthritis The cause of RA is unknown. It is an
autoimmune disease, which means the body's immune system mistakenly
attacks healthy tissue. RA can occur at any age, but is more common
in middle age. Women get RA more often than men. Infection, genes,
and hormone changes may be linked to the disease. RA usually
affects joints on both sides of the body equally. Wrists, fingers,
knees, feet, and ankles are the most commonly affected. The disease
often begins slowly, usually with only minor joint pain, stiffness,
and fatigue.
Slide 32
Rheumatoid Arthritis Joint symptoms may include: Morning
stiffness, which lasts more than 1 hour, is common. Joints may feel
warm, tender, and stiff when not used for an hour. Joint pain is
often felt on the same joint on both sides of the body. Over time,
joints may lose their range of motion and may become deformed.
Other symptoms include: Chest pain when taking a breath (pleurisy)
Dry eyes and mouth (Sjogren syndrome) Eye burning, itching, and
discharge Nodules under the skin (usually a sign of more severe
disease) Numbness, tingling, or burning in the hands and feet Sleep
difficulties
Slide 33
Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a nervous system
disease that affects the brain and spinal cord. It damages the
myelin sheath, the material that surrounds and protects the nerve
cells. This damage slows down or blocks messages between the brain
and the body, leading to the symptoms of MS. They can include:
Visual disturbances Muscle weakness Trouble with coordination and
balance Sensations such as numbness, prickling, or "pins and
needles" Thinking and memory problems The cause for MS is unknown,
but it is thought to be an autoimmune disease.
Slide 34
Lupus Erythematosus Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a
long- term autoimmune disorder that may affect the skin, joints,
kidneys, brain, and other organs. The underlying cause of
autoimmune diseases is not fully known. There is no cure for SLE.
The goal of treatment is to control symptoms. Mild disease may be
treated with: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs)
treat arthritis and pleurisy Corticosteroid creams to treat skin
rashes An antimalaria drug (hydroxychloroquine) and low-dose
corticosteroids for skin and arthritis symptoms
Slide 35
Lupus Erythematosus SLE causes damage to many different parts
of the body, including: Blood clots in the legs (deep vein
thrombosis) or lungs (pulmonary embolism) Destruction of red blood
cells (hemolytic anemia) or anemia of chronic disease Fluid around
the heart (pericarditis), endocarditis, or inflammation of the
heart (myocarditis) Fluid around the lungs (pleural effusions) and
damage to lung tissue Pregnancy complications, including
miscarriage Stroke Severely low blood platelets (thrombocytopenia)
Inflammation of the blood vessels
Slide 36
Scleroderma Scleroderma is a connective tissue disease
(autoimmune) that involves changes in the skin, blood vessels,
muscles, and internal organs. The cause of scleroderma is unknown.
People with this condition have a buildup of a substance called
collagen in the skin and other organs. This buildup leads to the
symptoms of the disease. Medicines used to treat scleroderma
include: Power anti-inflammatory medicines called corticosteroids
Immune-suppressing medications such as methotrexate and Cytoxan
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Other treatments for
specific symptoms may include: Medicines for heartburn or
swallowing problems Blood pressure medications (particularly ACE
inhibitors) for high blood pressure or kidney problems Light
therapy to relieve skin thickening Medicines to improve breathing
Medications to treat Raynaud's phenomenon Treatment usually also
involves physical therapy.
Slide 37
Crohn's Disease Crohn's disease is a form of inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD). It usually affects the intestines, but may occur
anywhere from the mouth to the end of the rectum (anus). The exact
cause of Crohn's disease is unknown, but it thought to be
autoimmune. The main symptoms of Crohn's disease are: Crampy
abdominal (belly area) pain Fever Fatigue Loss of appetite Pain
with passing stool (tenesmus) Persistent, watery diarrhea Weight
loss
Slide 38
Crohn's Disease Some people with Chron's disease may need
surgery to remove a damaged or diseased part of the intestine
(bowel resection). In some cases the entire large intestine (colon)
is removed, with or without the rectum. Patients who have Crohn's
disease that does not respond to medications may need surgery to
treat problems such as: Bleeding (hemorrhage) Failure to grow (in
children) Fistulas (abnormal connections between the intestines and
another area of the body) Infections (abscesses) Narrowing
(strictures) of the intestine
Slide 39
Grave's Disease Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that
leads to over activity of the thyroid gland, which is an organ that
controls the bodys metabolism (hyperthyroidism). It is most common
in women over 20. Some affects of Graves disease include Anxiety
Irritability Difficulty sleeping Fatigue A rapid or irregular
heartbeat A fine tremor of your hands or fingers An increase in
perspiration or warm, moist skin Sensitivity to heat Weight loss,
despite normal eating habits Enlargement of your thyroid gland
(goiter) Change in menstrual cycles Erectile dysfunction or reduced
libido Frequent bowel movements or diarrhea Bulging eyes (Graves'
ophthalmopathy) Thick, red skin usually on the shins or tops of the
feet
Slide 40
Psoriasis Psoriasis is a common skin condition that causes skin
redness and irritation. Most people with psoriasis have thick, red
skin with flaky, silver-white patches called scales. Psoriasis
seems to be passed down through families. Doctors think it may be
an autoimmune condition. Usually, skin cells grow deep in the skin
and rise to the surface about once a month.
Slide 41
Psoriasis There are five main types of psoriasis: Erythrodermic
-- The skin redness is very intense and covers a large area.
Guttate -- Small, pink-red spots appear on the skin. Inverse --
Skin redness and irritation occurs in the armpits, groin, and in
between overlapping skin. Plaque -- Thick, red patches of skin are
covered by flaky, silver-white scales. This is the most common type
of psoriasis. Pustular -- White blisters are surrounded by red,
irritated skin.
Slide 42
Psoriasis There is no known way to prevent psoriasis. Keeping
the skin clean and moist and avoiding the specific psoriasis
triggers may help reduce the number of flare- ups. Doctors
recommend daily baths or showers for persons with psoriasis. Avoid
scrubbing too hard, because this can irritate the skin and trigger
an attack.
