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Timah Tasoh Reservoir, Perlis, Malaysia.
Wan Ruslan IsmailUniversiti Sains Malaysia
Penang
Timah Tasoh : water source for North Malaysia
• Dam Area ‐ 13.33 km2
• Length : 1.52 km• Circumference: 5.9 km• Reservoir Capacity ‐ 40 millions m3
• Dead Reservoir ‐ 6.7 millions m3
• Life Reservoir ‐ 33.3 millions m3
• Declare Security Area in 15 August 1993
Catchment Area ‐ 226 km2Entry Average runoff ‐ 97 million m3 Entry Term Water ‐ 467.1 m3/s to 48 hours when floods
• Basic Information• Location
Timah Tasoh Reservoir ( 6º 36’ N; 100º 14’ E) is located near the Thailand border. The reservoir has a mean surface area of 13.33 km2 and a storage capacity of about 40 million m3.The reservoir receives inputs from two main rivers, the Tasoh river and Pelarit River combined basin area of 191 km2 and supply approximately 97 million m3 of water into the reservoir annually. The reservoir is shallow with a maximum depth of 10m and submerged aquatic plants can be see along the shoreline and in shallow areas.
History of Timah Tasoh Dam
Sg. TimahSg. Tasoh
• Penemuan Dua Sungai•Sungai Timah•Sungai Tasoh
•Melibatkan•Ladang Getah : 943 ha•Padi : 243 ha•Penduduk : 306 orang ≈66 keluarga•Penempatan Semula ke Lubuk Sireh; pampasan•Jalan Lama; Baru
PURPOSES
• Main purpose: Create water supply system agriculture for area as wide as 3075 hectares(55 millions m³/year)
• Provide drinking water supply line for domestic supply(54,000 m³/day)
• Control and prevent flood occurrences in rainy season.
Timah Tasoh catchment area
Fig. 1: Land use in Timah Tasoh Reservoir catchment showing locations of raingauges (bold circle) and river gauging stations (bold triangle).
Agriculture around the lake- high sediment and nutrient input
Features of Timah Tasoh ReservoirHeight 17.3m
Crest Length 3455 m
Crest Height 32m
Type of Spillway Controll spillway
Drainage basin area 191 km2
Average annual runoff 72km2
Area of reservoir 13.3 km2
Rainfall of Peninsular Malaysia
2008 Average = 2337 mm
2009 Average = 2362 mm
22-23 Feb 2010
2009
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
t
Oct
Nov
Dec
Month
Rain
fall
(mm
)Pdg Besar Tasoh Lubok Sireh Kaki Bukit Wang Kelian Ladang Perlis
2008
0100200300400500600
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Month
Rai
nfal
l (m
m)
Pdg Besar
Tasoh
Lubok Sireh
Kaki Bukit
Wang Kelian
Ladang Perlis
Geology of Perlis• Seven rock formations in the state
of Perlis.
• Machinchang formation,
• Setul formation
• Kubang Pasu formation
• Chuping formations,
• Tertiary beds and Quartenary Millennium
• (Basir & Zaitun, 2002).
• There are also granite rocks located in then northern state of Perlis.
Landuse
Sg JarumSg Pelarit
Hulu Sg Chuchuh Sg TasohSg Pelarit Hilir
Land use Area (km2) Area (km2) Area (km2) Area (km2) Area (km2)
Sugar 11.58 - - 11.58 -
Settlement 0.74 0.35 0.19 2.68 0.35
Mixed crop 2.22 0.21 - 3.37 0.76
Scrubland 2.79 0.33 - 3.2 0.38
Rubber 12.94 2.09 - 25.87 5.13
Paddy 5.23 0.4 - 7.62 0.59
Forest 28.9 38.72 14.61 46.85 52.11
Grass - 0.13 - 0.08 0.28
Quarry - 0.5 - - 0.5
TOTAL 64.4 42.72 14.8 101.25 60.1
Site Land use at well site
Land use of the river catchment
Sg Tasoh Human dwelling Mixed land use, rubber, paddy
Sg. Jarum Human dwelling Mixed land use,
Sg. Pelarit Fruit orchard Mixed land use
• Timah Tasoh Reservoir (TTR) is categorised as a shallow lake and man made lake in Malaysia.
• The water inlet from the tributaries were Tasoh River, Pelarit River and Jarum River.
• Changes in land use and vegetation cover nowadays resulted in major modification to freshwater runoff, sediment transport, fluxes of nutrients to lake systems.
Biophysical features of Timah Tasoh reservoir
Phytoplankton: Thre were 3 division of algae in the Timah Tasoh Reservoir. Only 5 are dominant namely Bacillariophyta Sp. (46.4 %), Chlorophyta Sp. (31.2 %) dan Cyanophyta Sp. (10.4 %).
• Fishes : • panchax Sp. ( Ikan Tahi bijih timah), nemurus Sp. (Ikan baung), lopis Sp.
(Belida), notopterus Sp. (Selat), albus Sp.(Belut), hoevenii Sp. (Jelawat), nobilis Sp. (Kap kepala besar), idellus
• Sp. (Kap rumput), gonionotus Sp. (Lampam Jawa), schwanenfeldii Sp. (Lampam sungai), carpio (Lee koh), anomalura Sp. Lalang, orphoides Sp. (Ikan pipi merah), hasselti Sp. (Rung/ Rong), macrolepidota Sp. (Sebarau), marginatus Sp. (Sia), apogon Sp. (Temperas), Labiobarbus Sp. (Kawan/ pucuk pisang), : fasciata Sp (Patong), testudineus
• Sp. (Puyu), :pectoralis Sp. (Sepat siam), lucius Sp. (Bujuk), striata Sp. (Haruan), batrachus Sp. (Keli Kayu), mossambicus Sp.(Tilapia hitam), niloticus Sp. (Tilapia merah),
Parameters Secchi Depth (m)
Total Phosphate (µg/l)
Chlorophyll‐a (µg/l)
Range 1.05‐ 1.21 29.05 – 52.1 3.67 ‐ 92.4
Trophic Index 57.82 58.36 62.37
Classification Mesotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic
A eutrophic ("well-nourished") lake has high nutrients and high plant growth. An oligotrophic lake has low nutrient concentrations and low plant growth. Mesotrophic akes fall somewhere in between eutrophic and oligotrophic lakes
Trophic Status Index‐ Carlson 1977
Water QualityParameter Unit Mean + Std DevTemperature oC 29.6 + 2.1Conductivity mS/cm 0.26 + 0.05pH - 7.44 + 0.38D.O. mg/L 6.33 +1.26TSS mg/l 131.25 + 25.49Ammonium NH4 mg/l 0.049 + 0.075Nitrate NO3 mg/l 0.147 + 0.245Nitrite NO2 mg/lPhosphate mg/l 0.027 + 0.026Chlorophyll a mg/m3 16.73 + 11.64Secchi disk depth m 0.82
Retention Time
• Filling Rate = 6 month
• Flushing Rate = 4 month
LAKE MANAGEMENT
• The capacity of small dams cause water levels rose quickly when heavy rain. Raise Timah Tasoh capacity, cause when Spillway opened, cause flooding in downstream areas.
Suggestion : Raise Timah Tasoh standard(in construction)
Increase height as much as 3.5mIncrease capacity of 40million m3 to 70million m3
• Upgrade downstream rivers dam• Build water deviation for catchment area Arau• Placed stone block (rip rap) before embankment to prevent
erosion• In install instruments for security control.
Starting 09 Jan 2010…to new height >> 10 Jan 2011
TEmpangan Utama Sedia Ada
Aras Ketinggian Baru + 35.67 m
10 Jan 2011
Lebar 7 m
Tambakan Baru
Aras Normal Takungan + 29.1m
Isipadu Takungan =33 MCM
New level
Empangan Baru Setelah Empangan Baru Setelah ditinggikanditinggikan
Aras Takungan Baru + 32.60 m
Aras Air ditinggikan
3.5m
Aras Baru + 35.67 m
Lebar 7 m
Isipadu Baru Takungan =87.3 MCM
Value added of Project of Raising Water level“Flood By‐Pass” – West and East Route
o Untuk mengatasi masalah banjir di sekitar saluran sungai sedia ada
o Memudahkan penyebaran air
o Miningkatkan pengunaan “Flood By‐Pass”
Kangar
Wang Kelian
Chuping
Kuala Perlis
Arau
Padang Besar
Jajaran Timur
Jajaran Barat
“Flood By‐Pass” – West Route
Cadangan Jajaran ini:
Cadangan asal JPS; khusus untuk saluran luahan banjir
Terus ke masuk ke Terusan Lencongan Banjir Utara dan kemudian ke Sg. Perlis
Panjang 16 Km, lebar 60 m (3 Ch.) Luas keperluan tanah 96 ha.
Changlun
Kangar
Wang Kelian
Chuping
Kuala Perlis
Arau
Padang Besar
“Flood By‐Pass” – East Route
Cadangan Jajaran ini:Mengelak bebanan air tambahan sekitar
Kangar; pengurusan aliran dalam sungai‐sungai semasa banjir dan kemarau
Memberi potensi untuk guna sama dengan pengairan (Jika tidak, saluran ini hanya digunakan sekali sekala semasa limpahan aliran banjir)
Memberi peluang pembangunan kawasan padi dan tanaman lain (7,000 ha anggaran)
Menyambung sistem sebaran sumber air untuk kawasan utara (NCER)
Panjang 25 km, lebar 17‐21 m, keluasan tanah 58 ha
Changlun
Kangar
Wang Kelian
Chuping
Kuala Perlis
Arau
Padang Besar
Tourism
Proposed River conservation programme :
• Installation trap waste before enter into the lake
• oil and grease trap installation
• Create monitoring water quality regularly, for example about 3 months.
Lake management programme• Try to solve source of pollution. ’Prevention is better than cure’ –
Authority to monitor water quality about 3 month – status of lake.
• Urbanisation – resort, farming, cattle farming –contribute effluent-problem lake system. Try to filter the pollutant enter the reservoir.
• Farming on the periphery of lake
• To conduct briefings- staff, student, people, NGO’s about importance and contribution of reservoir.
• Dialogue and cooperation with related agencies such as local authorities and DOE to identify pollution prevention programs and implementation of river monitoring of 'effuent' into the river and check waterparameters according WQI.
• Creating zones for recreation and health of a safe, user-friendly and environmentally friendly- love and appreciate the nature
Impact stories• One of the major impact stories of the
Timah Tasoh lake is that DID had spent millions of ringgit to clean the water from water plants thriving in the lake. Maintenance involved high‐cost for removal of aquatic plants in 2000 at a cost of RM 2.4 million.
• River inputs from upstream areas –urban, farms, agricultural cause high nutrient and sediment input
• Rubbish after high rain from upstream area of Padang Besar
Flood
Cattle farming at Padang Mawar
Effluent from the cattle farming area
Governance Issues• Authority issues boat and personal watercraft driver licences, vessel• registrations, aquatic licences for special water related events• Security‐ 50 m from embankment for fisherman• The Fisheries Act 1985 (Act 317) is a Malaysian federal act relating to the
administration and management of fisheries, including the conservation and development of maritime and estuarine fishing and fisheries in Malaysia waters, protection to aquatic mammals and turtles and riverine fishing in Malaysia and to matters connected to establishment of marine parks and marine reserves.‐need to ‘protect key fish habitats’ and ‘to
Key challenges• Each and every lake may be different, but the same management techniques
will work on each and every body of water. The most important part of managing anything, is having a thorough understanding of the subject and learning how to identify and diagnose problems. Once a lake manager is aware of lake inputs, potential lake problems , and how to remedy those issues can truly manage the lake.
• Timah Tasoh reservoir‐ to maintained clean waas it receives inputs from agricultural and urban and avoid eutrophication problem.
• promote ecologically sustainable development’.
Conclusion
• Timah Tasoh lake is the main source of water for Perlis. • At present high sediment and nutrient loading to freshwater
systems increases as a result of human activities• Water quality monitoring and watershed management is
crucial to maintain a good water quality. • The integrated lake basin management should be
implemented
Acknowledgement
• Drainage and Irrigation Department of Perlis.
• Ministry of Science and Technology, Malaysia for funding through the IRPA Program 08‐02‐05‐0015.