Time, Action and Cognition

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Series D: Behavioural and Social Sciences- Vol. 66

Time, Action and Cognition Towards Bridging the Gap

edited by

Frangoise Macar Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CNRS, Marseille, France

Viviana Pouthas Laboratory of Developmental Psychobiology, EPHE-CNRS URA 315, Paris, France

and

William J. Friedman Department of Psychology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, U.S.A.

Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.

Proceedings of the NATD Advanced Research Workshop on Time, Action and Cognition St. Malo, France 22-25 October 1991

Llbrary of Congress Cataloglng-in-Publlcatlon Data

Ti_e, action, and cognitlon towards bridglng the gap I edited by Fran90ise Macar, Vlviane Pouthas, and WIllIam J. Friedman.

p. cm. -- (NATO ASI serles. Serles D, Behavioural and social sciences ; no. 66)

Includes indexes. ISBN 978-90-481-4166-1 ISBN 978-94-017-3536-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-3536-0 1. Time--Psychologlcal aspects. 2. Time perception. 1. Macar,

F. (Fran;OISe) II. Pauthas, Viviane. III. Friedman, WillIam J. IV. Serles. BF468.T53 1992 153.7'53--dc20

ISBN 978-90-481-4166-1

Printed on acid-tree paper

AII Rights Reserved © 1992 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1992

92-10966

No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo­copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

Preface Group photo Participants and contributors

INTRODUCTION:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Questions on the interconnections between enacted and represented time Viviane Pouthas

SECTION 1: FROM ACTION TO REPRESENTATION: DEVEWPMENTAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE PSYCHOWGY OF TIME

INTRODUCTION:

IX

X

XIII

3

Time concepts and adaptation: Developmental approaches 9 Williamf. Friedman

REVIEW PAPER:

The development of the concept of time in children: An integrative model 13 Iris Levin

The development of temporally-based intersensory perception in human infants 33 David f. Lewkowicz

Changes in temporal regulation of behavior in young children: From action to 45 representation

Sylvie Droit and Viviane Pouthas

The development of a diachronic perspective in children 55 Jacques Montangero

The development of children's representations of temporal structure 67 William f. Friedman

SHORT COMMUNICATION:

Children's understanding of the temporal relationship before/after 77 Santiago Estaun

SHORT COMMUNICATION:

Time, kinematic reasoning and cognitive interaction 81 Christine Jarrige

SHORT COMMUNICATION:

Time and inference rules in the child, adolescent and adult 85 Stavroula Samartzis

vi

SECTION 2: PROSPECTIVE AND RETROSPECTIVE TEMPORAL JUDGMENTS

INTRODUCTION:

Towards an understanding of subjective judgments of time 91 Fran~oise Macar & Janet L Jackson

REVIEW PAPER:

Prospective and retrospective judgments of time: A neurobehavioral analysis 97 Robert E. Hicks

On prospective time estimation, temporal relevance and temporal uncertainty 1 09 DanZakay

Dividing attention between temporal and nontemporal tasks: A Performance 119 Operating Charal.'teristic -POC- analysis

Simon Grondin & Fran~oise Macar

Attention, multiple timing, and psychophysical scaling of temporal judgments 129 Scott W Brown, D. Alan Stubbs & Alan N West

Prospective and retrospective duration judgment: The role of information 141 processing and memory

Richard A Block

The incidental learning and remembering of event durations 153 Marilyn Boltz

Time memory and time perception 165 William J. Friedman

SHORT COMMUNICATION:

Testing models of time estimation M. Belen Bueno Martinez 173

SHORT COMMUNICATION:

Time estimation and attentional sharing Laurence Casini, Fran~oise Macar & Simon Grondin 177

SECTION 3: MECHANISMS OF TIMING

INTRODUCTION;

Models of timing-with-a-timer Richard B. Ivry & R. Eliot Hazeltine

The internal clock revisited Lorraine G. Allan

Counting the minutes Peter R. Killeen

183

191

203

Oscillators, predictions and time R. Christopher Miall

A mechanism for timing conditioned responses John W. Moore

SECTION 4: MOTOR TIMING

INTRODUCfiON:

Response timing and synchronization Dirk Vorberg

REVIEW PAPER:

Determinants of timing in serial movements Andras Se11!ien

Can duration be a relevant dimension of motor programs? Franck Vidal, Michel Bonnet & Franc;oise Macar

The error correction model for the tracking of a random metronome: Statistical properties and an empirical test

Hans-Henning Schulze

Tracking simple rhythiDS: On-beat versus off-beat performance Piet G. Vos & Eric L Helsper

SECTION 5: COGNITIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF TIME

INTRODUCfiON:

Representing time John A Michon

REVIEW PAPER:

Dynamic representations guiding adaptive behavior Jennifer J. Freyd

Duration experience under conditions of suspense in films Minet de lWed, Ed S. H. Tan & Nico H. Frijda

Words for time Davids. Bree

Verisimilar and metaphorical representations of time Janet L Jackson & John A Michon

The short life of metric time Geza Szamosi

vii

215

229

241

247

263

275

287

303

309

325

337

349

361

viii

CONCLUSION: From action to cognition: Bridging the gap?

Marc N Richelle

INVITED ADDRESS: From time lost to time regained

Paul Fraisse

Author Index Subject Index

373

385

393 403

PREFACE

This volume is the outcome of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Time, Action and Cognition. which was held in Saint-Malo, France, in October 1991. The theme - time in action and cognition of time - was sparked by growing awareness in informal meetings between mostly French-speaking time psychologists of the need to bring together time specialists in the areas of development, motor behavior, attention, memory and representations. The workshop was designed to be a forum where different theoretical points of view and a variety of empirical approaches could be presented and discussed. Time psychologists tended to draw conclusions restricted to their specific fields of interest. From our own experience, we felt that addressing a common issue - possible relationships between time in action and representations of time - could lead to a more comprehensive approach.

We are endebted to NATO for allowing us to bring this idea to fruition. We take this opportunity as well to express our thanks to Cognisciences ( Cognisud section) -- an active interdisciplinary research organization - for its financial backing and the CNRS for its scientific support.

The present volume is a limited reflection of the wealth of exchanges that took place during the workshop. We do hope to show, what many of the participants themselves felt at the end of the sessions: that Time, Action and Cognition shed light on the ways in which the different domains of temporal behavior interrelate and helped to underscore the issues which need to be addressed in future research. The contents of each section will not be outlined here because each chairperson's introduction provides a summary and recapitulates the main questions raised during the session. Most sections contain a review chapter and several research papers; a number of short communications are also included in the first two sections. We will restrict ourselves here to focussing on the structure of this book, which closely parallels the thematic order of the workshop sessions.

Part One is devoted to developmental research for the basic reason that the developmental perspective is thought to have direct bearing on the issues discussed in the other sections. Part Two deals with temporal judgment, a topic which has not only been central in history of psychology of time but which has also received renewed attention in the last ten years because of the development of new theoretical and empirical approaches. Part Three deals with temporal mechanisms, in particular the internal clocks, the core issue in temporal judgment and action timing. Part Four approaches motor timing and explores the hypotheses put forward to account for this important aspect of motor performance. The issues raised in the first four parts form the backdrop for the complex questions discussed in Part Five on representations of time. We have a developing experience of time, we sequence events of time and estimate durations, we act in time, but how do we represent time ?

The final discussion that ended the sessions reflects the progress made during the Workshop. We may not have fulfilled our initial aim of bridging the gap between enacted time and represented time, but we certainly took one step forward in our understanding of time. Paul Fraisse, whose seminal works have helped us to take many steps in this direction, honoured us by a lecture entitled "From time lost to time regained". Appropriately, it is his lecture which closes this volume.

ix

V. Pouthas F. Macar W.J. Friedman

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PARTICIPANTS AND CONTRIBUTORS(l)

Lorraine ALLAN Department of Psychology, McMaster University Hamilton, L8S 4KI Ontario (Canada) E-mail: ALLAN@ SSCVAX.CIS.MCMASTER.CA Fax: (I) 416 529 6225

Herv~ BARREAU CNRS Fondements des Sciences, UPR 265, 3 rue de I'Universi~ 67084 Strasbourg Cedex (France) Fax: (33) 88 36 49 63

Richard A. BLOCK Department of Psychology, Montana State University Bozeman, MT 59717 (U.S.A) E-mail: UPYRA@ MTSUNIXl.BITNET Fax: (l) 406 994 2893

Marilyn BOLTZ Department of Psychology, Haverford College Haverford, Pennsylvania, 19041 (U.S.A) E-mail: M_BOLTZ@ ACC.HAVERFORD.EDU Fax: (l) 215 896 1224

*Michel BONNET Laboratoire de Neurosciences cognitives, CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph-Aiguier 13402 Marseille Cedex 9 (France) E-mail: TIME@ LNF.CNRS-MRS.FR Fax: (33) 91 77 49 69

David BREE Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester Manchester, Ml39PL (United Kingdom) E-mail: DBREE@ CS.MAN.AC.UK Fax: (44) 61 275 6236

Scott W. BROWN Department of Psychology, University of Southern Maine Portland, ME 04103 (U.S.A) E-mail: SWBROWN@ PORTLAND.BITNET

I The names of contributors who did not attend the ASI are preceded by an asterisk.

xiii

xiv

Belen BUENO MARTINEZ Departamento de Psicologia, U niversidad de Salamanca, Ctra de Toro 109-131 37005 Salamanca (Spain) Fax: (34) 923 24 4653

Laurence CASINI Laboratoire de Neurosciences cognitives, CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph-Aiguier 13402 Marseille Cedex 9 (France) E-mail: TIME@ LNF.CNRS-MRS.FR Fax: (33) 91 77 49 69

Jacques CREPAULT CNRS URA 1297/UFR Psychologie cognitive, Universite Paris VIII, 2 rue de Ia Liberte 96256 Saint Denis Cedex 02 (France) Fax: (33) 1 49 40 67 54

Sylvie DROIT EPHE, CNRS URA 315, Laboratoire de Psycho-biologie de !'Enfant, 41 rue Gay-Lussac 75005 Paris (France) E-mail: UPBEOOI @ FRORS3l.BITNET 'Fax: (33) 1 43 26 88 16

Santiago ESTAUN Department of Educational Psychology, Facultat de Psicologia U niversitat Autonoma de Barcelona 08 193 Bellaterra (Spain) Fax: (34) 3 581 20 01

Paul FRAISSE Laboratoire de Psychologie Experimentale, 28 rue Serpente 75006 Paris (France) Fax: (33) I 40 51 70 85

Jennifer J. FREYD Department of Psychology, University of Oregon Eugene, OR 97403 (U.S.A) E-mail: JJF @ DYNAMIC. UOREGON.EDU Fax: (1) 503 346 4911

William J. FRIEDMAN Department of Psychology, Oberlin College, Oberlin Ohio 44074 (U.S.A) E-mail: FRIEDMAN@ OCVAXA.CC.OBERLIN.EDU

*Nico H. FRUDA University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, Roeterstraat 15 1018 WB Amsterdam (lbe Netherlands)

Simon GRONDIN Departement de Psychologie, Universi~ Laurentienne, chemin du Lac Ramsay Sudbury, Ontario P3E2C6 (Canada) E-mait. SGRONDIN@ NICKEL.LAURENTIAN.CA Fax: (I) 705 673 6519

*R. Eliot HAZEL TINE Psychology Department, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 (U.S.A)

*Eric H. HELSPER Psychology Department, NICI, Catholic University Nijmegen, PO BOX 9104 6500 HE Nijmegen (lbe Netherlands)

Robert E. HICKS Behavioral Neurology Unit, Boston University, 635 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, MA 02215 (U.S.A) Fax: (1) 617 353 7500

Richard IVRY Psychology Department, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 (U.S.A) E-mail: IVRY@ GARNET.BERKELEY.EDU Fax: ( l) 510 642 5293

Janet L. JACKSON Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/l 9712 TS Groningen (lbe Netherlands) E-mait. ESCOP@RUGR86.RUG.NL Fax: (31) 50 63 63 04

Anne-Yvonne JACQUET EPHE, CNRS URA 315, Laboratoire de Psycho-biologie de l'Enfant, 41 rue Gay-Lussac 75005 Paris (France) E-mait. UPBE001@ FRORS3l.BITNET Fax: (33) I 43 26 88 16

Christine JARRIGE CNRS URA 1297/UFR Psychologie cognitive, Universite Paris VIII, 2 rue de Ia Liberte 96256 Saint Denis Cedex 02 (France) Fax: (33) 1 49 40 67 54

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xvi

Peter R. KILLEEN Department of Psychology, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85281-1104 (U.S.A) E-mail: ICPRK@ ASUACAD.BITNET Fax (1) 602 965 8544

Iris LEVIN School of Education, Tel-Aviv University 69978 Ramat Aviv (Israel) E-mail: L26@ TAUNOS.BITNET Fax (927) 3 64 09477

David LEWKOWICZ N.Y. S., Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road Staten Island, NY 10314 (U.S. A) E-mail: DDLSI @ CUNYVM.BITNET Fax (1) 718 698 3803

Fran~oise MACAR Laboratoire de Neurosciences cognitives, CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph-Aiguier 13402 Marseille Cedex 9 (France) E-mail: TIME@ LNF.CNRS-MRS.FR Fax (33) 91 77 49 69

Chris MIALL University Laboratory of Physiology, Parks Road, University of Oxford OX1 3PT Oxford (United Kingdom) E-mail: RCM@ PHYSIOL.OX.AC.UK Fax (44) 0865 272469

John A. MICHON Experimental and Occupational Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 211 9712 TS Groningen (The Netherlands) E-mail: MICHON@ RUGR86.RUG.NL Fax (31) 50 63 63 04

Jacques MONTANGERO FPSE, Universite de Geneve, 24 rue du General-Dufour CH. 1211 Geneve 4 (Switzerland) E-mail: MONTANG@ CGEUGE11.BITNET Fax (41) 22 20 29 27

John W. MOORE Department of Psychology and Computer Science, University of Massachusetts-Amherst Amherst, MA 01003 (U.S. A) E-mail: JMMOORE@ CS. UMASS.EDU Fax (1) 413 545 0996

xvii

Viviane POUTHAS EPHE, CNRS URA 315, Laboratoire de Psycho-bio1ogie de l'Enfant, 41 rue Gay-Lussac 75005 Paris (France) E-mail: UPBE001 @ FRORS3l.BITNET Fax (33) 1 43 26 88 16

Marc RlCHELLE Laboratoire de Psychologie Ex~rimentale, Universi~ de Liege, 5 81d du Rectorat 832 Sart Tilman, Liege (Belgium) Fax (32) 41 56 29 44

Stavrou1a SAMARTZIS CNRS URA 1297/UFR Psychologie cognitive, Universit~ Paris VIII, 2 rue de Ia Libe~ 96256 Saint Denis Cedex 02 (France) Fax (33) 1 49 40 67 54

Hans-Henning SCHULZE Fachbereich Psychologie, Philipps Universitiit, Marburg Gutenbergstr. 18 3550 Marburg (Germany) E-mail: SCHULZ_H@ DMRHRZll.BITNET Fax (49) 6421 284884

Andras SEMJEN Laboratoire de Neurosciences cognitives, CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph-Aiguier 13402 Marseille Cedex 9 (France) E-mail: SEMJEN@ LNF.CNRS-MRS.FR Fax (33) 91 77 49 69

*D. Alan STUBBS Department of Psychology, University of Maine Orono, ME, 04469 (U.S.A)

Geza SZAMOSI Science College, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve 81v West Montr~al P.Q.H3G 1M8, Qu~bec (Canada) Fax (1) 514 848 3494

*Ed S. H. TAN Department of Film and Television Studies, University of Amsterdam Nieuwe Doelenstraat 16 1012 CP Amsterdam (The Netherlands)

Franck VIDAL Laboratoire de Neurosciences cognitives, CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph-Aiguier 13402 Marseille Cedex 9 (France) E-mail: TIME@ LNF.CNRS-MRS.FR Fax (33) 91 77 49 69

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Dirk VORBERG Technische Universitat Braunschweig, lnstitut fiir Psychologie, Spielmannstr.19 D 3300 Braunschweig (Germany) E-mail: 13160902@ DBSTUl.RZ.TU-BS.DE Fax: (49) 531 391 8105

Piet G. vas Psychology Department, NICI, Catholic University Nijmegen, PO BOX 9104 6500 HE Nijmegen (The Netherlands) E-mail: VOS@ NICI.KUN.NL Fax (31) 80 61 59 38

J.H. WEARDEN Department of Psychology, University of Manchester Manchester M 13 9 PL (United K. ingdom) E-mail: WEARDEN@ PSY.MAN.AC.UK Fax (44) 61 275 2588

*Alan N. WEST Psychiatry ( 116A), V. A. Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05001 (U.S.A)

Minet de WIED Department of Film and Television Studies, University of Amsterdam Nieuwe Doelenstraat 16 1012 CP Amsterdam (The Netherlands) E-mail: MINET@ UVAPSY.PSY.UVA.NL Fax (31) 20 525 2938

DanZAKAY Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University 69978 Ramat Aviv (Israel) E-mail: 037@ TAUNOS.BITNET Fax (927) 3 6422285