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Revision for Greek GCSE Mock 2019 Language Paper Nov 2019
Look carefully at the following constructions:
Time Clauses
Accusative: how long
For five days for seven years
Genitive: during
During the night during the day
Dative: point of time
On the third day in the first year
Time words followed by main verb
- since the time when
- when
- while
Genitive Absolute Use when you have two different clauses and the subjects are different:
With the men fleeing, the women stayed in order to fight.
ˊAlthough it was night, I was able to see everything.
In the mark schemes, the examiners say they will allow the following translations of the genitive absolute:
With the slaves having fled When/since/as/because/after the slaves had fled The slaves fled and.....
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Indirect Statements
1/ Verbs of saying: + tense of original speaker.
Say announce reply
I said that the enemy would soon be present. (My actual words, “the enemy will soon be present, hence future
tense)
I announced that the general had died. (My actual words, “the general died”, hence aorist tense)
If the main verb is in the past, the indirect statement may be in the present or aorist optative.
I announced that the general was dying (present optative)
I announced that the general had died (strong aorist optative)
2/ Verbs of thinking and (say) Nominative / Accusative and infinitive
think in sense ‘believe that…’)
would release
He said that the slave was releasing the horse
had released
When the indirect statement is about the speaker, then the nominative is used; often it is omitted.
or simply He said that he himself was releasing the slave. Very tricky are strong aorist infinitives which borrow present endings but have strong aorist stems:
He said that the enemy were capturing the city.
He said that the enemy had captured the city.
Present Infinitive
Aorist Infinitive
Future Infinitive
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Purpose Clauses
or + subjunctive/optative Negative =
We went into the city in order to sacrifice to the god.
I injured the soldier so that he would not kill the children. Subjunctive is very easy: Present Aorist Present Passive/Middle Aorist Middle Aorist Passive Pres to be
Don’t stress over the optative.
Know the present and aorist endings and the verb to be:
present endings
aorist endings The strong aorist uses present ending.
to be Note the they form ending in -
+ future participle another way of doing purpose clauses
The enemy sailed away in order to escape.
I went onto the ship in order to find money.
to indicate passive. Note how the endings are active!
No augment – use sigma of aorist tense (or equivalent substitute letter
Simply lengthen the vowel of the present indicative
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Multiple meanings of
Just concentrate on this one meaning (purpose):
a) With future participle in order to....... (purpose)
That man came to our city in order to do very great deeds.
Result Clauses
Clue Word: that
so so great/many to such an extent of such a kind
1/ nominative or accusative + infinitive for general or likely result. Negative with infinitive = .
2/ indicative to stress what actually happened. Negative with indicative = .
So terrible was the storm that we all were very afraid.
So many arrived that it was not possible to leave the harbour.
ˊI was angry to such an extent that I was not able to speak.
Such a kind was the general that everyone loved him (he was the kind of general that everyone loved).
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Relative Clauses ὅς, ἥ, ὅ - who, which (look for the accent)
ὅςThe man who came into the city is very wise.
ἥThe woman whom I saw is very brave.
οὕThe old man of whom (whose) the wife died is there.
ᾥ The leader to whom I gave a gift will surely help me.
Article and Participle The article and participle often serves the function of a relative expression.
– those who are fighting in the city.
I attack those guarding the city.
we killed the soldiers who were fighting for the enemy.
Note that the person is first defined – then the article repeated () with the participle.
Indirect Commands Unlike Latin, just use the infinitive
They ordered me to stay. I begged the soldiers to fight.
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Adjectives and Articles without nouns
- the ones in the city, the men in the city
- the ones there, people there
- I honour the ones here, people here
- the evil ones will be punished When a sentence has been talking about someone in the accusative, it is very common to make them the subject of the next sentence in the following way:
- and he........
- and she........
- and they........
and are used to contrast two nouns
The women stayed while the men fled. However, without a noun and just the article, translate them some...............others
Some stayed, others fled.
To some we gave food, to others water.
- no one, nothing
Can be used as an adjective - no, not any
- we have no food
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Neuter Plurals Neuter plural nouns and adjectives are very versatile in Greek (and Latin). You can usually add the word ‘things’ to them, but can also embellish your translation.
-the things of the city, the affairs of the city,
-the things of the gods, the affairs of the gods, matters concerning the gods
-the things happening, events
-the things having happened, events, what happened
-I suffered bad things, I suffered evils, I suffered tortures
-I said many things, much
- because of these things, because of this
Verbs beginning with and Present Imperfect Aorist
augment
augment
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Conditional Clauses The 2 types at GCSE:
Future open:
+ subjunctive ............. future indicative
If we find money we will be happy.
Look for the
Past closed:
+ aorist indicative ............. aorist indicative +
I had done these things I would have become very rich.
Look for ........................
Make sure you use the correct tenses in English:
looking to the future “If I go to Athens, I will see the Acropolis”
unfulfilled in the past “If I had sold my house then, I would have made a fortune.”
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Motion Prepositions
Accusative often shows motion towards Genitive often shows separation Dative often shows stationary position
+ accusative – into + genitive – out of + dative – in, on, at
+ accusative –towards + genitive – from
+ accusative – against, to + genitive – from
+ accusative – up + genitive – through These prepositions are often put on motion verbs as prefixes
Prepositions with different cases
Make sure you distinguish: + Accusative + Genitive + accusative – after + genitive – with (can be ’ before a vowel)
+ accusative – on account of + genitive – through
+ accusative – round + genitive – concerning
+ accusative – contrary to + genitive – from
+ accusative – according to, down, by, along + genitive – down You often see:
– by land and sea
– according to the laws
– contrary to the laws
If is followed by a rough breathing, you may see it as ’ - ’ = with themselves
Impersonal verbs and phrases
both followed by dative + infinitive
It is possible, will be.., was... It is better, will be.. was..
Do not confuse with he gave, we gave)
It seemed good to me to go i.e. I decided to go
It is necessary for me to go
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and Reflexive Pronoun
If not in the nominative and not attached to a noun, etc. means him, them, it etc.
– I saw them – I punished him – I did it If attached to a noun, before or after, it means –self
The general himself I saw the king himself I honoured the goddess herself
The gods themselves
If sandwiched in the middle, it means ‘same’ (think ‘samewich’)
The same general I saw the same king I honoured the same goddess
means ‘the same thing’ (our word tautology comes from this) τα αὐτα – ‘the same things’
Reflexive Pronoun
himself herself themselves
of himself (his own) of herself (her own)
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Time Words
Every translation has plenty of these:
- first
- then ,next ὑστερον - later
- finally, at last
- when
- already, by now
- now
- then
- when?
-often
- still
- never
- for a long time
- soon
- when (with main indicative verb)
- until
Connecting words
- therefore (don’t confuse with – not)
- for
- because
- but, and μεντοι - however
- indeed
- at any rate, even
– but
- both …………… and
- either ……or
- neither ……nor
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This and That
This
MASC FEM NEUTER
NOM
ACC
GEN
DAT
NOM
ACC
GEN
DAT
MASC FEM NEUTER
NOM
ACC
GEN
DAT
NOM
ACC
GEN
DAT
.
That
MASC FEM NEUTER
NOM
ACC
GEN
DAT
NOM
ACC
GEN
DAT
The word order is always:
This man this woman that tree
– can be ‘he’. can be ‘these men’
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Strong Aorists These are aorist tenses which look like imperfects. (imperfect) – I was releasing (normal aorist) – I released (strong aorist) – I threw
There is no normal aorist (something like )
Definitive List from the syllabus Present Strong Aorist
I led
I died
I threw
I had
I found
I captured
I left
I learned
I suffered
I obeyed
I carriedyou also see the form
I ran
I drank
I ate
I said
I saw Strong aorist Partiticiple:
I captured
I came
I noticed
I arrived
I followed
I found out
I promised
Remember for the infinitives, imperatives and participles, use the present forms
So for example
Infinitive to come Compare
Imperative come! Compare
Participle having come Compare
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To Give
The verb to give is very irregular. The syllabus only requires the aorist tense and the infinitives:
Present Infinitive - Aorist Infinitive- (to give)
Verbs taking dative and other oddities
Some verbs take the dative rather than the accusative which you might expect
- trust, believe
- help
- obey
- attack
- use
takes the genitive when hearing a person and the accusative when hearing a thing
- I hear the man
- I hear the voice
can take 2 accusatives
- I ask the master for food.
– literally I die by = I am killed by....
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Contracted Verbs(I love)types (I honour) types
ACTIVE Present Imperfect Present Imperfect
present infinitives:
PASSIVE Present Imperfect Present Imperfect
present infinitives:
Present Participle
apart from , every form has – in it every form has – in it
Contracted Verbs vocab
take, capture shout
ask for, beg laugh
retreat ask
help conquer, win
call see
hate honour
live
sail
make, do
love
arrive obtain
promise try
fear use
The majority of and verbs follow this pattern in the principal parts:
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Comparison Adjectives
wise wiser/more wise wisest/most wise, very wise
I am wiser than the king – use the genitive
We have a wiser king than the barbarians (have). – use
There are a number of irregular comparative and superlative adjectives: Comparative Superlative
good, better, best
big, bigger, biggest
fine, finer, finest
bad, worse, worst
few, fewer, fewest/least
much, more, most/very many
fast, faster, fastest
hostile, more hostile, most hostile
easy, easier, easiest ends in – ends in -
The Adjectives and Big, great
NOM Masc and Neuter irregular, fem like
ACC Masc and Neuter irregular, fem like
GEN Adjective now goes like
Much, many
NOM Masc and Neuter irregular, fem like
ACC Masc and Neuter irregular, fem like
GEN Adjective now goes like
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– I throw has a couple of special meanings with a prefix added:
– I invade (+ + accusative)
– I attack (+ dative)
Don’t confuse them with – go in and , –go towards
Often in unseens where they have one of these forms, they will also put in a normal form of
with a prefix, e.g. , – throw out.
- I do, fare, manage Note these meanings:
- I fare well
- I fare badly
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GREEK PARTICIPLES ACTIVE Present ‘releasing’ Future ‘being about to release’ MASC FEM NEUT MASC FEM NEUT Singular
NOM
ACC
GEN
DAT Plural
NOM
ACC
GEN
DAT
Aorist ‘having released’ Strong Aorist ‘having thrown’ MASC FEM NEUT MASC FEM NEUT
Singular Look for tell-tale -
NOM
ACC Put present participle endings on strong aorist stem
GEN
DAT Plural
NOM
ACC
GEN
DAT
MIDDLE Present ‘ceasing’ Future ‘being about to cease’
MASC FEM NEUT MASC FEM NEUT Singular
NOM
ACC
etc. Like like like Aorist ‘having ceased’ Strong Aorist ‘having found out’ MASC FEM NEUT MASC FEM NEUT Singular
NOM
etc. Look for tell-tale - Put present participle endings on strong aorist stem PASSIVE Present ‘being released’ Future ‘being about to be released’
MASC FEM NEUT MASC FEM NEUT Singular
NOM
etc. Look for tell-tale - Aorist ‘having been released’
MASC FEM NEUT Singular Plural
NOM
Look for tell-tale think of ‘pathos’ – suffering, having the action done to you rather than doing it.