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8/14/2019 TLIC507D - Drive Heavy Combination Vehicle - Learner Guide
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TLIC507D Driveheavy combination
vehicle
Assessment
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Contents
What this Learners Guide is about........................................ 3
Planning your learning ........................................................... 4
How you will be assessed...................................................... 7
Section 1............................................................................................. 9
How are articulated vehicles correctly driven under licensetesting conditions? ................................................................. 9
Section 2........................................................................................... 45
How are prime movers coupled and uncoupled to trailers, underlicense testing conditions? ................................................... 45
Additional resources....................................................................... 55
Feedback on activities .................................................................... 57
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What this Learners Guide is about
ThisLearnersGuideisabouttheskillsandknowledgerequiredtodriveaheavycombinationvehiclesafelyincludingsystematicandefficientcontrolofallvehiclefunctions,monitoringoftrafficandroadconditions,managementofvehicleconditionandperformance,couplinganduncouplingoftrailer,andeffectivemanagementofhazardoussituations.Assessmentofthisunitwillusuallybeundertakenwithinalicensingexaminationconducted,byorundertheauthorityof,therelevantstate/territoryRoadTrafficAuthority.
TheElementsofCompetencyfromtheunitTLIC507DDriveheavycombinationvehiclecoveredinthisLearnersGuidearelistedbelow.
Drivetheheavycombinationvehicle
Monitortrafficandroadconditions
Monitorandmaintainvehicleperformance
ThisunitofcompetencyisfromtheTransportandLogisticsTrainingPackage(TLI07).
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Planning your learning
ItisimportanttoplanyourlearningbeforeyoustartbecauseyoumayalreadyhavesomeoftheknowledgeandskillsthatarecoveredinthisLearnersGuide.Thismightbebecause:
youhavebeenworkingintheindustryforsometime,and/or
youhavealreadycompletedtraininginthisarea.
Togetherwithyoursupervisorortrainerusethechecklistsonthefollowingpagestohelpyouplanyourstudyprogram.Youranswerstothequestionsinthechecklistwillhelpyouworkoutwhichsectionsof
thisLearnersGuideyouneedtocomplete.
ThisLearnersGuideiswrittenwiththeideathatlearningismademorerelevantwhenyou,thelearner,areactuallyworkingintheindustry.Thismeansthatyouwillhavepeoplewithintheenterprisewhocanshowyouthings,discusshowthingsaredoneandansweranyquestionsyouhave.Alsoyoucanpractisewhatyoulearnandseehowwhatyoulearnisappliedintheenterprise.
IfyouareworkingthroughthisLearnersGuideandhavenotyetfoundajobintheindustry,youwillneedtotalktoyourtraineraboutdoingworkexperienceorworkingandlearninginsomesortofsimulatedworkplace.
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Section 1: How are articulated vehicles correctlydriven under licence testingconditions?
Areyouableto: Yes No
1. completeapre-departurevehiclecheck?
2. starttheengineandundertakepost-startupchecks?
3. secureorconfirmthesecurityoftheloadbeingtransportedonanarticulatedvehicle?
4. steer,manoeuvreandpositionthevehicleinaccordancewithtrafficregulations,vehiclelimitationsandroaddimensions?
5. drivethevehicleinreverse,maintainingvisibilityandachievingaccuratepositioning,especiallyofthetrailer?
6. manageenginepowertoensureefficiencyinperformanceandminimiseengineandgeardamage?
7. monitorthevehicleformalfunctionsandtoensuremaximumefficiencyofoperation?
8. monitorandanticipatetrafficandroadconditionstoavoidinjurytopeopleordamagetoproperty,equipmentandloads?
9. stopthevehiclewithoutinjurytopersonnelordamagetothevehicle,propertyorland?
10.park,shutdownandsecurethevehiclein
accordancewithmanufacturersspecifications,trafficregulations andcompanyprocedures?
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Section 2: How are prime movers coupled anduncoupled to trailers, under licencetesting conditions?
Areyouableto: Yes No
1. safelyandcompletelycoupleaprimemovertoatrailerinaccordancewithmanufacturersspecifications?
2. safelyandcompletelyuncoupleatrailerfromaprimemoverinaccordancewithmanufacturersspecifications?
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How you will be assessed
AssessmentofthisUnitofCompetencywillincludeobservationofrealorsimulatedworkprocessesusingworkplaceproceduresandquestioningonunderpinningknowledgeandskills.Itmustbedemonstratedinanactualorsimulatedworksituationundersupervision.
Youwillberequiredtosafely:
undertakerequiredpre-departurechecks
coupleanduncoupletrailers
secureloads
drivearticulatedvehiclesinavarietyofroad,weatherandroadconditions
parkandsecurearticulatedvehicles.
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Section 1
How are articulated vehiclescorrectly driven under licensetesting conditions?
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Section outline
Areascoveredinthissection
Pre-departurechecks
Securingloads
Selectingandchanginggears
Drivinganarticulatedvehicle,invariousroad,weatherandtaskconditions
Manoeuvringtrailers,usingreversegears
Parkingandsecuringarticulatedvehicles
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Pre-DepartureChecks
Thissub-sectionmayalsobeasimplerevisionexercise.However,itisnolessimportantthanpreviously,evenifyouhavebecomean
experiencedrigidvehicledriver.
Youmayhavealreadycompletedthisactivityforrigidvehicles.However,itisvitalandshouldbeundertakenforarticulatedvehicles.
Driversofarticulatedvehiclesmustcompletefullpre-departurechecksbeforemovingoffinthosevehicles.Yourcompanywillhaveapolicyonthechecksyoumustundertakebeforeyoudriveavehicle.Thesetaskswillvaryfromcompanytocompany,accordingtohowmuchresponsibilityyourcompanygivesyoutochecktheserviceabilityoftheirarticulatedvehicles.
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Activity 1: What procedures are required to complete apre-departure check?
You are required to identify and check the serviceability of anarticulated vehicle.
Before you start this activity, look at the following checklist anddiscuss any details you are unsure of with your trainer. Then usethe checklist to tick off the successfully completed tasks when youhave finished the activity.
Sub-tasks Steps Completed
1. Completeengine offchecks
Confirm that the engine is switched off
Check that all fluid levels (oils, coolants, fuel,brake and clutch fluids, and windscreenwasher) are appropriate
Confirm that Air Wet Tank was drained atconclusion of previous shift
Investigate any possible fluid leaks
Check that ancillary drive belts are in goodworking order.
2. Completeenginewarmingup checks
Confirm that brakes are fully applied
Start the engine safely, ensuring gearbox isfirst disengaged
Check that oil, air and alternator warning lightsare working
Check all tyre inflation pressures
Check all tyres for wall condition, tread depthand even wear
Check that the spare wheel is in good conditionand secured in position
Check that all wheel nuts are tight and have nosigns of movement
Check that parking, head, hazard, auxiliary andclearance lights are working satisfactorily
Check that rear parking, indicator, brake andreversing lights are working satisfactorily
Confirm that all plates and signs are visible,
readable and in correct quantities
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Check exhaust for visible emissions and noiseleaks
Check vehicle posture to ensure the chassisis even with the wheels
Check lockers, stowage compartments anddoors, ensuring serviceability of latches
Check serviceability and security of externalfittings, including mirrors, lights, mudflaps, etc.
Confirm vehicle tool kit, including wheelchange tools, is complete
Check the location and suitability of safetyequipment, including First Aid kit.
3. Completecabin checks
Check that oil, air and alternator warninglights are working
Ensure that the oil pressure is on a correctreading and that the alternator is charging
Check for correct air pressure
Check that windscreen wipers and washersare working satisfactorily
Check that the horn is working
Check that the park brake is workingsatisfactorily
Confirm opening and closing functions of allwindows
Check seat adjustments for security andpersonal preferences
Adjust mirrors to confirm correct operationand use from drivers chosen sitting position
Confirm the currency of the vehiclesregistration
Complete the Pre-departure Checkdocumentation according to company policy.
4. CompletePrime Movertowingchecks
Check that air hoses are free from damageand connected securely to Prime Mover
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Check that electrical cables are free fromdamage and connected securely to the PrimeMover
Confirm the turntable jaws are open
Ensure the turntable moves freely or is locked,depending on trailer configuration in theforthcoming task.
The following steps relating to trailercoupling checks must be completed as partof the activities you undertake in Section 3of this Learners Guide.
5. Completetrailer
checks
Before coupling:
Confirm trailer legs are in place and secure
Confirm that the skid plate is not worn, bent orcracked
Confirm that the King Pin is not worn, bent orcracked, and that it shows no excessivemovement
Check the skid plate to determine if turntableneeds locking, when ball race and quickrelease are fitted together.
After coupling:
Release the Tractor Protection Valve
Check that air hoses are free from damage,connected securely and without leaks, andremote from potential damage
Check that electrical cables are free fromdamage, connected securely and remote frompotential damage
Confirm that the turntable jaws are locked
Confirm correct operation of trailer lights
Inspect twist locks for serviceability.
6. ObserveOHSpractices
Observe and implement Occupational Healthand Safety practices, during all steps in thepre-departure check.
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Activity 2: Which procedures are followed to tilt and lower thecabin of an articulated vehicle?
Your trainer will provide you with a Prime Mover Vehicle with cabintilt functions. You are required to perform the tasks listed in thefollowing table, then check with your trainer to make sure that thetasks have been completed correctly.
Sub-tasks Steps: Completed
1. Park thevehicle
Park the vehicle on level ground
Apply the park brake
Park the vehicle in neutral, if maxi brakesare fitted, or in a gear contrary to theprevailing slope
Switch off the ignition
Install wheel chocks if available.
2. Completelocation safetycheck
Check adequate clearance around cab, sotilting will be safe
Confirm there are no loose objects in thecab
Shut the cab doors
Open the lower grille, if applicable
Lower bull bar, if applicable
Confirm vehicle is in the correct gear asdefined by the manufacturer.
3. Tilt cab in
accordancewithmanufacturersdirections
Tilt the cab hydraulically using the hand-
operated pump, where applicable
Turn the valve fully against spring pressureuntil it locks into position
Insert jack rod into the pump actuating lever
Release the cab locking mechanism
Operate pump / electrical hydraulic system /spring-assisted tilt mechanism to fully tiltcab safely
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Engage the locking device, then confirmthat the cab is safely secured in tiltedposition.
4. Lower the cab Move hydraulic valve back to its originalposition
Release the locks holding cab in tiltedposition
Safely lower the cab by operating themanual / electric / spring-assistedmechanisms, as applicable
Confirm that the catch is re-engaged to lockthe cab in position
Check the valve has remained in its originalposition
Close grille once the cab is back to itsoriginal position, if applicable
Raise and secure the bull bar.
5. Observe OHSpractices
Observe and implement OccupationalHealth and Safety practices, during allsteps in the cab tilting and loweringprocess.
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Securingaload
Youmayhavealreadycompletedthisactivityforrigidvehicles.However,itisvitalandshouldbeundertakeforarticulatedvehicles.It
mustbecompletedifyouhavenotworkedasthedriverofheavyrigidvehiclestransportingloadsotherthanpassengersduringtheprevioustwelvemonths.
Thedriverandthepersonloadinganarticulatedvehicleareresponsibletomakesuretheloadisproperlyrestrainedbythevehicleandtrailerstructures,theirattachmentsandtheloadsecuringequipment.Thedriver,thevehicleownerandthepersonloadinganarticulatedvehicleareresponsibletomakesureeachoftheseisserviceableandworkingproperly.
Thesethreepeoplemustalsomakesurethatthevehicleandtrailerstructures,theirattachmentsandtheloadsecuringequipmentarestrongenoughtoholdandsecuretheload.
Inallloadingactivities,youshouldrefertotheLoadRestraintGuide.Thatdocumentshowsallmethodsandrequirementsofloadsecuring,soyoushouldkeepacopyofitwithyouatalltimestoensurethatyouloadinaccordancewithrelevantregulations.
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Activity 3: How are loads secured on articulated vehicles?
Answer the following questions on securing loads by ticking
Correct or Incorrect and giving a reason for your answer.
Study the 4 diagrams below and indicate whether they arecorrectly or incorrectly loaded:
Correct
Incorrect
Why_____________________
Correct
Incorrect
Why_____________________
Correct
Incorrect
Why_____________________
Correct
Incorrect
Why_____________________
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List the 3 areas of driver responsibility for loading a vehicle.
1. _________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________
List the 3 factors necessary to secure a load.
1. _________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________
Write down the meaning of the following International CargoSymbols.
Symbol Meaning
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
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Symbol Meaning
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
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Symbol Meaning
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
There is feedback on this activity at the back of this LearnersGuide.
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LoadingDOsandDONTs
Thissub-sectionshouldbecompletedunlessyouhave:
workedasadriverofheavyrigidvehiclestransportingcargo/goods (otherthanpassengers)OR
completedarelevantunitofcompetencysuchasTDTD497ALoad andunloadgoods/cargointhelast3months.
Ineithercaseyoursupervisororworkplacetrainermaypermityoutousethissub-sectionasarevisionexercise.Thereareanumberofmethodstoproperlysecureloads,justastherearesomepracticeswhichmustneverbeused.Youwillproperlysecure
loadsifyoualwaysfollowthislistofDOsandDONTs:
DO:
makesureyouhaveenoughlashingsthatareingoodconditionandstrongenoughtosecuretheload
makesurethattie-downlashingsareasneartoverticalaspossible
makesurethatdirectlashingsattachedtoloadsonwheelsarenotnearvertical
attachlashingsattierailsupportpoints
checkandre-tightenthelashingsandotherrestrainingdevicesasrequired
uselashingprotectorsonsharpedges
usewedgesandchockstoblockyourload
makesurethatloosebulkloadscannotfallorbeblownoffthevehicle
useavehiclethatisbuiltstronglyenoughforthejob
takeextremecarewhenreleasinganyfixedleverload-binder.
DONT:
usefaultyequipment
attachchainsorwebbingbetweentierailsupportpoints
tiedownloadsontogreasyordirtysteeldecks
standoverandpushdownonload-binders.
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Activity 4: Which loading and unloading methods are usedwhen securing articulated vehicle loads?
Your trainer will provide you with an articulated vehicle to load andunload in this activity. If you are unsure of what you are required todo, you must seek assistance and/or use the Load RestraintGuide.
Read all of the steps in the following table that you are required todo before you start this activity.
After loading is completed, ask your trainer to check your work tomake sure that all items have been correctly loaded, and are safeto be unloaded.
Sub-tasks Steps Completed
1. Identify loadcharacteristics
Check that the tray area is suitable for theload, with adequate space and capacity
Assess the load for its transportability bychecking load markings and documentation
Check the load for Dangerous Goodscontents
Check the load components to ensure theircompatibility for transportation.
2. Identify loadlimits andsafetyrequirements
Calculate the appropriate loading sequencefor the journey, to facilitate unloading
Choose appropriate and adequate restraintsfor the task
Check that appropriate and adequate safetyequipment is securely stowed in the correct
locations on the vehicle
Confirm that the loaded vehicle will notexceed legal axle load limits, (both GVM andGCM)
Confirm that Road Transport ReformRegulations will not be exceeded
Check that the dimensions of the loadedvehicle will not exceed road safety limits forthe journey (length, width and height)
Obtain permit for the load, if required.
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3. Plan loading ofthe vehicle
Assess whether the load can be handledmanually and locate appropriate mechanicallifting aids if required
Ensure the stability of the vehicle bychecking that the vehicle can be loaded withthe centre of gravity of the load as low aspossible and along the centre line of thevehicle
Ensure that the tyres will not be overloaded
Check that the vehicle can be loaded so thatthe loads centre of mass is forward of therear axle group
Check that tie rails and anchor points are
undamaged, and the restraining equipmentwill not cause damage by chafing, crushingand over-tensioning as the load is secured
Check that pallets are of sufficient strengthfor the load
Check for damaged or leaking containers
Confirm the serviceability of load-coveringequipment, for protection in adverse weatherconditions.
4. Load thevehicle inaccordancewith the LoadRestraintGuide
Ensure that no apparent danger is present toother personnel (including all members of thepublic)
Apply the park brake, then ensure the engineis switched off if not required during theloading process
Safely position the load on the vehiclescarrying surface *
Ensure chafing and crushing of load items isavoided
Ensure sufficient friction between the loadand the vehicles carrying surface
Load pallets along the length of the vehicle
Install baulking / packing to pallets that arenot loaded close together to optimise correctload placement
Ensure all necessary signs and flags aresuitably placed for overhanging or over-
dimensional loads
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Operate mechanical loading securingequipment (where appropriate) by:
checking unit load device placements
confirming covering / restraining processis complete.
* (Use of other mechanical lifting aids isprescribed in other Learners Guides specificto that equipment.)
5. Secure theload
Ensure that lashings are tied at angles of atleast 30 to the vehicle loading surface (as
defined in the Load Restraint Guide)
Ensure that vertical movement and tipping of
the load is not possible, by placing restraintsacross the top of the load
Ensure against forward and rearwardmovement of the load, by restraining (withbaulking and lashing equipment) inaccordance with the Load Restraint Guide
Ensure against forward and rearwardmovement of the load, by passing restraintsthrough the base of the pallets (wherepossible)
Ensure that the top of each separate sectionof the load has at least one cross-lashing
Ensure that any part of the load which isabove the general height of the load has atleast two cross-lashings
Restrain the load horizontally using chocks orvertical restraints where necessary
Confirm that all ties (ropes, chains, straps,buckles, etc), are correctly tied, installed andsecured, as applicable
Ensure all gates and/or doors are correctlymounted and secured as appropriate
Fully engage all twist locks.
6. Cover the load Use appropriate materials to cover the load,ensuring load movement does not occur
Adequately secure the covering materials,ensuring protection against adverse weatherconditions or spillages in the container
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Avoid damage to covering materials causedby chafing
Ensure any loose surfaces (packaging, ties,tarpaulin and curtain flaps, etc), are securedagainst movement during transit.
7. Unload thevehicle inaccordancewith the LoadRestraint Guide
Park and secure the vehicle in a suitableposition for unloading, ensuring protection forall personnel, materials and equipment
Apply the park brake and switch off theengine
Remove load covers (where necessary) andstow safely
Safely release load restraints and stow safely
Calculate the unloading sequence and theset-down points for each item
Unload the vehicle in the pre-determinedsequence, transferring each item to its safelocation. *
* (Use of mechanical lifting aids is prescribed inother Learners Guides specific to that equipment.)
8. Observe OHS
practices
Observe and implement Occupational Health
and Safety practices, during all tasks in theloading and unloading processes, especiallyconsidering other workers, and bulk grain,livestock and liquid loads.
When you have marked all the steps as complete, discuss withyour trainer any areas of your work that require improvement tomake sure loads are secure and safe.
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Selectingandchanginggears
Driversofarticulatedvehiclesmustselectanappropriategear,accordingtotheenginespeedrequiredtocompletethedemandsplacedonthevehicle.Considerableimportancemustbeplacedonthisactivity,especiallywhensemi-trailerarticulatedvehiclesareconcerned.Thisisemphasisedwhenselectinggearstodescendslopes,wherethedifferentbrakingrequirementsofthevehicle(becauseofthetraileranditsbrakes)mustbetakenintoaccount.
Inallotherdrivingcircumstances,selectingandchanginggearswillhavethesameprinciplesasformediumandheavyrigidvehicles.Theproperuseofenginepower,theachievementoffuelefficiencyandtheabsoluteavoidanceofcoastingwillmeasureyourperformanceindrivingarticulatedvehicles.
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Activity 5: How are gears used efficiently to drive articulatedvehicles?
Answer the following questions on selecting and changing gears byticking Correct or Incorrect.
Correct Incorrect
The purpose of gears in a vehicle is to:
increase the engine energy capacity
spread the friction over more components
match road speed to best engine speed.
When driving up a steep hill, the best gear to engage is:
the lowest gear ratio the vehicle has
the highest gear the vehicle that ispossible.
the highest gear that maintains specifiedengine torque.
For descending long or steep hills, a driver should:
engage a high gear to minimise RPM andwear
engage a lower gear during the descent
engage the required gear before descentcommences.
When slowing or stopping, gear changing should:
include all intermediate ratios available
engage only the gear that will be nextneeded.
Negotiating a sharp corner, the required gear is engaged:
before entering the corner
at the sharpest point of the corner
during the exit from the corner
immediately after leaving the corner.
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The term Progressive Shifting means:
using maximum RPM in each gear beforeshifting
attaining only enough RPM to reach thenext gear
changing gear at the same RPM for everyshift.
The gear changing difference between petrol and diesel engines is:
diesel engines have higher torque atlower RPM
petrol engines pull better at low RPM.
The term Skip Shifting means that the driver:
avoids de-clutching during gear shifts
engages the most suitable gearregardless of sequence.
To engage a lower gear while moving on a slight downgrade:
decrease speed to well below that of thelowest gear
retain vehicle speed / gently decreaseRPM.
There is feedback on this activity at the back of this LearnersGuide.
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Braking
Youmayhavealreadycompletedthisactivityforrigidvehicles.However,itisvitalandshouldbeundertakenforarticulatedvehicles.
Heavyvehicleswillbemoredifficulttostopunderbraking,dependingontheirsizeandtheirload.Roadandweatherconditionsaffectbrakingperformance.Thespeedofvehicleswillalsoaffectbrakingperformance,aswillthetimetakenbydriverstoreacttotheneedforbraking.Youmustconsiderallthesefactorswhendriving,especiallyasthelossofvehiclecontrol(skidding)isbothdangerousandfrequent.Forexample,theheavierthevehicle,thewettertheroad,thefasterthespeed,themoretiredthedriverandtheharderthebraking,themorelikelyitisthatskiddingwilloccur.
Asaprofessionaldriverofanarticulatedvehicle,youshouldbeawareofthedangerposedbyyourvehicleshouldyoulosecontrolofitsspeedordirection.Thefollowingbrakingrulesmustbeappliedatalltimes:
brakeearlyandgradually
brakeinastraightline
allowforthetraileranditsownbrakingsystem
allowfortheload
matchyourbrakingtotheroadsurface
easeoffasthevehicleslows
testyourbrakesafterdrivingthroughwater.
Downhillspeedshouldbecontrolledbyuseofenginespeedandcorrectgearselection.Ifbrakingisnecessaryduringadescent,adrivershould,ifpossible,trytobrakeonlywhenthevehicleistravellinginastraightline.Brakingonabendincreasestheriskofskiddingandshouldusuallyonlybeusedinanemergency.Ifbrakingmustbeappliedonabend,itshouldbedoneasgentlyaspossible.
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Activity 6: How are brakes efficiently used to controlarticulated vehicles?
Answer the following questions on selecting and changing gears byticking Correct or Incorrect.
Correct Incorrect
Hydraulic brake systems:
force fluid pressure to cylinder pistons oneach wheel
can suffer from water contamination,lowering the boiling point of the brakefluid.
On steep downhill slopes, brakes should be used:
very few times during the descent
only for emergencies and unexpectedconditions
by applying and releasing quickly andfrequently.
Brake performance can be dangerously affected by:
water on the friction surfaces
overheating and brake fade throughoveruse
using gears which are too low for somesections of the hill
the nature of the road surface.
To use brakes safely and efficiently, you should:
avoid braking in curves or corners ifpossible
use less braking for lighter loads
test brakes after driving through water.
There is feedback on this activity at the back of this LearnersGuide.
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Drivinginreverse
Drivingarticulatedvehiclesinreverserequiresspecificskillsandmaybetheonlywaytomanoeuvrethevehicleintoandoutofloadingbaysanddeliverypointsinwarehouses.Drivinginreverseisoftenusedinbuilt-upareaswhereaccessbyturningisrestrictedandunavailabletoarticulatedvehicles.Inthesesituations,thedriverwillneedtosuccessfullypositionthevehicleusingacombinationofforwardandreversegearsinatightspace.
However,themajorityofcircumstanceswherearticulatedvehiclesarereversedrelatetothecoupling,uncouplingandpositioningoftrailers.Reversingskillswillprobablyonlybeattainedafterconsiderablepractice,withcounterturnsonsteeringwheelsandtrailerswithmindsoftheirownoftencausingdifficulty.Theabilitytoavoid
trailerjack-knifing,especiallyinconfinedspacesinloadingbaysandtransportyards,willbethekeytomanyofyourdrivingtasks.
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Activity 7: What actions are used to steer articulated vehiclesin reverse?
Look at the diagram below. Which one of the four steering positionsshows how the front wheel must be turned as the Prime Moverbegins to reverse?
Answer: (1, 2, 3 or 4) __________
1 2 3 4
There is feedback on this activity at the back of this Learners
Guide.
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ProfessionalDriving
Mostroaduserswillbenon-professionaldriverswhohavenotreceivedasmuchtrainingasdriversofarticulatedorothercommercialvehicles.Professionaldriversarecourteousanddriveinadefensivemanner.DrivinginsuchamannerwillencourageamoretolerantattitudetowardstheRoadTransportIndustryandpeopleemployedinit.Youwillhopefullyhavehelpedtoachievesomeofthistoleranceduringyourpreviousdrivingexperiences.
Adefensivedriveravoidscausingaccidentsandalsoavoidsbecominginvolvedinaccidentscausedbyotherroadusers.Defensivedriversknowandobservethelawsandregulationsrelatingtotheroad,thevehiclestheydriveandthegoodstheytransport.Thedefensivedriverispreparedtogivewaytoavoidthepossibilityofanaccident,evenif
bylaw,theotherroaduserisatfault.
Defensivedrivingrequiressuperiorobservationandanticipationskills.Driverswillneedtoknowwhatishappeningallaroundtheirvehicle.Theskillsneededfordefensivedrivinginclude:
continuouslyobservingallsituations,includinglookingasfaraheadaspossible
maintainingsafespacecushions
frequentlycheckingmirrors
slowingdowntonegotiatealldrivingsituations
selectingthemostappropriategearsforeachdrivingtask
tryingtoanticipatepossibledangers
usingappropriatespeeds,turningandstoppingtechniques,andwarningdevicestonegotiateandleavehazardoussituations.
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Activity 8: How do drivers control trailer skids?
Answer the following questions on controlling skids by describing
the actions to be taken in each case:
What are the three steps to take when controlling a drive wheelskid?
1. ________________________
________________________
2. ________________________
________________________
3. ________________________
________________________
What are the three actions you need to perform when controlling a
trailer wheel skid?
1. ________________________
________________________
2. ________________________
________________________
3. ________________________
________________________
There is feedback on this activity at the back of this LearnersGuide.
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Activity 9: Which procedures are used to professionally drivearticulated vehicles?
During this activity, any deliberate or accidental failure to observeRoad Rules will immediately cause the activityto be terminated.In these circumstances, your trainer will not be able to assess youas a competent driver.
Where possible, the activity may be varied to cater for drivingduring anyworking hours, weather and road conditions. ForEmergency situations that obviously cannot be created, yourtrainer will check your performance by seeking descriptions ofrequired actions and/or simulation exercises.
Sub-tasks Steps Completed
1. Complete aPre-DepartureCheck
Ensure that a comprehensive Pre-DepartureCheck is completed
Ensure vehicle is fuelled sufficiently for theforthcoming task
Correctly complete all documentation inaccordance with company policy
Report any defects, according to companypolicy.
2. Prepare fordriving
Adjust driving position (seat) and mirrors
Fit the seat belt securely
Start the engine
Build up adequate air pressure for take-off.
3. Drive the
vehiclecommencingon an uphillgrade
Select the lowest appropriate gear, after
vehicle is held stationary by service brakes
Apply the park brake or trailer brakes
Release service brakes and engage theclutch to the friction point
Use indicator to signal intention to move
Check mirrors for other road users
Release the park brake or trailer brake
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Overtake safely, by indicating correctly andwith sufficient warning time, assessingadequate clear road distance and checkingother possible overtaking vehicles.
6. Drive thevehicle onmultiple laneroads
Maintain the vehicle within the laneboundary, during driving and demonstratesafe and legal road positions during turns
Observe all regulatory and advisory signs
Drive safely and smoothly, whilst maintainingobservation of other road users, vehicleposition and prevailing conditions, especiallythrough the use of mirrors
Co-operate with other drivers during
overtaking by maintaining appropriate speedand providing safe adequate space
Maintain safe space cushions whenfollowing or being followed, appropriatelyvaried for changing road and weatherconditions
Overtake safely, by indicating correctly andwith sufficient warning time, assessingadequate clear road distance and checkingother possible overtaking vehicles
Select the outside lane (to assist with cut-in)when turning.
7. Drive thevehicle invariousturningsituations
Control and position the vehicle appropriatelywhen approaching turns
Position the vehicle to ensure safe actions ofother road users with respect to overtaking
Observe all other road users, in preparationfor the turn, including by the use of mirrors
Provide sufficient warning to other road usersby indicating in time and accurately
Apply brakes smoothly, to achieve speedbelow the advisory sign limit before turningcommences
Smoothly select the appropriate gear for theturn, prior to commencing the turning process
Observe all regulatory and advisory signs
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Apply and maintain power throughout theturning process, especially to counteracttrailer shunting
Steer smoothly (using both hands),maintaining vehicle control through the turn(a cross-over of hands is acceptable in slowturns within confined spaces)
Steer the vehicle, taking due care of theeffects of roundabouts and other roadcambers
Adjust body position to remove visionblockouts
Negotiate turns, in safe and legal road
positions, whilst observing other road usersand prevailing conditions, especially throughthe use of mirrors
Maintain the vehicle on the formed road /designated surface, (no kerb mounting)ensuring the safety of all users during theturning process.
8. Drive thevehicle inreverse gear
Check for hazards and obstructions in front,behind and above the vehicle
Check that mirrors are clean and adjusted to
facilitate maximum views
Use mirrors to maintain visibility behind andbeside the vehicle
Use horn or warning device to indicatevehicle is about to reverse
Choose the maximum available space tocomplete the reversing task
Avoid accidents by reviewing the reversepath before proceeding, especially when
entering warehouse, loading bay and relatedenclosures
Initiate trailer path direction correctly, thenadjust the Prime Mover to achieve its correctpath, avoiding tyre sledging if possible
Reverse into a loading bay, stopping whencontact is made with the bay for rear loadingor when safely adjacent to it for side loading
Park the vehicle in various kerbside / yardlocations using reverse gears
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Take correct actions on time and with safety.
9. Observe OHSpractices
Observe and implement Occupational Healthand Safety practices, including posture and
cabin distractions, during all steps in thedriving process.
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Parkingandsecuring
Driversofarticulatedvehiclesarerequiredtosafelyparkandsecuretheirvehicleaccordingtoroadlawsandcompanypolicy.Tasksinclude:
appropriatesiteselection
trailerstability
vehiclelock-up
loadplacementandsecurity.
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Activity 10: How are articulated vehicles parked and secured?
You are now required to park and secure the vehicle that you have
just driven. At the conclusion of this activity, your trainer will adviseyou of areas of your work that may require improvement.
Sub-tasks Steps Completed
1. Park andsecure thevehicle
Park the vehicle in a location approved bycompany policy or Road Law, and apply allpark brakes
Confirm that the engine has had an adequate
period to cool down, especially for the turbo-charger, then switch off the engine
Lower the trailer landing legs, if appropriate,and uncouple the trailer if required
Chock the vehicle and trailer wheels asappropriate for the selected location, andcheck vehicle and load status according tocompany policy
Check the vehicle and load status accordingto company policy.
2. Observe OHSpractices
Observe and implement Occupational Healthand Safety practices, especially duringchecks and chocking, during all steps in theparking and securing processes.
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Section 2
How are prime movers coupledand uncoupled to trailers, underlicense testing conditions?
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Activity 11: What procedures are used to couple trailers?
Your trainer will provide you with a prime mover suitable for
coupling to a given trailer. You are required to complete thecoupling, then discuss this activity with your trainer.
Sub-tasks Steps Completed
1. Position theprime mover
Use mirrors while reversing prime moverstraight in front of the trailer
Stop prime mover just in front of trailer andapply park brake
Confirm that the Prime Mover and trailerare aligned
Park the vehicle in neutral, if maxi brakesare fitted, or in a gear contrary to theprevailing slope.
2. Inspect andprepare thecouplings
Confirm currency of vehicle registration andaccuracy of details
Check for damage to trailer skid plate, KingPin, and turntable and jaws
Check the skid plate to determine if
turntable needs locking, when ball race andquick release are fitted together
Check turntable jaws are open
Make sure the turntable is turning ifunlocked
Lock the turntable in position for trailerswithout the block
Check top of turntable is well greased,where required (in locked position).
3. Immobilise thetrailer
Place chocks and secure at least one wheel(preferably on the leading axle), on non-maxi brake trailer
Check park brake is on, (trailer equippedwith spring brakes, maxi-brakes, etc).
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4. Check / adjusttrailer height
Check that the turntable and King Pin arealigned
Check the height of trailer skid plate, andmake any necessary adjustments
Check that air hoses / cables do notobstruct prime mover when reversed
Confirm that no personnel or otherobstructions that would interfere withcoupling are present.
5. Couple thetrailer
Slowly reverse prime mover under thetrailer to lock turntable jaws around king pin
Listen to or feel for jaws locking into place
Visually check the completed coupling toensure the jaws are locked on the king pinand release lever is in the locked position
Correctly connect all hoses and cables
Tug test the trailer, with the landing gearraised slightly, to confirm proper coupling,then re-apply prime mover park brake
Lock the turntable linkage if required.
6. Activate trailerbrakes
Activate the tractor protection valve, if fitted
Apply, then release trailer brakes
Listen for air release confirming operationof linkages
Re-fit coupling and re-test brakes ifrequired, by releasing and re-applyingvalves and brakes
Check hoses are supported in positions thatavoid damage.
7. Test vehiclepreparatory totask
Raise the landing gear completely, andsecure the handle
Check to ensure there is no space betweenthe skidplate and turntable, and advisecompany personnel if space is found
Check all lights and indicators, tyres,mirrors, axles, springs, etc, for serviceability
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Confirm that sufficient clearance exists fornormal movement between prime moverand trailer frame
Tug-test the trailer is locked on
Run engine until maximum air pressure isrecorded in air tanks, then test brakes bymoving off slowly in first gear, with brakesreleased, then apply trailer brakes tomaximum effort
Secure the vehicle by switching the engineoff and applying prime mover park brakes.
8. Secureequipment
Confirm equipment, including spare wheel,twist locks, wheel chocks, tool box, trailer
gates, tarpaulins, chains, etc, is stowed andsecured safely.
9. Observe OHSpractices
Observe and implement OHS practices,during all steps in the coupling process.
When you have marked all the steps as complete, discuss withyour trainer any areas of your work that require improvement tomake sure trailers are coupled safely.
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Uncouplingatrailer
Duringuncouplingoftrailers,thesafetyandsecurityoftheprocessremainsascriticalasincoupling.Therefore,thesuitabilityofthe
uncouplingarea,thestabilityoflandinggearandtheirabilitytoholdtheload,andcheckingduringtheuncouplingfunctionalsocannotbestressedtoomuch.
Tasksyouwillberequiredtoperformwhenuncouplinginclude:
selectingasuitableuncouplingsite
positioningthearticulatedvehicle
loweringtrailerlandinggear
disconnectinghosesandcables
releasingturntablejaws
uncouplingthetrailer
applyingtrailerparkbrake,ifapplicable,andinstallwheelchocks
securingcouplingequipmentandrelatedtools.
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Activity 12: What procedures are used to uncouple trailers?
Sub-tasks Steps Completed
1. Park articulatedvehicle
Park the vehicle in a straight line, on levelground, firm enough to support trailerlanding gear and its load
Apply prime mover park and trailer brakes
De-activate tractor protection valve, if fitted
Place chocks on trailer front axle group ifvehicle is parked on sloping ground.
2. Lower landinggear
Place strong timber or other flat supportsbeneath landing gear if required for softground
Lower landing gear until supports are firmlyin contact with ground / base plates
Secure the landing gear handle
Check that a gap had become visiblebetween the trailer skid plate and turntable.
3. Disconnecthoses andcables
Safely disconnect air hoses and electricalcables
Stow hoses and cables securely on theprime mover (or other designated location)
Confirm connectors were kept free of dustand water, and are kept clear of thetailshaft.
4. Release theturntable jaws
Engage the release handle of turntablejaws
Take pressure off the release handle, bygently rocking prime mover forward andbackwards if the handle cannot beengaged.
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5. Separate thetrailer
Release prime mover parking brake, thenslowly drive forward in a straight line
Stop with rear of prime mover stillunderneath front of trailer, then confirmtrailer is secure on its landing gear
Take remedial action if trailer fails toseparate properly, by reversing to coupledposition, then checking components fordamage, probable causes and continuedsafety practices
Advise relevant company personnel ifuncoupling is not achieved
Park prime mover clear of the trailer, and
apply the park brake.
6. Observe OHSpractices
Observe and implement OHS practices,during all steps in the uncoupling process.
When you have marked all the steps as complete, discuss withyour trainer any areas of your work that require improvement tomake sure trailers are uncoupled safely.
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Additionalresources
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Websites:
NationalTransportCommission http://www.ntc.gov.au/
AustralianTransportSafetyBureauhttp://www.atsb.gov.au
RoadandTrafficAuthority(NSW) http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au
VicRoads(Vic) http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au
DepartmentofInfrastructure,Transport,RegionalDevelopment&LocalGovernment http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/
NSWWorkcoverhttp://www.workcover.nsw.gov.au
QueenslandRuralFireServicehttp://www.ruralfire.qld.gov.au
WorkSafeVictoria(includingpublicationssection)http://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/WorkSafe/Home/Forms+and+Publications/
AttorneyGeneralsDepartment(relevantlegislation)
http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/Legislation
Organisations:
NationalTransportCommissionLevel15,628BourkeStreet,Melbourne,Victoria,Australia3000)Telephone:0392365000Facsimile:0396428922
CommonwealthBookshop109QueensStMelbourne,Victoria
Telephone(03)96704224
StandardsAustralia1925RaglanStSouthMelbourne,VictoriaTelephone(03)96933555
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Feedback onactivities
The responses provided in this section are suggested responses.Because every workplace is different, your responses may varyaccording to your specific workplace procedures, the equipmentavailable and the nature of the business.
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Activity 3: How are loads secured on articulated vehicles?
Study the 4 diagrams below and indicate whether they are
correctly or incorrectly loaded:
Correct Incorrect X
Why Good Load Spread
Correct X
Incorrect Why Load too far rearward
Correct X
Incorrect Why Load too far forward
Correct Incorrect X
Why Load correctly positioned
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List the 3 areas of driver responsibility for loading a vehicle
1. Loading
2. Distribution
3. Arranging the load
List the 3 factors necessary to secure a load
1. Lashing secured to the vehicle chassis
2. Baulking arrangements
3. Friction between the load and the vehicle platform
Write down the meaning of the following International CargoSymbols
Symbol Meaning
Sling here
Keep dry
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Symbol Meaning
Fragile - handle with care
Activity 5: How are gears used efficiently to drive articulatedvehicles?
Answer the following questions on selecting and changing gears byticking Correct or Incorrect.
Correct Incorrect
The purpose of gears in a vehicle is to:
a) Increase the engine energy capacity
b) Spread the friction over more components
c) Match road speed to best engine speed
When driving up a steep hill, the best gear to engage is:
a) the lowest gear ratio the vehicle has
b) the highest gear the vehicle that is possible
c) the highest gear that maintains specified
engine torque
For descending long or steep hills, a driver should:
a) engage a high gear to minimise RPM and wear
b) engage a lower gear during the descent
c) engage the required gear before descentcommences
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Correct Incorrect
When slowing or stopping, gear changing should:
a) include all intermediate ratios available
b) engage only the gear that will be nextneeded
Negotiating a sharp corner, the required gear is engaged:
a) before entering the corner b) at the sharpest point of the corner
c) during the exit from the corner
d) immediately after leaving the corner
The term Progressive Shifting means:
a) using maximum RPM in each gear before shifting
b) attaining only enough RPM to reachthe next gear
c) changing gear at the same RPM for every shift
The gear changing difference between petrol and diesel enginesis:
a) diesel engines have higher torque atlower RPM
b) petrol engines pull better at low RPM
The term Skip Shifting means that the driver:
a) avoids de-clutching during gear shifts
b) engages the most suitable gear regardless ofsequence
To engage a lower gear while moving on a slight downgrade:
a) decrease speed to well below that of thelowest gear
b) retain vehicle speed / gently decrease RPM
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Activity 6: How are brakes efficiently used to controlarticulated vehicles?
Answer the following questions on selecting and changing gears by
ticking Correct or Incorrect.
Correct Incorrect
Hydraulic brake systems:
a) force fluid pressure to cylinder pistons oneach wheel
b) can suffer from water contamination,lowering the boiling point of the brake fluid
On steep downhills, brakes should be used:
a) very few times during the descent b) only for emergencies and unexpected conditions c) by applying and releasing quickly and frequently
Brake performance can be dangerously affected by:
a) water on the friction surfaces b) overheating and brake fade through overuse c) using gears which are too low for some sections
of the hill
d) the nature of the road surface
To use brakes safely and efficiently you should:
a) avoid braking in curves or corners if possible
b) use less braking for lighter loads c) test brakes after driving through water
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Activity 7: What actions are used to steer articulated vehiclesin reverse?
Look at the diagram on the next page. Which one of the foursteering positions shows how the front wheel must be turned as thePrime Mover begins to reverse?
Answer: 1
1 2 3 4
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Activity 15: How do drivers control trailer skids?
Answer the following questions on controlling skids by describing
the actions to be taken in each case:
1. What are the three steps to take when controlling a drive wheelskid?
1. Ease off accelerator or brakes
2. Steer front wheel towards
direction of skid
3. When skidding has stopped,gently re-apply the acceleratoror brakes.
2. What are the two actions you need to perform when controllinga trailer wheel skid?
1. Release brakes to regaintrailer wheel traction
2. Lightly tap accelerator if safe todo so
3. Check the setting of the trailerbrake proportioning valve, iffitted.